Phát triển thị trường xuất bản phẩm trên địa bàn hà nội trong giai đoạn 2001 2010

Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Sau 17 nam tien hanh ddi moi nen kinh te 1986-2003, mac du trong qua trinh chuydn doi co che quan ly kinh te gap nhieu kho khan nhung llnhvuc xuat ban cua ca nu

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN

Nguyen Trong Tuan

PHAT TlllliX THI TRlffiNG XUAT BAN PHAM

THEN RIA BAN I1A NOI TRONG GIAI ROAN 2001-2010• • •

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te chfnh tri xa hoi chu nghia

Ngitoi huffng dan khoa hoc: PGS.TS Pham Quang Phan

Ha Noi 2003

LOl CAM ON

Trong qua trinh nghien cii'u va hoan thank Lutin van, toi da nhtin daqc su quan ttim, giup dd nhiet tinh cua cac thay co trong khoa Mac-Lenin , khoa Sau dai hoc , dac biet la To bo mon Kinh te chinh tri va giao vien hu'dng dtin PGS TS Pham Quang Phan

Toi xin chtin thanh biet an su giup dd cua cac thay co, su giup dd do da giup toi nhtin thuc va sang to them ca ly lutin va thuc tidn ve nhung linh vuc ma Lutin van

de ctip, td do giup cho toi nhtin t huc day du han y nghia cua viec hoc ttip nghien cutu kien thuc ve Kinh te chinh tri Mac-Lenin phuc vu cho cong tac thuc tien cua ban thtin trong thdi ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc.

Co the thay Lutin van la ket qua nghien cut u nghiem tuc cua ban thtin song khong the tranh khoi nhung thieu sot nhat dinh Toi mong muon nhtin duqc su quan ttim chi dtin cua ctic thay, cd giao , cac chuyen gia kinh te va cac doc gia quan ttim den Lutin van.

Ngay 14-10-2003

Tac gia

Nguydn Trong Tuan

1.1.1 Lich su hinh thanh va phat trien cua thi truang 81.1.2 Thi truang va vaitro cua thi truang doi vai nen kinh te 141.1.3 Nhung quan diem cua Dang congsan Viet Nam ve thi truangvanen

kinh te thi truang dinh huang xa hoi chu nghia 16

1.2.2 Dac diem loai hinh kinh doanh xuat ban pham 24

1.2.4 Vai tro vachhc nang cua thi truang xuat banph£m 291.3 KINH NHHHIM PHAT TRIEN THI TRUONG XBP

1.3.2 Kinh nghiem phat trien thitruang XBPcua Trung Quoc 33

1.3.3 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi truang XBP cua Nhat Ban 351.3.4 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi truang XBP cuaHan Quoc 361.3.5 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trudngXBP cua Philippine 381.3.6 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi truangXBP cua Singapore 401.3.7 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trudng XBP cuaThai Lan 411.4 MOT T O BAI HHCRUTRA CHOVVlC PHHA RRIEN

1.4.1 Md hinh phat trien thi truang xuat ban ph£m cuaTrung Quocto ra

1.4.3 Nhung kho khan can han che khac phuc 43CHUONG 2: THUC TRANGTHI TRUONGXUAT bNn PhAm 0 HA GOI

2.1 QUT RRIHH HINH RHAHH VA HHTR RRINH THI HRUNGG

a ' ? ? S A

2.1.1 Thi truang xuat ban ph£m o HaNoi trongnen kinhte bao cap 452.1.2 Thi truang xuat ban pham o Ha Noi trong thai kyd6i mai 462.1.3 Thi truang xuat ban ph£m o Ha Noi trong co che thi truang 49

2.2 THUC TRANG THI TRUING XUAT BANPHAM 0 HA NOI

2.2.1 Tinh hinh san xuat xuat ban ph£m d Ha Noi

I.2.2.2 Thue trang kinh doanhXBP trfendia ban thu do HaNoi

then ky 1997-2003

2.2.3 Thue trang quan ly Nha nude ve hoat dong kinhdoanhXBP d Ha Noi

2.3 NHUNG HAN CHE VA TON TAI TRONGTHI TRUONG XBP

2.3.3 Nhung buc xue dat ra trongthi trudng xuat ban pham

CHUONG 3: PHUONG HUONGVA GIAI PHAP CHU YEU

NHAM THUC DAY PHAT TRIENTHI TRUING

XUAT BAN PHAM0 HA NOI DENNAM 2010

3.1 DINH HUONG VAPHAT TRIEN KINH TE -XA HOI CUA THU DO

HA NOIDEN NAM 2010

3.1.1 Vi the cua thu do Ha Noi va nhung bile xuedat ra trong qua trinh

phat trien

3.1.2 Cac dinh hudng phattrien kinhte cua Ha Noi den nam 2010

3.1.3 Mot so chi tifeu phat trifen kinh te-xa hoiThu do giai doan2001

-2005 va den 2010

3.2 PHUONG HUONGVA QUAN DIEM PHAT TRIENTHI TRUING

XUAT BAN PHAM CUA HANOI DEN NAM 2010

1 Dang va Nha nude trudc sau luon coi xuat ban phcim la cong cu trithere

trfen mat tran van hoatu tudng

2 Doi mdi va phathuy vai trochu dao cuadoanh nghifep Nha nude trong

kinh doanhxuat ban phdm

3.3 MOT SO GIAI PHAP CO BAN PHATTRIEN THI TRUINGXUAT

BAN PHAM TREN DIA BAN HA NOI TRONG THdl GIAN TOl

3.3.1 Nhung can cii thuc tifende duara giai phap

3.3.2 Nhung giai phap co ban phattrienthi trudng xuat ban pham trfendia

ban Ha Noi trong thdi giantdi

KET LUAN

DANH MUCBANG BIEU

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

98

9899

108114117118

CAC CHU VIET TAT TRONG LU AN VAN

XBP: Xuatban pham

MSNTT: Trung tam thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe quoc teGAPP: Tong cue xuat ban va in anTrung Quoc

WIPO: To chuc sb htru trituethe gidi

RPM: He thong duy tri gia ban lai

WTO: To chiic thuong mai the gidi

DNNN: Doanh nghiep Nha nude

XHCN: Xahoi chu nghia

NXB: Nha xuat ban

PHS: Phat hanh sach

AFTA: Khu vuc tudo ASEAN

GDP: Tdng san ph£m quoc noi

VHTT: Van hoa - Thong tin

VAT: Thuegia tri gia tang

TW: Trung uong

MO DAU

1 Tinh cap thiet cua de tai

Sau 17 nam tien hanh ddi moi nen kinh te (1986-2003), mac du trong qua trinh

chuydn doi co che quan ly kinh te gap nhieu kho khan nhung llnhvuc xuat ban cua ca nude noi chung va Ha Noi noi rieng da co nhieu tien bo va thanh tuu to ldn, thich ung

dan vdi ca che thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, giu vung he thong td chuc, dapung nhu cau ngay cang cao ve xuat ban pham cua toan xa hoi, gop phan giu vung dn

dinh chinh tri - xa hoi nang cao dan tri, phat trien kinh te dat nude

Xuat ban pham la mot trong nhunghang hoa dac thu mang tinh van hoa xa hoicao Trong cuoc song hang ngay du d bat cu llnh vuc nao chung ta cung deu lam viec

va tiep xue vdi xuat ban pham Ben canh nhung uu diem chuydn tai thongtin pho bien

dudng loi chinh sach quan diem cua Dang va Nha nude tdi ban doc, xuat ban pham

hien nay cung con nhieu van dd bat capnhu sach den, vanhoa pham ddi truy, bang dialau co noi dung khong lanh manh gay buc xue trong ddi song xa hoi Ben canhdd co che thi trudng cung dat ra ddi hoi phai xahoi hoa nganh kinh doanh dac thu nay Nghi

quyet dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thur IX cua Dang cong san Viet Nam, trong

phuong hudng phat trien van hoa nhan manh: “Phan dau 80% gia dinh dat chuan giadinh van hoa, 50% lang xom khu pho dat chuan van hoa qud'c gia, 78% xa phudng cd

nha van hoa, binh quan mdi ngudi dan cd 4 ban sach mOi nam ” De gop phan thuc hien tot cac chi tieu tren, vide phat tridn thi trudng xuat ban pham tren pham vi ca

nude, cung nhu d Ha Noi lamot ddi hoi cap thiet trong giai doan hien nay

Xuat phat tir tinh ca'p thiet neu tren, tac gia lua chon de tai “Phat trien thi trudng

xuat ban pham tren dia ban Ha Noi trong giai doan 2001-2010” lam de tai luan van thacsy kinh te'cuaminh

2 Muc tieu nghien cuu:

Luan van hudng tdi cac muc tieu:

- Lam rd ban chat, phan rich nhung dac trung co ban cua thi trudng xuat ban phdm

- Tren co sd phan rich, danh gia thi trudng xuat ban phdm tai Ha Nbi luan van de xuat mdt so giai phap co ban nham phat tridn thi trudng xuat ban pham d Ha Noi trong

giai doan 2001-2010

3 Doi tirong va pham vi nghien curu:

Luan van nghien cuu hoat dong cua thi truang xuat ban pham b HaNoi qua cac giai doan trade then kyd6i moi va tur ddi moi den nay

Tuy nhien viec phat trien thi trudng xuat ban pham la mot noi dung rong ldn, lien quan den nhieu llnh vuc con it ngudi nghien cuu, do do tac gia chi gidi han noidung cua luan van trong pham vi nghien cuu hoat dong thi trudng xuat ban phaim voimot so an pham chinh nhu: sach, bao, tap chi bang dia

Luan van cung chi tap trungnghien cun, phan tich sau thuc trang thi trudng xua't ban ph£m tai Ha Noi tit 1998 den 2002 va du bao 2001 den 2010

Luan van tap trung de xuat mot so nhom giai phap co ban nhat nham thuc day phat trienthi trudng xuat ban pham taiHa Noi

4 Phuong phap nghien curu:

Luan van sir dung phuong phap luan duy vat bien chung va duy vat lich sir cua chu nghia Mac-Lenin lam phuong phap chu yeu trong qua trinh nghien cuu Luan van

con sir dung cac phuang phap: he thong hoa, thong ke, phan tich tdng hop so sanh doichieuva du bao de tien hanh thuc hien mucdich nghien cuu da xac dinh

5 Dong gop khoa hoc cua luan van:

- He thong hoa nhung van de ly luan vethi trudng noi chung va thi trudng xua't ban pham noi rieng

- Phan tichthuc trangthi trudng xuatban pham hien nay tai Ha Noi

- De xuat phuong hudng giai phap phat trien da dang hoa thi trudng xuat ban pham

tao ra nhieu hang hoa va dich vu trong giai doan 2001-2010

6 Ket cau cua luan van:

Ngoai phan md dau, muc luc, he thong tai lieu tham khao, luanvan dupe ket ca'u thanh 3 chuong:

Chuong 1: Ly luanv£ thi trudng va thi trudng xua't ban phdm

Chuang 2: Thuc trang thi trudng xua't ban pham dHa Noi

Chuong 3: Phuong hudng va giai phap chu yeu nham thuc day phat trien thi

trudng xua't ban pham d Ha Noi dennam 2010

Lt LUAN v£ THI TRUONG VA THI TRUONG XUAT BAN PHAM

1.1 LY LUANVE THI TRUONG

1.1.1 Lich sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua thi trudng

Thi trudng la mot pham tru kinh te tong hop gin lifen vdi hoat dong trao doi, ltru thong hang hoara ddi va phattrien cung vdi su ra doi va phat trien cua san xuat va liru

thong hang hoa Theo nghia ban dau, thi trudng gin lien vdi mot diem nhat dinh, nd lanoi difen ra cac qua trinh trao doi, mua ban hang hoa Theo tinh khong gian va thdigian, thi trudng cd thfe la hoi chq, cac dia chi hoac cac khu vuc tifeu thu phan theo cac nganh hang, mat hang

Thi trudng dupe hinh thanh th cud'i giai doan tan ra cua che do cong san nguyfen

thuy, khi xuat hien nhu cau trao ddi san pham thira giua cac bo toe San xuat hang hoa

ra ddi va phat trien da tao ra budc phat trien nhay vot ve nang suat lao dong Muc dich

cua san xuat khong phai hudng vao thoa man nhung nhu cau cua ban than ngudi sanxuat hang hoa ma la hudng vao su trao ddi, su luu thong nhlm thoa man nhu cau cua

ngudi khac Thi trudng luc nay gin vdi san xuat nhu hinh vdi bong va nd chi thuc su

phat trifen khi tien te ra ddi lam cho qua trinh trao doi san phlm mang hinh thiic mdi laluu thong hang hoa Vdi nfen san xuat phat trien den trinh do cao thi thi trudng cang

dupe mb rong, dong thdi cung vdi su phat trifen cua thi trudng thi cac quan diem - ly luan vfe thi trudng cung phattrifen theo

1.1.1.1 Quan diem - ly luan cua cac nha kinh te trudc Mac ve thi tritdng

a) Quan diem cua cac nha kinh tetheo chu nghia trong thitang

Chu nghia trong thuong ra ddi trong giai doan phuong thuc san xult phong kife'ntan ra, phuong thtrc san xuat tu ban chu nghia mdi ra ddi Day la thdi ky tich luynguyen thuy cuachu nghia tu ban ttrgiua the ky XV den giua the kv XVII Quan difem

ly luan vfe thi trudng cd the khai quat nhu sau:

- Ho dong nhattien te vdi cua cai, va xem tien te la tai san that su cua mot quoc gia Do do, muc dich chu yeu trong cac chinh sach kinh te cua mbi nude la phai gia

tang dupe khoi lupng tien te

- Ho cho rang khoi lupng tien te chi cd thfe gia tang bang con dudng ngoai

thuong Trong hoat dong ngoai thuong phai thuc hien chinh sach xuat sifeu va day manh hoat dong thuong nghifep Lpi nhuan tao ra trong linh vuc thuong nghifep la kfe't

qua cua su trao ddi khdng ngang gia, ngudi nay thu dupe lpi nhuan thi ngudi khac bi

thifet

- Ho chu truong nha nude can thifep vao hoat dong kinh te de bao vfe thi trudngdan toe phat tribn Su bao trp cua nha nude ddi vdi hoat dong kinh te la dieu kifen riftquan trong cho su ra ddi vakhlng dinh vi trithong tri cua phuong thuc san xuat tu ban

chu nghia Tuy nhien phai nay khuyen khich nha nude dung bao luc dd tao thi trudng

Do lacac bidn phap phi kinh te

- Ho chu truong xSy dung mot thi trudng ngoai te manh, ho cho ding hang hoachi la phuongtien, lakhau trung gian de dat dupe muc dfch thu dupe nhieu tien

Thuyet thi trudng theo quan diem cua chu nghia trong thuong da thong tri mot thdi gian dai trong lich sir phat trien cua chu nghia tuban, no co hat nhan hop ly, song

cung chua dung nhieu yeu td bit hop ly va phi kinh te Chu nghia trong thuong chuathoat ra khdi gidi han cuallnh vuc luuthong

b) Quan diem cua cac nha kinh te theo chu nghia trong nong

Chu nghia trong nong xuat hientrong khuon kho thdi ky qua do tir che do phongkien sang che do tu ban chu nghia nhung d giai doan cao hon Ngudi dung dau phai

trong nong d Phap la kene (1694 - 1774) da phe phan quan diem cua phai trong thuong

la thien can va khong cd y nghia ve ly luan va sai 15m ve thuc tidn Chu nghia trong nong coi trong luu thong, ddng thdi chuyen sang nghien ciru qua trinh tai san xuat va

thuc hien san pham trong llnh vuc nong nghiep Kene da su dung "Bieu kinh te" de

phan tich toan bo qua trinh tai san xuatcua chu nghia tu ban va chi ra nhung dieu kien quan trongde bao dam cho qua trinhtai san xuat dupe lien tuc

Mot trong nhung dac diem quantrong la nhung ngudi theophai trong nong da dua

ra lyluan "Trat tu tu nhien" xuat phat tir chd hothira nhan la cac quy luatkinh te khach

quan khong nhung ton tai trong llnh vuc tu nhien ma con ton tai trong ddi song xa hoi

Thira nhan su phat trien cua kinh te va thi trudng la qua trinh tu nhien phu thuoc vao

nhungquy luat nhat dinh, ma khongphu thuoc vao y chi cua con ngudi

c) Quan diem cua cac nha kinh te chinh tri tit san cd dien

Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) da tiep tuc phat trien tu tudng "trat tu tu nhien" Theo

ong do chinh la mdi trudng hoat dong cua kinh te thi trudng tu ban chu nghia can phai

cd cac didu kien:

- Cd san xuat vatrao doi hanghoa

- Cd phat trienkinh te tren co so tu do canh tranh

- Quanhegiua ngudi va ngudi la quan he phu thuoc vekinhte

- Nha nude khong can thiep vao qua trinh kinh te va giu vai tro bao ve cho chu nghia tu ban

Ong goi cac quy luat dieu tietndn kinh te thi trudng tuban chu nghia tu phat hoat

ddng do la nhung "ban tay vd hinh" Nhd no ma trat tu kinh te tu ban chu nghia dupe

dam bao, khong bi hdn loan

- Adam Smith conphan tich phan cong lao dong da tao rathi trudng, nhantd'cua

thi trudng nhu ngudi mua, ngudi ban, cung, cau, gia ca va mdi quan he giua cac nhan

td dd Lan dau tien cd mdt nha kinh te da phan chia thi trudng thanh nhieu dang khac

nhau de nghien curu nhu thi truang hang hoa, thi trudng lao dong, thi trudng datdai, thi

trudng tu ban Song chu yeu dng di sSu phantich thi trudng hang hoa valao dong

- Leon Walras (ngudi Phap) dua ra ly thuyet ve thang bing tdng quat, chia thi

trudng tu ban chu nghia thanh 3 loai: Thi trudng san pham, thi trudng tu ban va thitrudng lao dong Tuong ung vdi thi trudng san ph dm co gia ca hang hoa, thi trudng tu ban co gia ca la lai suat, thi trudng lao dong cd gia cala tien luong Dd cd su can bangtdng quat thi phi tdn sanxuatphai ngang bang vdi gia ca hang hoa tren caba thi trudng

I.I.I.2 Quan diem cua cac nha kinh te hien dai cudi the ky XIX dau theky XX

- Adfre Marshall (1842 - 1924) vdi tac pham ndi tieng "Nhung nguyen tic cua

kinh t< chinh trihoc" Theo ong, gia ca laquan he so luong ma trong do hang hoa dupeddi lay tidn, ddi vdi ngudi ban gia ca dupe xac dinh theo "ich lpi gidi han" (lpi fch can bien) Dieu nay cd y nghia la khi so san pham de thoa man nhu cau tang len thi muc cap thiet de thoa man nhu ciu giam xuong Do vay gia ca se theo chieu giam xuo'ng

cung vdi mure cap thiet cua nhu cdu Tren thi trudng gia ca se la giao diem giua ngudi

mua va ngudi ban gap nhau ve lpi fch, hay gia ca bmh quan, tuc la tai diem ma ngudi mua dong y mua va ngudi ban dong y ban Day chinh la co so ly thuyet cho su phan

tfch va giai thich gia ca tren thi trudng

- John Keynes trong tac pham "Ly thuyet chung ve viec lam, lai suat va tien te"

(1936) Theo ong, Nha nude phai cd chuong trinh dau tu ldn dd thu hut lao dong vao llnh vuc san xuat kinh doanh, turc la phai cd su can thiep cua nha nude Nhd do ngudilao dong se cd viec lam va thu nhap, vi vay tieu dung tang len, gia ca hang hoa cung tang len Th do lam cho lpi nhuan cuadoanh nhan tang len, kich thich tinh tich cue dau

tu cua doanh nhan lam cho kinh te tiep tuc phat trien, khic phuc khung hoang va that nghiep Nhu vay, kinh te thi trudng khong the tu dieu tiet dupe ma Nha nude phai thuchien vai tro dieu tiet kinh te thi trudng

Ly thuyet cua Keynes da dupe cac nude tu ban ap dung rong rai trong mot thdi

gian dai vdi muc dich la chong khung hoang that nghiep Song trong nhung nam thuc hien ctr 4 nam lai cd mot lan chan dong kinh te, nan that nghiep lai cd xu hudng gia

tang Do vay, cac nha kinh te to ra nghi ngd hoc thuyet cua Keynes va hinh thanh nenkinh te hoccua trudng phai chinhhien dai

Trong tac phdm "Kinh te hoc" cua minh Paul A.Samuelson (1948) chu truong phat trien kinh te phai dua vao ca "hai ban tay" la co che thi trudng va Nha nude Ong

cho ring, "dieu hanh mot nen kinh te khong cd chinh phu hoac thi trudng cung nhu

dinh vd tay bing mot ban tay"

TheoP.A Samuelson, co che thi trudng la mot hinh thuc th chuc kinh te, trong do

ca nhan ngudi tieu dung va nha kinh doanh tac dong lin nhau qua thi trudng de xac

dinh ba vin de trung tarn cua td chuc kinh te la: Cai gi? Nhu the nao? Cho ai? "Mot nen kinh te thi trudng la mdt co che tinh vi dd phoi hpp mot each khdng tu giac nhandan va doanh nghiep thong qua he thong gia ca thi trudng Nd la phuong tien giao tiep

dd tap hpp tri thifc va hanh dOng cua hang trieu ca nhan khac nhau, khong cd bo nao

trung tarn, no van giai duqc bai toan ma may tinh 1dm nha't ngay nay khong the giai ndi

Khong ai thiet ke ra no, no tu nhien va cung nhu xa hdi loai ngudi, nddang thay ddi".Thi trudng la mdt qua trinh ma trong do, ngudi mua va ngudi ban mot thu hang

hoa tac dong qua lai lan nhau de xac dinh gia ca va so luqng hang hoa Noi den thi

trudng va co che thi trudng la phai noi den hang hoa, ngudi ban, ngudi mua va gia ca

hang hoa Hang hoa bao gdm hang tieu dung, dich vu va yeu to san xuat nhu lao dong,

dat dai, tu ban Th do hinhthanh nen thi trudnghang tieu dung va thi trudng cac yeu to

san xuat Trong he thong thi trudng, mdi hang hoa, mdi dich vu deu co gia ca cua no Gia ca mang lai thu nhap cho hang hoa mang di ban va mdi ngudi lai dung thu nhap domuacaiminh can Neu mot hang hoanao do cd nhieungudimua,thi ngudi ban se tang

gia len de phan pho'i mot luqng cung han che Gia len cao se thuc day ngudi san xuat

lam ra nhieu hang hoa hon va khi cd nhieu hang hoa, ngudi ban muon ban nhanh dd

giai quyet hang cua minh nenha gia xud'ng Khi gia ha, so ngudi mua hang do se tanglen, do do ngudi ban laitang gia len Nhu vay, trong co che thi trudng cd mot he thong

tutao ra su can ddi giua gia cava san xuat "Gia calaphuong tien tin hieu cua xahoi"

Nd chi cho ngudi san xuat biet san xuat cai gi vasan xuat nhu the nao dong thdi thongquado nd thuc hien phanphoi cho ai

Nen kinh te thi trudng chiu dieu khien cua hai ong vua: ngudi tieu dung va ky

thuat Ngudi tieu dung thong tri thi trudng, vi ho la ngudi bo tien ra mua hang hoa docac doanh nghiep san xuatra Hay theoeach noi cua P.A Samuelson "Ngudi tieu dung

bo phieu bang dola", ho chon diem nam tren ranh gidi kha nang san xuat Song, ky thuat lai han che ngudi tieu dung vi nen san xuat bang dola cua ngudi mua, khong thdquyet dinh van de san xuat bang phuong tien gi Nhu cau phai chiu theo cung umg cua

ngudi kinh doanh vi ngudi san xuat phai dinh gia hang cua minhtheo chi phi san xuat,nen ho san sang chuyen sang llnh vuc nhieu led nhuan hon Nhuvay thitrudng chiu su

chi phoi cua ca chi phi kinh doanh, lan cac quyet dinh cung va cau cua ngudi tieu

dung 0 day, thi trudng dong vai mdi gidi trung gian hoa giai so thich ngudi tieu dung

va han che ky thuat

Trong co che thi trudng, led nhuan la dong luc chi pho'i cac hoat dong cua ngudi

kinh doanh Lqi nhuan dua cac doanh nghiep den cac khu vuc san xua't hang hoa mangudi tieu dung can nhieu hon, bo cac khu vuc cd itngudi tieu dung Lqi nhuan duacac

nha doanh nghiep den viec sir dung ky thuat san xuat hieu qua nha't He thong thi trudng

luonphai dung lai vaIdde quyet dinh bav£n de cai gi, the nao va cho ai

Ngay nay khong con ton tai kinh te thi trudng dudi dang thuan tuy, trong ndnkinh te cua mdi nude deu cd su dieu khien cua "co che hdn hop" Vai tro dieu tiet cua

chinh phu lactin thietva tatyeu Do chinh la thanh tuu chung cua loai ngudi

1.1.1.3 Quan diem ly luan cua Mac - Lenin ve thi trudng va kinh tethi trudng

a Quan diem ly luan cua C.Mac ve thi trudng va kinh tethi trudng

Trong quyen II Bd tu ban C.Mac cd neu "Thi trudng la noi thuc hien cac quan he

kinh te giua ngudi mua va ngudi ban hoat dong" C.Mac dua ra hai giai doan, hanh vi

mua (T - H) va ban (H - T) tuomg ung vdi hanh vi mua hang hoa "tien chuydn hoa

thanh hang hoa" va hanhvi ban hang hoa "hang hoa chuyen thanh tien"

Theo C.Mac, thi trurong lallnh vuc luu thong, trao doi hang hoa Nhung dang sau

mdi quan he trao ddi giua vat va vat do la su an giau mdi quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi

het siic phuc tap Neu mdi quan he giua vat - vat, hang - tien la khach quan, thuan tuy

va la qua trinh tu nhien, nhung chinh vi cd cai chu thd tham gia vao qua trinh trao doi

ma lam cho qua trinh dd mang tinhxa hoi

Trong led tua viet cho lan xuat ban thu nhat cua quyen I bo "Tu ban" Mac viet

"Ddi vdi xa hoi tu ban hien nay, hinh thai hang hoa cua san pham cua lao dong hay hinhthai gia tri cua hang hoa lai chinh la hinh thai te bao kinh te" Theo C.Mac, trongnen kinh te hang hoa moi san pham do con ngudi lam ra khi di vao thi trudng va chikhi con d trong thi trudng, la mot nhan td cua thi trudng, deu khoac len minh nd mot quan he xa hoi nhat dinh Dong thdi, hang hoa bieu hien ra ben ngoai cua nd, mot mat

la gia tri su dung, mat khac la gia tri traoddi

Khi nghien cuu mat bieu hien ben ngoai thu 2 cua hang hoa, tire la giatri traoddi C.Mac da tim ra pham tru gia tri, dem vi do ludng chung cua moi hang hoa C.Mac datim ra pham tru gia tri, dom vi do ludng chung cua moi hang hoa Dem vi chung dung

de do ludng moi thu- hang hoa la "siic lao dong cua con ngudi da dupe hao phi vao day

valao dong cuacon ngudi da dupe tich luy vaoday" Nhuvay, vdi viec tim ra pham tru

gia tri, C.Mac da kham phara hoat dong cua thi trudng va co che thi trudng ma trudc

dd chua mot nha kinh tenao lam dupe

Ve mdi quan he cung cau vdi gia tri thi trudng va gia ca thi trudng, C.Mac viet:

"Neu cung va cau dieu tiet gia ca thi trudng, hay noi dung horn, dieu tiet su chenh lech

giua gia ca thi trudng va gia tri thi trudng, thi trai lai chinh gia ca thi trudng didu tiet quan he cung - efiu" Tiic la trong thi trudng didn ra su tac dong, quy dinh Un nhau giua cung va cau tao nen toan bo su hoat dong cuanen kinh te xa hoi Quan he cung - cdu cd anh hudng tdi gia ca thi trudng, su van dong cua gia ca thi trudng cung cd tacdong tdi quan he cung c£u hang hoa Nhu vay cd the nhan biet dupe quan he cung -

cau qua su len xuong cua gia ca thi trudng

Cac Mac giai thich noi dung cua gia tri thi trudng "Mot mat, phai coi gia tri thi trudng la gia tri binh quan cua nhung hang hoa san xuat ra trong mot khu vuc nao dd Mat khac, lai phai coi gia tri thi trudng la gia tri ca biet cua nhung hang hoa da dupe

san xuat trong nhungdieu kien trung binh cuakhu vuc dd va chiem mot khoi lupng ldn trong so' nhung san pham cuakhu vuc nay"

C.Mac da phan tich nhan td cuoi cung quyet dinh thi trudng van la siic san xudtcua lao dong, con su bien dong trong quan he cung cau chi la khau trung gian giua su thay ddi cua siic san xua't va gia tri thi trudng Song quan he cung cau mang tinh tu

phat, vo td chuc, do dd tac ddng cua quan he cung cau den gia ca bieu hien ra ben ngoai thanh nhan td dieu tiet hoatdong thi trudngvadieu tiet qua lai lan nhau

Nhu vay, gia ca chi dupe hinh thanh mot each khach quan trong co che thi trudng Do dd, ngudi san xuat hang hoa va Nha nude cung nhu vay khong thd tu y dat

ra gia ca Chi co thd nhan thuc gia ca thi truang thong qua cac nhan to tac dong den co

hudng hop ly

A Smith va D Ricardo la nhung ngudi dat co soly luan mang tinh khoa hoc cho

viec nghien cuu thi trudng va kinh te thi trudng Song phai dpi den C.Mac, ly luan ve

thi trudng va kinh tethi trudng mdi trd thanh mot he thong chat che

Trongldi ndi dau cuon kinh te hoc cua Samuelson va Nordhauscd viet" Trencac

trang sach nay, ban se thay mot su diem lai dung din ve cac phat hien chu yeu cua tu

tudng va tranh luan kinh te hien dai Ban se thay 6 dudi day tu tudng cua nhung ngudi

khdng 16 vd tri thtrc nhu: Adam Smith va Karl Mars " P.A Samuelson goi Mac la

"Ngudi khdng Id vd tri thuc", la ngudi da "Cach mang hoanhan thuc trong kinh te hoc"

Nhu vay, co the ndi C.Mac la ngudi dat nen mong ly luan co co so khoa hoc nhat

de nhan thiic ve thi trudng va kinh te thi trudng hien dai Tham chi co the’ khing dinh

ring: The ky XXI se dupe soi sangblinghoc thuyet cua C.Mac

b Quan diem ly luan cua Lenin ve thi tritdng va kinh te thi tritong

V.I Lenin tiep tuc phat trien ly luan vd thi trudng cua C.Mac tren hang loat vinde: van dung sang tao ly luan do vao viec phan tich, giai quyet mot each sang tao

nhung vanddkinhte datratrong thdi dai cua ong

Nhan xet vd the gidi hien tai, V.I Lenin chorang "Canh tranh tu do din den tich

tu-, tap trung san xuit, tat yeu din den viec hinh thanh cac to chuc kinh te doc quyen lam cho quan he thi trudng tu ban chu nghia, ke ca quan he thi trudng noi dia, ca quan

he thi trudng the gidi da co nhung thayd6i sau sic"

Trong tac phim "Ban vd cai goi la van de thi trudng", V.I Lenin lam ro nhung

nguyen ly cua C.Mac vd thuc hien san phim, tir do rut ra tmh quy luat trong mdi quan

he giua hai khu vuc san xuat xa hoi trong qua trinh tai san xuat xa hoi: khu vuc san

xuattu lieu sin xuit (khu vuc I) va khuvuc san xuat tu lieu tieu dung (khu vuc II)

Khi nghien cuu vd chuyen mon hoa va phan cong lao dong, V.I Lenin cho ring:

Gin lien vdi su phan cong lao dongxa hoi la subien dong nhan khiu giua cong nghiep

- nong nghiep Suphat trien cua kinh te hang hoa lam cho mot bo phin ngay cang dong

din cutach khdi nong nghiep tham gia vao cong nghiep, thuong nghiep Tinh hmh do tat yeu hinh thanh nhung trung tim cong nghiep co sue thu hut dan cu, anh hudng sau

sic den ddi song nong thon, cang lam cho nong nghiep thuong phim phat trien Nhung hientupng dd co y nghia rat ldn denvin dd thi trudng trong nude

V.I Lenin la ngudi dau tien gin thi trudng, kinh te thi trudng vdi chu nghia xa hoi

V.I Lenin cho ring, kinh te hang hoa, kinh te thi trudng la phuong thuc, la didu kien dd thuc hien muc tieu cua chu nghia xa hoi Viec sir dung cac quan he kinh te tu ban chu

nghia cd su kidm ke, kiem soat cua nha nude chuyen chinh vo san la cd Ion cho chu nghiaxa hoi V.ILenin kien quvet van dung nhung nguyen ly ve thi trudng, kinh te thi

trudng (kinh te tidn te) cua C.Mac vao cong cube xay dung chu nghia xa hoi b Lien Xo Ddng thdi khing dinh do la con dudng di ton chu nghia xa hoi cua tatca cac nude

Dieu ma V.I Lenin nhan manh trong quan he lam an vdi tu ban, cai lqi cua Nhanude chuyen chinh vo san khong chi d chb cd them san pham hang hoa tir cac nude tu

ban, ma con hoc tap duqc each quan ly kinh te Lenin khuyen cac Dang vien Cong san:

"Tat ca cac dong chi deu phai lam kinh te Ben canh cac ddng chi se cd cac nha tuban,

cung se cd cac nha tu ban nude ngoai Ho se quo cua cac ddng chi nhung mon lqi nhuan len tdi hang tram phan tram Ho se lam gidu ben canh cac ddng chi, cu de ho

lam gidu Con cac ddng chi thi se hoc duqc d bon hoeach quan ly kinh te"

V.I Lenin la ngudi diu tien khing dinh su ton tai khach quan cua nhieu thanh phan kinh te tao thanh ket cau kinh te xa hoi cua thdi ky qua do Cac thanh phan kinh

te deu tham gia canh tranh trong thi trudng; De thuc hien vai tro dieu tiet thi trudng theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, Nha nude chuyen chinh vo san phai thiet lap cac hinh thtre kinh te tu ban Nha nude vdi quy mb rong Ion lam mat xich trung gian de chuyen nen kinh te san xuat nho len chu nghia xa hoi Su dung quan he thi trudng de

thiet lap cac hinh thurc chu nghia tu ban nha nude nham thuc day luc luqng san xuat va ndn kinh te xa hoi phat trien Do la con dudng dung dan nhat de dua nen kinh te san

xuat nho va tinh trang dat nude con ngheonan lac hau di len chu nghia xa hoi

1.1.2 Thi trudng va vai tro cua thi trudng doi vdi nen kinh te

Kinh te hang hoa gan lien vai thi trudng, san xuat cho thi trudng, tieu dung phai thong qua thi trudng Thi trudng la trung tam cua toan bo qua trinh san xuat va tai san xuat xa hoi.

1.1.2.1 Cac khai niem ve thi trudng

Cd nhidu each tiepcan khac nhau ve “thi trudng”

Theo Lenin “thi trudng nghia la linh vuc trao ddi” Khai niem thi trudng khongthe tach rdi khai niem phan cong lao dong xa hoi Hi d dau va khi nao cd phan cong

lao dong xa hoi va san xuat hang hoa thi d do cd thi trudng Quy mb cua thi trudng gAn

vdi trinhdo phan cong va chuyen mon hoa lao dong xahoi

Cung cd quan diem cho ding: thi trudng la linh vuc luu thong hang hoa, la motnhan to cua qua trinh tai san xuat xa hoi, noi san xuat vdi tieu dung, la linh vuc giao

tiep giua ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieudung

Tren giac do kinh te chinh tri lai quan niem: thi trudng la tdng hoa nhung mdi

quan he mua ban trong xa hoi, duqc hinh thanh do nhung dieu kien lich sir, kinh te, xahoi nhat dinh

Cung vdi su phat trien cua san xuat hang hoa va phan cong lao dong xa hoi, thi

trudng phat triin tir thap den cao, tir hep den rong Trongkinh te hang hoa gian don, thi

trudng mang tinh chat dia phuong, nho hep chi bao quat mot so san pham du thira

ngoai nhu cau cua ngudi san xuat hoac mot so mat hang ma dia phuong khong san xuat

dupe Dan dan, thi trudng dupe md rong vd dia ly va bao quat nhieu loai hang hoa hom, khong chi la hang hoa tu lieu sinh hoat ma con ca hang hoa tu lieu san xuat Trong didu kien each mang khoa hoc va cong nghe hien nay, pham vi cua thi trudng da vupt

khdi bien gidi quo'c gia lan sang pham vi khu vuc va the gidi, vi vay, mot khong gian

dia ly nhidu khi lai trd nen chat hep dd bidu dat khai niem thi trudng Gid day, khai

niem thi trudng bao ham trong no mot y nghia rong horn, dung dd chi chinh mdi quan

he giua ngudi mua va ngudi ban Nhu vay, quan hegiua ngudi mua va ngudi ban co thddupe xac lap bang nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau: thong qua cac ban hpp dong kinhte, cac

don dat hang, thong qua cac phuong tien thong tin hoac qua mang dien tir v.v

Cd the noi, ngay nay, khong gian cua thi trudng la vo tan, thdi gian didn ra cac

quan he thi trudng cd thd la bat cu luc nao va co cau thi trudng la het sue phong phu,bao gom thi trudng hang hoa va dich vu, thi trudng tai chinh thi trudng bat dong san, thi trudng lao dong, thi trudng khoa hoc va cong nghe

I.I.2.2 Vai trd cua thi trudng

- Thi trudng pha vo ranh gidi tu nhien cua cac nganh, cac don vi, cac khu vuc

san xuS't dd tao thanh mot thd thong nhat trong toan bo nen kinh te'quoc dan Day la

dieu kien quan trong de tao ra suphan cong lai lao dong xa hoi Chinh thi trudng chu

khong phai luc lupng nao khac se la chat ket dinh, noi lien toan bo qua trinh san xuat

xa hoi, cac donvi san xuat va luu thong hang hoa thanh mot the thongnhat

- Thi trudng la va'n dd song con ddi vdi ngudi san xuat kinh doanh Muc dich cua

san xuat hang hoa la de trao doi, de ban, de thu ve gia tri hang hoa Ddi vdi ngudi mua

(ngudi tieu dung) la dupe quyen so huu, su dung san pham De thu dupe gia tri hang

hoa ngudi ban phai nhudng quyen so huu hang hoa cua minh cho ngudi khac De so

huu san pham ngudi tieu dung phai tra gia tri cho ngudi chu so huu hang hoa Nhu vay,

de’ thu dupe gia tri hang hoa, ngudi san xuat phai ban dupe hang hoa cua mlnh, neu khongthuong xuyen thi ngudi san xuat se bi thua thiet, pha san Con ngudi mua cd tien thi cd the mua hang hoa cua ngudi khac, d chdkhac Do dd, con thi trudng thi con san xuat, mat thi trudng thi cung khong the san xuat dupe

- Thi trudng la tarn guong phan chieu tinh hinh san xuat kinh doanh Nhin vao thi

trudng, nghien cun thi trudng ta se hieu dupe nhung net chu yeu trang thai cua san

xuat Thi trudng phan chieu quy mo, trinh do, tinh chat va co cau cua san xuat Qua tytrong hang hoa noi, ngoai tren thi trudng cung cho phep ta xac dinh dupe tuong quan

san xuattrong nude va nhap khdu

- Thong qua thi trudng cd thd hudng din, dieu tiet san xuat Thong qua su bien

dong cua cac yeu td hinh thanh thi trudng nhu cung, cau, gia ca cd tac dong tdi viec phan phoi tu lieu san xuat va ngudi lao dongvao viec san xuat cac hang hoakhac nhau,gop phan td chuc lai san xuat kinh doanh

- Thi trudng tac dong tdi san xuat kinh doanh cd thd true tiep, tuc thikhi nd lamcho qua trinh san xuat didn ra binh thuong, lien tuc hoac bi dinh don Thi trudng anh

hudng tod chu ky tiep sau b^ng viec dinh hudng, dieu tiet san xuat do su bien dong cua

thi trudng hien tai

- Thi trudng la nod quan trong de danh gia, kiem nghiem chung minh tinh dung

dan cua cac chu truong chinh sach, bien phap kinh te cua cac coquan Nha nude, cac

nha quan ly doanh nghiep Thi trudng vita la xuat phat diem d£ xay dung cac chu truong chinh sach kinh te, vita la noi ap dung, thuc thi cac chu truong chinh sach ay,

dong thdi la tieu chuSn cud'i cung de danh gia no

- Thi trudng con phan anh cac quan he xa hoi, hanh vi giao tiep cua con ngudi,dao tao va boi dudng can bo quan ly, nha kinh doanh Muc tieu cua thi trudng la thoa man nhu cau cua con ngudi An sau quan he trao ddi hang hoa, quan he hang hoa - tiente la quan he giua con ngudi vod con ngudi Hanh vi ling xir cua con ngudi tren thi

trudng lamotbo phan cua hanh vi xahoi

Thi trudng se chap nhan hoac dao thai con ngudi hoat dong trong dd, coche sang

loc cua thi trudng se cho phep tao ra doi ngu can bo quan ly kinh doanh va kinh doanh phu hop vdi yeu cau cua thi trudng

Thi trudng latong thd cac quan he ve luu thong hang hoa va luu thong tien te La

tong the’ cac giao dich mua ban va dich vu Hay thi trudng cd the duqc hieu theo nghia

la llnh vuc trao ddi hang hoa thong qua tidn te lam mdi gidi Tai day ngudi mua va

ngudi ban tac dong qua lai ISn nhau de xac dinh gia cava so luqng hang hoa luu thong tren thi trudng

1.1.3 Nhung quan diem cua Dang cong san Viet Nam ve thi trudng va nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia

1.13.1 Thuc trang cua nen kinh te nude ta trudc Bai hoi Bang VI

Cd the ndi,dac trung co ban cua nen kinh te nude ta trudc Dai hoi Dang VI la:Nha nude true tiep quan ly nen kinh te - xa hoi chu yeu b^ng menh lenh hanh

chinh, coi nhe quan he hang hoa - tien te dua chu yeu bang quan he cap phat giao nop

san phdm Nha nude dung che do bao cap thay cho quan he trao doi, bao ca'p qua gia,qua che do cap phat tai chinh, qua luong hien vat, qua phuc lqi xa hoi Dac biet che do bao cap qua gia phan anh ro dac trung hien vat cua nen kinh te xa hoi Nha nude dinh

gia dai bo phan cac mat hang khong can cti vao gia tri, thap hon nhiOu so vdi gia tri hang hoa Qua trinh san xuat hang hoa cung khong hach toan 10 lai Hang hoa cua Nha

nude ban cho ngudi tieu dung da bao ham cho khong mot phan gia tri rat ldn cua hang

hoa Trong khi dd Nha nude phai bu 10 cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat ra cac thu hang

hoa dd

Quan he ve hang hoa va san xuat hang hoa dd da dan den quan niem rat han hep

vd thi trudng Quan niem dd bieuhien cu the tren nhung net chuyeu nhu sau:

Hoan toan khong cd suton tai cua thi trudng cac yeu to san xuat Cac yeu to dau vao cua san xuat deu do co che ke hoach dieu phoi thong qua he thong co quan hanh

chinh Nha nude thuc hien theo che dd cap phat va giao nop Mot bo phan quan trong

cac san pham tieu dung cung khong dua vao thi trudng hang hoa Thi trudng hang hoa

thuc su rat nhd be khong dang kd Chu the tham gia thi trudng chi co thuong nghiep

quoc doanh doc quydn cac thanh phan kinh te hop tac, ca the chi la ngudi dai ly cho

thuong nghiep quoc doanh Thi trudng docquyen khong co canh tranh De thu hep thitrudng d quy mo nhd be va khong chu truong phat tridn Nha nude da hinh thanh mot

he thong quan ly thi trudng rat nghiem ngat, bao gom he tho'ng to chuc va cac van ban

phap quy cua Nha nude Viec quan ly thi trudng chuyeu sirdung bien phap hanh chinh

nha nude, khong chu trong bien phap quan ly kinh te Khong hinh thanh he thong thi

trudng dong bo, tho'ng nhat Thi trudng bi phan tan, chia cit theo nhieu gidi han khacnhau Khong coi trong viec van dung cac quy luat kinh te cua nen kinh te hang hoa, cac quy luat cua thi trudng nhu quy luat gia tri, quy luat canh tranh, quy luat cung cau Doi

vdi quy luat gia tri thi chi thira nhan tac dong cua nd vdi mot pham vi hep trong linh

vuc luu thong hang hoa, khong thira nhan la quy luat didu tiet san xuat va luu thong

hang hoa Do'i vdi quy luat canh tranh vaquy luat cung ciu thi bi phu dinh hoan toan,coi dd laquy luatrieng cua kinh te hang hoa tu ban chu nghia, do'i lap vdi kinh te hang

hoa xa hoi chu nghia

Do nhan thtre khong dung ve vai tro cua thi trudng, trong thuc tidn khong van

dung co che thi trudng nen tinh hinh kinh te nude ta trong mot thdi gian dai tri tre khong phattrien

Dai hoi dai bieu toanquoc lan thu VIcua Dang ta da danh gia nhung tdn tai co ban cua ndn kinh te nude ta sau nhieu nam thuc hien co che ke hoach hoatap trung nhusau:

San xuat cham phat trien so vdi kha nang sin cd Mot so chi tieu quan trong cua

ke hoach 5 nam vira quakhong thuc hien duqc anh hudng to ldn den toan bo hoat dongkinh te va ddi song xa hoi

Hieu qua san xuat va dau tu thap, cac xi nghiep noi chung chi sir dung duqc

khoang mot nira cong suat thiet ke, nang suat lao dong giam, chat luqng san phim sut kern Nhung mat can do'i ldn trongnen kinh te giua cung va cau luong thuc, thuc pham,

hang tieu dung giua thu va chi, xuat khau va nhap khiu cham duqc thu hep, cd mat con gay git hon trudc Quan he san xuat xahoi chu nghia cham duqc cung co Vai tro

chu dao cua nen kinh te quoc doanh suy yeu Cac thanh phan kinh te phi xa hoi chu

nghia chua duqc sudung vacai tao tot Luu thong khong thong suot, phan phoi roi ren,

vat gia tang nhanh tac dong tieu cue densan xuat, ddi songxa hoi

Dai hoi Dang toanquoc lan thd VI da nhan ro: Nguyen nhan cua tinh hinh kinhte khong phat tridn duqc, mot phan quan trong la do thuc hien va duy tri qua lau co che

tap trung quan lieu bao cap, xem nhe thi trudng va khong van dung co che thi trudng

de linh vuc thi trudng thuong xuyen cang thing, roi ren

1.1.3.2 Quan diem doi moi cua Dang ta ve thi trudng va kinh te thi trudng

Dai hoi Dang VII da thira nhan nen kinh te hang hoa nhieu thanh phan va chu

truong xoa bo triet dd co che tap trung quan lieu bao cap Day la cai mdc quan trong

bieu hien budc chuyen bien mdi sang nen kinh te hang hoa, bit dau coi trong quan he

thi trudng Hang loat chu truong chinh sach nhim chuyen ddi san xuat nong nghiep,

cong nghiep nhu: Nghi quyet 10 cua Bo Chinh tri (thang 4 nam 1988), Nghi quvet 3khoa VI (28/8/1987), Nghi quyet 16 cua Bo Chinh tri (15/7/1988) va cac Nghi quyet

17, 28, 29 cua Bo Chinh tri

Dai hoi Dang VII (thang 6 nam 1991) xac dinh ro nen kinh te nude ta la: "Nen

kinh te hang hoa nhidu thanh phan van dong theo co che thi trudng co su quan ly cua

Trong toan bo su doi mdi do thi su ddi mdi nhan thuc ve thi trudng kinh te thi

trudng la quan trong nhat,cd y nghiaquyetdinh den sudoi mdi vecon dudng di len chu

nghiaxahoi d nudeta, vd nhung hinh thuc, bien phap va budc di cua con dudng do

Trong van kien Dai hoi VIII khSng dinh: "San xuat hang hoa khong doi lap vdi

chu nghia xa hoi, ma la thanh tuu phat trien cua nen van minh nhan loai, ton tai khachquan, can thiet chocong cuoc xay dung chunghiaxa hoi va cakhi chu nghia xa hoi daduqc xay dung" (Nguon: Van kien Dai hoi Dang VIII)

Tir quan diem va each nhan thuc mdi ve ban chat cua kinh te hang hoa, Dang ta

cho rang thi trudng va co che thi trudng da phat huy tac dung rich cue to ldn den str

phat trien kinh te -xa hoi No ching nhung khong ddi lap ma con la mot nhan to khach

quan can thiet cua viec xay dung va phat trien dat nude theo con dudng chu nghia xa

hoi

Nhan thuc mdi cua Dang ta ve vai tro kinh te hang hoa, ve thi trudng va co che thi

trudng, nhu tren la phu hqp vdi nhung nguyen ly cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve thitrudng va kinh te thi trudng trong dieukien cua chu nghia xa hoi

Thi trudng nude ta hien nay la thi trudng thong nhat vdi nhieu thanh phan kinh te tham gia san xuat va luu thong hang hoa, trong do kinh te nha nude giu vai tro chu dao

Trong thi trudng thong nhat o nude ta, tat ca cac thanh phan kinh te deu binh ding, deu

cd vi triquan trong, gop phan lam cho thi trudng nude tadadang phong phu

Dai hoi Dang IX khing dinh: " Chu truong thuc hien nhat quan chinh sach phat

tridn nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan Cac thanh phan kinh te kinh doanh theo phap luat deu la bo phan cau thanh quan trong cua nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, cung phat tridn lau dai, hqptac va canh tranh lanh manh”

Thanh phan kinh te nha nude bao gdm cac doanh nghiep nha nude, cac td chuc kinh te nha nude, cac tai san thuoc so huu nha nude, cac nguon du tru, phan von nha

nude gop vao doanh nghiep cd phan, hay lien doanh vdi cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac

thanh phan kinh te khac Day chinh la luc luqng vat chat de nha nude thuc hien chuc

nang dieu tiet, quan ly vi md nham dinh hudng su phat tridn cua thi trudng theo chu

nghia xa hdi Vi vay, thanh phan kinh t£ nha nude giu vai tro chu dao cung vdi thanh phan kinh tehop tac lamnen tang cho nenkinh te quoc dan

Trong van kien Dai hoi Dang IX da khang dinh: "Trong nen kinhte nude ta, kinh

te Nha nude phat huy vai tro chu dao, la luc lupngvat chatquan trong va la cong cu de Nha nude dinh hudng va dieu tiet vi md nen kinh te "

Ngay nay cuoc each mang khoa hoc ky thuat - cong nghe da lam cho luc lupngsan xuat phat trien nhay vot, day nhanh qua trinh quoc te hoa ddi song kinh te thegidi tao ra su phan cong lao dong quoc te sau rong, hinh thanh mot chinh the kinh te

th6' gidi vdi mot thi trudng the gidi thong nha't Nen kinh te mdi nude muon phat trien

vdi toe do cao deu phai gSn chat thi trudng trong nude vdi thi trudng the'gidi

Tai Hoi nghi TW3 khoa VII, dong chi Dd Mudi da phat bieu: "Trong thdi daingay nay, bat ctr nude nao du phat trien den dau cung khong the tu khep kin dupe Vdididm xuat phat rat thap nhu nude ta thi tranh thu nguon luc ben ngoai la rat quan

trong "

Dang va Nha nude ta chu trong md rong quan he kinh te doi ngoai vdi phuong

cham "Da phuong hoa", "Da dang hoa" quan he kinh te doi ngoai tich cue dieu chinh

co cau kinh te, "tu do hoa" gia ca san pham trong nude de hoa nhap va canh tranh vdithi trudng the gidi, trudc het la thi trudng khu vuc Dong NamA De dat dupe cac muc

tieu dd, nghi quyet dai hoi lan thu- VIII cua Dang da xac dinh rd cac giai phap cu the:

"Cung co' vi tri d cac thi trudng quen thuoc, khdi phuc quan he vd thi trudng truyen thd'ng, tim thi trudng va ban hang mdi, giam su tap trung qua muc vao mot vai thi

trudng Tao mot so thi trudng va ban hang lau dai ve nhung mat hang xua't nhapkhau

chu yeu, giam xuat, nhap khau qua thi trudng trung gian Thuc hien nha't quan cac

chinh sach khuyen khich xua't khau, dieu tiet ty gia hoi doai hpp ly, cd lpi cho xuat

khau "

Dang ta cho rang: Thi trudng vita la can cit, vita la doi titong cua ke hoach de nang cao hieu lite quan ly vi mo cua Nha nude.

Trong Van kien Dai hoi DangIX chi ro "De nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa

hoi chu nghia v&n hanh thong suo't, can tiep tuc tao lap dong bo cac yeu to thi trudng,

ddi mdi va nang cao hieu luc quan ly kinh te cua nha nude Tiep tuc ddi mdi cac cong

cu quanly vi mo cua Nha nude doi vdi nen kinh te Ddi mdi hon nua cong tacke hoach

hoa, nang cao chat lupng cong tac, xay dung cac chien lupc, quy hoach va ke hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi Bao dam tinh minh bach, cong bang trong chi ngan sach nhanude Thuc hien dau tu von phat trien tungan sach nha nude can ciivao hieu qua kinh

te - xa hdi"

Nhanude ta coi trong thi trudng, giai quyet dung danmoi quan he giuathi trudng

va ke hoach Nha nude thuc hien vai tro quan ly vi md nen kinh te thi trudng thong quacong cu ke hoach Thuc hien cong tac kehoach hoa nen kinh te, Dang ta nha'nmanh nd

khong mau thuin gi vdi viec van dung quan he thi trudng va cac quy luat khach quan

cua nen kinh td thi trudng, phai dat edng tac ke hoach tren co sd cua thi trudng phai

lam sao cho ke hoach Nha nude phai quan triet dudng lo'i, chu truong cua Dang de dua

ra mdt he thong cac muc tieu vi md, xac dinh toe do phat trien co cau va cac can ddilom, cac chinh sach, giai phap dd dan dat nen kinh te theo dinh hudng ke hoach Vai trdthanhphan van dong theoco che thi trudng duqc bidu hien ratronet do la:

Nha nude tao moi dieu kien cho su phat trien cua nen kinh te hang hoa d nude ta theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, dam bao cho nen kinh te cd toe dp tang trudng nhanhchong, thuc hien su cong bang xahoi, thiet thuc dem lai lqi ich cho nhan dan lao

dong

Nha nude quan ly nen kinhte theo cac chuc nang sauday:

- Dinh hudng su phattrien

- True tiep dlu tu vao mot so linh vuc de dan dat va day manh suphat trien nen kinhte theo dinh hudng xahoi chu nghia

- Thiet lap khuon khd phap luat, cd he thong chinh sach nha't quan de tao mdi

trudng 6ndinh va thupnlqi cho gidi kinh doanhlam an phat dat

- Khac phuc, han che mat tieu cuecua co che thitrudng

- Phan pho'i va phanphoilai thu nhap quocdan

Nha nude khong can thiep true tiep vao qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh, Nha nudethuc hien chtrc nang quan ly kinh te thong qua cac cong cu: Phap luat, ke hoach, co che, chinh sach, cong cu don bay kinh te va cac nguon luc cua khu vuc kinh te Nha nude

Vdi muc tieu, noi dung, hinh thuc quan ly kinh te cua Nha nude nhu Dai hoiDang VIII va Dai hoi Dang IX da khang dinh thi nd hoan toan phu hop va khong anh hudng gi tdi su hoat dong cua cac cong cu thi trudng Nhung nhan td' tich cue, nang

dong cua thi trudng van duqc phat huy tac dung, lam cho nen kinh te xa hoi duqc tang

trudng nhanh chong Tuy nhien Dang ta cung nhan thuc duqc rang:

Nen kinh te thi trudng cua Viet Nam hien van dang d giai doan so khai, chua datden trinh do cua motnen kinh te thi trudng hien dai, the hien d nhung diem sau:

Kinh te hang hoa kem phat tridn, nen kinh te con mang nang tinh tu cung tu cap.Trinh do co sovat chat- kythuat va cong nghe con thap kem He thong ket ca'u hatang; dich vu san xuat va dich vu xa hoi chua du de dap ung yeu cau phat tridn kinh te thitrudng trong nude cung nhu dd giao luu vdi ben ngoai; d mdt so vung nui cao, vung

sau, vung xa kinh te tu nhienvan con chiem ty le cao Co ca'u kinh te mat can do'i va kem hieu qua: qua nang ve nong nghiep( ty trong nong nghiep van chiem khoang 25%

GDP, lao dong ndng nghiep van chiem gan 70% luc luqng lao dong xa hoi),trong nong

nghiep van chu yeu doc canhtrdng lua, cong nghiep che bien conkem phat tridn Nang

suat lao dong xahoi va thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi con thap( den nam 2000, ta datmtre thu nhap binh quan d<iu ngudi la 400 USD/nam So vdi chi tieu dat ra la da hoan

thanh song so vdi cac nude trong khu vuc va tren the gidi chi tieu do van con rat tha'p

Anh hudng cua mo hmhkinh te chi huy vdi coche tap trung quan lieu bao cap van con nang nd

Cac quan he hang - tien bi xo cung trong co che cu dang duqc hoi phuc, tuy

nhien, vin chua du sire de lam thay doi ca mot ne nep, thdi quen cua ca mot nen kinh

te Viec tu do hoa gia ca, nhung chua triet dfe, mot so mathang do nha nude doc quyen v&n con anh hudng cua co che hai gia.( vi du: gia dien sinh hoat van con gia bao cap)

Ve quan he tai chinh: van chua xoa bo triet de co che bao capvon qua ngan sach

Tit nhung dac diem cua nen kinh te thi trudng Viet Nam dang d budc so khai

nen: Cac yeu to cua thi trudng trong nude dangtrong qua trinh hinh thanh nhung chua

ddng bo Thitrudng hang hoa - dich vu da hinh thanh nhung conhan hep va nhieu hientuqng tieu cue, nhu : hang gia, hang nhai, hang nhap lSu vln dang lam ro'i loan thi trudng Thi trudng sue lao dong mdi manh nha Da ra ddi mot so trung tam gidi thieu

viec lam va xuat khau lao dong nhung da nay sinh nhieu hien tuqng tieu cue Cung ve

she lao dong chuyen mon, lanh nghe hien dang nho hon cau rat nhieu, trong khi do,

cung ve sdc lao dong gian don lai dang vuqt qua xa cau Nhieu ngudi cd sire lao dong

khong tim duqc viec lam phu hqp Quan he mua ban site lao dong mdi chu yeu didn ra trong cac thanh phan kinh te ngoai nha nude vdi cac quan he thue muon con rat tho so thi trudng tien te, thi trudng von da cd nhieu tien bo nhung van con nhieu trac tro

Nhieu doanh nghiep, nhat la cac doanh nghiep tu nhan rat thieu von nhung khong vay duqc vi vudng mac thu tuc Trong khi do nhieu ngan hang thuong mai huy dong vo'n

ma khong the cho vay dan den tinh trang u dongvon Thi trudng chung khoan ra ddi da

di vao hoat dong nhung van dang trong qua trinh thu nghiem Quan he cung cau nhieuluc cang thang khong can thiet va hien van con rat ft doanh nghiep du dieu kien de tham gia vao thi trudng chiing khoan thi trudng dat dai: d Viet Nam, hien phap quydinh dat dai thuoc so huu toan dan, trong do nha nude thay mat cho toan dan ddng ra

thuc hien quyen so huu Vi vay, tren thuc te, nhung quan he mua ban, chuyen nhuqng

dat dai chi la mua ban, chuyen nhuqng quyen sir dung Hien nay, d Viet Nam, thi trudng nha cua, da't dai dang co nhung bien dong bat thuong Thi trudng cong nghethong tin: ve thuc chat, khi thi trudng cong nghe, thong tin duqc hinh thanh thi cd

nghia la quyen so huu tri tue duqc thuc hien ve kinh te Nhung hien nay, d Viet Nam,day thi trudng mod, vi vay, tinh trang trao doi thong tin vi pham quyen so huu tri tue,thong tin sai lech vin ton tai Thdi gian tdi nha nude can sdm dua ra va hoan thienchfnh sach, phapquy de hudng thi trudng cong nghethongtin phat tridn lanh manh

Kha nang md cira, de chu dong hoi nhap, gan ket thi trudng trong nude vdi thi trudng khu vuc va thi trudng the gidi van con han che Hien ti kha nang phat huy lqi

the so sanh cua Viet Nam tren thi trudng khu vuc va the gidi van chua nhidu Tai nguyen, nhan cong, vi tri dia ly la nhung lqi the cua Viet Nam, song tren thuc te, tinhtrang cong nghe lac hau, co so ha tang yeu kem va giao due, dao tao khong dap ling

duqc nhu cau dao tao nhan luc nhu hien nay lai la nhung tro ngai khong nho dd cho chung ta phat huy nhung lqi the cua minh Xuatkhau cua Viet Nam hien nay van thien

vd xuat khdu san xuat tho, san pham soche, nhung san pham che bien thi gia thanh lai cao chat luqng tha'p nen kim ngach xua't khdu cung tha'p Dau tu nude ngoai vao Viet

Nam, sau mdt thdi ky tang trudng nhanh nay dang co xu hudng chung lai ma nguyen

nhan chu yeu la do mdi trudng dau tu chua that hap dan: chinh sachkinh te vi md hien

nay van con thien ve thay the nhap kh£u, bao ho mau dich ldn, nhung chinh sach uu

’ dai cho cac doanh nghiep nha nude, nhung bat cap trong he thong ngan hang bao hiem hien nay nhieu khi cung gay trdngai cho cac nha dau tu nude ngoai

Vdi nhung nhan thuc mdi ve mat ly luan, Dang ta da chi ra nhung dac trung cua

kinhte thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia d VietNam

KTTT dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam la mot kidu td chuc kinh te vura dua tren nhung nguyen tac va quy luat cua KTTT, vita dua tren nhung nguyen tac va co sd kinh te cua

chu nghiaxa hoi, the hien tren ca bamat: sd huu, to chuc quan ly va phan phoi So vdi

kk thi trudng dinh hudng TBCN, kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN cd nhung dactrung co ban sau:

Muc tieu chien luqc cua dudng loi phat trifen KTTT d Viet Nam la giai phong suesan xuat, dong vifen moi ngudn luc trong va ngoai nude de thuc hien CNH-HDH, xay dung co sd vat chat ky thuat cho chu nghia xa hoi, nang cao hieu qua kinh te xa hoi,cai thien ttmg budc ddi song cua nhan dan, gan tang trudng kinh te vdi tien bo va congbang xa hoi Trong qua trinh xac dinh muc tieu cua phat trien Ki l l cd nhung nude dat

van de tang trudng kinhte trudc, giai quyetcong bang xahoi sau; cd nhung nude muondua vao vien tro va vay nude ngoai de cai thien ddi song nhan dan trudc roi mdi thucday tang trudng kinh te O VietNam, Dangcong san va nha nude Viet Nam chu truong gan tang trudng vdi tien bo va cong bang xa hoi ngay tir dau Vi vay, nhung chuong

trinh phat tri£n kinh te, khuyen khich lam giau bao gid cung di ddi vdi chuong trinh

xoa ddi giamngheo

KITT dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia d Viet Nam la nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan, trong dd kinh te nha nude giu vai trd chu dao dViet Nam hien nay, nfen kinh te nhieuthanh ph£n, trong dd cd ca kinh te tu ban tu nhan, nhung nha nude xa hoi chu nghia

dieu tiet va quan ly vi mo va kinh te nha nude giu vai trd chu dao Kinh td'nha nude va

kinh te tap the la nhung thanh ph^n kinh te dua tren che do cong huu, dai difen cho

quan he san xuat cua xa hoi mdi, vi vay se giu vai trd la nen tang cua nen kinh te thi

trudng phattrien theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia

KTTT' dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia d VietNam, Nha nude la nha nude cua dan, do dan va vi dan, vi vay, nha nude can thifep, difeu tiet kinh te la de bao ve lpi fch kinh tecua dai da sd nhan dan lao dong Nha nude ta quan ly va dieu tiet vi mo nen kinh te la

de kfe't hop tinh dinh hudng va can ddi cua ke hoach vdi tinh nang dong va nhay cam

cua thitrudng thi trudng vita la ddi tuqng; vita la can cii cua ke hoach hoa Tu sir dung

co che' thi trudng khong phai la de doan tuyfet vdi ke' hoach ma la dethuc hienke' hoach

mot each tdng the hon, tot hon Quan ly cua nha nude la de han che mat tieu cue, phat

huy mattfch cue cua co che thi trudng Co che thi trudng khong phai la lieu thuoc van nang, khong phai la muc dich ma chi la phuong tien Ta khong nham muc dich chay

theo lpi nhuan cua mdt thieu sd ngudi, ma la de xay dung chu nghiaxa hoi

Trong nen kinh te thi truong tat yeu phai tdn tai nhieu hinh thuc phan phoi Nen kinh te thi truong dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia lay phan phoi theo ket qua lao dong vahieu qua kinh te la chu yeu, ben canh do co ket hop vdi cac hinh thuc phan phoi khacnua de vha khuyen khich lao dong; vUa dam bao phuc loi co ban.

Mot trong nhung dac diem cua nen kinh te hang hoa o giai doan phat trien la loaihinh hang hoa dich vu ngay cang chiem ty trong ldn trong co cau hang hoa noi chung Hang hoa dich vu co y nghia kinh te va kha nang phat trien rat ldn De phat trien thitruong hang hoa dich vu, phai chinh don lai hoat dong to chuc thuong nghiep o moithanh phan kinh te Nha nudc phai lam tot vai tro chu dao, khac phuc tinh trang buong long quan ly thi truong hien nay, dac biet la thi truong nong thon, mien nui

Nhu vay: Khi nghien cuu lich su hinh thanh va phat trien cua thi trudng cho ta thay: Cac quy luat gia tri, quy luat cung cau, quy luat canh tranh va quy luat luu thong tien te la nhung quy luat khach quan chi phoi thi truong, lam cho thi truong van dong, phat trien nhu la mot qua trinh lich su tu nhien Chi den Dai hoi Dang VI, Dang ta mdi nhan thuc duoc tam quan trong cua thitruong vaanh huong cua cac quy luatkinh te thi trubng den su phat trien kinh te dat nudc

Tren co so nhan thuc lai quan diem ly luan ve thi truong cua Cac Mac va V.I Lenin, thDai hoi Dang VI den nay Dang ta chu truong phat trien nen kinh te hang hoanhieu thanh phan van dong theoco chethi truong co su quan ly cua nha nudc theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia Sudoi mdi do da dua nen kinh te nudc ta tung budc di vao quydao nen kinh te' thi truongxa hoi chu nghia va da dat duoc nhung thanh tuu to ldn tren

linh vuc kinh te - xa hoi

1.2 THI TRUING XLAT BAN PHAM

1.2.1 Xuat ban pham va cac dac tr i mg co ban

a) Khai n ie m xuat b an pham

Hang ngay chung ta thuong tiep xuc valam viec vdi cac loai xuat ban pham, do lamot loai hang hoa dac thu chua dung tinh hoa va tri tue cua con nguoi Xuat ban phamtieng Phap goi la Pubticate, tieng Anh goi la Edition, day la nhung thuat ngudung trong linh vuc thong tin tu lieu, xuat ban in a'n va kinh doanh sach Trung tam thong tin khoahoc cong nghe quoc te' (MSNTT) cho rang: “ Xuat ban pham la tap hop cac , tic pham

da duoc in bang cac phuung tien ky thuat khac nhau trong do moi mot tac pham co mot nhan de thong nhat nham muc dich pho bien rong rai” Chinh phu nudc ConghOa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam trong Dieu 4 chuong I “Luat xuat ban” co dinh nghia

“ Xuat brn pham la cac tac pham ve chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, khoa hoc , cong nghe , van hoc nghe thuat va cac san pham khac duoc xuat ban, in nhan ban bang cac chat lieu va phuung tien ky thuat khac nhau bang tieng Viet, tieng cac dan toc thieu so, tieng nudc ngoai , khong dinh ky nham pho bien cho nhieu ngud i Nhu vay xuat ban pham nOi bat o hinh thuc va noi dung can duoc phO bien rong rai cho nhieu nguoi Xuat ban pham chinh la cac loai sach duoc xua'tban pho bien rong rai cho

moi doi tuqng ban doc Xudt ban phdm co y nghia hep hon nhieu vdi van hoa phdm.

xuat ban pham lamot phan co ban cua van hoa pham Viec phd bien noi dung xuat ban

pham den ngudi tieu dung phai thong qua thi trudng bang mdi quan he hang - tien (H -

T), do vay xuat ban phdm la loai hang hoa dac biet duqc trao ddi mua ban tren thi

trudng vi nd chua dung hai thuoc tinh co ban la gia tri va gia tri su dung De viet va

sang tac ra nd cac tac gia da phai hao ton she oc va tinh luc, roi con phai chi phi xudt ban, in dn va luu thong Cac chi phi nay co the lupng tinh duqc theo gia cua thi trudng

nhung siic de va hao phi no ron than kinh dd sang tac ra xuat ban phdm kho ma cd thecan dong do dem duqc, co le day la dac thu co ban cua xuat ban pham nhat la ddi vdicac tac pham ve van hoc nghe thuat va giao due Cac xuat ban pham khi den tay ngudi doc no thoa man nhu cau ve van hoa tinh than va tri tue, tac dong manh me den tam tutinh cam va hinh thanh nen nhan each cho ngudi sir dung De phat huy duqc gia tri sir

dung cuaxuat ban phdm, ngudi doc phai cotrinhdo tuduyvanhan thuc nhat dinh

b) Nhung dac tritng ca ban cua xuat ban pham

- Xudt ban pham la mot loai hang hoa dac biet nd cd kha nang thoa mannhu cau

ve van hoa tinh than va tri tue cua con ngudi, tuy vay ngudi sir dung xudt ban pham

phai cd mot trinh do nhdt dinh ve nhan there Dieu do cd nghia la xuat ban phdm chi cdthd thoa man nhu cau cua mot so' ngudi tieu dung chu khong phu hqp vdi tat ca moi ddi

tuqng

- Gia tri sir dung cua xuat ban pham cd dac diem rdt ldu ben va cd the luu truyen

tu the he nay sang the he khac

- Gia tri va gia tri sir dung cua xudt ban pham chi laddng nhat tuong ddi visangtac

xudt banpham lamotqua trinh tu duy va tri tue rdt kho tinh toanchinh xac

1.2.2 Dac diem loai hinh kinh doanh xuat ban phdm

Cac xudt ban phdm duqc lam ra vdi tu each la mot hang hoa, vi vay nd phai duqc dua den tay ngudi sir dung, day la qua trinh phdn pho'i va luu thong xuat ban pham

thudng cho la phat hanh sach Trong co che thi trudng chung ta goi khdu luu thong nay

la kinh doanh xudt ban pham

Thuc chdt kinh doanh xudt ban phdm la qua trinh ddu tu san xudt, mua ban xudt

ban phdm tren thi trudngnhdmmanglai lqi nhudn ve kinh te va hieu qua xahoi.Thong

thudng xudt ban phdm duqc thai nghen tir cac tac gia sau do den khdu bientap va hoan

thien roi den cac nha in thanh san phdm Tiep den mdi den khdu kinh doanh xuat ban phdm mua di ban lai cuoi cung mdi den tay ngudi sir dung

Do su phat tridn cua thi trudng hien nay kinh doanh xuit ban phim muon tdn tai

phai dat hieu qua vd kinh td, quay vong von nhanh, do do nay sinh xu hudng “thuong

mai hoa” trong kinhdoanh xua't ban phim

Ddi vdi he thong kinh doanh xuat ban pham cua Nha nude ddi hdi phai cd “sach tot sach hay den tay ban doc” phuc vu cho su nghiep giao due van hoa pho bien chinh sachphap luat cua nha nude tdi cac vung sau viing xa, mang den cho ngudi doc nhung

noi dung tri thuc trong xua't ban phim giup ngudi doc van dung vao cuoc song nangcao hieuqua cong tac cuaho giup fch cho cong dong Trong dieu kien ndn kinh te thi

trudng phat trien he thong kinh doanh xuat ban pham khong phai chi cua Nha nude ma

nd dupe md rong ra d nhieu chu the, vdi nhieu thanh phan kinh te tham gia Hien nay thi trudng kinh doanh xuat ban pham tdn tai dudi nhieu hinh thiic, xuat ban pham lamot hang hoa nhung bao gom nhieu chung loai nhu cac a'n pham sach, bao, tap chf,

bang dia nhin chung cac chu kinh doanh xuat ban pham chu trong den cac mat hangban dupe va tap trungd cac thanh pho ldn dong dan cu

Kinh doanh xua't ban pham bao gdm ca mot he thong ttr khau xuat ban - in an

denphat hanh

a) Xuat ban: Bao gdm cacNhaxuat ban vdi chile nang

Xay dung ke hoach de tai, bien tap xu ly noi dung, tra tientac gia, td chuc in an,

hoan thien xuat ban pham, tu phan pho'i luu thong hoac ban buon cho nha kinh doanh

xua'tban phamhoac banle cho ngudi tieu dung

b) Cac co sd in nhan ban co chuc nang:

Nhan san xuat gia cong nhan ban cac xua't ban pham, nhan tidn cong in, tra xuatban phim cho Nha xua't ban

c) Cac ccf sd kinh doanh xuat ban pham bao gdm cd ban buon vd ban le cac XBP:

Mua buon phan ldn cac xua't ban pham cua cac Nha xua't ban de td chuc ban lai

cho cac co sd nho hon da so ban le true tiep cho ngudi tieu dung Ngoai ra con tu tdchilexuat ban in an tao raxua't ban pham doc quyen

d) Cac cct sd khong nam trong he thong Nha nude: Cac co sdnay thuong lam cac chile nang: Mua thing cua Nha xuat ban hoac mua lai cua cac co quan phat hanh, cac

co quan nay cung cdthe tu td chile xuat ban tao ra hang doc quyen va ho cung true tiep lam ca viec ban buon lin ban le

1.2.3 Cau true thi trudng xuat ban pham

I.2.3.I Thi trudng xuat ban pham

Cac Mac da tung dua ra mot luan diem ndi tieng la tieu thu tao nen nhu ciu vd nganh san xua't mdi, cd thd giai thich dong luc hinh thanh nganh kinh doanh xua't ban

pham la su tieu thu dai tra vd xua't ban phim la co sd di tai tao nhu cau vd xua't ban pham Su quan he bien chiing giua cac nha xuat ban va cac co sd phat hanh vdi nguditieu dung thong qua cac hinh thuc muabuon va mua le tao ra suxuat ban- in va nguoi

tieu dung xua't ban phim Sd lupng xua't ban phim phat trien tao ra su tang so lupng

ngudi tieu dung, xua't ban pham khongchi giao duevd trithuc tri tue con ngudi ma con thoa man cac nhu cdu ve nhan thurc va thdm my Nhu vay su tang nhu cau ve xua't ban pham hinh thanh va dieu chinh thi trudng xuat ban pham Viec xuat ban mot cuon sach

’ mdi khong biet ai se doc nd, khong nam dupe kha nang seco mot cuon sach giong nhuthe ve the loai va de tai cd the noi chap nhan mao hidm nhat dinh Tao nen ddi tupng

doc gia cho cuon sach dd la mot dieu can thiet vi ho dam bao cho kinh doanh xuat ban phamchac chan cd lpi nhuan vdi cuon sach dd

Nhu vay van de la can phai biet rd thi trudng xua't ban pham vdi cac yeu td tacdong den su phat trien cua nd nhu chinh tri, kinh td, xa hoi Cac dac diem hinh thanh

thi trudng xuat ban pham d Ha Noi va trong ca nudc gdn lien vdi mot so yeu to co ban sau day:

- Thu: nhat: budc chuydn tir bao ca'p sang co che thi trudng cua chung ta khongtheo trinh tutien hoa ma cd budc bo qua giai doan sang thang coche thi trudng

- Thur hai: he tho'ng xuat ban, in a'n, phat hanh van chu ydu do nha nudc nam giu cac thanh phan kinh td khac mdi budc dau tiep can dkhau phat hanh va mot phan nhd

in a'nchua cdxuatban tu nhan

- Thu ba: he thong kinh doanhxuat banpham cua Nha nudc con boc lo nhiduyeu

kem tri tre vira phai dam bao tinh kinh td vua dam bao tinh phuc vu den cac vung sau vung xa

- Thu: tu: he tho'ng kinh doanh xua't banpham cua cac thanh phan khac td ra nang dong ngay cang phat trien, song tap trung chu yeu cac thanh pho ldn muc tieu lpi

nhuan lachinh

Nhu vay, cd the noi thi trudng xuat ban pham la noi gap go giua cac Nha xua't ban, cac co sd in, cac co sd phat hanh ban buon ban le vdi ngudi tieu dung trong qua

trinh trao ddi mua ban xua't ban phdm Cac doanh nghiep Nha nudc va tu nhan dua

hang hoa xuat ban pham cua minh vao thi trudng vdi mong muon chu quan ban dupenhidu hang vdi gia ca bu dap chi phi bo ra va cd nhieu lpi nhuan, ngudi tieu dung laban doc tim den thi trudng xuat ban pham de mua nhung hang hoa xua't ban pham phu

hop trinh do dung cong dung, hop thi hieu va cd kha nang thanh toan theo mong muoncua minh

1.2.3.2 Cac chu the tham gia thi trudng xuat ban pham

a) Cac Nhd xuat ban

Hien nay ca nudc cd 45 Nha xua't ban chuyen nghiep xua't ban cac loai xua't ban pham Day la cac co quan hoan toan do Nha nudc nam giu 100% khong cd mot hinh thurc sd huu nao khac Mdi nam cac chu thd nay cho ra ddi tren 10.000 ten sach vdi sd

lupng tren dudi 200 trieu ban Rieng thu do Ha Npi cd 26 Nha xua't ban tap trung chu

ydu la cac Nha xuat ban cua cac co quan Trung uong va doan the mdi nam xua't ban 60% lupng xudtban pham cua canudc

c) He thong phat hanh xudt ban phdm

Tir nhung nam bat dau doi mdi nen kinh te trd lai day hoat dong kinh doanh xuat ban phdm cua ca nude cd nhieu bien dong dang ke nhieu thanh phdn xa hoi cung thamgia kinh doanh xuat ban phdm Dang ke nhat la he thong phat hanh sach cua Bo Vanhoa - Thong tin va he thong sach giao khoa thiet bi trudng hoc cua Bo Giao due Dao

tao

+ He thong kinh doanh xuat ban phdm cua Bo Van hoa - Thong tin cd 60 co sdtrong ca nude vdi hon 1300 cua hang phan bo tap trung tai cac tinh Tai Ha Noi co

khoang 20cira hang

+ He thong phat hanh sach giao khoa cua Bo Giao due cd 61 co sd trong ca nudechuydn tai so' lupngldn xuatban phdm den tat ca cac trudnghoc trong ca nude

+ Hai he thong tren kinh doanh phat hanh so' lupng ldn nhat xuat ban phdm cua

canude

+ Ngoai hai he thong tren, cac Nha xuat ban cung co co sd phat hanh rieng cua minh tai Ha Noi co tren 80% Nha xuat ban co cira hang gidi thieu xuat ban phdm riengcua minh

+ Do co che thi trudng phat trien tu nhan tham gia vao kinh doanh phat hanh xuat

ban phdm la dieu tat yeu Hien nay theo con so cac tu nhanco dangky kinhdoanh xuatban phdm trong ca nude la 6.200tap trungchu yeu d cacthanh phd ldn Tai Thanh pho

Ho Chi Minh co 2.897 tunhan kinh doanh xuat banphdm, tai HaNoi co 1.370 tu nhan

tham gia kinh doanh xuat ban phdm d noi thanh va ngoai thanh Tu nhan dHa Noi do

gancac Nha xuat ban Trung uong nen ho lien doanh lien ket tao rangudnhang kha ldn

so vdi ca nude

+ Ngoai chu the tren tham gia thi trudng kinh doanh xuat ban phdm con phai ke

den mot so ldn cac cong ty trach nhiem huu han va tu nhan lam nghd dich vu kinh doanh

thiet ke, che ban, tao mdu, in phim dd tao ra nhieu loai xudt ban phdm hien nay chua

co con so thong ke chinh thuc ve thanh phan nay Co che thi trudng cang phat trien dpingu lam dich vutham gia thi trudng kinh doanh xuat banphdm ngay cang gia tang

1.2.3.3 Hang hoa cua thi trudng xudt ban phdm

Hang hoa cua thi trudng xudt ban phdm rdt phong phu va da dang, trong khuon

khP cua luan van nay chi gidi han chu yeu la cac thd loai sach dupe xudt ban va mot phdn nho cua thi phan bang dia

a) Sach chinh tri xa hoi

Bao gdm sach nghien cuu ly luan chinh tri, sach ve chu truang dudng loi cua

Dangva Nha nude, sach phd biencac van ban phap luat sach truyen ba chu nghia Mac

- Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh

b) Sach khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe

Nhu sach nghien cuu ve khoa hoc, sach khoa hoc phd thong, sach ve cong nghe

tin hoc vd cong nghe cao, sach phd bien khoa hoc thudng thuc sach khoa hoc cong

nghe dang trd thanh cam nang cho nhieu ngudi

c) Sach van hoc nghe thuat

Day la mang sach cd doi tupng rat ldn, la ngudi ban than thiet cua nhieu ngudi,gdm nhieu the" loai nhu tieu thuyet, truyen dai, truyen ngan phe binh ly luan van hoc,

the ca,van hoa nghe thuat

d) Sach thieu nien nhi dong

Bao gdm rat nhieu thd loai tir vanhoc nghe thuat den phd bien kien thiic giao due

nhan each danh cho tudi tho, day la mang sach trong co che thi trudng phat trien rat manh me

e) Sach giao khoa

Cac loai sach danh cho cac ca'p hoc tir mau giao den het trung hoc bao gdm cacac sach danh cho sinh vien cac trudng dai hoc va cao ding Day la mang sach chinhchiem gan 70% nhu cau ve su dung sach, day cung la mang sach kinh doanh cd doanh

sdva lpi nhuan cao

f) Cac loai bang nhac, dia tieng dia hinh, dia CD Room sach dien tu

Cung vdi su phat tridn cua khoa hoc ky thuat va ca che thi trudng mat hang nay

da trd thanh mot nganh cong nghiep cd lpi nhuan cao vdi toe do phat trien nhanhchong Hien nay ca nude cd 40 doanh nghiep tham gia s lk2 cac loai dia hinh, dia

tieng va sachdien tir

Tham gia vao thi trudng xuat ban pham ngoai cac loai hang hoa tren con cd cac loai dich vu kinh doanh sach cu in sao bang dia cac loai, thiet ke ky thuat my thuat.tao mlu che ban in phuc vu cho ra ddi nhidu loai xuat ban pham

I.2.3.4 Gia ca cua xuat ban pham

Theo cong thuc tinh gia cua hang hoa ndi chung thi ta cd

P hang hoa = chi phi SXKD+m

Trong do: P : la gia ca hang hoa

Chi phiSXKD: phi san xuat lam ra hang hoa va philuu thongm: lpinhuan

Doi vdi hang hoa xuat ban pham khong thdap dung triet de cong thuc tren bdi le neu tinh du chi phi san xuat kinh doanh thi gia cua XBP se len rat cao nhu vay se

khong dam bao muc tieu hoat dong nghe nghiep va yeu cau cua xa hoi Bdi vi chi phisan xuat kinh doanh XBP bao gom: phi sang tac, phi xuat ban, in nhan ban va luu

thong Tren thuc te khong nha kinh te nao co thd tinh chinh xac cac chi phi sang tac

xuat ban pham do la qua trinh lao dong rat dac thu muon cd mot ban thao hay phu hop

vdi nhu c£u khach hang cac tac gia phai co mot qua trinh duoc dao tao mot qua trinh hoat dong lau dai va tich luy kinh nghiem Tuy nhien neu gia XBP cao se anh hudngden nhu cau mua va su dung XBP cua xa hoi, anh hudng tdi dinh hudng giao due cua Nha nudc Do do P xuat ban pham chi co the tinh chi phi tuong ddi so vdi gia tri dich

thuc cua XBP Ddi vdi cac XBP d dang tuyen truyen phd bien Nha nudc phai bu giahoac dat hang phat khong cho tirng vung, day la dac thu co ban de cd nhung chinh sach

dac biet cua Nha nudc ddi vdi XBP Hien nay thuc te gia ca XBP dupe cau thanh tirchi phi cua ca 3 khau xuat ban in phat hanh bao gom cac khoanmuc:

- Tien tra nhuan but tac gia: 5—> 8% gia bia

- Tidn quan ly xuat ban: 10-»15% gia bia

- Chi phi nguyen lieuva congin: 30 -> 40% gia bia

- Chi phi luu thong phat hanh: 30 —> 40% gia bia

Gia ca xuat ban pham hien nay dang con la khau cd nhieu bat cap vi no chua

phan anh dung gia ca cua thi trudng nd cd xu hudng lam thiet hai cho ngudi tieu dung

vi Nhanudc chi quy dinh phai ghi giabia chu chua quy dirih doc quyen ve gia hoac cd

khung gia tdi thieu tdi da nhu d cac nudc phat trien Ben canh dd van de vi pham ban quyen cung gop phan lam cho gia ca xua't ban pham khong phan anh dung gia ca thi

trudng

1.2.4 Vai trd va churc nang cua thi trudng xuat ban pham

Xa hoi ngay nay kinhte dang tren da phat tridn nhu cau hudng thu ve van hoa va

xuat ban pham ngay cang da dang va phong phu, vi vay thi trudng cd vai trd het sue quan trong Qua thi trudng cd the nhan biet duqc su phan bd cac ngudn luc cho san xuat cac xuat ban pham thong qua gia ca thi trudng Tren thi trudng gia ca hanghoa va

cac ngudn luc ve tu lieu san xuat, sue lao dong luonluon bien dong Nham bao dam

cac ngudn luc cd han nay duqc sir dung nham san xuat du hang hoa dich vu ma xa hoi

cd nhu cau Thi trudng cd vai trd khach quan, cac nha kinh doanh khong cd kha nang

lam thay ddi can ban thi trudng ma phai dua vao co sd nhan biet nhu cau xa hoi va themanh kinh doanh cua minh ma cd phuong an san xua't kinh doanh phu hop vdi doi hoicua thi trudng Vdi y nghia nay, thi trudng kinh doanh xuat ban pham cd nhung vai tro

tac dong den toan bo hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh xuat ban pham

a.

Vai trd chap nhan

Thi trudng kinh doanh xuat ban pham la noi gap go giua nha san xuat va ngudi

tieu dung xua't ban pham, trong qua trinh trao ddi nay nha doanh nghiep dua xua't ban

phdm cua minh vao thi trudng vdi mong mud'n chu quan la ban dupe nhidu hang va co lqi nhu£n, ngudi tieu dung lua chon hang hoa xudt ban phdm phu hop vdi so thich va kha nang thanh toan mot la se chdp nhan loai xuat ban phdm phu hop vdi minh hai la

khong cha'p nhan loai hang hoa khong hqp thi hieu va kha nang thanh toan, trudng hop

cac xudt ban phdm( hang hoa) khong dupe thi trudng va ngudi tieu dung chdp nhan thiqua trinh tai san xudt se bi ach tdc khong thuc hien dupe, neu thi trudng chdp nhan tuc

laddi ben da thudn mua vira ban thi qua trinh tai san xuat dupe tiepdidn

b Vai tro thuc hien

Dupe thd hien d chd thi trudng la noi didn ra cac hanh vi mua ban xudt banphdm,

nhidu ngudi cho rang thuc hien ve gia tri la quan trong nhdt Nhung thuc te thuc hien

ve gia tri chi xay rakhi gia tri su dung dupe thuc hien Vi du xuat ban phdm lam ra vdichi phi tha'pmakhong thuc hien dupemuc tieu su dung thi vdnkhong ban dupe Thong qua chiic nang thuc hien cuathi trudng cac hang hoahinh thanh nen cac gia tri trao ddicua minh lam co sdcho viec phan bo cac nguon luc

c Vai trd dieu tiet

Thong qua su hinh thanh gia ca xudt ban phdm dudi tac dong cua quy ludt gia tri

va quy luat canh tranh quan he cung cau vai tro dieu tiet cua thi trudng xudt ban phdm

dupe thd hien mot each day du Chung ta biet rang sd' cung dupe tao ra tir nha san xudt con sd' cdu dupe hinh thanh tir ngudi tieu dung, giua hai ben hoan toan khong co quan

hevdi nhau chithd hien khi hai ben didn ra qua trinh trao ddi quan he giuacung va cduboc lo viec giai quyet mdi quan he nay dam bao qua trinh tai san xudt thong qua sudinh gia tren thi trudng giua ddi ben Qua qua trinh dinh gia chuc nang vai tro dieutietcua thi trudng phdn bo luc lupng san xudttir san xudt sang in hoac phathanh va ngupc

lai, xudt ban pham th khuvuc thua sang khu vuc cd nhu cau ddngthdi dinh hudng nhu

cau cho ngudi tieudung

d Vai tro thong tin

Thi trudng chi ra cho cac nha san xudt kinh doanh xudt ban phdm thdy rdng loai

sach nao nen xudt banluu thong, loai nao so lupng bao nhieu la du ban ra vao thdi didmnao Thi trudng xudt ban pham chi ra cho ngudi tieu dung biet nen mua loai sach nao phu hopvdi kha nang thu nhdp cua minh Bdi vi banthan thi trudng xudt ban phdm chua

dung cac thong tin ve tdng so' cung va cdu, co cdu cua cung cdu, quan he cung cdu cuatung loai xudtbanphdm, chi phi san xudtra chung, gia ca cua chung tren thi trudng, chdt lupng cung tdp hop cac veu to'phdn phd'i Ddy la nhung thong tin toi edn thiet de ngudi

sanxudt va nguditieu dung racac quyet dinh phu hop ve lpi ich cua minh

e Nang cao hieu qua cong tdc quan ly

Tir nhung tdp hop thong tin do thi trudng cung cdp cd y nghia quan trong trong

viec quan ly va dinh hudng phat tridn thi trudng, cac nha lanh dao cac co quan quan ly

va kinh doanh dua ra nhung quyet dinh chinh xac nhdm van hanh moi hoat dong kinh

te nhu tdp trung taichinh,phat tridn loai xudt ban phdm nay,han che loai khac de tranh

lang phi Trong viec phat tridn kinh te thi truong nham hoach dinh nhung chinh sach

phu thuoc rdt nhidu vao viec chon loc xir ly chinh xac nhung thong tin khi van hanh bo may quan ly

1.3 KINH NGHIEM PHAT TRIEN THITRUING XBP 6 MOT SO NUOC TRONG

KHU VUC CHAU A

1.3.1 Nhan dinh chung

Ve ly thuyet, thi trudng XBP la rong md, da dang, phong phu cho cac nha sanxuat, kinh doanh XBP, song nhan dinh chung la mdi Quoc gia, mdi khu vuc, mdi vungdia ly lai co rat nhieu dac didm rieng dupe quyet dinh bdi nen van hoa, phong tuc, tapquan, tinh truyen thong, tinh dan toe, vi tri dia ly, the che chinh tri-xa hoi va nen kinh

te

Cac nhan td tren co tac dong rat khac nhau den chat lupng va sue song cua thi

trudng XBP Co nhung nhan td tac dong khong ldn den thi trudng song co nhan td laiquyetdinh sutdn tai cuathi trudng XBP Mot the che chinh tri ap dung quan diem ngu

dan, dot sach, edm hoc hanh, cam tiep nhan va giao luu tri thuc van hoa thi chac chan

thi trudng XBP bi tieu diet

Vi vay de thi trudng XBPtdn tai va phat trien, trudc het nha nude phai the hien

dupe quan diem cua minh trong viec lay tri thuc da dang cua nhan loai lam co sd ddphat trien kinh td-xa hoi, coi tri thiic khoa hoc va cong nghe la luc lupng san xua't true

tiep, tri thuc tirXBPla cong cu hd trp dac luc cho tu duy sang tao, nang cao nang suatlao dong va chat lupng nguon nhan luc, nang cao dan triquoc gia, tao ra tai san vo giabao dam cho phat trien ben vung

Tir nhan thiic nhu tren, nhieu nude tren the gidi da thanh cong trong viec tim kiem cac hinh thiic doi mdi td chuc quan ly de thuc day phat trien thi trudng XBP cua nude minhva giao luu vdi thi trudng XBP cac nude khac Chung ta co thd xem xet biic tranh chung vdXBP tren the gidi nhu sau:

sach san xuattren dau ngudi cua Dan Mach va Ixraen con cao hon nhung cudng quoc

vexuft't ban nhu My hayPhap Anh, Phap, My va Tay Ban Nha cd vai tro dac bietquan

trong vi ho xuat ban bang nhung ngon ngu Quoc te thong dung va phan ldn cac tap

doan xua't ban da qud'c gialdn deu dat tai cac nude nay Cac trung tarn xuat ban cua ho

cothm anh hudng dang kd ben ngoai pham vi lanh thdcua ho

Cac quoc gia hang hai cd nganh cong nghiep xua't ban sdi dong nhu Diic, Italia,

Nhat Ban cung la cac cudng quoc xua't ban Neu tinh theo tdng sd' dau sach xua't ban hang nam thi cac nude nay nam trong so mudi quoc gia hang ddu Ca ba nude deu cd nhung nha xua't ban da quoc gia ldn hoat dong tren pham vitoan cau Nha xuat ban ldnnha't cua My lai thuoc quyen kidm soat cua ngudi Due, dd la Bertelsman Verlag Cong

ty nay nam trong tay mot so nha xuat ban ldn cua My Mot nha xuat ban d Italia la

Mondadori co anh hudng quan trong trong viec xuat ban d Tay Ban Nha va My Latinh

Cac nha xua't ban Nhat Ban nhu Kodansha cung hoat dong d tam quo'c te Tuy nhien, tiem nang xua't khau cua loai sach in bang cac thd tieng Due, Italia Nhat ban lai han

che Ba nudc nay cd nen xua't ban hoan toan doc lap va tu chu Tuy nhien ho bi anh hudng bdi cac trung tam xua't ban ldn cua the gidi Cac sach ban chay nhat cua Mycung ban chav nhat dcac nudc nay, con ho hiem khi gay anh hudng nguqc lai

Mot so' nha xua't ban sach ldn, cd thu nhap tuong ddi thap hop thanh loai quoc

gia xuat ban thd ba Cac quo'c gia nay cd xu hudng phu thuoc nhieu hon vao cac cudng

quoc xua't ban cong nghiep, va trong mot vai trudng hop, dong vai trd trung tam cua khu vuc va cung cd cac mdi quan he chat che vdi ben ngoai Trung Quoc, An Do, Ai

Cap, Mehico, Achentina thuoc loai nay Tat cacac nudc dd ddu cd nganh xuat ban noidia hung manh vdi day du cosd ha tang san xuat sach nhu nha xuat ban, nha may in,

nha cung cap giay trir Trung Quo'c, con tat ca ddu cd thi trudng sach vung chdc ben

ngoai pham vi lanh thd cua minh Vdi tu each la nhung trung tam khu vuc, Ai Cap,

Mehico va Achentina cd vai trd dac biet quan trong va cd thi trudng xua't khau vung

chac Ai Cap la nudc xua't ban sach chi phoi khu vuc cac nudc Arap va phan noi tieng Arap con lai deu phu thuoc vao sach cua Ai Cap Tuong tu nhu vay, Mehico va Achentina la cac nudc xuat ban bang tieng Tay Ban Nha chi phoi My Latinh Ca banudc nay dong vai tro cdu noi giua cac trung tam xua't ban the gidi vdi nen xua't ban

bang ngon ngu cua ho Trung Quo'c va An Do trdthanh cac cudng quo'c xua't ban sach nhd thi trudng noi dia khong 16 cua minh Ca hai nudc cung co mot luqng sach xuat

khau nhd An Dd xuat khau sach sang cac nudc dang phat trien va lamot nudc xuat ban

sach bang tieng Anh chu yeu (chi sau My vaAnh) va bang 15 ngon ngu ban xu cua An

Do Trong mot chiTng muc nao dd, cac quoc gia nay dua vao ngudn sach dich va ddiluc dua vao ca vo'n dau tu va cac ngudn luc khac cua cac trung tam xuat ban ldn cua

the gidi

Phan the gidi rong ldn con lai la bien cua cac trung tam xuat ban the gidi Hauhet Chau Phi chi co kha nang xuat ban han che Dac biet, cac quo'c gia Chau Phi noitieng Phap chu yeu dua vao cac loai sach cua Phap va co ratft cac nhaxuat ban noi dia trtr Nam Phi, Kenia, Nigieria, con cac nudc Chau Phi khac ft san xuat sach Nganh cong nghiepxuat ban cua ho chu yeu chi gidi han trong viec xuat ban sach giao khoa.Tai cac nudc Chau A va My Latinh be nhd va cd thu nhap dau ngudi kha thapnhu Lao,

Bolivia, Mianma, En Xanvado va cac quoc gia khac, tinh hinh cung tuong tu song

khong den ndi tdi te Do'i vdi phan ldn the gidi, “ddi sach” van con nguyen gia tri dnhidu nudc dang phat tridn Ty le ngudi biet chu thap, thieu von dau tu, thieu co so ha

tang cho nganh xuat ban da khong cho phep ho phat trien mot nganh cong nghiep xuatban hung thinh

Cac nudc cong nghiep hoa nhd be thi tu dat minh vao tinh trang le thuoc vd xuat

ban vi thi trudng noi dia qua nhd nen xuat ban nhieu loai sach se khong cd lqi Su giau

cd va ty Id ngudi biet chu cao khong dam bao cho sir thanh cong cua nganh edngnghiep sach Ngay ca nhung nudc co nganh xua't ban noi dia kha hung manh nhu Dan

Mach, Thuy Didn cung phai nhap nhieu sach nudc ngoai Mot quo'c gia khac la Ha

Lan, von khong chi cd mot nen xua't ban noi dia tuong ddi phat tridn ma con la noi dat

tru so cua nhieu cong ty da qudc gia thanh cong cung phu thuoc kha ldn vao ngudnsach nhap khau

XBP phai dupe xem xet trong boi canh cua he thong tn tue toan cau ma hien tai

con nhidu diem khong cong bang dang phai luu y Cac nhan to nhu dan so, ty le ngudi biet chu, co su dung ngon ngu phd cap quoc te hay khong, muc thu nhap, co co so ha

tang ve he thong san xuat kinh doanh XBP hoan thien hay chua, tap quan ham me doc

sach cuacong ddng ddu gop phan lam nen sue manh cho thi trudng kinh doanh XBPphat tridn Kern theo do, van dd tu each phap nhan nha xuat ban, chinh sach cua Nhanude, su ddng bo cua he thong va tac gia tac pham cung la nhan to quan trong bao dam cho su thanh cong cua thi trudng

Nhung nhan dinh chung cho phep cung cd cac quan diem va hanh dong cap quoc gia nham thuc day phat trien thi trudng XBP trong co che thi trudng cd su dieu

tiet cuaNha nude

1.3,2 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trudng XBP cua Trung Quoc

Trude nhu cau ve XBP ngay cang gia tang tren toan dat nude Trung Quoc, Hoi

ddng hanh chinh quoc gia quyet dinh dua Cue xuat ban va in a'n thanh Tdng cue xuat

ban va in an (goi tat la GAPP) la mot co quan Chinh phu cap bo 0 Trung Quoc, hinh

thuc thuc day phat trien thi trudng thudngkhuyech chuong qua cac hoi chova cac cuoc thi de thong tin ve thi trudng XBP tdi duqc moi tang lop nhan dan Nam 2001 tai Bac

Kinh da didn ra Hoi nghi in an toan cau lan thu 7, cd 3.000 dai bidu den tir 25 quoc gia

da cung nhau thao luan vd nhung thuthach cua nen cong nghiep in an trong thdi dai trithuc cua the' ky 21 Cac ket qua cua hoi nghi da la co sd khoa hoc de Hoi ddng hanh

chinh quoc gia ban hanh cac qui tac quan ly, san xuat,kinh doanh XBP vamot loat cac ,qui dinh khac nhu: “Luat bao ve phan mdm may tinh” cung qui dinh quan ly cong nghiep in an, qui dinh quan ly xuat ban qui dinh quan ly cac san pham ban dia De

thuc ddy phat trien thi trudng XBP, cung trong nam 2001, tai Con minh tinh Van nam

da td chuc hoi cho sach quoc gia lan thu 12 vdi quy mo ldn chua timg cd, trung bay

hon 100.000 ddu sach va cac giao dich thuong mai XBP udc tinh dat 812 trieu nhandan te Cung trong nam, tai Bac Kinh da didn ra hoi cho tapchi, tap san vdi qui mo ldn

nhat tir trudc den nay vdi su tham gia cua hon 7000 tap chi, tap san trong toan quoc.Cong cuoc cai each cong tac phat trienthi trudng XBP da duqc tang cudngmanh Hiennay, dTrung Quoc cd khoang 26 tap doan san xuat bao, 6 tap doan xuat ban va 4 tapdoan phan phoi trong va ngoai nude Sd lieu thong ke dau sach xuat ban nam 2001 duqc du doan cd khoang 158.000 dau sach, trong do 88.000 dau sach la an phdm landau tien

Trong cong cuoc caieach ddi mdi, van de bao ve banquyen ngay cang noi com.Hoi ddng thudng true Hiep hoi nhung nha xuat ban Trung Quoc da chinh thuc tanthanh nhung sua doi cua Luat ban quydn Luat ban quydn cua Cong hoa Nhan dan

Trung Hoa” sua ddi da duqc ban hanh va cd hieu luc ngay ngay ban hanh

Tai Quang Chau, Cue ban quyen quoc gia Trung Hoa cung Td chuc Sd huu tri

tue the gidi (WIPO) ddng td chuc “Didn dan cac nude Chau A Thai Binh Duong vd ban

quyen va danh gia hieu qua cua cong tac ban quydn” Dai dien cua Td chuc sdhuu Tritue the gidiva cua hon 20 quoc giaChau A Thai Binh Duong cung vdi 150 chuyen giacua Cue sd huu Tri tue Trung Quoc da tham giadidn dan vdi nhieu bao cao quan trong

Dd tang cudng chuc nang, nhiem vu cua Hiep hoi cac nha xuat ban Trung Quoc, hoi

nghi mdrong lan 2 cac nha lanh daoHiep hoi cac nha xuat ban Trung Quoc nhiem ky

IV da duqc td chuc d Bdc Kinh va da trao giai cho ngudi chien thang trong cuoc thi

nhung nha xuat ban hai ngoai Ian 3 va giai Xuat ban Trung Hoa lan thu 12 Phat tridn

vatridn khai tu tudng ddi mod cua Cp hai ngoai lan va giai Xuat ban Trung Hoa lanthu 12 Phat tridnvatridn khai tutudng ddi mdi cua Chinh phu, dupe suchap thuancua Tdng cue xuat ban va in an Hiep hoi cac nha xuat ban Trung Quoc da cung vdi Hiep

hoi cac nha xuat ban Thuong Hai va Hiep hoi cac nha xuat ban tinh Quang Chau tdchiic thanh cong didn dan “Nhung tieu chuain dao due cua nha xuat ban Trung Hoa”

khuyen khich da dang noi dung cac XBP phuc vu cho moi nhu cau, Nha nude da

khuyen khich cac tac gia tre tim kiem va sang tac cac chu de mdi ve kinh te, van hoa nghe thuat, khoa hoc, cong nghe Hiep hoi xuat ban da td chuc giai thuong xuat ban

Trung Hoa lan thu 7 va Giai nha van tre lan thu 4 vdi su xuat hien hang ngan tac gia

mdi trong gidi tre Hd tro cho tiep thi va quang cao cho thi trudng XBP, Trung Quoc da

td chiic cuoc thi Cup cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung Trung Hoa Un thu nha't va

dang cai cuoc thi truyen thong quoc te lan thu 9 tham du 19 tac pham dat giai Cup

Trung Hoa Hon 44 tac phdm tir khap cac quoc gia nhu Phap, Y, Thuv Sy, Phan Lan

Canada, My, Due, Tay Ban Nha Brazin va Trung Quoc (gdm ca dac khu kinh te Hdng Kong va Dai Loan) tham gia cuoc thi quoc te nay

Tdng cue xuat ban va in an cung vdi Cue ban quydn quoc gia va Vien xuat ban khoa hoc Trung Hoa da td chuc trien lam nhung thanh tuu kinh doanh ban quyen sach

Trung Quoc va thuc daiy xuat ban sach ra nude ngoai va dien dan ve nguyen ly xuatban quoc gia

Nam 2001 Hiep hoi xuat ban va tieu thu sach Trung Quoc damd tridn lam sach

Bac Kinh 2001, doanh thu udc tinh khoang 1,600 ty Nhan dan te Cuoc tridn lam nayla

nhip cau ndi giua san xuat va maketing trong cong nghiep xua't ban va tieu thu sach

Trung Quoc Loai hinh tridn lam nay dupe td chuc hang nam va da 14 lan thanh cong

Md rongthi trudng XBP ra cackhu vuc tren the gidi, Chutich Hiephoi xua't ban

va tieu thu sach Trung Quoc da din doan dai bidu tham du cuoc hpp thuong nien cua

Hiephoi nhung nha xua't ban Chau A Thai Binh Duong va Hoi cho sach quoc te Seoul -

Han Quoc Tai do, Trung Quoc cung dat 5 giai thuong tren tdng 10 giai thuong Hiep

hoi cung da hpp tac vdi nhung nha xuat ban Anh td chuc didn dan nhung nha xuat ban Trung Quoc va Anh tai Bic Kinh Didn dan nay da md ra kha nang hpp tac trao ddi va thuong mai ldn XBP giua hai nude, md rong thi trudng XBP cua Trung Quoc vao thi

trudng nude Anh Vdi nhung hinh thuc phd bien va truyen thong, Trung Quoc da luon

thanh cong trong thi trudngXBP trong vangoai nude

1.3.3 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi truong XBP cua Nhat Ban

XBP-sach la san phim ma moi ngudi dan Nhat Ban d moi lua tuoi deu uu thich,

co the ndi sach nhu thuc an nude uong hang ngay cua ngudi Nhat Song thi trudng kinh doanh d Nhat cung cd bien dong Tdng doanh thu ban sach nam 2001 giam 2.6 %

so vdi nam 2000 dat khoang 945,6 ty Yen va tdng lupng sach ban ra giam 3,2 % datkhoang 748,74 trieu ban Tdng doanh thu tap chi ban ra dat khoang 1,38 nghin ty Yen

va co khoang 69.003 dau sach bao moi dupe xua't ban (tang 2,2 %so vdi nam trudc) Vdi cac nha phat hanh sach, lpi nhuan la van dd quan trong Nam 2001, trong 10 nha

phat hanh ldn nha't nhu: Kodansha, Shogakuka Shucisha, Kadokawa Shoten chiem

40 % thi phan; Top 100 chiem khoang 80% Dieu nay co nghia la vdi 4500 nha xuat

ban ldn thi 4400 nha xua't ban chia nhau 20% thi phan con lai Lpi nhuan sach nam

2001 trung binh dat 39%, tap chi datkhoang 29%

0 Nhat co khoang 25.000 cira hang ban sach tren kh^p dat nude 9000 trong tdng so do la hoi vien Hiep hoi cac nha kinh doanh sach Van dd kho khan chinh la cac cira hang sach thudng nho, trung binh khoang hon 100 met vuong mdi tang Xu hudng

• gan day la cac cua hang ban sach tong hop, ban ca bang dia nhac va cac van hoa phdm

khac

Thuc te cho thay, viec phan phoi sach qua cac cira hang sach giam tdi 65%,

trong khi qua cac cua hang thong dung da tang 19 % Trong 7 nam gan day, 800 den

1000 cira hang sach nho va trung binh phai ddng cira mdi nam, trongkhi do nhung sieu

thi sach co qui mo ldn da ngay cang tang va chiem linh thi trudng ban sach Tuy nhiencac cira hang ban sach bao cu nhu cira hang ShinKoBon Shoten (chuyen ban ca sach mdi va sach cu) vd ton tai va phat trien Mot trong nhung so do la Book-off, co khoang

450 cira hang ban le tren khdp dat nude, doanh thu hang nam khoang 40 ty Yen hang

nghin cira hang nhuShinKoBon Shoten vdn ton tai va cdtinh toan cho rang nganh cong

nghiep sach truven thong (xuat ban va cira hang sach) chiu mat khoang 100 ty Yen

doanh thu Nhung cira hang dd la kinh doanh hop phap va nd xuat hien, ton tai do nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dung, kho ai co thd bo qua mot cuon sach gia chi bang 50 % gia cua quyensach mdi

Hang nam cd khoang 69.000 dau sach dupe xuat ban d Nhat Ban, tuong duong

vdi 189 dau sach mdi ngay va 600.000 dau sach dang chd duqc in mot lupng khdng 16

cac loai sach nay tran ngap cac kenh phan pho'i 150 dau sach dupe ban buon, con 38

dau sach dupe phat hanh qua Hiep hoi ban buon sach bao an pham Nhat Ban Trong so

38 d6u sach do thi 80% dupe phanphoi trong nude va 20 % dua ra nude ngoai

O Nhat Ban, van ton tai he thong duy tri gia ban lai Hethong duytri gia ban laitao ra cuoc tranh luan keo dia nam va ket thuc vao thang 3/2001 giua mot ben lacong nghiep xuat ban, mot ben la Chinh phu - Uv bantrong tai kinh te, dd xem lieu he

thongduy tri gia ban lai co nen huy bo hay khdng Den nay he thong duy tri gia ban lai van ton tai theo quan diem chinh sach canh tranh hoan hao thi he thong gia ban lai nen

bi huy bo Tuy nhien co rat nhieu y kien cho rang viec huy bo RPM se anh hudngkhdng tot den van hoa va quan didm cong ddng, vi vay dua tren tinh hinh thuc te Nha

nude Nhat van chua quyet dinh huy bo RPM va he thong RPM van ton tai La nhung ngudi true tiep vdi he thong san xuat kinh doanh Hiep hoi cac nha xuatban sachNhat

Ban cho rang he thong nay nen dupe hd trp cua Nha nude nhung dang tide Uy ban trong tai kinh te van dua ra y kien bao ve quan diem cua minh la he thong gia ban lai

nen bi huy bo

Cd rat nhieu y kien ung ho va phan ddi he thong nay tuy nhien qua 28.000 ykien gtri tdi Uy ban cd lien quan den RPM thi 99% la ung ho cac nhom tac gia, cac to

chiic phat hanh dia phuong va cac thanh vien trung lap cung ho RPM Do dd Uy ban trongtai khdng the giu y kien cua rieng minh dupe

Cong nghiep xuat ban thuc day su da dang va tinh lmh hoat cua he thong gia

ban lai dd ket hpp vdi lpi ich cua nguoi doc nhu phat trien them cac kenh sach midn

phi, cac khoan khuyen mai, chiet khau chokhach cac hoi chp ldn va quan trong hon dd

la cong cu dieu tietgia ca

Xu hudng phat trien thi trudng XBP thong qua Internet dang ngay cang manh.Trude het la phan pho'i, vdi su phat tridn cua nhidu cong ty dap ung viec dat hang quaInternet Co nhieu cira hang sach, cac nha ban buon, xuat ban cung da co dich vu dat

hang nhu vay Sach dat hang duoc phan phoi tdi cac cua hang cho nguoi tieu dung lirachon va dupe dua den tan nha Nam 2001 tong doanh thu cua cac cua hang sach quamang dat khoang 14 tyYen Hien nay, viec mua ban cac tac pham van hoc, tieu thuyet

qua mang cung rat phd bien Cac cong ty dam pham thuong lupng va ky hop dong qua Internet vdi cac nha van Sau dd cac nha xuat ban bat dau tien hanh marketing cac san

pham sach qua mang Internet de tieu thu

0 Nhat cd hon 450 nha xuat ban qua mang va 6 nha ban buon chu chot cd thd

tien hanhdat hang va tim kiem thongtin thuan lpi de phucvu san xuat kinh doanh

0 Nhat con cd hinh thurc xuat ban theo yeu cau, theo don dat hang, hinhg thuc

nay xuat hien tu nam 1999 Nd kha phu hop song chi phi cao va cungkha kho khan vdi

trudng hop dat nguyen lieu giay tot Tuy nhien, cong nghe in ngay cang tien bo da giup

cat giam chi phi, tang lpi nhuan Hinh thuc nay phu hop vdi quy mo nhd va giam thidu

rui ro De gidi thieu va quang ba san pham da dang dupe goi la “sach” tir ngay 19 den

ngay 22/4/2001 Hoi cho sach quoc te Tokyo 2001 da dupe td chuc tai Quang trudngldn Tokyo Tham du hoi cho cd 533 td chuc tham gia trung bay, trong dd cd 468 cong

ty cua Nhat Ban va 65 cong ty den tir nudc ngoai Tong so khach tham du len den 43.000 lupt ngudi

Phan anh dung xu hudng hien nay, hon 1/5 tong so cac gian trung bay lacac san pham cd lien quan den cac phuong tientruydn thong nhu CD-ROMS, sach dien tir gidi

thieu cac linh vuc nhu nghe thuat, giai tri, giao due Cac san pham cd lien quan den Internet cung thu hut lupng ldn ngudi xem Hoi cho sach Tokyo tap trung vao sach tunhien,xa hoi, sach tre em sach thamkhao, sach giao due va y te

Hoi cho sach quo'c te Tokyo 2002 cung da dien ra tir 18 den 21/4/2002 tai

Quang trudng Tokyo

1.3.4 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trirdng XBP cua Han Quoc

Den cuo'i nam 2001, Han Quo'c cd 17.239 nha xuat ban so vdi 3004 nha xuat ban nam 1997 Tir nam 1997 khi viec dang ky mo nha xuat ban dupe khuyen khi'ch thi so

nha xuat ban tang hang nam la tren dudi 1000

Nam 2001, sd ddu sach xuat ban la 34.279, giam 1,9% Trai lai lupng sach xuatban la 117.170.000 cuon, tang 3,7% Sach hai kich chiem 26,6% vdi 9.117 dau sach

dung thu nhat, tiep theo la sach van hoc chiem 14% vdi 4806 dau sach sach thieu nhi:

13,9% vdi 4.754 dau sach, sach khoa hoc xa hoi: 12,2% vdi 4.168 ddu sach Nhu vay

sach thieu nhi tang 17% va sach song ngu tang 7,7% Cac loai sach khac giam Tuy

nhien vdi lupng xuat ban thi sach hai kich, giai tri dat (42,15 trieu ban) chiem 36%,

giam 5,3%; sach ve nghe thuat, lich su cung giam sd lupng nhung sach tham khao,

song ngu khoa hoc thuan tuy va sach tre em lai tang dang ke Nam 2001 thi trudng xua't ban sach dat khoang 2,43 trieu won, tang 4,6% (theo sd lieu cua hiephoi xuat ban

Han Quo'c) Viec tang sach nay da giup phat tridn thi trudng XBP sau 4 nam chiu dieu

tiet kinh te cua quy tien te the gidi va tang sue mua cua ngudi tieu dung Phan tfch chi

tiet cho thay sach tre em tap trung vao noi dung ve con ngudi va cd lien quan den Trung Quoc (do Trung Quo'c ra nhap WTO) va nhung su kien lien quan den khung bo 11/9 o My Nhung cuon sach than thoaiHy Lap va sach giai tri cungtang cao

Xu hudng sach dich cung tang deu Cach day 5 nam, sach dich chiem 15%, den

cuoi nam 2000 dat 25,3% va 2001 la 28,2% Nam 2001, sach ngoai van bao gom ca

sach dich dat 42,66 trieu cuon (chiem 36.4%) Sach ngoai chu yeu tap trung vao giai

tri, hai hudc (46,8%),sach khoa hoc thuan tuy, sach tre em, ton giao va van hoc

Trong llnh vuc sach dich, sach giai tri (26,47 trieu) dung d vi triso 1, chiem 62% Sach dich co nguon goc tir My nhieu nhat ngoai trir sach giai tri va sach tir Nhat Sachdichtu My va Nhat chiem tren60%, sach Anh, Due Phap chiem khoang 5%

Thi truong sach nam 2000 cho biet sach Han Quoc chiem 59%, sach dich vdi My

la 68,2%, sach Nhat: 52,4%; sach Anh: 13,7%; sach Due: 10,6%; sach Phap: 6,7% vaTrung Quoc: 5.2%

Nhung nam qua, cong nghiep xua't ban Han Quoc thu duqc nhieu lqi nhuan la do bung nd sach tre em Trung tarn sach Kyobo la cua hang sach ldn nhat Han Quoc,

doanh thu tir sach tre em nam 2001 chiem 10%, trong khi lien tuc dat 3% trong 3 nam

lien Sach tre em chiem linh dau ra, tang khoang 20% Su bung no sach tre em d HanQud'c duqc coi la su kien vi do la cai ma ngudi ta goi la hien tuqng The he 3-8-6”.Hien tuqng nay xay radnhung ngudi sinh vao thap nien 1960, nay datren dudi 30 tuoi

va vao nhung nam 1980 thi ho lai hoc tai cac trudng dai hoc chuyen nghiep Do la the

he co giao due kien thiic co ban kha cao, cd thu nhap cao, dn dinh sue mua ldn va ho

rat dau tu cho con cai, trudc het la sach, bao, noi cung cap kien thuc coban rat phong

phuva dadang

Mot nhan to nua dong gop cho su bung nd sach tre em la suphat trien cua mang

ludi Internet toan cau, cac cua hang canh tranh giam gia, dac biet la giam gia sach tre

emdd tang ve so luqng ban ra

Tom lai str bung nd gia tang thi trudng sachtre em cho thay ngay cang the hien su quan tarn cua xa hoi va gia dinh ddi vdi giao due, kich thich sue mua Didu nay co thd

thay rd mdi nam Han Quoc tieu 3 ngan ty won cho 6 trieu thanh vien dd mua cac thiet

bi giao due

Bung nd sach tre em dan den cong cuoc chuyen mon hoa cac cua hang kinhdoanh tap trung Cac website sach dien tir chuyen cho sach tre em cung lam an phat dat

nhu www.kidstopia.co.kr BOOKLAND, mot tap doan sach chuyen phuc vu gia dinh

da co hon 1500 cua hang va den thang 3/2000 co hon nua trieu thanh vien d khap dat

nude No co 2,5 trieu sach (vdi 2.100 loai sach cua Han Quoc va 100 loai sach cua

Anh) He thong cac thanh vien cua tap doan phai tra 10.000 won mdi thang phithanh

vien dd duqc thue 4 quydn sach mdi tuan (khoang 200 cuon mdi nam)

Dieu dang chu y laHan Quoc mot dan toe khong ndi tieng Anh song lai co toe do tang sach tieng Anh tre em kha cao Ngay nay, hau het cac cua hang sach ldn deu co gian danh cho tre em Nguon thu tir6 cua hang thuoc trung tarn sach Kyobo ve sach tre

em dat 150 trieu won O Han Quoc cac khoa hoc tieng Anh cho tre em da trd nen phd bien Du bao cho rang khong lau nua, sach ngoai van cua tre em Han Quoc duqc xuat

ban song ngu Cac nha xuat ban Han Quoc dang tang cudng ky hop dong vdi cac tac

gia ngudi Anh dd mua ban quyen sach ngoai van Cac bac cha, me tre em Han Quoc

vin con mong udc ldn dau tucho giao due, vi vay tiem nang phat tridn cua sach tre em

d Han Quoc con rat ldn trong nhung nam tdi

Xu hudng chinh cua cong nghiep xuat ban d Han Quoc lahoa nhap va lien doanh

giuacac hang, phat tridn quanh thi trudng B2B nhucac thu vien, trudng hoc chukhongphai thi trudng B2C: thi trudng sach truyen thong Hien tai, lqi nhuan dang la van dequan tarn hang dau cua cac nha xuat ban Thi trudng XBP d Han Quoc hien nay chap

nhan sir trin tai cua ca sach truyen thong vasach dien tu nham dap ung nhu cau da dangcua ngurii doc Cac nha xuat ban dang chuan bi tot cho tuong lai, tim kiem, sir dung cong nghethong tin de hoat dong co hieu qua trong thi truong XBPkieu mdi.

1.3.5 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trudng XBP cua Philippine

Uy ban xuat ban sach quoc gia dupe thanh lap theo dao luat Nha nudc Philippine

so 8047: Dao luat thuc day nganh cong nghiep xuat ban Uy ban la co quan true thuoc

chinh phu cd nhiem vu chu yeu la dd ra va thi hanh Chinh sachxuat ban quoc giacungvdi Du an phat trien cong nghiep xuat ban quoc gia nham thuc day su phat trien cua

nganh cong nghiep xuat ban

Sau nhieu nam lien tiep thu thap so lieu va tham khao cac khu vuc trong nudc,

du an da dupe hoan thanh dd trinh len co quan phat tridn kinh tequoc gia va van phong tdng tho'ng

Du an dua ra cac bien phap thuc day nganh cong nghiep xuat ban trong nam

nham thuc hien cac ydu cauva muc tieu cua chinh sach xuat ban quo'c gia Noi dung cua

du an la cac de tai va chuong trinhtrong didm xac dinh, dupe tien hanh vdi su dong gop

cua cac co quan Chinhphu cung su tham gia tich cuecua thanh phan tunhan

Du an dupe coi la ke hoach hanh dong trong viec xay dung mot nganh cong nghiep xua't ban quo'c gia cd tinh canh tranhcao trongthitrudng XBP the gidi

De tang curing tinh da dang va chat lupng tac pham dua ra thi truring, Philippine

da to chuc chuong trinh dao tao danh cho cac tac gia Murii trieu pexo (P10M) trich ra

tir Quy Xa hoi cua tring thong da dupe trao cho chuong trinh nham tien hanh mot loatcac curie hrii thao ve viec viet sach d 15 linhvuc va nang cao nang luc viet sach, nhamtao ra cac an pham phu hop vdi quan diem, muc tieu bien phap cua Chinh phu trongviec kich thich long say medoc sach

Nam trieu pexo dupe cap dd thuc hien giai doan dau cua chuong trinh dao taotac gia Mot dpi ngu thanh vien du an da dupe huy dong nham tao dieu kien thuan lpicho viec thuc hien cac hoi nghi chuyen de Mot nhom cac chuyen gia tu van da dupe

tuydn dung dd gidi thieu vd cac hoc phan cua khoa hoc viet sach va thiet ke minh hoa sach Nhom nay cung cd nhiemvu lam ngudn cung cap khoa hoc

Cac llnh vuc trong diemkhac lien quan den duan cung dupe thao luan trong mot loat cac hrii thao chuyen de vdi kinh philay tu ngudn thu thuong le cuaQuy xa hrii

XBP cua Philippine khong chi tieu dung trong nudc ma con dupe dua ra thi

trudng quoc te Vi vay hiep hrii cac nha xuat khau sach cua Philippine da dupe thanh

lap nham muc dich theo doi cac khuynh hudng trong xuat ban, timkiem cac mang ludi

hoptac kinh doanh trong linh vuc xuat ban tim kiem cac ddi tac dd md rong thi truong

cho sach xuat ban trong nudc Hiep hoi da td chuc “Chuyen tham quan sach My” ddu

tien vdi chu de “Nhung cuon sach hay nhat cuaPhilippine” Cac nha xuat ban da trungbay 250 dau sach cd tieu de la tdn mot trong nam thanh pho ldn cua Chau MI Nam dpi

dupe td chiic dudi su chi dao cua mot dpi trudng da den Toronto, Los Angeles, New

York Chicago va San Francisco Chuyen di da thu dupe doanh so bon muoi ngan dd la

My ($40,000) tifc hai trieu pexo Philippine

Van dd ban quydn d Philippine cung dupe coi trong To chuc tai ban quvdn Philippine da dupe thanh lap vdi ban lanh dao grim 15 ngurii

Bude dau hoat dong, nam 2001, td chiic da tien hanh hoi thao chien dich thong tin “Hdi nghi da khu vuc vd sang kien va cam ket” tai Bulwagang Rizal, Truong cao

ding nghe thuatva van hoc UP Hoi nghi nay cd su tham gia cua 78 doan dai dien cho

cac co quan Nha nude, cac hoc vien va nganh xuat ban Chinh phu da hd tro cac nhasan xuat XBP trong viec day manh nganh xuat ban sach, nhieu don xin midn thue nhap

khdu giay in sach cua cac nha xuat ban da duqc uy ban xua't ban sach quoc gia ky xac

nhan, gui len Bo tai chinh va da duqc xem xet, phd chuan Tdng so 7.582 tan giay in

sach, kinh thanh vd viet tri gia 250 trieu do la My da duqc nhap vao Philippine Sdthue duqc midn trir len tdi 4,8 trieu do la (43,3 trieu pexo)

Nham tao co hoi ban ra sd luqng sach ldn nhat cho nhan dan uy ban xuat ban sach quoc gia da tai trq cho Hoi trq sach Philippine tai SM Megamail 33 nha xuat ban

va cira hang sach da tham gia trien lam cac dau sach mdi nhat, va hay nhat cua minh vaduqc thi trudng hd hdi don nhan Do su phat tridn cua thi trudng va su khuyen khfch

cua Nha nude, uy ban xuat ban sach quoc gia da cap phep cho 637 co sd hoat dong trong linh vuc xuat ban sach va cac linh vuc co lien quan Di dau trong viec cdp phep la

cac dia phuong, 93,3% sd tac gia duqc cap phep d cac dia phuong Sd cira hang sach

chiem 14,45% tdng sd dang ky, trong khi do sd nha xuat ban chiem 28,69% con sd nha

in chiem 43,10%

Bang cac nd luc hqp tac vdi Hiep hoi doc giacua Philippine, Phong trao doc giatoan dan, va vdi cac to chuc phi Chinh phu khac, uy ban xuat ban sach quoc giada thuc

hien thanglqi chuong trinh khuyen doc bao gom cac hoat dong:

1 Ld ky niem ban quyen sach vaban quydn tac gia

Mot didn dan ve “Quan diem song con ve mu chu trong nude va tren the gidi”

da td chiic Didn dan nay da chi rd tam quan trong cua viec day manh dao tao giao vien

day cac ky nang doc va hoc cho cong ddng

Ld ky niem ngay ban quyentac gia va sach the gidi don gian da duqc tien hanh

dd phat dong cuoc thi lam ap phich do UNESCO tai trq Cuoc thi nay danh cho tat cahoc sinh trenca nude Nhung ngudi chien th^ng se gianh giai thudng latien mat va cac

ap phich cua ho se duqc gtri tdi UNESCO d Paris detham gia vao cuoc thi quoc te Ld

ky niem nay didn ra vdi cac hoat dong trao doi sach va an phdm van hoa truydn thong

rdt ram ro

Cung trong thdi gian do, Td chuc doc gia va tac gia da hmh thanhva la nong cotcua Phong trao xue tien doc sach Philippine nhdm khdi dong cac hoat dong xue tien

doc sach trong nude

2 Kyniem tudn Id doc viet quoc te

Nam 2001, “Hoi nghi ban tron vd doc sach” daduqc td chuc de ky niem “Tuan Id doc viet quoc te” Cac can bo trong nganh datap trung trao ddi y kien vd “Cac sang kien trong viec xue tien doc sach” Hoi nghi da co cam ket giua cac thanh vien cua Hiep hoi

doc gia va uy ban xuat ban sach quoc gia trong viec thiet lap mot “Nhom kd chuyen”.Nhom naysetien hanh cac phien kdchuyenqudn chung d cac cap cong ddng

3 Hoi thao chuyen de doc sach

De nang cao kha nang doc sach trong nude, Didn dan “Day linh hoi va kham

pha doc hieu” duqc td chuc tai thanh phd Zamboanga, Tacloban va Baguio Didn dan

da de capden cac didn gia thuoc cac trudng chuyen ve ky nang doc Tdng so 220 ngudi

da tham gia nhung hoi thao nay

4 Phan phoi sach trongkhu vuctu nhan.

Lien hop mang ludi sach toan quoc va mot hang tu nhan gdm cac doanh nhan

nganh xuat ban hoat dong dudi cai ten LIBRO dang co muc tieu cao ca la phan bd cac tai lieu sachvd trong nude vanude ngoai den cac khu vuc tu tri co kho khan nam ngoai

cac thanh phd chinh va trung tarn thanh phd cd td chuc cao Hoat dong nay da dupecong dong danh gia cao va dupe tran trong donnhan

Theo sd lieu cua nhom xay dung thu muc thuoc Thu vien quoc gia Philippine,

tdng sd dau sach xuat ban nam 2001 la5.663 cuon, tang 14% so vdi nam 1999 (5.083

cuon) va xu the' sd dau sach xuat ban hang nam van lien tuc tang cho den nay

Vd cac van de phap ly, the che chinh sach phattrien thi trudng kinh doanh XBP,

hiep hoi cac nha xua't ban giao due Philippine, dai dien cho tatca cac nha xuat ban giao

due trong nude dade trinh ykien dieu chinh suadoi nhung dieu luat sau:

- Nghi quyet sd 156 cua quoc hoi (chinh sach thong qua mdt sach giao khoa)

Nghi quyetnay trao quydn md rong va xuat bansach giao khoa va cac tai lieu giao due

cho Nhanude

- Du luat so 916 cua thupng nghi vien Du luat nay yeu cdu cac nha xuat ban cung cap cho cac thu vien Nha nude hai ban cua cuon sach ngoai sd cac co quan hien dang dupe cung cap (tdng sdla 15 cuon)theo chi thi sd 812 cua tdng thong

- Du luat so 108 va 1039 Du luat tim each the che hoa quydn dupe quyen tang sach, tap chi va cac tai lieu giao due cho nhan dan, cac trudng tu va cac thu vien dudi

su giam sat cua Bo giao due

Ngoai ra con co mot so van dd khac cung can dupe cai tien nhuBo giao due da

thong bao rang nam hoc 2002 noi dung sach giao khoa cac trudng cong se dupe thay

doi Viec nay se can trdkha nang theo kip cac loai sach xua't ban vdi chat lupng khacnhau do xu hudng thay doi chuong trinh giao due cua Nha nude mdi khi co mot chinh quydn mdi Tinh trang sao chep sach giao khoa va an cap ban quydn tran lan van chua

bi kiem soat va khong co su pho'i hpp hoan toan giua bO phan tu nhan va Nha nudenham day manh cong nghiep xuat bando mot so dieu khoan quan trong van chua dupe thuc hien co hieu luc

1.3.6 Kinh nghiem phat trien thi trudng XBP cua Singapore.

Nam ngoai ndn kinh te Singapore tang trudng 9,9% Trien vong kinh te nam

2003 la rat kha quan Song ndn kinh te My dot ngot suy thoai, dong thdi ndn cong

nghiepdien tirtren the gidi cung bat ngd tut doc Singapore ngay lap turc ganhchiu anh hudng cua ca hai Nam 2001, ndn kinh te cua Singapore chi tang trudng 9,6%, trong

khi quy I nam trudc tang trudng kinh te nude nay dat 11% Singapore dang phai ddi

mat vdi suy thoai kinh te Chinh phu du kien tang trudng kinh te chi con tir 3,5% den

5,5% Su suy thoa se anh hudng den dong luong cua ngudi cong nhan va khien mot so

ngudi mat viec lam Song nam 2002, Singapore da sdm thoat ra khoi cuoc suy thoai

kinh te ma khong bi anh hudng nhieu lam

De vuc day ndn kinh te, Chinh phu Singapore hien dang thuc hien cac bien

phap rieng nham hd trp cho timg khu vuc cu thd cua ndn kinh te Doi vdi khu vuc ban

le sach Chinh phu Singapore nang cao chat lupng quan ly va phuc vu khach hang,ddng thdi tao dong luc khuyen khich cac nha ban le kho khan, nhung ngudi dang thua