Nhirng xu hir&ng lorn trong van tai hang khong hien nay Van taihang khonghien nay dang trothanh nganh kinh tenang dong nhat trongnen kinh te the gidivoi viec van chuyen xap xi 2 ty hanh
Trang 2Ngo Thai Huong
DAI HOC KTQD
TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THUVIEN _ a
HANG HANG KHONG QUOC GIA VIET NAM
TRUdC SU PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC HANG HANG KHONG GIA RE 0 DONG NAM A
Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Doi ngoai
LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE
THS.J956
Trang 3DANH MUC CAC CHLfVIET TAT
DANHMUC CACBANG BIEU, SO DO, HINH VE
LOl NOI DAU 1
Chtrong 1 Tong quan ve hang khong truyen thong vahang khong gia re 3
1.1 Nhung xu hubng Ion trong van tai hang khonghien nay 3
1.1.1 Tu do hoa van tai hang khong 3
1.1.2 Lienminh toan cau gitra cac hang hang khong 11
1.1.3 Sir hinh thanhcac hang hang khonggia re 16
1.2 Hang khong truyen thong va hang khonggiare 18
1.2.1 Mo hinh, dacdiemcua hang hang khong truyen thong 19
1.2.2 Mb hinh,dacdiemcua hang hang khong gia re 24
1.2.3 So sanhhai mb hinh 32
Chuong 2 Thue trang mang dudngbay khu vuc cua Vietnam Airlinesva sir phat trien cac hang hang khong gia retrongkhuvuc 36
2.1 Mang dubng bay Dong Nam A cua VietnamAirlines 36
2.1.1 Thitrubng ThaiLan 38
2.1.2 Thi trubngMalaysia 44
2.1.3 Thi truongSingapore 46
2.1.4 Thi truong Dong Duong va noi dia 52
2.2 Suhinh thanh va phattrien cua cac hang hang khong giaretrong khu vuc DongNamA 56
2.2.1 Sir hinhthanh cua cac hang hang khong giare Dong Nam A 56
2.2.2 Moi trubnghoat dong cuacachang hang khong gia re trong khu vuc Dong Nam A 58
2.2.3 Mot so hang hang khong gia re dien hinh b Dong Nam A 65
Trang 42.3.2 Thach thuc 72
Chuong 3 Giai phap doi voi Vietnam Airlines truoc nhung thachthuc tu cac hang hang khong gia retrong khuvuc 78
3.1 Muc tieucua Vietnam Airlines tren mang duungbaykhu vucDong Nam A dennam 2010 78
3.2 Mot so giai phap doi vaiVietnam Airlines truac nhung thach thuctu cac hang hang khong giaretrong khu vuc 79
3.2 1 Giai phap vesan pham 79
3.2.2 Giai phap ve gia 87
3.2.3 Giai phap ve mangban 90
3.2.4 Giai phap ve xuc tien va canh tranh 91
3.2.5 Cac giai phapkhac 93
3.3 Kien nghi doi vaiChinh phu 99
KET LUAN 102
DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Trang 5TA: TraditionalAirline- Hanghangkhong truyen thong
VN: VietnamAirlines -Hang hang khong quoc giaVietNam
GDS: Global Distribution System -He thong phan phoi toan cau
CDG: San bay Charles deGaulles - Paris,Phap
FRA: Frankfurt, Due
RMS: Revenue Management System -He thongquan tridoanh thu
FFP: Frequent flyerProgram - Chuangtrinh khach hang thuong xuyen
Trang 6Hinh 2.1 Mangbaycua Air Asia 67
Hinh 2.2 Mang bay cuaTiger Airways 69
Hinh 3.1 Mo hinh “Boston Box” 81
Hinh 3.2 Ma tran Ansoff 81
Bang 1.1 Giave khuhoi tren mot so tuyen - 05/2006 30
Bang 1.2 So sanhmo hinh LCA va TA 32
Bang2.1 Thi truonghanh khach Viet Nam - Thai Lan 38
Bang 2.2 Thi truong hanh khach Viet Nam Malaysia 44
Bang 2.3 Thi truonghanh khach Viet Nam Singapore 47
Bang2.4 Ket qua van chuyen trencac dubng bay noi dia(OFOD) nam 2005 54
Bang 2.5 Phan bo dan so theo kich co thanh pho 59
Bang 2.6 Cac chisotrongviec phat trien du lich bang dubng hang khong 60
Trang 7Ngo Thai Huong
HANG HANG KHONG QUOC GIA VIET NAM
TRUOC SU PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC HANG HANG KHONG GIA RE 6 DONG NAM A
Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Doi ngoai
LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE
TOM TAT LU AN VAN THAC SY
Trang 8LOI NOI DAU
1 Ti'nh cap thiet cua luan van
Cung voi xu the quoc te hoa va toan cau hoa nen kinh te the gidi, xu hudng tu do
hoa trong nganh hang khong da lam cho thi truong hang khong dac biet la hang
khong quoc te thdi gian qua co rat nhieu bien chuyen Ben canh cac hang hang
khong truyen thong co mot lan song kinh doanh khac dang Ion manh len, do la suxuat hienngay cang nhieu cac hang hang khong gia re Tieptheo chau My va chau
Au, d Dong Nam A, lan song nay dang batdau
0 Viet Nam, dau nam 2004, Tiger Airways quang cao duong bay Hanoi/Saigon- Singapore voi muc gia motchieutu 6 USD tro len va moi day, tu ngay 17/10/2005,
Thai Air Asia khai thac duong bay Hanoi -Bangkok voi muc giamot chieu tu 25
USD tro len Voi muc gia thap hon dang ke so voi cac hang hang khong dich vu day du, mot so luong Ion hanhkhach da duqc thuhut sir dung dich vu cua cachang hang khong gia re nay
Tuyrang da co mot Lo trinh hoi nhap duoc chuan bi kha chu dao de trong vai nam tdi Vietnam Airlines tro thanh hang hang khong tarn co trung binh cua khu vuc, nhung thi truong va san pham Vietnam Airlines dang khai thac la thi truong cua
nhung hang hang khong day du dich vu Tren thi truong khu vuc, ke tu nay,
Vietnam Airlines khong nhung phai doi mat voi cac hang hang khong nhu Thai
Airways, Singapore Airlines hay Malaysia Airlines von cung la nhung hang hang khong ten tuoi tren the gidi, ma con gap phai su canh tranh quyet liet tu cac hang
gia re nhuTigerAirlines, Air Asia
Chinh vi vay, viec tim ranhung giai phap de Vietnam Airlinesco the duong dau voi
nhungthach thuc tir cac hanghang khong gia re chau A tro thanh mot trongnhung van de cap bach trong giai doan sap tdi Vi ly do tren, tdi da chon de tai: “Hang
Hang khong quoc gia Viet Nam truoc su phat trien cuacac hang hang khong gia re
dDong Nam A”
Trang 92 Muc tieu nghien cuu
- Nghien cirumo hinh, dac diem cua hang hang khong truyenthong,phan bietvdi cac hang hang khong gia re va xu huang tu do hoa trong nganh hang khong hien nay
- Tren cor so do, luan van phan tich thuc trang cac duong bay khu vuc cua
Vietnam Airlines, su ra doi va phat trien cua cac hang hang khong gia re trong khuvuc cung nhu cac thachthuc ma cac hang hang khong giaredatracho Vietnam Airlines
- Dexuat cac giai phap cho Vietnam Airlines trucrc cac thach thuc tu cac hang hangkhong gia re trong khu vuc
3 Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cun
Doi tuang nghien cuu cua luan van la ve cac thach thuc dat ra d6i vai VietnamAirlines tu cac hanghangkhong gia re a Dong Nam Atrong nhung nam gan day.Luan van giai han nghien cuu vecacduong bay khu vucDong Nam AcuaVietnamAirlines va cac hanghang khong giaretrong khu vuc
4 Phuong phap nghien cuu
Trongqua trinh nghien cuu, luan van su dung phuong phap duy vat lich su ket hupvdi nghien cuu thuc te va so sanh qua do nit ra nhung nguyen nhan va de ra giai
phap truac nhung thachthuc dat ra cho Vietnam Airlines tu cac hang hang khong
r
giare chau A
5 Cau true luan van
Ngoai phan ma dau, ket luan, phu luc, danh muc tai lieu tham khao, noi dung cua
luanvan gom 3 chuong
Chuong 1: Tong quan ve hang hangkhong truyen thong va hanghang khong giare
Chuong 2: Thuc trang mang duong bay DongNam A cua Vietnam Airlines va cachang hang khong giaretrong khu vuc
Trang 10Chuong 3: Giaiphap doi vdi Vietnam Airlines trade nhung thach thuc tircac hang
hang khonggia re trongkhu vuc
Trang 11do co sir xuat hien cua hang khong giare va di sau phan tich, so sanh hai mo hinhhang hang khong pho bien la hang khong truyen thong va hang khong gia re Moi
mo hinh deu co nhung uu nhuoc diem rieng vatrong moi truongcanhtranh gaygat,
cac hang hang khong du theo mb hinh nao cung khong ngung cai to de thich ung,ton tai vaphat trien
1.1 Nhirng xu hir&ng lorn trong van tai hang khong hien nay
Van taihang khonghien nay dang trothanh nganh kinh tenang dong nhat trongnen
kinh te the gidivoi viec van chuyen xap xi 2 ty hanh khach va khoang 40% gia tri
hang hoa xuat khau giua cac viing trong moi nam, toe do tang trubng tu 5 den
6%/nam(Nguon:The economic & social benefits of air transport - ATAG)
Co the keden 3 nhan to dong vai tro quan trong trong viec phat trien nganhvan tai hang khong hien tai la :
- Tu do hoavantai hang khong
- Su hinhthanh caclien minh toan cau giua cac hang hang khong
- Su radbi cua cac hang hang khong gia re
1.1.1 Ty do hod van tai hang khong
Trong nhung namganday, tudo hoa van tai hang khong qubc thdang la mot xu thh
va dieu nay dat ra nhieu thach thuc cung nhu dem lai co hoi phat trien cho nganh
hang khong noi chung va moihang hang khong noi rieng
Cho den trudc nam 1978, chinh phu cac qubc gia van giu vai tro kiem soat trong
nganh van tai hang khong, san sang tro cap nhung khoan tien khong 16 de phat
trien nganh van tai hang khong Trong Cong uac Chicago nam 1944, My da tien
hanh thu nghiem tu do hoa van tai hang khong vai mong muon cac hang hang
khong cuaho kinh doanhco hieuqua Tuy nhien,ke hoach cua My da bi thatbai va
canh tranh giua cac hang van bi kim ham bai nhung hiep dinh song phuang giua
Trang 12cac quoc gia Ke tu nam 1978, My da quyet dinh tang cudng canh tranh giua cachang hang khong cua minh tren thi trudng noi dia va co gang ap dat sue canh tranh
ra thi truong the giai day chinh lachinh sach "Macua bau tren” Chinh sach nay
duqc coi la moc ma dau cho xu huang tang cudng tu do hoa van tai hang khongtren toan the giai Muc dich chinh lacac hang hang khong cua My co nhung quyen khong gidi han ve thuang quyen va dugc loai bo nhung giai han ve tan suat, tai
cung ung Nhung hiep dinh nay mang lai rat nhieu quyen lai cho cac hang hang
khong cua My
6 Chau Au, tu do hoa van tai hang khong trung vai thdi diem hinh thanh mot thi
truong chung cua 12 nude Chau Audau nhung nam 1990 nen thi trudng ldnhan va
ap dung nhung qui dinh ve canh tranh
Khu vuc chauA- Thai Binh Duong, hien dang la khu vuc kinh te nang dong nhat
the gidi Nhung nude co nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh nhat cung la nhung nude conhung sang kien tu do hoarong rai nhieu nganh kinh te cua nude minh Tu do hoa
hang khongcung dat dugc nhieu tien bo bdi nhieu chinh phunhanthuc dugc lgi ichcua tu do hoa hang khong Tuy nhien, toe do phat trien khac nhau giua cac nude
gay apluc khac nhau len cac Chinhphu cung han che kha nangcua ho trong viec tu
dohoamot each hieuquathi trudng hang khong
Tu do hoa thuc suhang khong toan cau se thach thuccac hang hang khong Van de
sd huu Nhanude va quyen kiem soat cung md ra nhung cahoidang ke cho su hgp
ly hoa va cai thien tinh hieu qua chung cua toan nganh hang khong cung nhu doivdi tung hang hang khong cu the
1.1.2 Lien minh toan cau giua cac hang hang khong
Tiep theo su kien tu do hoa van tai trong van tai hang khong,mot trong nhung bdicanh quan trong do la toi uu hoa trong he thong phan phoi - budc dau tien de cac hanghang khong xich laigan nhau Theo do,nhieu nhom hang khong da dugc hinh
thanh dua tren viec cung nhausu dung chungmot he thong dat gi£r cho GDS 0 cap
bac cao han, lien minh giua cac hang hang khong dugc thanh lap nham muc dich
Trang 13cho phep cac hang hang khong xay dung mot mang bay chung Ion hon, voi nhieu diem den hon cho khachhang cua ho :
Lich su hang hangkhong gia re (LCA)co tu kha lau LCA duoc bietden dautienla
hang Pacific Southwest cua My Chuyen bay gia redautien cua hangnayduoc thuchien vao ngay 06/05/1949 Tuy nhien, phai dennam 1971, Hang Southwest Airlines (My) mod bat dau khai thac thuongxuyen loai hinh vanchuyen hang khong giare
Noi den Southwest Airlines la ngubi ta nghTngay den mot hang tien phong trong phuong thuc bay gia reva hien nay phu kin dubng bay den tat ca cac tieu bang cuaMy
Tu thanh cong cua Southwest Airlines, mb hinh LCA nhanh chong lan rong sang
Chau Au, trong do thanh congnhat la hang RyanaircuaIreland (bat dau hoat dong
tunam 1991) vaEasyJet cua Anh (dupe thanh lap nam 1995)
Trong vong 2-3 nam qua, hien tupng hang khonggiare b thi trubng My va chau Au
phat trien rat manh me ca ve so luong cac hang hang khong cung nhu cong suat hoat dong Hien nay co khoang 60 LCA hoatdong b chau Au, gap gan3 lan so voi
thi trubng My Tat nhien, su phat trien qua nhanh chong nay rat co the se lam bao
hoa thi trubng hang khong gia re, buoc cac hang hoat dong kern phai chamdirt hoat dong tren thi trubng nay, dong thbi co the lam thay doi co cau cua nganh hang
khong giare
Tren thi trubng khu vucchau A - Thai Binh Duong, tuy xuat hien muon hon nhung cac LCA cung da co nhung buocphat trien dang ke Chi rieng trong nam 2004 da
co them 8 LCA dupe thanh lap tai day, chiem mot nua so LCA dupe thanh lap trenthe gidi, nang tong so LCA tai khu vuc len 20
Den nay, hang tram LCA da dupe thanh lap khap the gibi Moi nam, hang chucLCA gia nhap thi trubng hang khong gia re Nhieu hang nhanh chong bien matnhung cung rat nhieu hang phat trien thanh nhung ngubi khong lb
Trang 141.2 Hang khong truyen thong va hang khong gid re
Hien tai, cohaimo hinh chinh cung tontai trong linh vuc hang khongdan dung:
- Mo hinh thu nhat duoc xay dung tren co so cau true mang ludi gom mot
hoac nhieu san bay trung tarn "Hub" Mo hinh nay hoat dong dua tren co so cung
cap cho cac khach hang daydu dich vu, cho phepho cothe di khap noi tren the gidi
vdi thdi gian di chuyen ngan nhat, tren co so da dang gia ve va toi da hoa doanh
thu, coxu hudng thuc hienlien minh giua cachang hang khong ldn
- Mo hinh thu hai la mo hinh phat trien bdi cac hang hang khong gia re dua
tren viec phat trien mang bay don chang, tren nguyen tac la cung cap mot each de
dang vathudngxuyen nhung tuyenbay dudng ngan hoac trung vdi chi phi thap; giare; khong cd nhung dieu kien phuc tap ve loai ve; khong cung cap day du dich vu
nhu cac hang hang khong truyen thong
Mo hinh dac diem va su khac nhau co ban giua hang hang khong truyen thong(TA)
va hang hangkhong gia re (LCA)co the duoc tom tat trong bang dudi day:
Bang 1.1 So sanh mo hinh LCA va TA
Hang hang khong giare (LCA) -Hang hang khong truyen thongX -7
-(TA)
Mangbay
> Bay don chang
> Mang bay mong
> Khai thac tuyen bay ngan(khoang 800km hoac dudi 4h bay)
> Mang bay cho phep bay den rat
nhieunoi tren traidat (lienminh
va HUB)
> Co trung tarntrungchuyen
> Dudngbaydai
nhungsan bay it bi tac nghen
Su dung san bay trung tarn
Doimay bay
> Thudng su dung dong loat mot loai may bay, chu yeu
Trang 15> So ghe tren may bay day(149 ghe doi vdi B737).
> May bay mdi
> He so su dung may bay cao(tren llh/ngay)
thong qua trung tarn trung chuyen Hub
Nhan su
> Luong theo thoa thuan va
theo ket qua san xuat, kinhdoanh, nhan vien co themua cophieu cua hang
> Co cau quan ly gon nhe,
don gian
> Quan ly nhan su theo phuong
phap truyen thong
> Chiu rat nhieu chi phi ve dich
chuyenvdi gia re
Chu yeu la khach thuong gia va khachdu lich
> Do an va uongphai tra tien
> Khong co bao, tap chi trenchuyen bay
> Cung cap ve mot chieu, khu hoi
va ve lien chang
> Rat nhieu dang dich vu nham
dap ung cho tung doi tuongkhach hang
> Cd phuc vu bua an tren may
> Cac dich vu mien phi tren may bay (bao, tapchi, do uong )
Giaban
> Giavere, de tiep can
> Khong cd nhung hanche vedieu kien mua ve
> YM don gian nham toi uu
hoa/tang he so su dung ghe
> Cd rat nhieu loai gia ve khac
nhau nham dap ung vdi nhung
doi tuong khach hang khacnhau
> YM dupexay dung cong phu
Trang 16Dich vu mat
dat
> Khong cophongdpi
> Khong co chinh sach khach
hang thubng xuyen
> Khong co dich vu transit b san bay
> Co phong dpi va rat nhieu dich
vu matdat
> Chuong trinh khach hang
voi cac doanhnghiep
> Co dich vu transitb cac san bay
ph an phoi
> Rat hoac gan nhu khong
ton tai viec ban ve qua cac
dai ly
> Ban ve true tiep (chu yeu qua dien thoai vaInternet)
(dung ve dientu)
> Sir dung tat ca cac kenh phan phoi ve
> Ban ve true tiep ratit
Trong moi truong canh tranh ngay cang gay gat, xu hubng xich lai gan nhau hontrong mo hinh hoat dong cua cac hang hang khong gia re va cac hang hang khong
truyen thong the hien o cho cac hang hang khong ke ca truyenthong lan gia redeuphai co nhung sucai to de phu hop voi moitruong hoat dong Dieu do danden mot
he qua la khongai biet chac dupe la mo hinh nao la tot nhat trong tuong lai
Trang 17Chuoug 2 Thye trang mang duong bay khu vuc cua Vietnam Airlines va sy
phat trien cac hang hang khong gia re trong khu vyc
Chuong hai di vao phan tich thuc trang cac duong bay khu vyc cua VN va lan songphat trien cua cac LCAd Dong Nam A, nhung xao dong khi co sy tham gia cua cac
hang hang khong gia re vao nhung thi truong ma VN dang khai thac Sutham giacua cacLCA trong khu vuc Dong Nam A gop phan lamtang dung luong thitruong
mang lai mot so cor hoi nhung cung dat ra nhung thach thuc khong nhd cho cac hang hangkhong truyen thong trong do coVN
2.1 Sic hinh thanh va phat trien mang duvng bay Ddng Nam A cua Vietnam Airlines
Cac duong bay khu vuc cua Vietnam Airlines la mot trong nhung duong bay duoc
phat trien sdm nhat trong mang bay quoc te cua hang va dong vai tro quan trong trongviec ho try cac duong bay dai Hien nay, VN dang khai thac titca cac dubng
bay tu Ha Noi va Tp.Ho Chi Minh den thu do cac nude Singapore, Malaysia va
Thai Lan vai tan suatgan 40 chuyen bay /tuan
Mac duda co mat tren thi truong khu vuc nhieu nam nhung kbt qua kinh doanhcua
VN tren cac duong bay nay trong mot so nam gan day dang co chieu huong di xuong Thi phan cua VN lien tuc giam trudc sue canh tranhcua cac doi thu, gia ve
binh quan giam cung vdi tac dong cua gia xang dau lam lqi nhuan bi anh hubng nghiem trong Tren nhung duong bay khu vuc, VN khong nhung phai dbi mat vdi
cac hang hang khong ten tuoi tren the gidi nhu Thai Airways, Singapore Airlines hay Malaysia Airlines, ma con gap phai su canh tranh quyet liet tu cac hang giarenhu Tiger Airways, Thai AirAsia
Tong thi truong hanh khach giua Viet Nam va Thai Lan nam2005 dat tren 413.000
khach Trong do, khach thuong quyen 3/4 giua Viet Nam va Thai Lan chiem ty
Trang 18trong xap xi 70%, phan con lai la khach bo tro tirChau Au, Uc va Bac My Khach chu yeu di tren VN va TG.
Vdi vi tri dia ly thuan loi, chinh sach thu hut du lich manh me cua ca hai nude va
quan he kinhte, chinh tri ngay cang phat trien, dubao, trong giai doan 2006-2010,thi trudng hanh khach giua VietNam va Thai Lantiep tuc tang truong d muc tir 10-
13%/nam Trong do, thi trudng 3/4, chiem khoang 70% luong khach tren dudngbay, dong vai tro quyet dinh thuc day tang trudng thi trudng Nguon khach bo tro van co tang trudng nhe qua cac nam nhung ty trong trong co cau khach tren dudng
bayse cd xu hudng giam dan
Trude nam 2005, ve co ban, chi cd VNvaTG (ThaiAirways)khaithac tren dudng bay giua Viet Nam va Thai Lan Tuy nhien, tir giua nam 2005 den nay, thi trudng
xuat hien hai hang hang khong gia re la Thai Air Asia (FD) va PB Air (9Q) Hien
nay, co 06 hang tham gia khai thac cac dudng bay giua Viet Nam vaThai Lan vditan suat cac chuyen bay len tdi 69 chuyen bay/tuan (38 chuyen HAN-BKK; 28chuySn SGN-BKK; 03 chuyen DAD-BKK)
Trong khi ngay cang co nhieu hang tham gia khai thac thi trudng dudng bay Viet
Nam-Thai Lan day tong tai cung ung tren thi trudng tang 43%, VN khong co kha
nang duy tri thi phan tai cua minh tren thi trudng Thi phan tai cung ung cua VNtren thi trudng dudng bay VN-TH giam dan deu trong vong 5 nam trd lai day: Tdi
2005, thi phan tai cuaVN chi con chiem 24%, giam -10%so vdi 2001, -3% so vdi
2004
Vdi ccr cau khach da dang, trong do nguon khach bo tro gan nhu doc quyen va chiemgan 50% tong khach chuyen chd, vdi san pham lich bay kha hoan thien, TG van dang giu duoc vi tri dan dautren thi trudng Nguoc lai, vdi co cau khach don
gian, phu thuoc chu yeu vao khach 3/4 (khach du lich doanh thu thap), su canhtranh quyet liet (ca ve gia vasan pham) cua hang HK giareFD va tuhai hang khai thac TQ5 la AF va LH dang tac dong rat manh tdivi tricua VN tren thi trudng
Trang 192.1.2 Thi trudng Ma-lay-xia
2.1.2.1 Thi trudng hanh khach dudng bay Viet Nam - Malaysia
Thi trudng hanh khach giua Viet Nam va Malaysia tir nam 2000 den nay tang trudng tuong doi ondinh Doi tuong khachchu yeu la khachcong vu, thuong nhan, khach du lich va khach lao dong
Tren thi trudng nay, VN hien chi phai canhtranh vcri mot doi thu la MH Vai nangluc canh tranh han han VN va tan suat khai thac gap doi VN, MH thuong xuyen chuyen thiphan ap dao xap xi muc 70%
Hiennay, sau thanh congcua hang con Thai AirAsia d Viet Nam, AirAsia dang xinphep khai thac duong bay giua Viet Nam va Malaysia vao nam 2006 Neu duac
phep, AirAsia se la thach thuc rat Ion nua cua VN tren duong bay nay Cung mot
luc, VN se phai canh tranh vai mot TA rat manh la MH va LCA dau tien va cung
thanh cong nhat a Dong Nam A hien nay, AirAsia
2.1.3.1 Thi trudng hanh khach dudng bay Viet Nam - Singapore
Ngoai tru nam 2003 chiu anh huong cua SARS, thi trudng hanh khach giua Viet Nam va Singapore tu nam 2000 den nay tang trudng tuong doi on dinh Doi tuang
khach chu yeu la khach le va khachdu lich
Tren cac dudng bay thang giua Viet Nam va Singapore dang co tori 6 hangthamgiakhai thac, dieu nay dantoi su canh tranh ngay cang gay gat tren thi trudng van tai
hang khong giua hai nuac Tuy nhien viec tham gia cua hang khong gia re va su
canh tranh ve gia tren thi trudng Viet Nam - Singapore gop phan kich cau thitrudng
VN va SQ van la hai hang van chuyen chinh tren dudng bay tu Viet Nam di/den Singapore, TR mod tham gia khai thac nhung nham den phan thi khach gia re voi
cac chieu quang cao khuyen maicung da thuhut 1 luong Ion khach gia re Ion tai thitrudng
Trang 20Tuy nhien, ketqua khai thac cho thaythi phan cua VN va SQ dang co hep lai khi co
su tham gia khai thac cua TR do hang nay dang canh tranh vdi VN tren phan thi
khach gia re, SQ van la hang chiem vi the dau vdi thitrudng muc tieu la khach high
yield (khach dem lai doanhthucao)
Du bao trong nam 2006, VN phai canh tranh manh me de gianh khach low-yield (doanh thu thap) vdi TR SQ van giu uu the hang dan dau ve mang bay, tan suat, mang ban va chat luong dich vu se tiep tuc thu hut khach high yield (khach doanhthu cao) Ngoai ra, do co TR tham gia khai thac, mat bang gia giam se la nhan to thuc day thi trudng, tong thi trudng Viet Nam -Singapore se tang trudng so vdinam 2005 Nhu cau du lich cua 1 bo phan dan cu se tang Canh tranh ve gia giua
cachang secang gay gat hon nam 2005
2.1.4 Thi triio’ng Ddng Duong va noi dia
Tren cac dubng bay Ddng Duong, VN hien van dang chiem lpi the nhung cung dabat dau vap phai su canhtranh Khach tren dubng bay nay chu yeu lakhach thuong
quyen 6 den tu thi trubng cac khu vucDdng Bac A, Nam Thai Binh Duong, Chau
Au va Bac My Luong khach thuong quyen 3/4 khong dang ke Tu thang 9/2005,
Korean Airlines va OZ ket hop vdi RKkhai thac khach Han Quoc di SiemRiep quaHAN va SGN OZ da bay thang Seoul-SiemRiep tu thang 9/2005 San pham hoptac va bay thangnay cua cac hang hang khong Han Quoc, Cam-pu-chia dang canh
tranh vdi san cuaVNtren cac dubng bay giua Viet Nam va Dong Duong
Tren cac dubng bay noi dia, VN van lanha van chuyen chinh Tu dau nam 2005,
Pacific Airlines (BL) tach ra khoi VN va tro thanh doi thu canh tranh doi dau vdi
VN tren thi trubng dubng bay noi dia Thi trubng vantiep tuc tang trubng tot, tang
18% so vdi nam trudc va co su xuathien cuaphan thi khach gia re, ket qua cua su
canh tranh giagiua VN va BL
Ngiroi Viet Nam ra nude ngoai
Hien nay nhucau di du lich nude ngoai cua ngubi Viet Nam ngay cang tang; trong
do ba doi tupng khach chinh la khach du lich, khach lao dong va khach cong vu
Trang 21Ngoai ra, co mot so doi tuong khach du hoc, tham du hoi thao, hoi nghi, giao luu
van hoa, thethao Diem den pho bien cua khach ngudiViet van la cac nude trong khu vuc nhu Thai Lan, Singapore, Malaysia, Trung Qudc luong khach di du lich
xa toi chau Au, My van han che Du bao trong nam 2006, luongkhach ngubi Viet
Nam ra nude ngoai se dat muc tren 1 trieu khach, tang khoang 16% so vdi nam
2005
2.2. Sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac hang hang khong gid re trong khu VUC
Hang hang khong gia re dautien d Dong Nam A la hang Air Asia, cua Malaysia, co tru sodat tai Kuala Lumpur Hang nay thuc hienchuyen bay dau tien vao thang 11-
2002 md dau cho su ra doi cua hang loat LCA khac dkhu vuc nay Nhung hang
hang khong chi nhanh cua Malaysia, gom One-TwoGo vaThai AirAsia da bat dauhoat dong b Thai Lan, Valuair dupe thanh lap d Singapore, Lion Air ra doi va khai
thac cac chuyen bay hang ngay tu Jakarta den Singapore, Kuala Lumpur va cac diem den tai cac vung xa cua Indonesia Mot so hang hang khong ldn nhu Singapore Airlines, Thai Airways International, Qantas Airwayscua Australia cung
md cac hang con phuc vu dudi dang chi phi thap Chinh phu mot so nude trong
vung nhu Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thai Lan da cap quyen cat ha canh cho nhieu hang hang khong nham thu hut khach du lich la mot dong luc thuc day su
phattrien cua cac hang hang khong giare Xu hudng md cua bau trdi trong khu vuc
thay the cho cac hiep dinh song phuong trudc day cung la mot dieu kien thuan lpi
cho su phat trien cua cac hang khong gia re Khong it trong so nhung hang hang
khong gia re trong khu vuc da gat hai dupe nhung thanh cong va md ratrien vong
phat trien san lan Su ra doi cua loai hinh van chuyen nay dupe rat nhieu ngudidantrong khu vuc tiep nhan nhu lamot su each mang trong vandedi lai cua ho
Tuy cac LCA trong khu vuc Chau A dupehinh thanh muon hon so vdikhu vuc Bac
My va Chau Au nhung cac hang hang khong gia re d day lai co nhung budc tien
Trang 22dang kinh ngac the hien qua viec hinh thanh cac mo hinh LCA kha da dang cung
nhu viec ung dung cac san phamkhoa hoccong nghe chang han co thedat cho bang
each gui tin nhan SMS hoac trong viec lien ketvdi cac he thong ngan hang Trongkhu vuc Dong Nam A, nhdsu ho tror ve chinh sachkhong taituphia Chinh phu, su phat trien cua nganh du lich khuvuc va su nhay camve gia cuangudi dankhu vuc Dong Nam A, cac LCAs lien tuc ra ddi va phat trien manh me
Nhin chung, thi trudng Dong Nam A la day tiem nang cho cac hang hang khonggia
re phat trien Neu lay cac sanbay true Kuala Lumpur va Bangkok lam trung tarnthi
so luong dancu nam trong vong 3 gid baytu trung tarn da len den hon mot nua ty
ngudi, ldn hon cadan cu cua toanvung Tay Au Su tang trudng kinh te manh me dkhu vuc nay trong nhung nam qua da day nhanh nhu cau di lai bang dudng hangkhong, tao tien de thuan tien cho cac hang hang khong, dac biet la cac hang hang
khong giarehoatdong
2.2.2. Moi truong hoat dong cua cac hang hang khong gid re Dong Nam A
2.2.2.1 Moi truong kinh te, van hod, chinh tri
Moi trudng phat trien hang khong gia re d DongNam A cd kha nhieuyeuto thuan
loti nhung cung co mot so bat lqi:
- Su khac nhau ve the che chinh tri, van hoa, kinh te, vetrinh do phat trien kinh te
da dan den sukhac biet ve trinh tu hinh thanh va phat trien hang khong giare trong
khu vuc
Trang 23- Su khong dong deu ve tinh trang kinh te giua cac nude trong khu vuc co the tao
nen nhung khd khan nhat dinh cho cac hang hang khong gia re khi xay dung cac
dudng bay diem noi diem
- Tiem luc cua cac hang hang khong Dong Nam A, dac biet la cac LCA phan ldn
con qua nhd be khong du khanang hoat dong tren pham vi ronghoar
- Ngoai yeu to nhancong ra,cac chi phi khac tuong doi cao (gia nhien lieu, phi dan
dudng, le phi san bay, giamay bay, cac khoan thue )
- Thieu cac phuongthuc thanh toan bang the tin dung dan denkhd khan trong viec phan phoi vetruetiep qua mang
- Co sdhatang phuc vu cho hang khonggia re conthieu
2.2.2.2 Mite do canh tranh trong van tai hang khong
Khu vuc Dong Nam A cung la mot khu vuc cd su canh tranh cue ky khoc liet, trenmoi dudng bay cd rat nhieu hang khai thac Cac hang hang khong day dudich vuhoat dong trong khu vuc nay da ap dung nhieu bien phap khac nhau de canh ranhvegia vdi cac hang hang khong gia re Ngoai ra, vdi su hinh thanh ngay cang nhieu
cac hang hang khong gia re trong khu vuc, su canh tranh giua banthancac LCA vdi
nhau trong khu vuc DongNamA cung ngay cang tang
2.2.2.3 Sit quan tam cua Chinh phu
Vai tro cuaChinh phucac nude doi vdi suphattriencua hang khong gia re dac biet
quan trong d cac nude khu vuc Dong Nam A, nori ma cac Hiep dinh song phuong
van con dang chi phoi manh thi trudng van chuyen hang khong va khong it chinh
sach bao ho cac hang hang khong qudc gia ma cac Chinh phu dang deo duoi dang
ngan can suphat trien cua cac hang hang khong mdi Cac hoat dong cd the ke den
la xay dung co sd ha tang san bay danh cho LCA, tien hanh cac cuoc dam phansong phuong va da phuong de cd the dat duoc nhung thoa thuan edi md hon tao
dieu kien cho cachang hang khong gia re hoat dongde dang v.v
Trang 242.3 Cor hoi va thach thuc doi vffi Vietnam Airlines tie cac hang hang khdng gid
r
re cua Ddng Nam A
Su tham gia cua cac LCA gop phan lam giam gia san pham hang khong, la mot
nhan tothuc day thi truong phat trien Cachang hang khong deu co cohoi khaithac trong motthi trudng Ion hon Van delalam thenao co thetandung duocco hoi do,
thu hut duoc tdi da luong khach la muc tieu ma ca cac TA va LCA khai thac tren
moi thi trudng deu hudng tdi
Ben canh do, thach thuc dat racho VN la ratldn:
- Thach thuc ro rang nhat cuacac LCA doi vdi cac TA lagiam thi phan va doi vdi
VN, day cung khong phai la mot ngoai le
- De giuvung thi phan, thdi gian qua, VN cungnhu cac hang truyen thong khac da lien tuc phai hagia veva thuc hiennhieu chuong trinh khuyen mai nham canh tranh
lai vdi cac LCA Tuy nhien cuoc chien ve gia se gay tac dong tieu cue doi vdi cac hang hang khdng truyen thong, do la viec doanh thu cuacac hang nay se bi giam di
qua viec ban giathap Ngoai ra, ho con phai doi mat vdi nhung nguycochi phi ldn
hon doanh thu trong nhung trudng hop thi trudng bien dong hoac do chi phi dau
vao tang Trong dieu kien chi phi don vi con cao, tinh hinh thua lo tren mot so duong bay true tiep anh hudng tdi doanh thu va lqi nhuan cua cac hang truyenthong, trong do coVN
- Be thuc hien chinh sach gia canh tranh vdi cac LCA thi VN khdng nhung phai
dieu chinh ve muc gia, co cau, dieu kien gia va do do phai doi mat vdi nguy co
khdng quan ly duoc doanh thuvdi he thongquan tridoanh thuhientai
Ngoai ra,trong khi cacLCA ap dung cac hinh thuc ban true tiep nham giam bdt chiphi va dem lai su tien lqi cho khach hang thi trang web cuaVN hien nay hau nhu
chua hoat dong, ve dien tu cua VN du kien den nam 2008 moi cd the ap dung v.v Tat ca nhung dieu nay anhhudng true tiep den hinh anh cua VN vdi tueach la mot hang hang khdng truyen thong, noi cd the cung cap dich vu cd chat luong cao denvdi hanh khach
Trang 25Chuong 3 Giai phap doi voi Vietnam Airlines trubc nhirng thach thirc
tir cac hang hang khong gia re trong khu vuc
Tren thi truong khu vuc, VN dat muc tieu duy tri khai thac cac nguon khach truyen thong, trien khai viec khai thac khach thuong quyen6 tren duong bay Dong Nam A
Tuong tu, tai thi trubng Dong Duong, dinh hubng cua VN la tap trung phuc vu
nguon khachthuong quyen6,xay dung thanh khu vuc lqi the cho VN Con tren thi trubng noi dia, den nay VN van la nha van chuyen lbn nhat chiem da phan thi
trubng, dinh hubng cua VN trong thbi gian tbi se la duy tri tot cong tac khai thac khach truyen thong, cong cong hoa van tai hang khong thong qua da dang hoa san phamva giacube
Cac giaiphap de ra la:
Ve san pham, da dang hoa - ca biet hoa nham phat trien sue canh tranh lau dai va
vung chac
Ve gia, de giu vung thi phan tren cac dubng bay co su canh tranh cua cac LCA, VN
co the ap dung cac bien phap giam gia, hop tac ve gia, linh hoat va don gian hoa chinhsachgia v.v
Ve mang ban, de canh tranh mot each co hieu qua voi cac LCA, VN phai khongngung nang cao va hoan thien chat luong dich vu ban theohubng thuan tien, nhanh
chong,hieu qua va giam chi phi ban.Veco cau khach, de duy tri khach hang truyenthongvathuhutnhungkhach hang mbi, chinhsach ban cua VN phai dinh hubngcu
the doi voi timg doi tupng khach
Ve xue tien va canh tranh, can nghien cuu cac bien phap kich thich ngubi dan su
dung dich vu cua Hang hang khong qubc gia Viet Nam nhu mot each de gop phan
phat trien kinh te dat nubc va the hien long yeu nubc Dong thbi, qua cac kenhthong tin dai chung, cho ngubi dan thay rd nhung khac biet ve san pham cua cac
hang LCA voi san pham cua cac hang hang khong truyen thong Cac hoat dongquang caochien thuattap trungvao thi trubng muc tieu cua VN
Trang 26De co duoc ket qua tot, cac giai phap noi tren phai duoc tien hanh mot each dong
bo, VD: xay dung san pham moi tren mot duong bay ket hop vdi giam gia khuyen
mai va chinh sach phan phoi, quang cao tap trung vao doi tuong khach muc tieu ;
Cac giai phap khac la :
- Dieu chinhhoat dong quan ly va kinh doanh
- Khuyenkich va dao tao nhan luc
- Giam tansuat hoac tubo mot so dudng bay khonghieuqua
- Thanh lap hang hang khong giare
- Xay dung kenh thong tin hieu quave cac LCA
Doi vdi Chinh phu, viec tinhtoan giua loi ich khi bao ho cho cac hang hang khong
trong nude phat trien (nhieu trudng hop la duy nhat Hang hang khong qudc gia) vdiloi ich cua tong the nen kinh te khi cd nhung budc tu do hoa nhat dinh nham mdrong giao thuong va phat trien du lich la mot van de dang luu tarn Doi vdi Viet
Nam, Nha nude cd the hudng cac LCA khai thac cac dudng bay den cac diem du
lich nhu Nha Trang, Hue, Da Lat, Phu Qudc Nhung diem nay cd nhu cau di lai
bang dudng hang khong cao ma it canh tranh, la dieu kien thuan loi cho cac LCA
tontai va phat trien
Trang 27KET LUAN
Su xuat hien cua Hang khdng gia re la mot trong nhung xu hudng Ion cua van tai hang khong hien nay Trong khu vuc Dong Nam A, mac du chi moi xuat hien tu nam 2002 nhung su phat trien manh me cua cac LCA trong khu vuc dang la moidau dau doi vdi cac nhieu hang hang khdng truyen thong bdi Khac vdi nhieu khuvuc khac tren the gidi, cac LCAtrong khu vuc da canh tranh true dienvdi cachang
TA ngay tren nhung dudng bay ma cac hang nay dang khai thac khien cho moi trudng canh tranh trongkhu vuc ngay cang gay gat Cac LCA da chung minh duoc kha nang cua ho bdi su ldn manh, kha nang canh tranh, kha nang chiem linh thi
trudng vatao ra suthaydoi kha ro net ve buc tranh hang khdng khuvuc
Trudc nguy co giam thi phan, giam gia, giam doanh thu v.v., van de dat ra vdi cac
TA trong do cd VN lalamthe nao de vua cd the canhtranhvdi cac doithu cu- cac
TA vira canh tranh duoc vdi cac LCA mdi xuat hien vdi nhung uu the canh tranh
mdi
Do su khac biet ve mo hinh, TA va LCA cd nhung uu nhuoc diem rieng Giai phap
ma hau het cacTA lua chonla trong ngan han, giam gia de canh tranhvdi cac LCA,
trong dai han, dieu chinhhoat dong san xuat kinh doanh de phuhop vdi tumg dieu kien cu the hoac thanh lap LCA true thuoc de canh tranhvdi cac LCA
dViet Nam, hiennay, VN mdi chi phai canh tranh vdi mot vai LCA trong khu vuc
Tuy nhien, vdi tiem nangve du lich va mdi trudng phu hop, trong tuong lai khdng
xa, cac LCA se xam nhap ngay cang nhieu vao nhung dudng bay ma VN khai thacbao gom ca quoc te va noi dia La mothang hang khdng truyen thong vdi nang luccanh tranh con chua cao, VN phai cd mot chien luqc tren nhieu mat de phat huyduoc nhung uu the cua mo hinh hang khdng truyen thong Ddng thdi, trong mdi
trudng kinh doanh vo cung nang dong hien nay, viec nghien cuu va hoc tap mot each phu hop cac yeu to thuoc ve uu the cua cac LCA la can thiet de cd duoc mot
hinh kinh doanh hieu qua
Cuoi cung, la mot nganh kinh te quan trong, su quan tarn, ho tro cua Chinh phu co
Trang 28Ngo Thai Huong
HANG HANG KHONG QUOC GIA VIET NAM
TRUOC SU PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC HANG HANG KHONG GIA RE 0 DONG NAM A
Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Ddi ngoai
LU AN VAN THAC SY KINH TE
Trang 29LOI NOI DAU
1 Tinh cap thiet cua luan van
Cung vdi xuthe qudc te hoa va toan cau hoa nen kinhte the giai, xu huang tu do hoa trong nganh hang khong da lam cho thi trudng hang khong dac biet la hang khong quoc te thdi gian qua co rat nhieu bien chuyen Ben canh cac hang hang khong truyen thong co mot lan song kinh doanh khac dang Ion manh len, do la su
xuathien ngay cang nhieucac hang hang khong gia re Tiep theo chau My va chau
Au, d Dong Nam A, lan songnay dang bat dau
0 Viet Nam, dau nam 2004, Tiger Airways quang cao dudng bay Hanoi/Saigon Singaporevdi muc giamotchieu tu 6 USD trd len va mdi day, tungay 17/10/2005, Thai Air Asiakhai thac dudng bay Hanoi- Bangkok vdi muc gia mot chieu tu 25
-USD trd len Vdi muc gia thap han dang ke so vdi cac hang hang khong dich vu
day du, mot so luong ldn hanh khach daduoc thuhut su dung dich vu cuacac hanghangkhong gia re nay Tuy rangda co mot Lo trinh hoinhap duoc chuanbi kha chu dao de trong vai namtdi VietnamAirlines trd thanh hang hang khong tamcd trung binh cua khuvuc, nhung thi trudng va san pham Vietnam Airlines dangkhai thac la
thi trudng cua nhung hang hang khong day du dich vu Tren thi trudng khu vuc, ke tir nay, Vietnam Airlines khong nhung phai doi mat vdi cac hang hang khong nhu
Thai Airways, Singapore Airlines hay Malaysia Airlines von cung la nhung hang hang khong ten tuoi tren the gidi, ma con gap phai su canh tranh quyet liet tu cac
hang giarenhu Tiger Airlines, Air Asia
Chinh vi vay, viec tim ra nhunggiai phap de Vietnam Airlines cdtheduong dau vdi
nhungthach thuc tir cac hang hang khong gia re chau A trdthanhmot trong nhung
van de cap bach trong giai doan sap tdi Vi ly do tren, toi da chon de tai: HangHang khong qudc gia Viet Nam trudc su phat trien cua cac hang hang khong gia re
d Dong Nam A”
2 Muc tieu nghien ciru
- Nghiencuumo hinh,dac diem cua hanghang khong truyenthong, phan
Trang 30biet vdi cac hang hang khong giare va xu hudng tudo hoa trong nganhhang khong
hien nay
- Tren co so do, luan van phan tich thuc trang cac duong bay khu vuc cua
Vietnam Airimes, su ra doi va phat trien cuacac hang hang khong gia re trongkhu vuc cung nhu cac thach thuc ma cac hang hang khong gia re dat ra cho
Vietnam Airimes
- De xuat cac giai phap cho Vietnam Airhnes trudc cac thach thuc tu cac hang hang khong giare trong khu vuc
3 Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cuu
Doi tuong nghien cuu cua luan van la ve cac thach thuc dat ra doi voi Vietnam Airhnes tucac hang hang khong gia re o Dong Nam Atrongnhungnam gan day
Luan van gidi han nghien cuu vecac duongbay khu vuc Dong Nam A cua Vietnam
Airhnesva cachang hang khong giare trong khu vuc
4 Phuong phap nghien cUu
Trong qua trinh nghien cuu, luan van su dung phuongphap duy vat lch suket hop
vdi nghien cuu thuc te va so sanh qua do rut ra nhung nguyen nhan va de ra giai phap trudc nhung thach thuc dat ra cho Vietnam Airimes tu cac hang hang khonggiare chau A
5 Cau true luan van
Ngoai phan mo dau, ket luan, phu luc, danh muc tai lieutham khao, noi dung cua
luan van gom 3 chuong
Chuong 1: Tong quan ve hang hang khong truyen thong va hang hang khong giareChuong 2: Thuc trangmang duong bay Dong Nam A cua Vietnam Airhnes va cac hang hang khong gia re hong khu vuc
Chuong 3: Giai phap doi vdi Vietnam Airimestrudcnhung thachthuctu cac hang
hang khonggia re trong khu vuc
Trang 31Chuang 1 Tong quan ve hang khong truyen thong va hang khong gia re
1.1 Nhung xu hu ’ dng Ion trong van tdi hang khdng hien nay
Thang 12/1944, Cong tree Chicago duac ky ket dat ra nhung luat le co ban cho
hang khongdan dungva xac dinh su phat trien cuanganh hang khong dan dung co
thetao nen su trao doi than thien va hieu biet giua cac quoc gia va dan toe tren thegiai Den nay, qua hon 60 nam hoat dong, dieu nay da duqc minh chung bdi viec hang khong dan dung duac coi la mot trong nhung tru cot cuanenkinh te toan cau,gop phan quan trong vao suphattrien xa hoi va kinh te toanthegiai
Vantai hang khong hien nayda trd thanh mot nganh cong nghiep khong 16 vai viec
van chuyen xap xi 2 ty hanh khach va khoang 40% gia tri hang hoaxuat khau giua cacvung trongmoi nam, tao cong an viec lam cho hon 29 ty nguditren the gidi va
doanh thu binh quan moi nam vuot qua 150 ty USD Vdi toe do tang trudng tu 5
den 6%/nam, van tai hang khong dang la nganh kinh te nang dong nhat trong nenkinh te the gidi (Nguon: The economic & social benefits of air transport - ATAG)
Van chuyen hang khong hien nay khong con la mot san pham xa xi nua, su phat triencua san phamvanchuyen hangkhong gia giamda va dang ngay cang mdrongvai tro cua nganh hang khong trong xahoi cua chung ta
Cd the ke den 3 nhanto ddng vai troquan trong trong viec phat trien nganh vantai hang khdng hien tai la :
- Tu dohoa van taihang khdng
- Su hinh thanh cac lien minh toan cau giua cac hang hang khdng
- Su raddi cua cac hang hang khdng giare
1.1.1 Tu~ do hod van tdi hang khdng
Trong nhung nam gan day, the gidi da chung kien su phat trien nhanh chong va
manhme cua xu the khu vuc hoava toan cau hoa Cac quoc gia du ldnhay nho deu
tham giavao qua trinh hoi nhap, tung budc chap nhan nhung luat le chung cua cac khu vuc va quoc te La mot nganh kinh te quan trong, hang khdng cung khdng the
Trang 32dungngoai xu the do Tang cuong tir do hoa van tai hang khong quoc te dang datra
nhieu thach thuc nhung cung dem lai co hoi phat trien cho nganh hang khong noichungva moi hang hang khongnoi rieng
Tudo hoa van tai hang khong, trudc het, giup tangcuong tudo giao dichhang hoa
va tien te quoc te va trong khu vuc; kich thich, tang cuong tu do trao doi dich vu hang khong tren the giai, tao ra mot moi trudng canhtranh binh dang va minh bach hon ddi vdi tat ca cac hang hang khong
Cho den nay, cac hiep dinh song phuong ve hang khong, lay khuon mau la hiep dinh Bermuda Idupc My va Anh ky lan I nam 1946, sau do sua ddi thanh Bermuda
II nam 1977, van la hinh thuc chu yeu dieu chinh cac quan he hang khong quoc te.Tuy nhien, su xuat hien cua thuong mai dien tu, qua trinh tu do hoa va toan cau hoathdi gian gan day da lam chomoi trudng kinh te the gidi dien bien het sue phuc tap
Nhung hiep dinh song phuong ve dich vu hang khong, mac du duoc cai thien ratnhieu, vankhong the dap ung duoc nhung nhu cau phat trien nhanh chong cua cac hang hang khong va cho kinhte the gidi Do do, viec da phuong hoa quan he van tai hang khong la xu hudng tat yeu
Tu do hoa cung se giup cai thien rat nhieu tinh hieu qua trong van chuyen hang
khong bang each tao ra mot thi trudng rong ldn hon, bang each tang cuong hup
giuacac hang hang khong
Chodentrudc nam 1978, chinh phucac quoc gia van giuvai tro chudao trong vieckiem soat nganh van tai hang khong Chinh phu cac quoc gia khong do du trong
viec tro cap nhung khoan tien khong 16 de phat trien nganh van tai hang khong Trong Cong udcChicago nam 1944, My da tienhanh thur nghiem tu do hoa van tai
hang khong vdi mong muoncac hang hang khong cua ho kinh doanh co hieu qua.Tuynhien, ke hoach cua My da that bai va su canh tranh giua cac hang hangkhong van bi kim ham bdi nhung hiep dinh song phuong giua cac quoc gia Ke tir nam
1978, My da quyet dinh tang cuong canh tranh giua cac hang hang khong cua minh tren thi trudng noi dia va co gang ap dat sue canh tranh ra thi trudng the gidi, day
Trang 33chinh lachinh sach "Md cua bautrdi” Chinh sach nay duoc coi la moc md dau cho
xu hudngtang cubng tu do hoa van tai hang khong tren toan the gidi
1.1.1.1 Tir chinh sach dieu tiet sang phi dieu tiet van tdi hang khong
a Giai doan dieu tiet trong van tdi hang khong (giai doan 1944-1978)
La motnganh kinh te quan trong, doi vdi phan Ioncac quoc gia, viec phat trien van
tai hang khong dupe coi la chien lupc quan trong va dupe dieu tiet bdi cac chinh
sach cua Nhanude.Nha nude can thiep vao rat nhieu mat nhu :
- Chiu trach nhiem ve an ninh
- Kiem soat cac hoat dong khai thac thi trudng van tai hang khong cua cac
hang hang khong
- Dieu tiet he thong kinh te, la ngudi dinh ra nhung dieu kien ve gia tdi thieu
va dichvutdi da cho ngudi tieu dung
- La chu sd htruhoac lacd dong ldn vetoan bo co sd ha tang va von cua cac
hang hangkhong
- La ngudi dam bao nhung loi ich chung cho su phat trien cua nganh hang khongtrong mot tuong lai lau dai
- Nha nude cung langudi dua ra nhung luat ve dudng bay, dinh gia Nhung
moi quan he qudc te cung bi quan ly bang nhung hiep dinh song phuong va
daphuong
Tronggiaidoan nay, van taihang khongtrd thanh nganh doc quyen Nha nude Mac
du cac hang hang khong da cai thien chat luong dich vu, nhung he sd sir dung ghe
(ty le trung binh sd luong khach tren sd luong ghe cung ung tren moi chuyen bay)thap da lam tang chi phi trung binh trung binh tren mdi chuyen bay va lam anh hudng den ket quakinh doanh Uy ban Hang khong dan dung dupe hinh thanh vdimuc dich:
- Han che khananggianhap vao thi trudng van tai hang khong cua cac hang
Trang 34- Cung cap thuong quyen1 va dieu tiet giacho moiduong bay.
- Kiem soatviec hopnhat va nhung hiep dinh giua cac hang
- Tro cap cho nhung dubng bay it hoac khong mang lai lpi nhuan
1 Thuong quyen: Trong moi quan he giua hai quoc gia, thuong quyen duoc hieu la quyen van chuyen hanh khach, hang hoa, hanh ly, buu kien de thu tien
Tac dong cua Uy ban Hang khong dan dung den su phat trien cua van tai hangkhong:
- Giao thong dupe tang cubng tronggiai doan 1938-1978; mang bay dupe mb
rong; cac hang hang khong co dieu kien phat trien, tranh bi pha san dubi su bao ho cua chinh phu
- Matkhac,viec Nha nubc dieu tiet gia va khong co nhung hanche ve tan suat
da can tro den su canh tranh giua cac hang Dong thbi, do co su can thiep cua Nha nubc va dupe tro cap ve tai chinh nen cac hang hang khong hoatdong khong hieu qua, gay langphi von
b Giai doan phi dieu tiet trong van tdi hang khdng (ke tic sau 1978)
Luat phi dieu tiet trong van tai hang khong ra dbi nam 1978 tai My voi muc dich
xoa bo nhung thuong quyen tren nhung chuyen bay noi dia b My Chinh sach phi
dieutiet trong van tai hang khong tren thi trubng noi dia cua My da dem lai nhungketqua day hua hen cho cac hang hang khong :
hon Kha nang/Quyen han gia nhap hoac rut lui khoi thi trubng van tai hangkhong dupe su dungrong rai hon
- Cac hang xay dung dupe mang bay theo dang true nan ("Hub and Spokes")
Co cau nay co the hinh dung don gian giong nhu hinh banh xe dap voi true
banh xe va nan hoa trong do hang hang khong co rat nhieu san bay ve tinh (spokes)xoay quanh motsanbay trung tarn (hub), cac chuyen bay dupe thuc hien tucac san bay ve tinh di/den san bay trung tarn
Trang 35- Qua quyluat canh tranh, cac hang phai tu tim each thuhutkhachhang de ton
tai
- Cac hang phai giam tan suat bay hoac huy bo duong bay neu kinh doanh
khong hieu qua
- Thay doi trong ca cau gia, theo do cac hang se canh tranh bang gia ca, lich
bay va chat luong dich vu Cuoc canh tranh nay se cang khoc liet hon tren
nhung dudng bay co nhu cau van chuyen Ion va co nhieu hang cung khai
thac
- Giatrungbinh tren nhung dudng bay dai se giam cung vdi cuoc chien ve gia
ca giua cac hang hang khong
- Su hinh thanh cac hang hang khong gia re (nhu Pacific Southwest,
Southwest,Air Florida )- thanhcong va thatbai
- Ddi vai cac san bay quan trong, viec tang luong giao thong dadan den viec
thay ddi lich bay
- Nhung cong cu thuong mai mdi duqc hinh thanh (chang han nhu he thongdat giucho CRS hay he thong phan phoi chotoan cauGDS )
Tom lai, ddi vori tat ca cac hang hang khong, bien phap khon ngoan nhat la tranh viec canh tranh bang gia ca va moi hang phai tu tim cho minh nhung chien luac da
dang hoa - ca biet hoa san pham cua minh, phan loai thi truong, giam chi phi va
nang cao chat luong dich vu
1.1.1.2 Tu do hoa van tdi hang khong d Chau Au
Tu do hoa van tai hang khong trung vdithdi diem hinh thanh thi trudng chung Chau
Au dau nhung nam 1990 nen thi truong ldn hon va ap dung nhieu nhung qui dinh
ve canh tranh hon the hien qua mot so diem chinh sau:
- Thoa thuan ve gia
- Dieu chinh kha nang cung cap dich vu/san phamkhong chiu sir chi phoi cua
chinh phu
- Nhieu dudng bay mdi giua nhung san bay chinh va san bay d dia phuong
duoc mdkhongphaithong qua dam phan song phuong
Trang 36- Dam bao giao thong cua mot quoc gia vdi cac nude khac trong khoi cong
dong chung Chau Au (dac biet la nhung van de cd lien quan den thucmg
quyen 5) Theo do cd khuynh hudng ndi rongthuong quyen 5 va md thuong
quyen 3,4 doi vdi tat ca cac nha vanchuyen trong congdong Chau Au
- Linh hoattrongviec dinhgia => Tu dohoa ve gia, tudotrong canhtranh
- Cac hang hang khong dugc cap giay phep hoat dong trong linh vuc van tai hang khong => Thi trudng dugc md rong rat nhieu doi vdi tat ca cac hang
hang khong
Mac du chinh sachphi dieu tiet cua My cung nhu tu do hoathi trudng hang khong
chau Au da dat dugc nhieu thanh qua nhung no luc tu do hoa hang khong giua My
va EUden nayvan chua dat dugc nhung budc tien dang ke Ly do cd the ke den la
su khac nhau ve quyen lgi chinh tri, su lo ngai ve canh tranh khde liet tir phia cac hang hang khong qudc te
1.1.1.3 Chinh sach "Bdu trdi mor" tren the giai va a Dong Nam A
Tren the gidi, Mytim each mdrong "tudo hoa nganh van taihang khong" vdi muc
dich chinh la cac hang hang khong cua My cd nhung quyen khong gidi han ve
thuong quyen 5 va dugc loai bo nhung gidi han ve tan suat, tai cung ung Nhung
hiep dinh nay mang lairat nhieu quyen lgi chocac hang hangkhong cua My Chinh
vi the, ke tir nam 1990, My da gay sue ep len rat nhieu nude nham dat dugc hiep dinh "Bau trdi md" Tinh den ngay 01/04/2006, 75 nude da ky hiep dinh "Bau trdi
md" vdi My
Khu vuc chau A -Thai Binh Duong, hien dang la khu vuc kinh te nangdong nhat
the gidi vdi toe do tang trudng kinh te du kien khoang 6.6% (Nguon: World Bank,trich AAPA Annual Report 2005) Nhung nude co nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh nhat cung la nhung nude conhung sang kien tudo hoa rongrai nhieu nganh kinh te
Thuong quyen 3: Quyen van chuyen tir qudc gia trao quyen den quoc gia nhan quyen
Thuong quyen 4: tir quoc gia nhan quoc den quoc gia trao quyen
Thuong quyen 5: Tir quoc gia trao quyen den quoc gia thu 3 va nguqc lai Thuong quyen 5, do vay, phai duoc thoa thuan trong mot khu vuc va nhu vay co the dam bao giao thong thong suot trong toan khu vuc
Trang 37cua nude minh Tu do hoa hang khong cung dat duoc tien bo dang ke bdi nhieu
chinh phu nhan thuc duoc led ich cuatu do hoa hang khong: hang khong phat trien
keo theo tang trudng thuong mai va du lich, trong khi do canh tranh dem lai dongluc buoc cac hang hang khong phai cai thien hieu qua cung nhu dem lai nhieu lua
chon hon cho ngubi tieu dung Tuy nhien, toe do phat trien giua cac nuac la khac
nhau, gay nennhung ap luc khacnhau len cac Chinhphu, han cheviec tu dohoa thitrudnghang khdng
Hiep dinh da phuong ve tu do hoa van tai Hang khdng (MALIAT) nam 2000 giua
cac nudeBrunei, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore va Myduoc coi la moc lich subat
dau qua trinh tu do hoa hang khdng khu vuc Ngoainhungdieu khoan thongthuong
cua hiep dinh ma cua bau trod nhu ma rong quyen chi dinh hang hang khdng, kha
nang cung ung, dudng bay, gia ca va khai thac, hiepdinh naycung ncri long nhung yeu cau scr huu truyen thong va cho phep cac hang hang khdng tim cac nguon dau
tutu ben ngoai
Tiep theo do, khu vuc ASEAN trudc nay bi coi la kha bao thu trong linh vuc nay
cung da bat dau nhung nd luc tu do hoa thi trudng hang khdng khu vuc nham kichthich su phat trien thuong mai va kinh te khu vuc Lo trinh tu do hoa vantai hang
khdng da duoc thong qua tai Hoi nghi Bo trudng van tai ASEAN lan thu 10 tai Phnom-penh thang 11.2004(ATM 10 va STOM 18) vdihai cap bac:
Giai doan 1 (2003 - 2008) : Hop tac giua cac tieu viing (CLMV: Viet Nam,Campuchia, Lao va Miama, IMT-GT : Indonesia, Malaisia, Thailand - Grow
Triangle; BIMP : Bruney, Indonesia, Malaisia, Philippines - East AsiaGrow Area)
Noi dung chu yeu la: Xoa bo cac han cheve tan suat, tai cung ung doi vdi thuong quyen 3 va 4 giua cac tieu vung, doi vdi thuong quyen 5 trong tieu vung, ap dungrong rai cac hinh thuc trao doi cho, khai thac lien doanh giua cac hang hang khdng
cuavung
Giai doan 2 (2008 - 2013) : Hop tac trong toan bo ASEAN; Tu do hoa ve quyentiep canthi trudng trong ASEAN; Xoabo cachan che ve tan suat, tai cung ung doi
Trang 38vdi thuong quyen 3 va 4 trong ASEAN, thuong quyen 5 giua cac tieu vung; tientdixaydungthitrudng chung ASEAN2015.
Nam 2004, 3 nude Thai lan, Singapore va Brunei da ky Hiep dinh tu do hang khong md cua hoan toan thi trudng hang khong cua ho
Tai Trung Quoc, nhu cau du lich tang manh, Boeing du bao khoang 8.1%/nam
trong 20 nam tdi (Nguon: AAPA Annual Report 2005) cung vdi nen kinh te tang trudng 2 con so trong vong horn mudi nam qua la dong luc ldn lam thay ddi quan diemcua chinh phu ve chinh sach hang khong Thdi gian qua, Trung Quoc da xay
dung nhieu mdi quan he chat che horn ve hang khong vdi cac nude vanhieu hiep dinh tu do da duoc ky vdi My, An Do, Uc, Thai Lan, Tay Ban NhavaDue Trong
nd luc ho tro xuatkhau, nhieu rao can vdi van chuyen hang hoa ve hang khong da duoc loai bo trong quan he giua Trung Quoc vdi Malaysia, Han Quoc, Singapore,
Khu vuc Nam A cung bat dau cd nhung dong thaihudng ve tudo hoa hang khong
An Do da dat duoc nhieumoc quan trong trong quan he hang khong vdi ben ngoai bang viec ky ket hiep dinh tu do hangkhong vdi Trung Quoc, Anh va My dau nam2005
Tai Viet Nam, Chinh phu cungdan loai bochinhsach dieu tiet ddi vdi van tai hang
khong De trien khai viec tu do hoa dich vu hang khong canh tranhnhula mot budc
tien dan tdi chinh sach bau trdi md giua cac nude ASEAN, Viet Nam da cd sang
kien thanh laptieu khu vuc tu do hoa dich vu hang khong trong khuon kho hop tac ASEAN Ngay 4/12/2003, Viet Nam da cung cac nude Campuchia, Lao, Myanma
ky ket Hiep dinh da bien CLMV vevan taihang khong, thuc hientudo hoa van tai
hang khong trong tieu vung Vdi Singapore, quoc gia cd tiem luc hang khong dan
dung manh trong khu vuc, thang 2/2004, cac nha chuc trach hang khong hai nude
da ky thoa thuan cho phep cac hang hang khong duoc chi dinh khaithac khong gidi han giua Singapore den thanh pho Hue, Da Lat, Hai Phong va Dien Bien (nam 2004; den Tp Ho Chi Minh nam 2008 va den Ha Noi nam 2006) Hien nay, Viet Nam lai dang chu dong de nghi hinh thanh Hiep dinh dabienASEAN ve tu do hoa
Trang 39van tai hang hoa hang khong.Macdu vay, do nang luc canh tranhcon yeu, hien nayquan diem cua VietNam doi vdi chinh sach mor cua bau trdicon kha than trong.
Van tai hang khongnoi dia cung tung budc dugc phi dieutiet hoa tir sau nam 2000
Cac han che lien quan den viec thanh lap hang hang khong mdi, cap chung chi va
thuong quyen khai thac, thu tuc phe duyet gia cuac va quyen kinh doanh cac dich
vu dong bo se duorc tung budc duoc noi long tien tori xoa bo hoan toanvao khoangnam 2010
Qua trinh hoi nhap cua Viet Nam tren trudng qudc tethong qua gia nhap cac khu
vuc kinh te AFTA, APEC va WTO se anh hudng den tien trinh tu do hoa trong
chinh sach khongtai cua Viet Nam, dong thdi se mor ra nhung cor hoi thi trudng va
co hoi kinh doanh moi He thong phap luat, quy dinh lien quan den hang khong seduoc bosung, hoan thien, keca viectham gia day du cac congudc qudc te, tao moi
trudng phap ly thuan lgi cho su phattrien cua cac hang hang khong
Tu do hoa thuc su hang khong toan cau se thach thuc cac hang hang khong phai canh tranh trong moi trudng ma nguori tieu dung quyet dinh nguod thang ke thua
nhu doi vdd bat ky nganh cong nghiep toan cau nao khac Tuy nhien, hien nay van
chua cd mot giai phap triet de nao cho hinh thuc quan he da phuong ve hang khong nen dudng nhu hang khong the gidi van se phat trien trong nhung khung quan hesong phuongla chinh Mac du vay, nhungsuy nghi mod ve van de sd huu Nha nude
va quyen kiem soat cd the se mor ra nhung ca hoidang ke cho su hap ly hoa va cai
thien tinh hieu qua chung cua mot nganh hang khong toan cau hien con nhieu gian
doan
1.1.2 Lien minh toan cau giua cac hang hang khong
1.1.2.1 Su hinh thanh cua cac nhom lien minh
Lien minh giua cac hang hang khong tren the giori cung dugc hinh thanh sau khiLuat phi dieu tiet trong van taihang khong dugc ky ket Tiep theo su kien tu do hoa
vantai hang khong la tdi uu hoatrong he thong phan phoi, nhieu nhom hang khong
da dugc hinh thanh dua tren viec cung nhau su dung chung mot he thong dat giu
Trang 40cho GDS 6 Chau Au, Air France, Lufthansa, Iberia va SAS str dung Amadeus trong khi British Airways, Alitalia, KLM, Olympic Airways va AirPortugal cunglap thanh mot nhom su dung Galileo 0 My, American Airlines su dung Sabre,
United Airlines va US Air su dung Apollo trong khi do Worldspan da ket hop
Northwest, TWA va Delta Airlines Tuy viec cac nhom nay su dung chung mot he
thong phan phoi khong the so sanh vcri each thuc to chuc va quan ly cua cac lien
minh hien naynhung day lai la mot trongnhung ca hoi dautien de cac hang hang
khongxich lai gan nhau hon
O cap do cao han, lienminh giuacac hang hangkhongduac thanh lap cho phep cac
hang hang khong xay dung mot mangbay chung ldn hon, vai nhieu diem den han cho khachhangcua ho :
- Tan dung nhung lai ich ve gia trong truong hop noi chuyen qua diem tuong ung giuahai hang thanhvientrong nhomlien minh
- Giam canh tranhtrong truong hop hai hang trong khoi lien minh cung khai
thacmotduong bay
- Thu hut khach hang hieu qua hon dac biet tren nhung tuyen bay dai bang
each su dung sanbaytrung tarn "Hub" Lien minhgiua cachang hang khong
sedat duochieu qua cao hanbangeachkethap mang tinh bo sungmangbay
cua cac hang va Hubcua ho se duac to chuc mot each tot hon
Ket cau cua cac lien minh thuong mang tinh khuynh hudng toan cau Nhung lien
minh nay ket hap it nhat la giua 3 nha van chuyen ldn tren the gidi bao gom cac
hang hang khong cua My, cua Chau Au va Chau A Ngay nay, 3 lien minh dang chiem linh tuyet doi thi phan tren the gicri gom :
- Star Alliance (thanh lap nam 1997), vai 24% thi phan the gidi (theo IATA
2003) tap hop 16 hang hang khong tren the gicri trong do United va Lufthansa dung dau Nhung san bay trung tarn "Hub" chinh cua ho : Frankfort, Copenhague, Washington, Chicago, Califomie, Montreal, Rio/Sao
Paulo, Auckland, Bangkok, Singapore, Tokyo Star Alliance hien dang co duong bay tcrihan 795 thanhpho thuoc 139 nuac Chuang trinh khachhang