Huyen Tien Lang lahuyenngoai thanhcua thanh pho Hai Phong dang trong qua trinh chuyen dich cocau caytrong trong nong nghiep, trong boi canh dat nong nghiep ngay cang bi thu hep nhu hien
Trang 2PHAM THI BICH HONG• •
DAI HOC KTQD *
TT THONG TIN THU VI EN
PHONG LUAN AN • TU LIEU |
BIA• •BAN HUYEN TIEN LANG - TP HAI PHONG
LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE
NGUOl HUdNG DAN KHOA HOC:
PGS.TS Vu Dinh Thing
l fi L
Trang 3Danh muc bang bieu
Tom tatLuan van thac sy
LOT MODAU 1
Chuong 1- Co1 sokhoa hoccua phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an 4
1.1 Co so ly luan cua phat trien san xuat va tieu thunam an 4
1.1.1 Cac khainiem 4
1.1.2 Phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an 5
1.2 Co so thuc tien cua phat triensan xuat va tieu thu nam an 18
1.2.1 Tinh hinh san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren the gioi 18
1.2.2 Tinh hinh san xuat va tieuthu nam an o Viet Nam 20
Chirong 2 -Thuctrangphat trien san xuat va tieu thu naman 0huyen Tien Lang giai doan 2006-2008 25
2.1 Dieu kien cua huyenanh huong densan xuat va tieu thu nam an 25
2.1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien 25
2.1.2 Dieu kien kinh te xa hoi 216 2.1.3 Khai quat cacthuan loi vakhokhan doi voi sanxuatvatieuthu nam an o huyen Tien Lang 29
2.2 Thuc trang san xuat va tieu thu nam antren dia ban huyen Tien Lang 31
2.2.1 Thuctrang san xuat vanhan to anhhuongden ket quasan xuat nam an trendiabanhuyen Tien Lang 31
2.2.2 Thuc trang tieu thu va nhan to anh huong den tieu thu nam an cua huyen Tien Lang 47
2.3 Ket qua, hieu qua san xuat va tieu thu nam an tai huyen Tien Lang 54
2.3.1 Ket qua, hieu qua san xuat va tieuthu nam an 54
2.3.2 Ket qua tieuthu nam an tai huyen Tien Lang 63
2.4.Moi quan hegiua san xuat va tieu thu naman 64
2.5 Thanh tuuva nguyen nhan dat duoc 65
2.6 Nhung kho khan, ton tai va nguyen nhan chu yeu 67
Chirong3 - Cac giai phap nham phat trien sanxuat va tieu thu nam an o huyen rien Lang den nam 2012 70
3.1 Quan diemdexuat c ac giai phap phat rien s an xuatva ieu thu nam an o huuen Tien Lang 70
Trang 4hien dai hoa 71
3.2 Phuong hudng, muc tieu phat triensanxuat va tieu thu nam an d huyen Tien Lang den nam 2012 71
3.2.1 Can cu de xuat phuong hudng va muc tieu phat trien sanxuat va tieu thu nam an dhuyen TienLang 71
3.2.2 Phuong hudng, muc tieu phat trien san xuat va tieu thunam an d huyen Tien Langden nam 2012 74
3.3 Cac giai phap nham phat trien san xuat va tieu thu namand huyen Tien Lang 75
3.3.1 Quy hoach vungchuyencanh san xuat nam an tren diabanhuyen 75
3.3.2 Khuyenkhich san xuatnam an theo mo hinh Hop tac xa vatrangtrai 76
3.3.3 To chuc tot viec sanxuat va cungung giongnam dam bao chat lupng 76
3.3.4 To chuc hoat dongkhuyen nong, chuyen giao tien bo KH&KT 77
3.3.5 To chuc thuc hien totquy trinh kythuat trong sanxuatva cong nghe sau thu hoach dam baove sinh antoan thucpham 78
3.3.6 Day manh cac hoat dongxuctienthuongmai,tieuthu san pham nam an 79
3.3.7 Tang cudngcongtac quan ly Nhanude doi vdi nganh hang 80
<ET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI 82
rAI LIEU TH AM KHAO 86
’ HU LUC 1: Phieu dieu tra honong dan san xuat naman 88
’HU LUC 2: Phieu dieu tra doi tupngtieu dungsan pham nam an tren dia banhuyen rien Lang 95
Trang 5TT Ch u viet tat Chu day du
2 NN&PTNT Nong' nghiep va Phattrien Nong thon
Trang 6Bang 1.1 Gia tri dinh duangcua mot so loai naman (so voitrung ga) 1
Bang 2.1 Hien trang sudung dat cua huyen Tien Lang 26
Bang2.2 Can doi lao dong xa hoi cua huyen Tien Lang 27
Bang 2.3 Co cau lao dong dang lamviec trongcacnganhkinh te 228 Bang 2.4 Tinh hinh xay dung lan trai san xuat namtai huyen Tien Lang nam 2006-2008 .33
Bang 2.5 Tinh hinhho nong dan san xuat nam rom giaidoan 2006-2008 34
Bang 2.6 Tinh hinh honongdan san xuat nam so 3 nam qua (2006 - 2008) 36
Bang 2.7 Tinh hinh ho nong dan san xuat nam ma tai huyen trong nam qua (2006 2008) 37
Bang 2.8 Cacgiong nam an daduoc hong trong huyen nhungnam qua 39
Bang 2.9 Cac hinh thuc tieu thu nam an tren thi truong trong 3 nam qua 48
Sodo 2.10 He thong kenh phanphoi nam an tai huyen TienLang 50
Bang 2.11 Ket qua san xuat nam cua huyen Tien Lang trong 3 nam qua (2006-2008) 55
Bang2.12 Khoi luongcac loai nam an duoc san xuat trongnam 2008 56
Bang 2.13 Hieu qua san xuat nam rom men vu ■.2008^-^0(09 57
Bang 2.14 Hach toan thu chi va ketquasanxuat nam rom nam 2008- 58
Bang2.15 Hieu quasan xuat nam so men vu 2008^-^(009 59
Bang 2.16 Hachtoan thu chivaketquasan xuat nam so nam 20008 60
Bang 2.17 Hieu qua san xuat nam ma nien vu2008-20009 61
Bang 2.18 Hach toan thu chi va ketquasan xuat nam ma nam2008 62
Bang 2.21 Tinh hinh phan ph6i ket qua san xuat nam ancua huyen qua3 nam 63
Bang 3.1 Ke hoach phat trien san xuat nam giai doan2010-2012 o huyen TienLang 72
Trang 7PHAM THI BICH HONG• •
Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon
TOM TATLUAN VAN THAC SY
Trang 8LCD MO DAU
1 Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Nam an la loai thuc vat khong doc hai, co gia tri dinh dudng va gia tri kinh te
cao, vira dung de lam thuc pham vira dung lam ducrc lieu Tren the gidi, giatri cuanam
an da duqc bietden tir rat lau, nghe trong nam an ngay cang phattrien manh me va trd
thanh motnganh cong nghiep thuc pham Cac nha khoa hoc dadu doantrongthe ky 21 nam an se trd thanh “nguon tai nguyen lucmg thuc mdi” cua loai ngudi, tao nen the
chankieng vdi cac loai thucphamla thuc vat va dong vattruyen thong
6 nude ta, nam an cung da duoc biet den tir lau, tuy nhien chua duoc tieu dung rongrai vatrong nam cung chua trcr thanh nghe pho bien Du an namquoc gia ve phat
trien va san xuat nam an giai doan 2000-2010 da duoc Chinh phu phe duyet de trien
khai vdi muc tieu xac lap nghe trong nam gop phan doi mdi co cau kinh te nong
nghiep, phan dau dat chi tieu 200.000 tan/nam vakim ngach xuat khau 200 trieu USDvao nam 2010 Chinh vi the nghe trong nam ngay cang duoc phat trien va md rong
Nhung gia tri kinh te - xa hoi do nganh trong nam mang lai da khang dinh trong nam thuomg pham dang laxu the mditrong chuyen doi co cau cay trong trong nong nghiep hien nay
Huyen Tien Lang lahuyenngoai thanhcua thanh pho Hai Phong dang trong qua trinh chuyen dich cocau caytrong trong nong nghiep, trong boi canh dat nong nghiep
ngay cang bi thu hep nhu hien nay thi phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tai dia
phuomg dang la hudng di mdi day trien vong gop phan xoa doi giam ngheo, md ra
hudng lam giau mdi cho nong danva phat trien kinh te dia phuomg trong nhung nam
tdi Nham tim hieu ve thuc trang cua dia phuomg tu do cd the gop phan phat triennganh san xuat nam an tai dia phuomg noi rieng va cua Viet Nam noi chung, tac giachon de tai “Phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang
- TP Hai Phong ” lam de tai nghien cuucho luanvan thac sy
2 Muc tieu nghien cicu cua de tdi
- He thong hoamotso co sd khoa hoc ve san xuat va tieu thu nam an
Trang 9- Danh giathuc trang phat hien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyenTien Lang, neu duac nhung kho khan vathuan lai anh huang dennganh trong nam ancua Huyen;
- Dinh huang va dua ra nhung giai phap chinh nham phattrien san xuat vatieuthu nam antrendiaban Huyen tronggiai doan 2009-2012
3 Doi twang nghien cuu
- Nhung van de ve kinh te to chuc san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang;
- Doi tuang khao sat: cac ho, cac dan vi.hen quan den .san.xuat-.va tieuthu -nam an
4 Pham vi ngh i en cuu
- Khong gian: Diabanhuyen Tien Lang
- Thai gian: Giai doan 2006-2008
5 Phwa n gphap nghien cuu
De tien hanh thuc hien de tai nghien cuu, nguai viet su dung nhung phuangphap sau:
5.1 Phuang phap thu thap so lieu
5.1.1 Phuang phap thu thap so lieuthu cap
- Ke thua cac nghien cuu trong nuac cua Vien Di truyen Nong nghiep VietNam, Trung tamCong nghe Sinhhoc Thuc vat; thu thap so lieu trong sach, bao va tapchi;
- Thu thap so lieu cua cacca quan co lien quan thuoc huyen Tien Lang (PhongNN&PTNT, Phong Thong ke va cac bao cao hang nam cuaUBNDhuyen)
5.1.2 Phuang phap thuthap so lieu sa cap
Trang 10phi san xuat cung nhu tieu thu nam an cua timg nong ho; thong tin ve tinh hinh san
xuat, chebien va tieu thu nam ancuacac ho nong dan tren diabanhuyen Tien Lang;
- Phieu dieu tra khao sat tinh hinh tieuthu nam an tren dia ban huyen bao gom cac thong tin ve so luqng san pham theo timg loai da duqc tieu thu a dia phuong va
yeu cau ve chat luqng san phamnam an
5.2 Phiccmg phap xie ly thong tin
- Sau khi co duqc ket qua khao sat dieu tra vai he thong cau hoi da chuan bi
trudc trong phieu dieu tra, tacgia dathu thap so lieu canthiet,tonghop va xir lythong
tin bang chucmg rinh may tinh Excel Trong qua trinh thuc hien tac gia dathuc hien
phan to ho nong dan theo quy mo sir dung nguyen lieu, phan to theo timg loai nam:
nam rom, nam ma, nam so va phan to theo nang suat nam tinh tren mot tan nguyen lieu, theo san pham nam an timg loai
- Dimg phuang phap thong ke mo tava so sanh de tien hanh mo ta hien tuqng,
so sanh, doi chieu su bien dong cua hien tuqng qua cac nam tir do co cac ket luan; tinh toancac chi tieuket qua va hieu qua sanxuat nam an
6 Ket cau cua luan van
- Chuang 1: Casa khoa hoc cuaphat trien sanxuat va tieu thu nam an
- Chuang 2: Thuc trang phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an a huyen Tien
Lang giai doan 2006-2008
- Chuang 3: De xuat cac giai phap nham phat triensan xuat vatieuthu nam an ahuyen Tien Langden nam 2012
Trang 11Chiro ' ng 1
? *> ' _ _ _ a •> _ x
VA TIEU TH U NAM AN
1 1 Cu so ly luan cua phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an
Trong phan naytac gia da de cap den vai tro cua nganh san xuat nam an doi voikinh te, xa hoi va moi truong sinh thai cua huyen Tien Lang; dac diem kinh te va kythuat cua san xuat nam an; dac diem tieu thu nam an va cac chi tieu danh giave ketqua, hieuquasanxuat va tieu thu nam an
Cac chi tieu danh gia ve ket qua, hieu qua san xua t va tieu thu nam an
a Cacchi tieudanh giaket qua san xuat nam an
- Cac chi tieu truc tiep: Khoilupng nguyen lieu su dung, san lupng
- Cac chi tieu gian tiep: Dien tichnhaxudng san xuat nam; so ho san xuat nam
- Chitieuvecacau lao dong: so lupng lao dong,chat lupng lao dong
b Cac chitieu danh giaket quatieu thu nam an
+ Cung cau, ca cau, chung loai tren thi truong, nhu cau su dung
+ Lupng nam antieu thu
+ Ty lecac loai sanpham va solupng san phamtieu thu qua tung kenh tieu thu
c Cac chi tieu phan anh hieu qua san xuat nam an: Nang suat; Doanh thu, lpi nhuansan xuat; Thu nhap hon hpp; Ngay cong lao dong;Ty suat lai/chi phi san xuat
Trong phan nay tac gia da trinh bay tinh hinh san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren the gioi cung nhu d Viet Nam Doi voi the gioi, tac gia da de cap den qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien nganh san xuat nam anva neu len tinh hinh chung ve san xuat va tieu thu naman d cac quoc gia, cac khu vuc vaxu huong tieudung cungnhutiem nang phat trien cua nganh tren the gioi Doi voi Viet Nam, tac gia da khai quat qua trinhhinh thanh va phat trien cua nganh san xuat nam an va neu ra mot so dien hinhthanh congve san xuat va tieu thu nam an trong ca nuoc, do latinh DongNai va Ninh Binh,
tu do rut ra cac bai hoc kinh nghiem cho viec phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam antrendiaban huyen Tien Lang
Trang 12Chuang 2
TIEU THU NAM AN d HUYEN TIEN LANG GIAI DOAN 2006-2008
2.1 Dieu td en cua h uye n anh huong d e s an tx ia t va tie u th u nam an
Trong phan naytac gia da neu ra cac dieu kien cua huyen co anhhuong den sanxuat va tieu thu nam an bao gom: dieu kien tu nhien (dieu kien ve dia ly, khi hau, tai nguyen dat dai) va dieu kien kinh te xa hoi (dan so va lao dong) Tren co so do khai quat cac cac thuan loi va kho khan doi voi san xuat vatieu thu nam an ohuyen TienLang hien nay
Thuan lai: TienLang co dieu kien ve dat dai, thoitietkhi hauratthichhop cho viecphat trien nhieu loai cay trong, Long do co nam an Luc luong lao dong doi dao, tre va
co kha nang nam batnhanh cac thong tinve thi truongnenkhi huyen trien khaichuong trinh trong namchungda gaprat nhieu thuan loi Giao thong kha thuanloi da gopphan day manh qua trinh san xuat cung nhu tieu thu nam an phat trien nhanh chong He
nghiep noichung va sanxuat nam an noi rieng
San xuat nam an tren dia ban Huyen van dien ra trong tinh trang nho le, phantan va duoc tien hanh chu yeu o quy mo ho gia dinh, chua khoi phuc phat trien duoc
mo hinh san xuat lon o quy mo trang trai va Hop tac xatrong nam, dieu nay gay kho
khan cho viecchuyen giaotienbo kythuat vao sanxuat
Trang 13Hien nay viec trong toan huyenchua co bat ky mot co soche bien cung nhu tieuthu tap trung nao da gay cantrd khong nho den viec san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia banvi khong chu dong duoc so luong sanpham cung ung cung nhu cau cua nguditieu dung tren thi trudng.
Thi trudng tieu thu nam an khong on dinh, chu yeu tieu thu qua tu thuong vdigiathap, khong co dinh hudngro rang khien cho ngudi nong dan md rong quy mo san
xuat mot cach de dat dan den su phat trien cua nganh san xuat nam an chua the but phalen duoc
Trong phan nay, tac gia da neu ra thuc trang san xuat, tieu thu va cac nhan to anh hudng den qua trinh san xuat vatieu thu nam an tai huyen Tien Lang
Thuc trang san xuat va cac nhan to anh hucmg: trong nam phat trien manh vathuc su trd thanh mot nghe cho hieu qua kinh te cao d huyen Tien Langtrong khoang hon3 trd lai day Tuy phat trien chua lau nhung no da co nhung budc phat trien nhat dinhanh hudng tich cuc den cuoc song ngudi nong dancung nhu kinh te xa hoi cua diaphuong Dua tren cac so lieu dieutra duoc tai dia phuong, tac gia dadung cacphuong phapxuly so lieu de chirathuctrang sanxuatnam an cuadiaphuong
Tinh hinh dau tu xay dims lan trai va ca so che bien nam: toan huyen da co
321 ho xay dung 413 lan trai sanxuat namd 23 xa, thidan, vdi tong dien tich lan trai
la 35.615,5 m2 Lan co dinh 332 lan vdi 146 lan co dien tich tren 100 m2 va 186 lan codien tich tu 50-100 m2; lan tam 81 lan vdi 19 lan co dientich tren 100 m2va 62 lan co dien tich tu 50-100 m2 Lan co dien tich ldn nhat la 313,6 m2, ho xay dung vdi dientich quy mo ldn nhat la 403,2 m Ngoai viec dau tu xay dung cac lan trai san xuat nam, toan huyen Tien Lang cungda xay dung 6 cosd chebien vdi 6 lo xay nam vdi 2
1 1 A I • A 1 •> •> A t A 1 • A A
lo happhuc vu viecbao quan va che biennam
Quy mo so ho tham gia san xuat nam an tai Tien Lam:
+ Sanxuat nam rom: Tong so ho gia dinh trong nam romcua huyen Tien Lang nam 2006 la 45 ho, nam 2007 tang len 72 ho (tang 60% so vdinam 2006), nam 2008 tang len thanh 135 ho (tang 87,5% so vdi nam 2007) Nam 2008 co toc do tang ve quy
Trang 14mo so ho san xuat nam rom ion horn nam 2007 la 17,5%, dieu nay cho thay san xuat nam rom thuc su mang lai hieu qua kinh te thiet thuc khien so ho gia dinh tham giatrong nam rom tanglen.
+ Tinh hinh sanxuat nam so: So voi nam rom, so hogia dinh tronghuyen trongnam s0trong 3 nam qua it horn Nam 2006, toanhuyen co 39 hogia dinh trong nam so, nam 2007 tang ien 57 ho (tang 46,2% so voi nam 2006) va nam 2008 tang ien 93 ho (tang 63,2% so voi nam 2007)
+ Tinhhinh san xuat nam mo: Trong cac loai nam, nam mo la loai co nhieu ho gia dinh trong huven lua chon dua vao san xuat.nhat Nam 2006, trong toan huyen co
91 ho gia dinh trong nam mo, nam 2007 con so nay tang len 148 ho (tang 62,6% so voi nam 2006), nam 2008 so ho gia dinh trong nammo la 243 ho (tang 64,2% so voi nam 2007), toc do tang binh quan qua cac nam la 63,4%
Nhung nhan to anhhudng den ket qua san xuat nam an d huyen Tien Lang la: Giong nam; Tien bo khoahoc, ky thuat va cong nghe; Thdi vu trong nam; Thu hai va che bien
Thuc trang tieu thu va cac nhan to anh huang den tieu thu: Tieu thunam an dTien Lang kha da dang duoi nhieuhinh thuc nhung chu yeu la quatu thuong va ban le
dcho San pham chuyeu la nam tuoi song,nam da qua che bienrat it Day la mot hien tuong dac biet cua Tien Lang Sd di co tinh trang nay la do “ san pham nam an san xuat ra tren dia ban hien nay khong du de dap ung nhu cau thuc te cua ngudi tieu
di m g, chinh vi the san xuat den dau ban tuai den do nen khong co san pham du thua de che bien ” (ong Vuang axa Quyet Tien) He thong kenh phan phoi tai huyen: Nam antai huyen Tien Lang duoc tieu thu theo cac kenh: kenh phan phoi truc tiep va kenhphan phoigian tiep gom kenh cap 1, cap2va cap 3
Nhung nhan to anh hudng den tieu thu nam an cua huyen Tien Lang la hatluong san pham; thoi quen tieu dung; cac chinh sach ho tro tieu thu nam tai diaphuong
Trang 152.3 Ket qua, hieu qua san xuat va tieu thu nam an tai huyen Tien Lang
Trong phan nay tac gia da chi ra ket quacung nhu hieu qua san xuat va tieu thunam an tai huyen Tien Lang trong giai doan 2006-2008
Ket qua san xuat: Trong 3 nam qua, san xuat nam an tai huyen Tien Lang da co
nhung nhung budc phat trien dang ke mang lai hieu qua kinh te nang cao muc song
cho nguoi dan tren dia ban huyen San xuat nam antap trung chu yeu tai 6 xa, thi tran,
do la Dai Thang, Khoi Nghia, Thi tran, Quang Phuc, Toan Thang vaTay Hung vdi ty
le khoang tren 50% tong san luong cua toan huyen Theo tonghop tir so lieu dieu tra, nam 2008, tinh trentoan huyen xa co san luong nam dong deuva cao nhat la xa QuangPhuc (san luong nam rom chiem 14,4%, san luong nam so chiem 27,5% va san luong nam mochiem 15,9% san luong cua toan huyen) Trong thoi gian tdi, xa Quang Phuc
se dupe lay lam thidiem dexay dung caclang nam trong toan huyen
r r Hieu qua san xuat nam an: Theo so lieu dieu tra tinh hinh san xuat nam nam
2008, hieu qua sanxuat cac loainam chu yeu nhu sau:
- San xuat nam rom: Nhin chung, toan bo 23 xa trong huyen co tham gia san
xuat nam rom va deu thu dupelai saukhi ban nam,trong doxaQuangPhuc la xa co so lai tir san xuat nam lon nhat (71.719.000 dong), tiep do la thitran Tien Lang, xa Toan
Thang, xa Khoi Nghia, xa Bach Dang va xa Dai Thang vdi so lai moixa tren 30 trieudong Cac xa con lai san xuat nam rom cho lai khong cao, tham chi co xa con bi 16 (xaTien Tien) So di co tinh hinh nay la vi cac xa nay quy mo san xuat con nho, chua
manh dan dau tu va cham soc chua dung each cho nen dan den san luong thu dupe
thaptrongkhi chiphinhieu, tir do cho ket qua lai thap
- San xuat nam so: Tat ca cac xa trong huyen Tien Lang deu tham gia san xuat
nam so, co mot so xa thu lai ldn tir san xuat nam so nhuxa Quang Phuc (vdi so lai la112.584.000 dong), xa Dai Thang (so lai la 86.140.000 dong), xa Tay Hung (so lai la76.230.000 dong) Tuy nhien, cac xa nay khong nhieu, chi vai xa dien hinh co kinh nghiem trong nam so va trong tren dien tich rong, con dai da so cac xa con lai thu laithap hoac khong co lai, tham chi co den 8/23 xabi thua 16 trong vu nam so nam 2008vira qua Nguyen nhan cua tinh hinh nay la mot phan do thdi tiet nam qua khong on
Trang 16nam so cho xtrng vdi tiem nang cua huyen.
- San xuat nam mo: Xa co loi the ve san xuat nam md nhattrongtoan huyen la
xaQuang Phuc vdi so lai thu duoc len den tren 151 trieudong, ke do la xa Toan Thang vdi so lai tren 141 trieu dong va xa Khdi Nghia vdi tren 101 trieu dong, co 5 xa thu lai xung quanh 50trieu dong/xa Ben canh do cung co mot so xa lai khongnhieu tham chicon cd 10 xabi lo, xa thua lo nhieu nhat la xa TienHung (16 tren 18 trieu dong) Tinh
hinh chenh lech ve lai thuc te giuacac xa dat ra mot van de ma huyen Tien Lang can nghien cuu va dua ra giai phap nhanh chong de giup do cac xa tang nang suat dong
thdi giam chi phi mang lai loi nhuan cho cac ho gia dinh sanxuat nam mbtrong toan huyen
Trong san xuat3 loai nam thi san xuat nam mo la loai nam thu duoc so lai rong
cao nhat,tiep den la sanxuat namrom, cudi cung lasan xuat nam so Khi so sanh mot
each tuong doi giua lai rong thu ve vdi tongchi phi bo ra trong san xuat 3 loai nam tai
huyenTien Lang ta thay rang hieu qua cua mot dong chiphi sanxuat namrom bora la
cao nhat, ke den la nam sb, cudi cung la nam mo Tir day, huyen Tien Lang cung can
co bien phap ho tro san xuat nam an, dac biet cankhuyenkhich va tao dieukien de cac
ho gia dinh tang quymo sairxuat nam dua tren the manh cuagiadinh va dia phuong
Ket qua tieu thu nam an: b huyen Tien Lang hien nay ton tai chu yeu 2 hinh
thuc phan phoi sanphamnam an: tieu dung tai giadinh va bantuoi (hinh thuc che bien thi chua phat trien) Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua tinh trang nay la trong thuc te, nong ho
san xuat va ban nam cho thi trudng ratnhanh chong va hau nhu khong co hang ton de
co the dem bao quan vache bien San pham lamra den dautieu thu het denday la mot
tin hieu dang mung doi vdi thi trudng tieu thu nam tai dia ban, cau ldn hon cung cho
thay tiem nang phat trien nganh sanxuat nam tai dia ban la rat ldn, trong thdi gian tdi
ngudi dancan manh dan mdrong quy md, tang cudng san xuat dedap ung nhu cau thi
Trang 172.4 Moi quan he giira san xuat va tieu thu nam an
Trong phan nay tac gia neu len moi quan he qua lai khang khit giira san xuat va
tieu thu San xuat quyet dinh khoi luong tieu thu, dong thoi tieu thu lai co tac dong nguqc tro lai vdi qua trinh san xuat nam an tao su kich thich giup ca san xuat vatieu thu phat trien
2.5 Thanh turn va nguyen nhan dat duac
Thanh tuu:
- San xuat nam an tren diabanhuyen Tien Lang phat trien tuong doitotthe hien
tren viec tang nhanh va dong deu quy mo so ho tham gia trong nam, luong nguyen lieu
su dung dua vao trong nam, nang suat, san luong san xuatra trong timg mua vu Tir do
thu nhap cua cac ho giadinh cung duoc nang len dang ke, giai quyetco ban van de doi
ngheo va md ra hudng lam giau cho cac ho nong dan, lam tang gia tri san xuat nongnghiep, timg budc thay doi tap quan canh tac gop phan chuyen dich co cau san xuat
nong nghiep, thuc day san xuat quy mo ldn, tao thoi quen tu duy san xuat cong nghiep
doi vdicac hosan xuat
-Thitruong tieu thu nam an cua huyen dang timg budc duoc md rong va kha dadang
-Tinh hinh7 dotrom rangoai dong, noi cong congda giam nhieu, gop phan bao
ve moi truong; tang them nguon phan huu co dang ke phuc vu san xuat nong nghiep,
caitao ruongdong
- Nganh san xuat nam an datao cong an viec lam on dinh cho khoang 400 laodong thudng xuyen va gan 600 lao dong thoi vu, dam bao thu nhap khoang 1 trieu
dong/1 lao dong thudng xuyen/ thang
Nguyen nhan:
- Huyen danhanh chong chuyen doi co che quan ly cungnhu hinh thuc to chucsan xuat thichhop trongviing tao dong luc cho su phat trien sanxuatnaman;
Trang 18- Co suphoi hopnhip nhanggiua cac co quan chuyen mon, can bo ky thuat vdi
cac cor so va nguoi nong dan trong huyen;
-Tichcue tuyen truyenvan dong nhan danhuong ung va tham giasan xuat nam
an, mot so xa da manh dan xay dung co che, chinh sach khuyen khich ho tro san xuat
ngoaico che chung cua huyen (thi tran,xa Hung Thang, );
- Ngan hang chinh sach xa hoi to chuc chovay kip thoi tao dieu kien cho cac ho
nong dan yen tarn san xuat
2.6 Nhirng kho khan, ton tai va nguyen nhan chu yeu
Kho khan, ton tai:
+ San xuat phan tan, phu thuoc nhieu vao dieu kien thoi tiet khi hau, hieu quachua cao, chua co duqc nhung co so san xuat lon dong vai tro chu dao trong dieu tietsanxuat va tieu thu sanpham tai diaban huyen;
+ San luqng nam an con thap, chuatuong xung vdi tiem nang hien co, chua dap
ung nhu cau cua thitrudng, chua dat ke hoach da dat ra trong xuat khau va thuc hien chuyen dich co cau kinh te nong nghiep;
+ Thi trudng tieuthu san pham hien nay la chua co su on dinh vtrng chac; Gia thanh san pham con cao trong khi chat luqng san pham con thap nen chua hap dan duqcnguoi tieu dung;
+ Chua co don vi chuyen viec danh gia chat luqngcua timg loai giong cung cap;
+ Cong tac tuyen truyenchua thuc su manh me
+ Thieu cac chinh sach ho tro can thiet trong viec san xuat va tieu thu nam cua
Nha nude cungnhu cua cac cap chinh quyen so tai
Trang 19CAC GIAI PHAP NHAM PHAT TRIEN SAN XUAT VA
3.1 Quan diem de xuat cac giai phap phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an dr
huyen Tien Lang
Trong phan nay tac gia trinh bay mot so quan diem chu yeu co tac dung dinh
huang su phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang, do la: Quan diem san xuat nam thuang pham; Quan diem hieu qua - kinh te - xa hoi - moitruong; Quandiem phat trien san xuat va tieuthutheohudng cong nghiep hoa, hien daihoa (gan sanxuat vdiche bien, bao quan va tieuthu san pham)
3.2 Phuong hudng, muc tieu phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an d huyen Tien Lang den nam 2012
Viec de xuat phuang hudngva muc tieu phat triensanxuat va tieu thu nam an d
huyen Tien Lang dua tren caccan cu sau:
- Quy hoach phat trien sanxuat va tieuthu nam an d huyen Tien Lang
- Thuctrang phat trien sanxuat va tieu thunaman d huyen Tien Lang
- Tiem nang phat trien san xuat va tieuthu nam an cua huyen TienLang
Dong thdi tac gia cung neu ra phuang hudng, muc tieu phat trien san xuat vatieuthu nam an tren diaban huyen Tien Lang phu hop
3.3 Cac giai phap nham phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an d huyen Tien Lang
Dua tren cac quan diem cung nhu phuang hudng, muc tieu phat trien san xuat
va tieu thu nam an dong thdi nham phat huy hieu quava khac phuc nhung ton taitrong
san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang, tac gia dua ra bay giai phap
chinh sau day:
Mot la, Quy hoach vung chuyen canh san xuat nam an tren dia ban Huyen: lamot ke hoach tongthenham dinh hudng mot so xa, thi tran hoac mot so vung nhat dinhhoi tu cac dieu kien tot nhattap trung uu tien cho viecsan xuat nam an nham muc dich tang hieu qua sanxuatva tieu thu cua nganhtai dia phuang trong nhung nam tdi;
Trang 20Hai la, Khuyen khich san xuat nam an theo mo hinh Hop tac xa va trang trai:
Chinh sach nay khuyen khich md rong md hinh HTX, trang trai, trung tarn san xuat nam nham tao ra cac khu san xuat nam tap trung va giam dan hinh thuc to chuc san xuat nam taicac ho gia dinh vonkhong mang lai hieu quakinhte cao;
Ba la, To chuc tot viec san xuatva cung ung giong nam dam bao chat luomg: laviec hinh thanh nen cac trung tarn va dom vico nhiem vu chuyen san xuatva cungung giong tot cho cac ho nong dan sanxuat trong Huyen mot each co he thong Cac don vi
va trungtarn nay se duoc Huyen dautu day du ve von, cong ngheva nhan luc co trinh
do de thuc hien nhiem vunay Trien khaLtothoat dong nay se giup cho nong dan yen
tarn sanxuat hon, tirdo khuyen khich duocngudi dan ma rong quy mdsanxuat;
Bon la, To chuc hoat dong khuyennong, chuyengiao tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat:
thu on dinh thi ngudi sanxuat se yen tarn va dau tu mb rong san xuat, gopphan phat
trien nganh san xuat nam an tai dia phuomg;
Bay la, Tang cudng cong tac quan ly Nha nude doi vdi nganh hang
Trang 21KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI
Den nay co the khang dinh chu truong phattrien san xuat nam an d HaiPhong
noi chung va Tien Lang noi rieng la dung dan, phu hop vdi dinhhudng phat trien nong nghiep tientiencua thanh pho Nghe trong nam an daxuat hien d huyen Tien Langtunhung nam 2000, nhung mdi chi thuc suphat trien manh khoang3 namtrd lai day vdi
cac loai nam chu ySu la namrom, nam md, nam so va budc dau dathu duoc nhung ketqua nhat dinhca ve kinh te, xa hoi vamdi trudng
Quaqua trinh thuc hien de tai, tac-gia da dua-tren nhung cosd ly luan cungnhu thuc tien daduoc trinh bay trong chuong 1 de danh gia thuc trang san xuat va tieu thunam an tren diaban huyen Tien Lang, tu do thay duqc nhung thanh tuu da dat duqc vanhungkho khanconton tai trongviecphattrien nganh sanxuatnam an tai diaphuong
De phat huy nhung thanh tuu dat duqc va khac phuc nhung kho khan ton tai
trong san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang (Hai Phong), nguoi
viet da dua ra 7 giai phap chinh, do la: Quy hoach vung chuyen canh san xuat nam an
tren dia ban Huyen; Khuyen khich sanxuat nam an theo mo hinh Hop tac xa va trangtrai; To chuc tot viec san xuat va cung ung giong nam dam bao chat luqng; To chuc
hoat dong khuyen nong, chuyen giao tien bo khoa hoc kythuat; To chuc thuc hien tot quy trinh ky thuat trong san xuatva cong nghe sau thu hoach dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc pham; Day manh cachoat dongxuc tien thuongmai, tieu thu san pham nam an va
Tangcudng cong tac quan ly Nha nude doi vdi nganh hang
San xuat nam an tai huyen Tien Lang dang dan trdthanh mot nghe mdi, tuy con
cd nhieu han che trong khau to chuc thuc hien va tim kiem thi trudng dau ra nhung
budc dau damang laihieu qua kinh te xa hoi khong the phu nhan cho nguoi dan noi
rieng va cho toan huyen Tien Lang noi chung De nganh trong nam thuc su phat huyduqc hieu qua va trd thanh the manh cua dia phuong, huyen Tien Lang can thuc hienmot each dong bo va trietde cac giaiphap da de captdi d phan tren
Vdi mong muon gop phan dua nganh trong nam d Tien Lang noi rieng va o nude ta noi chung phat trien manh me tuong xung vditiem nang san cd, tac gia detai
Trang 22xin de ramot so kien nghi sau vdi Nha nude, vdi diaphuong,- vdi ngudi san xuat, thugom va che bien nam an, cuthe nhusau:
- Doi vdi Nhanude:
+ Nha nude ean eo eo ehe va chinh saeh thieh hop de ho tro eho viee san xuat
va tieuthu nam an d trong nude dong thdi tao ra eo ehe thong thoang trong hoat dongvay von md rong san xuat, phat trien eong nghe ehe bien va thi trudng tieu thu sanpham tranhco ehe xin eho vanton tai hien nay;
+ Nha nude can eo chinh saeh khuyen khieh nghien euu ap dung khoa hoe ky thuat, doi mdi cong nghe trongsan xuat, che bien nam,-tao ra nhung san pham co tinh eanhtranh eao khi tham giavao thi trudng quoete
- Doi vdi diaphuong
+ Trong thdi gian tdi, Huyen ean hoan thien nhanh chong Trung tam san xuatgiong nam de dua vao hoat dong san xuat va nghien cuu, sdm ehu dong nguon giong toteung cap eho ngudi san xuat trendiabanhuyen;
+ Trong sanxuat chu yeu tap trung phattrien, md rong eae mo hinhda duoe thu
nahiem; khuyenkhich dau tu cae eosd ehe bien va tieuthunam an;
+ Tang eudng eong tae tap huan, ehuyen giao eong nghe de tang nang suat, ehat luong va ha gia thanh san pham nam an
- Doi vdingudisanxuat, thu gom,ehe bien
+ Ngudi san xuat ean thuehien nghiem ngat quy trinh eong nghe san xuat -nam
an, manh dan dau tu md rong quy mo, lien doanh, lien ket trong san xuat eung nhu trongtieuthu nam an;
+ Ngudi thugom, chebien ean co eae hop dong ehat che vdi ngudi san xuatvahop dong giuangudiche bien vdingudi thu gomnham dam bao moi quanhe laulautukhau sanxuat, che bien va tieuthu san pham nam an
Trang 23PHAM THI BICH HONG• •
PHAT TRIEN SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU NAM AN TREN
DIA BAN• • HUYEN TIEN LANG - TP HAI PHONG
Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon
LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE
NGU'OI HU'CNG DAN KHOA HOC:
PGS.TS Vu Dinh Thing
Ha Noi, nam 2009
Trang 24an da duoc biet den tu rat lau, nghe trong nam an ngay cang phattrien manh me va trd
thanhmot nganh cong nghiep thucpham Cac nhakhoa hoc da du doan trong thd ky 21
nam an se trd thanh “nguon tai nguyen luong thuc mdi” cua loai ngudi, tao nen the
chan kieng vdi cac loai thucpham la thuc vat va dong vattruyenthong
0 nude ta, nam an cung da duoc biet dentu lau, tuy nhien chua duoc tieu dungrong rai va trong nam cung chua trd thanh nghe pho bien.Du an nam quoc gia ve phattrien va san xuat nam an giai doan 2000-2010 da duoc Chinh phu phe duyet de trien
nghiep, phandau dat chi tieu 200.000tin/namva kim ngach xuat khau 200 trieu USD
vao nam 2010 Chinh vi the nghe trong nam ngay cang dupe phat trien va md rong
Nhung gia tri kinh te - xa hoi do nganh trong nam mang lai da khang dinhtrong namthuong pham dang la xu the mdi trong chuyen doi co cau cay trong trong nong nghiep
hien nay
Huyen TienLang la huyen ngoai thanh cua thanh phoHai Phong dang trong qua trinh chuyen dich co cau cay trong trong nong nghiep, trong boi canh dat nongnghiep ngay cang bi thu hep nhu hien nay thi phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tai diaphuong dang la hudng di mdi day trien vong gop phan xoa doi giam ngheo, md rahudng lam giau mdi cho nong dan va phat trien kinh te diaphuong trong nhung nam tdi Nham tim hieu ve thuc trang cua dia phuong tu do co the gop phan phat trien
r r
nganh san xuat nam an tai dia phuong noi rieng va cua Viet Nam noi chung, tac giachon de tai “Phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang
- TP Hai Phong ” lam de tai nghien ctru cho luanvanthac sy
2 Muc tieu nghien cieu cua de tdi
- He thong hoamotso cosokhoahocve san xuat va tieuthu naman
Trang 25- Danh gia thuc trang phattrien san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren diaban huyenTien Lang, neu duac nhung kho khan va thuan lai anh huang den nganh trong nam an cua Huyen;
- Dinh huang va dua ranhung giai phap chinh nham phat trien san xuatva tieu
thu nam antrendia ban Huyen trong giai doan 2009-2012
3 Doi twang nghien cwu
- Nhung van de ve kinh te to chuc san xuat va tieu thu nam an tren dia ban
huyen TienLang;
- Doi tuong khao sat: cac ho, cac don vi lien quan den san xuat va tieu thu naman
4 Pham vi nghien cwu
- Khong gian: Diabanhuyen Tien Lang
- Thaigian: Giai doan 2006-2008
5. Phwangphap nghien cwu
De tien hanh thuc hien de tai nghien cuu, ngudi viet su dung nhung phuang
phap sau:
5.1 Phuang phapthu thap so lieu
5.1.1 Phuang phap thu thapso lieu thu cap
- Ke thira cac nghien cuu trong nude cua Vien Di truyen Nong nghiep VietNam, Trung tam Cong nghe Sinh hoc Thuc vat; thu thap so lieu trong saeh, bao va tapchi;
- Thuthap so lieu cua cac ca quan co lien quan thuoc huyen Tien Lang (PhongNN&PTNT, Phong Thongke va cac bao cao hangnam cua UBND huyen)
5.1.2 Phuangphapthuthap so lieu so cap
- Chon mau dieu tra: trong khuon kho de tai, tac giatien hanh dieu tra ve tinh
hinh san xuat va tieu dung nam an tren quy md toan huyen nam 2008 thong qua dau
moi la Phong Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thonhuyen Tien Lang;
Trang 26phi san xuat cung nhu tieu thu nam an cua timg nong ho; thong tin ve tinh hinh san
xuat, che bien va tieu thu nam ancua cacho nongdan tren dia ban huyen Tien Lang;
- Phieu dieu tra khao sat tinh hinh tieu thu nam an tren diaban huyen bao gom
cac thong tin ve so luong san pham theo timg loai da duoc tieu thu d dia phuong vayeu cau ve chat luong sanphamnam an
5.2 Phuong phap xu ly thong tin
- Sau khi co duoc ket qua khao sat dieu tra vdi he thong cau hoi da chuan bi
trade trong phieu dieu tra, tac giada thuthap so lieu can thiet, tong hop va xir ly thong tin bang chuong trinh may tinh Excel Trong qua trinh thuc hien tac gia da thuc hien
phan to ho nong dan theo quy mo sir dung nguyen lieu, phan to theo timg loai ndm:
nam rom, nam mo, nam so va phan to theo nang suat nam tinh tren mot tan nguyen lieu, theo sanpham nam antimg loai
- Dung phuong phap thong ke mo ta va so sanh de tien hanh mo ta hien tuong,
so sanh, doi chieusu bien dong cuahien tuong qua cacnam tir do co cac ket luan; tinh
toan cac chi tieu ket qua va hieu qua sanxuat nam an
_ r r
6 Ket cciu cua luan van
- Chuong 1: Co so khoa hoc cua phat trien san xuat vatieuthunam an
- Chuong 2: Thuc trang phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an d huyen TienLanggiai doan2006-2008
- Chuong 3: De xuat cac giai phap nham phat trien san xuat vatieuthunaman d huyen Tien Lang dennam 2012
Trang 27Chuong 1
1 l.Cff so1 ly luan cua phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an
1.1.1 Cac khai niem
1.1.1.1 Khai niem ve phat trien
Ngay nay co nhieu quan diem khacnhau ve phattrien nhung tuutrung lai cac y
kien deu cho rang: Phat trien la sir thay doive chat, pham tru cua suphat trienla pham
tru vat chat, pham tru tinh than, pham tru ve he thong giatri cua con nguoi Muc tieu
chung cua phat trien la nang cao cac quyen loi kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa xa hoi va quyen tu do congdancua moi nguoi dan [56], [66, tri41]
1.1.1.2 Khai niem phat trien san xuat
San xuat la qua trinh ket hop tu lieu san xuat vdi sue lao dong de tao ra san
pham
Phat trien san xuat la mot qua trinh tang ve quymo (san luong)va hoanthien ve
co cau Phat trien san xuat cung duqc coi la mot qua trinh tai san xuat mo rong, trong
do quymo san xuat sau lon hon quy mo san xuat truoctren coso thi trudng chap nhan
Trong phat trien san xuat phai dam bao tinh ben vung, tuc la san xuat tim nguon dauvao, dau ra sao cho benvung nhat va khong lam anh huong den moi nguon tai nguyen
-Khai niem phat trien tieu thu san pham
Tieu thu san phamla qua trinh hang hoa rdikhoi quatrinh san xuat vadi vao thitrudng phucvu cho cac nhu cau cua con nguoi
Phat trientieu thu la mot quatrinh, trong do luqng san pham tieu thu ngay cang
tangve so luqng, co cau san pham tieu thu duqc hoan thien dan theo huongco loi nhat
cho nhasan xuat va nguoi tieu dung Nhu vay cac doanh nghiep phaico chienluqctieu thu san pham, phuong thuc ban hang phu hop va chinh sach ho tro cho tieu thu sanpham Trong qua trinh phat trien phai dac biet chu y den viec morong thi trudng tieu
thu sanpham, chuy den thi trudng muc tieu,thi trudng tiem nang va thi trudng ngach
Dong thoi phai chu y den gia ca cac loai san pham Gia ca khac nhau co tac dung
Trang 281.1.2 Phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an
1.1.2.1 Vai tro cua nganh san xuat nam an
a Nam anla loai thucpham co gia tridinh duong va lamathang co giatri kinh te cao
- Nam an la loai thuc pham co gid tri dinh duang cao
Nam an bao gom nhieu loai nhu nam rom, nam mo, nam so, moc nhi, namhuong, v.v la loai thuc pham cung cap nguon dinh duong can thiet cho con ngudi
Nam la loai thuc pham ngon, giau chat dinh duong, chua nhieu protein va cac axit
amin khong gay xo cung dong mach va khong lam tang lupng cholesterol trong mau nhu nhieu loai thit dong vat Ham lupng Protein trong 1kg nam md tuong duong vdi2kg thit lpn nac Trong nam an tuoi, Protein chiem khoang 4% cao gap 12 lan ham
lupngprotein co trong rau quatuoi
Trang 29Bang 1.1 Gia tri dinh d trang cua mot so loai nam an (so vdi trung ga)
Chi tieu Trirng
Nguon: [9], [12]
Ngoai gia tri dinh duung, nam an con co tac dung phong va chua mot so benh nhu ha huyet ap, chong beo phi, duung ruot, co kha nang ngan chan su phat trien cua
cac khoi u, thanh trir cac goc tu do va chong lao hoa.Nhieu loai nam concd tac dung
an than,tran tinh, rat cd loicho viec dieu chinhhoat dong cua hethankinhtrung uung
Gan day, nhieu nha khoa hoc conphathien thay mot so loai nam an cd tac dung phdngchong AIDS dmuc do nhat dinh thong qua kha nang nang cao nang luc mien dich cua cor the
r r
- Gid tri kinh te cua nam an
Khong chi la mot loai thuc pham giau dinh duung, mot loai duuc lieu quy ma
nam an con la loai hang hoa cd gia tri kinhte cao Hun 10 nam tro lai day, trong nam
thuc su la mot nghe mang lai hieu qua kinh te trong san xuat nong nghiep Hien gia
nam tuui tren thi truung trong noi dia rat cao, nam mu 25-30.000 d/kg, nam so 15- 20.000 d/kg Theo tinh toan cua Vien di truyen nong nghiep, neu gia bao tieu thap
Trang 30nhat cho 1kg nam ma la 6.500 dongthi tren lha, ngudinong dan se thu ducrc 455 trieudong Sau khi tru di chi phi san xuat, so lai rong tren 1 ha trong nam len tdi 335 trieu
dong, dieu do ma ramottrien vong day lac quan cho huang phat trien nganh nghe moi
cho ngudi nongdan
b Phattrien nganh sanxuat nam an gop phan tan dung nguonphe phu pham to Ion cua
nong nghiep va su dung duac nguon lao dong doi dao trong nongthon, tang thu nhapcho nong dan
Trong nam an la mot nghe mdi dua tren ca sd cua cong nghe sinh hoc Nguonnguyen lieu chinh de trong nam an la ram ra, bamia, than cay ngo, , nhungthu nayrat san co d moivung que Nguai ta udc tinh chi can su dung 10% luong ram ra cua ca
nude de sanxuat nam an thi san luong nam cothe datvai tramngan tan/nam [2]^Do la
chua ke decac nguon nguyen lieu khac nhu bong phe thai, mun cua, deuco the dung
lam nguyen lieu trong nam
Cung vdi su md rong ve quy mo, nganh trong nam an cung thu hut duac so
luong lao dong nhan roi ngay cang tang len d nongthon, gop phan giai quyet cong an
viec lamcho nong dan dongthdi caithien ddi song vat chat d nong thon
c Phat trien san xuat nam an gop phan chuyen dich co cau kinh te nong nghiep nongthon
Chuyen doi co cau kinh tenongnghiep nong thondmudc ta hien naylamotvan
de het sue can thiet va phu hop vdi chu truong cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nongnghiep, nong thon cua Dangva Nha nude Trong boi canh nay, viec md rong va phat trien nghe mdi nhu nghe trong nam la mot hudngdi dung dan Vdi su tra giup cua cua khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe hien dai, chungta da trong duac nhieu giong nam mdi
co gia tri xuat khau cao, lamtang kim ngach xuat khau cuanganh trong nam Khi quy
md nganh trong nam ngay cang md rong thi luong lao dong tu cac nganh khac chuyen
sang trong nam se tang len nhanh chong lam thay ddi cacau lao dong theo nganhnghe
dnong thon, tu do gop phan dang ke vao viec chuyen dich ca cau trong nong nghiep
nongthon hien nay
d Phat trien sanxuatnam an gop phan cai thien mdi trudng sinh thai
Trang 31Do dac diem cua nganh trongnam an la khong trong tren dat, khong bon phan,
khong phun thuoc tru sau, thoi gian trong va thu hoach nhanh nen nam an la mot loai
thuc pham sach Trong nam khong lam hai manguoc lai congop phan cai thien va bao
ve moi trudng sinh thai, vi saukhi thu hoach san pham chinhta con thu duoc mot khoi
luong phan htru co rat lon tu nguyen lieu trong, loai phan huu co nay lai duoc tai su
dung cho viec trong cac cay trong khac trong san xuat nong nghiep, gop phan tang
nang suat cay trong
1.1.2.2 Dac diem kinh te, ky thuat cua san xuat nam an
a Mot so van de chung ve nam
Nam co rat nhieu loai, duoc chia thanh nhom Nhom thu nhat dung lam thuc phamnhu nam rom, nam so, nam huong,moc nhi nhom thu hai dung lam duoc lieu
va nhom thu ba la nam doc Nam co nhung dac diem rieng khac vdi cac loai thuc vat
khac ve kha nang quang hop, dinh duong va sinh san nen duoc xep thanh mot gidi
rieng Chung da dang ve hinh dang, mausac, chung loaiva song d khap moi noi Namkhong co doi song tu duong nhu dthuc vat, khong co su phan hoa thanh re, than, la, khong cd hoa va phan ldnkhongchuaxenlunozatrongthan te bao
b Dac diemkinhte cua sanxuat naman
- Sanxuat nam an sudung it datnong nghiep:
Chi can mot dien tich dat nhd la nguoi nong dan daco the tien hanh trong nam duoc, vi vay mdi gia dinh deu cd the tan dung quy dat toi da cua gia dinh de san xuat nam an Day chinh la dieu kien thuanloi de nghetrong nam cd the phattrien manh me
va rong rai, moi gia dinh deu cd the tham gia san xuat nam an gop phan cai thien doi
song kinh te cua cacho gia dinh
- Chukytrongngan:
Chinh vi nam an cd chu ky trong ngan cho nen the cd the xen ke thoi vu giua
viec trong namva thoi vu trong cacloai hoa mau khac nham muc dich tiet kiemkhong
gianvathoi gian canh tac dong thoi tangthu nhap cho gia dinh Ngoai ra, khi gap didukien thoi tiet khi hau khong thuan loi hoac cd su bien dong cua thi trudng (gia ca
Trang 32khong on dinh) thi ngudi nong dan van kip dimg viec san xuat nam va chuyen hudng sang cac loaicay trongkhac.
- Nguon nguyenlieu san xuat nam an doi dao:
Nguyen lieu trong nam la rom, ra, than cay ngo, mun cua, ba mia, bong phe
thai, la nhung thu doi daova co san dr moi vimg que, hornnua lai rat re tien va co
the tan dung lai lam phan bon cho cay trong sau khi da thu hoach xong Day cung la
mot dieu kien rat thuan loi de nganh trong nam phat trien nhanhva manh me
- Dautubandauthap:
Yeu cau ve ca sd vat chat cho viec trong nam khong qua khat khe va ngudinong dan hoan toan co the dap ung duoc Dau tu ban dau cho san xuat nam an khongdoi hoi lorn nhucac nganh cong nghiep hay tieu thu cong nghiep trong nong thon, han ntra hoan toan co the tan dung cac cong trinh san co trong gia dinh Chinh vi the gia
dinh nao cungco the tham giasan xuat nam tuytheo dien tich datgia dinhco
- Gia san pham tuang doi cao:
Mat hang nam tuai co gia ban kha cao tren thi trudng trong khi chi phi bo ra
tuang doi thap, nhd do cac ho san xuat co the thu dupe phan chenh lech dang ke gop
phan cai thien kinh te gia dinh San pham nam an co nhieu hinh thuc tieu thu, trong
trudng hop ngudi nong dan khong ban het nam tuai thi san pham nam dem che bidn
saykho lai la nhung mat hang xuat khau cogia tri
Naman la loai thuc pham mang giatri kinh te cao so vdi dong vonbo ra, do do
ngudi dan luon phai tim moi bien phap nang cao nang suat, ha giathanh san pham nam
andetir do nang cao thu nhap, cai thien ddi song kinh te giadinh
c Dac diemky thuat sanxuat naman
+ Nhung dieu kiencan thiet cho viectrongnam:
- Nguyen lieu dung de san xuat: la cac loai phe thai cua nganh nong nghiep giau chat xenlulo;
-Giong nam dugc chon loc can than kycang;
- Nha xudng: cd he thong cua de dam bao dothong thoangcan thiet, sach
se va mat me;
Trang 33- Cac dung cudung de trong nam: khuon go trong nam rom, binh 6 doa,
binh phun suong, may bom, cao sat de dao rom, xe van chuyen nguyen
lieu, dung cu mudi nam,noi tran nam, nhiet ke, am ke, giay quy, muoi an
va axitcitric, be ngam rom ra, ke lot dong u, coc tre va go, nguon mine
tuoi saeh va co do PH trung tinh,
- Lao dongva von dau tu trong nam,
+ Cac giai doan chinh cua qua trinh sanxuat nam an:
- Che bien nguyen lieutrongnam;
- Sir dung giong nam dutieuchuanva chat luong;
- Cham soc giaidoan phat trien cua sqi nam;
- Cham soc d giai doan phat trien quathe nam vathuhai;
- Thu hai nam;
- Che bienva tieuthu
+Dac diem ky thuatsan xuat mot soloai nam an chu yeu
-Nam mo
Ndm md co ten khoa hoc la Agaricus gom cac loai A bisporus va A.bitorquis mau trang hoac mau nau Nam ma co nguon goctu cac nunc on ddi Qua the cay nam ran chac gom phan mu va cuong ro ret Den giai doan phat
chiec 6
Nguyen lieu trong nam md chuyeu la romra, than cay ngo,trau, ba bong
va phai phoi tron them cac phu gia (phanhuu co, phan vo co) de tao mdi trudng cho nam phat trien goi la Compsts Mdi trudng thich hop de nam md phat trien
la pH tu 7-8 (mdi trudng trung tinhden kiem yeu).Nhiet do thichhoptrong giaidoan he sqi phattrien la 24-25°C Qua the nam duoc tao thanh d nhiet do thich
cau do thong thoang viraphai, nong do CO cd trongphongtrong de sqi moc la0,03% Neu nong do CO2 cao hon se keo dai giai doan sqi moc Den giai doan
Trang 34qua de phat trien phai tang cuong do thong thoang trong phong trong nam [9,tr.27-37].
Nguyen lieu de t ong nam so pho bien nhat la rom ra, bongphe thai va mun cua Nam so la loai nam co the su dung xenlulo mot cach tryc tiep, ta co the phoi tron them chat phu gia giau chat dam va vitamin trong qua trinh xu lynguyen lieu Nam so moc duoc o bien nhiet dotuong doi rong, duoc chia thanh
2 nhom nam chinh Nhom chiu lanh la tu 13-2OoC, nhom chiu nhiet la tu 24
280C, chinh vi vay nam so co the trong duoc quanh nam o Viet Nam, nhung thich hopnhat la khoang thoi gian tu thang 10 denthang 3 nam sau Moi truong thich hop cho nam so sinhtruong vaphat trien la do PH = 7 (moitruong trung
tinh) Nam so yeu caudo am co chat (giathetrong) la tu 65-70%, do am khong khi tu 80% tro len Trong thoi ky tudi don nam do am khong khi khong duocdudi 70%, tot nhat la tu 70-95% Yen to anh sang khong can thiet trong giaidoan nuoi soi (pha soi), nhung khi nam hinh thanh quathe lai rat can anh sang khuech tan (anh sang phong), tot nhat la khoang 2000 lux Dac biet trong quatrinh nay mam cua bao tu va tang truong to nam so co lien quan den nong do CO2 cao (22%) nhung khi nam len thi nong do CC)2 phai giam va luong Oxiphai tang len Do do, khi nam len ta can tang cuong do thong thoang trong nhatrong bang cach mo cua tu 1-2 lan/ngay [9, tr.38-46]
+ Nam rom
Nam rom co ten khoa hoc la Volvariella volvavea gom nhieu loai khacnhau, co loai mau xam trang, xam,xam den Giong xam den quanho hon va co
Trang 35dang hinh trong va ran trang Kich thudc caynam (duong kinh) to hay nho tuythuoc tung loai.
Nguyen lieu de trong namrom chu yeu la rom ra, cac phe thai cuanganhnong nghiep giau chatxenlulo deu co the dung de trong nam Nguyen lieu duoc
xu ly qua dung dich nudc voi va dem u dong, vdi thoi gian tu 6-8 ngay, Do amnguyen lieu khoang 65-70% Tuy thanh phan dinh dudng cua nguyen lieu manam rom ra nhieu hay it Nang suat nam rom co lien quan den hai thanh phanquantrong la cva N Tyle giua hai thanh phan nay la 50 (C/N=50) se giup nam rom sinh trudng va phat trien tot.,
Nhiet do thich hop cho sinh trudng va phat trien nam rom la tu 30-32° c,bao quan nay mam tot nhat la 40° c, con soinam moc tot nhat d32° c, nhietdo
cao qua hay thap qua deu co anh hudng den toc do moc cua soi nam Namrom phat trientot d moi truongpH=7 (moi truong trungtinh), co khanang thichung vdi moi truong kiem cao hon moi truong axit Nam rom yeu cau do amkhongkhi xung quanh luong nam vao khoang 80-90% Do thong thoang quyetdinh ratldn den nang suat va chat luong san pham, nam rom tu thoang khi vi vay nhatrong phai co cua de khong khi luu thong Trong qua trinhphat trien, nam romcan anh sang yeu trong pha nuoi soi, anh sang khuech tan trongpha raqua the[9, tr.47-55]
1.1.2.3 Dae die m ti eu hu nam an
Nam an la loai thuc pham ngon va giau dinh dudng, rat de che bien va rat tdt cho suc khoe Chinh vi the, nam an co thi truong tieu thu rat rong ldn, nhu cau cua nguoitieu dung tren thi truong ngay cang tang len Naman duoc tieuthu quaratnhieukenh, tu buon bannho le cho den xuat khau ra nudc ngoai
Thi truong tieuthu nam an la cau noi giua nguoi san xuat va tieu dung nam an Thong qua thi truong, nhu cau cua nguoi san xuat va tieu dung san pham nam an gap nhau va duoc giai quyet Mot thi truong nang dong va nhieu co che md se giupcho canguoi san xuat va tieu dung dat duoc muc tieu kinh te cua minh, va cung chinh thi truong la yeu to day manh su phat trien nhu cau san xuat va nhu cau tieu dung san
Trang 36pham mang den su phat trien toan dien cho nganh san xuat nam an Day la dac diemquan trong nhat, cac cap quan ly cung nhu ngudi san xuat can phai nam chac co che vanhanh cua thi trudng de duaracac giaiphap giup nganh san xuat nam an phat trien hon nua Thitrudngtieuthu nam an duoc tao thanhbdi cac bo phan cau thanh sau day:
+ Cung sanpham nam an:
trinh do chuyen mon hoa cua san xuat nam an, nhung giai phap ve thi trudng, von va
an cua Chinh phu;
+ Cau san pham nam an:
Cau ve sanpham nam anla bo phan cau thanhthu hai, quan trong va khong thethieu cua thi trudngtieu thu Do la nhu cau cac loai san pham nam an cua toan xa hoibao gom cac loai khac nhau (nhucau ve so luong, chungloai, nhu cau tieudung trong nudc, nhu cau nam an danh cho xuat khau, ) Trong dieu kien hien nay, cau san pham nam an ngay cang tang len va yeu cau ve chat luong san pham cung khat khe hon de cothe dapung thoi quentieudung cua con ngudi trong xa hoi;
+Gia ca nam an tren thi trudng:
Gia ca la so tien ngudi san xuat dong y ban va ngudi tieu dung dong y mua sanpham, no duoc xac dinh tai diem cung va cau ve san pham gap nhau Gia ca cac loainam an tren thi trudng do ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu dung dinh ra va co tac dong nguoc trd lai den hanh vi cua ngudi san xuatva ngudi tieu dung, buoc ngudi san xuat
Trang 37tren thi truong thuong khong can bang ve thoi gian va khong gian, Can phai nam duoc
dieu nay de dieu chinh muc cung va cau tieu dung cho san pham mot each hop ly va
hieu qua;
+ Suhinh thanh va phat trien cua thi trudng sanpham nam an gan lieu vdi viec
su dung cac yeu to sinh hoc va co quan he chat che vdi viec duy tri sue khde va doi
song con nguoi Dac diem nay doi hoi phai co su ket hop chat che giua nhung nguoi
tham gia thi trudng chinh (nguoi san xuat va nguoi tieu dung) vdi cac co quan huu
quan nham bao dam thitrudngvan hanh mot each tot nhat vahieu qua kinh te -xahoi
cung nhu mdi trudng dat d muc toi da;
+ Cac quy luat hoat dong cua thi trudng va cac yeuto khac:
Day la nhung nhan to anh huong rat ldn den su hinh thanh va phattrien cua thi trudng tieuthu san pham nam an, bao gom: Cac quy luat cua thi truong (Quy luat cung
cau, quy luat gid tri); Thi hieu va tap quan tieu dung san pham nam an; Su phat trien
cua thuong mai quoc te va kha nang hoa nhap cac loai san pham nam an tren thi
trudng the gidi; Cac chinh sach ve san xuat, tieu dung va luu thong hang hoa cua Nha
nude; Trinh do tap trung chuyen mon hoa trong san xuat nam an; Su phat trien ci'ia
cong nghiep che bien cac san pham nam an; Su hoan thien cua ket cau ha tang
va muc song dan cu; Su phat trien cac nhu cau tu nhien cua ngudi tieu diing,
- Cau true cua thi trudng tieu thu nam an:thi trudng tieuthunam an bao gom thi
trudngtrong nude va thi trudngnude ngoai
+ Thi trudng trong nude: chu yeu la tieu thu san pham tuoi va che bien thongqua cac kenhphanphoisan phamtrue tiep va gian tiep;
+ Thitrudng nude ngoai: sanpham duqc tieu thu thong qua hinh thuc xuat khau
1.1.2.4 Nhung nhan to anh hudng den phat trien san xuat va tieu thu nam an
a Nhung nhan to anh hudng denqua trinh phat trien san xuat nam an
r
+ Nhan totu nhien
Dieu kien khi hau thoi tiet: khi hau, thoi tiet, thuy van cd anh hudng true tiepden nang suatcua timg chung loai nam an Vi mdi loai nam an deu doi hoi nhung gidi hannhat dinh ve nhiet do, do am, anh sang va kha nang chiu dung nhung bat loi ve
Trang 38mat thai tiet Vi vay phai khong ngimg nghien cirutir nhien, tim hieu nhung giai phapcuano de co nhung giai phap phii hap nhat.
Dich hai va sau benh: la yeu to lam ton hai lan ve nang suat va pham chat cua
moi loai nam an, vi vay trong qua trinh trong phai tuan thu nghiem ngat nhung quy
dinh ve ve sinh, dam bao cho nam an khong bi nhiem benh
Moi truong: khong khi, nude co anh hudng rat lan den su sinh truong va phat
trien cuanam an
+ Nhan to kinhte - xa hoi
Dan so: dan sd tao ra nhu cau ldn va da dang cac san pham cua nganh nam andong thdi cung cap lao dong cho qua trinh san xuat nam an Day la mot trong nhungnhan to kich thich de cho nganh nam an khong ngimg nang cao nang suat, chat luong
cua cac chung loai nam an va cai tien phuong thuc to chuc tieu thu de dap ung mot
each tot nhat nhu cau cua thi trudng
+ Nhan to to chuc kythuat
Giong va co cau mua vu: trong san xuat nam an giong la yeuto ky thuat quantrong de khong ngimg tang nang suat va san luong Su tien bo trong cong tac giong
nam tao dieu kien chuyen doi co cau san xuat nong nghiep Mua vu anh hudng nhat
dinh den qua trinh sinh trudng va phat trien cua nam, vi vay phai bo tri thich hop vethdi vucho timg loai nam
Ky thuat va cong nghe: ky thuat va cong nghe lam thay doi ban chat cua qua
trinh san xuat nam an truyen thong nham nang cao ketqua va hieu quasan xuat nam
Quy mo san xuat cung la yeu to tac dong den phat trien san xuat, nen phat trien theo chidu hudng tang quy md san xuatldn, trong san xuat nam an chuyeu la tang quy
md sir dung nguyen lieu
theo phuong thuc nao la vo cungquantrong (hop tac xa, ho gia dinh hay to chuc kinh
te) Hinh thuc to chuc san xuatphai lam saotao su chu dongcao nhatcho ngudi nong dan
Trang 39Trinh do nguai lao dong phai duac nang cao de thuc hien tot cac bien phap ky thuat trong qua trinh san xuat nam an.
Chi phi dau tu cung la mot nhan to anh huong rat ldn den nang suatcung nhu chat luang nam an
+ Ca che chinh sach trong ho tra mo rongsan xuat
b Nhung nhan to anhhuongden quatrinhtieuthu naman
+ Thi truang tieu thu nam an
Phan ldn khoi luangnaman sanxuat ra duac tieu thu thong qua thi truang Thi truang nam an cung chiu anh huong boi cac quy luat cua thi truang, nhu quy luat giatri, quy luatcanh tranh, quyluat cung cau giong nhucacthitruang khac Su bien dongcua thi truanganh huangtruc tiep den luang cungvacau ve naman
+ Gia ca naman tren thi truang
Gia cua nam an duac xem nhu mot tinhieu dang tin cay, nophan anh tinhhinh
bien dong cua thi truang, neu gia ban ra cao thi luang tieu dung se giam tuang doi vanguac lai
+ Chat luang san pham
Day cung la yeu to anh huong co tinh chat quyet dinh doi vdi tinh hinh tieuthu
nam an Chat luang cua san pham phai dambao dung cac quy trinhky thuat, dieudo se gopphan lam tangluangcau ve nam an tren thi truang
+ Cau cua nguai tieudung
Day layeuto quan trong bac nhat anh huong den tieu thu sanpham nam an Khithu nhap cua nguai tieu dung tang len, ho co nhu cau tieu dung nhung san pham co
chat luangcao, trong do co nhu cau ve nam an
+ Kenh phan phoi san pham
Trang 40tieu thu nam tren thi truong larat cao, san pham se den vdi nguoi tieu dung mot each nhanh chong,nguoi tieu dung se dupe dung san pham chat luong tot nhatvanguoi san
xuat nam an cung dupe quay vong von nhanh giup cho qua trinh dau tu tai san xuat dupe md rong
+ Chinhsach trongho trotieuthusan pham
Chinh sach cung dong mot vai trd quan trong trong viec tieu thu san pham Chinh sach ho tro san pham tot se gop phan giup cho ca ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu
dung dat dupe muc tieuve cung cau san phamcua minh moteach nhanh chongvahieuquanhat
1.1.2.5 Cac chi tieu danh gid ve ket qua, hieu qua san xuat va tieu thu nam an
a Cac chitieu danh giaket qua san xuat naman
- Cac chitieutrue tiep: Khdi luong nguyen lieusu dung, san luong
+ Khdi luong nguyen lieu su dung: so lieu cua chi tieu nay dupe thong ke tir
thuc te Khdi luong nguyen lieu dupe dua vao su dung de san xuat nam an phan anh
quy mdphat trien nganh san xuat tai diaphuong
+ San luong nam an: dupethong ke tren tinh hinh thuc te (tan, ta, kg)
-Cac chitieugiantiep: Dien tichnhaxudngsan xuat nam; so ho san xuat nam+ Dien tichnhaxudng: dupethong ke tren tinhhinh thuc te (m2)
+ Soho tham gia: dupe thong ketrentinh hinh thuc te
- Chi tieu veco cau lao dong: so luong lao dong, chat luong lao dong
+ So luong lao dong: laso ngudi tham gia truetiep san xuat nam an dupe thong
ke tren tinh hinh thuc te tai huyen Tien Lang Day la chi tieu gop phan danh gia tinh hinh phattriensan xuat nam an tai diaphuong
+ Chat luong lao dong: dupe ket luan tir nhung phan tich ve tinh hinh boidudng, dao tao va chuyengiao tienbo ky thuat chongudi dan va tinh hinh ap dung vao
sanxuat tai huyen TienLang
b Cac chitieu danh giaketquatieuthu nam an
+ Cung cau, co cau, chung loaitren thi trudng, nhu cau sir dung
DAI HOC KTQD TT^NGTlNTtULVIEN I