Một số vấn đề về đổi mới công tác xây dựng dự án đầu tư tăng năng lực thiết bị thi công của doanh nghiệp xây dựng giao thông đường bộ

Thuc trang cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong b Tong cong ty xay dung Trubng son 61 II/- Phan tfch cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi c

Tran Van Khoi THU Vltwl

MOT SO VAN DE VE DOI M6l CONG TAC XAY DUNG DU AN DAU TV TANG NANG LUC THIET BI THI CONG CUA DOANH NGHIEP XAY

DUNG GIAO THONG DUONG BO

Ma so

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC KINH TE

Kinh

Trang

Chuong I : Noi dung va trinh tu xay dung du an dau tir

tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay

I/- Thiet bi thi cong va cfau tu' tang nang luc thi£t bi thi cong 10

1 Tam quan trong cua thiet bi thi cong trong doanh nghiep

2 Dau tu' tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong 12

3 Cac nhan to anh hirbng den cfau tir tang nang luc thiet

II/- Noi dung va trinh tu' xay dung dir an cfau tu' tang nang

1 Khai niem dir an cfau tir va nhu'ng yeu cau doi vdi viec

2 Noi dung va trinh tir xay dirng dir an cfau tir tang nang

3 Phirong phap danh gia kinh te tai chfnh doi vdi dir an

dau tu' tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong 35III/- Mot vai kinh nghiem ve xay dung dir an dau tu' cua

3 Noi dung xay dung du an dau lu 45

Chuong II : Phan tfeh thue trang xay d ung du an dau tu '

tang nang lue thiet bi thi eong b Tong eong ty xay dung

I/- Thuc trang cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang nang luc

thiet bi thi cong b Tong cong ty xay dung Trubng son 50

1 Nhung dac diem cua Tong cong ty xay dung Trubng

son anh hubng deh cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang

2 Thuc trang thiet bi thi cong cua Tong cong ty xay

3 Thuc trang cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang nang

luc thiet bi thi cong b Tong cong ty xay dung Trubng son 61

II/- Phan tfch cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang

nang luc thiet bi thi cong cho Cong ty xay dung 185

1 Nhu'ng can cb phap ly xay dung du an 65

2 Su can thiet phai dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong

3 Noi dung cong tac xay dung du an dau tu xay dung

du an dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua Cong ty

Ill / - Mot so ton tai va nguyen nhan anh hubng den cong

tac xay du’ng du an xay du’ng du an cfau tu lang nang lire

thiet bi thi cong b Tong Cong ty xay dung Trubng son 77

1 Nhung ton tai , nguyen nhan do yeu to khach quan mang lai 77

2 Nhung ton tai , nguyen nhan do you to chu quan cua ban

Chuong III : Kien nghi mot so giai phap doi moi cong

tac xay dung du an dau tir tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong

cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong dubng bo 87I/- Nhung yeu to co ban anh hirbng true tiep den viec doi

mdi cong tac xay dung du' an xay du’ng du an dau tir tang

nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao

1 Thi trubng xay du’ng giao thong dubng be) mb long vdi

2 Yeu c'au doi mdi nhanh chong ve ky Ihuat, chat luo’ng

3 Xu the canh tranh manh me va chiem lmh thi trubng

Viet nam cua cac Hang, Tap doan xay dung cua nude ngoai 91II/- Mot so quan diem co ban ve doi mdi cong tac dau tu

va xay du’ng du an dau tu’ tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong

doi vdi doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong dubng be) 92

2 Quan diem u’u lien theo muc lieu dap ting yeu cau

dir an dau tu tang nang lu'c tliiet bi thi cong cua doanh

1 Doi mdi cong lac to chuc xay dung dir an dau tu tang

nang lire thiSt bi thi cong cua doanh nghi&p 100

2 Day manh boat dong tao von dau tu tang nang lire thiet

bi thi cong trong xay dung dir an dau tu 104

3 Van dung phu'Ong phap dau thau thidt bi trong viec

quyei dinh giai phap lira chon thiet bi dau tu- 107

4 Doi mdi phuong phap va noi dung phan tfch danh gia

kinh te tai chfnh dir an xay dung dir an dau tu' tang nang

lire thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep 112

5 Doi moi chfnh sach vT mo cua Nha nude 124

PHAN M() HAl

Trong chidn lupc phat Iricn kinh t£ cua nude ta ddn nam 2000

va nhung nam tiep theo, muc tieu dirpc uu lien hang dau la van de xay dung co' sd ha lang, nhal la he thong du'dng giao thong du'dng bo.Vdi nhi'eu ngu'on von ihu hut lu ben ngoai hang chuc ty USD se dupedau 1 u cho chuong tr'inh nay Day la thdi cd va van hoi mdi cho cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong Viet nam vu'On len chiem linh thi trudng, phat Iricn doanh nghiep

De dap ring dupe nhu cau chiem linh thi trudng ngoai nhu'ng uu the ve nhan cong doi dao va re , ngu'on nguyen vat lieu co’ ban la san

co trong nu'Oc, van de co linh chat quan I long la co dupe nang luc

ldn cd doi hoi yeu can ky thuat va chat lu'png cao

Hien tai nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong cua Viet nam chu'a dap Ung dupe yen cau ve so lu'png va chat lu'png, chung loai , dong thdi nang luc ve tai chfnh qua han hep do do vide dau lu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep doi hoi phai cd budc di hop ly , hieu qua phu thuoc rat nhi'eu vao cong tac xay dung du an dau tu'

Thdi gian gan day da cd mot so nha nghien cuu ve cong tac xay dung du' an dau tu noi chung va tap (rung vao nghien cuu xay dung cac dir an dau tu vao cd sd ha tang, khach san du lich, cac nha may san xual cong nghiep, hang lieu dung vv Doi vdi van de lang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay du'ng giao thong dudng bo rat it tac gia de cap trong khi do van de nay dang la doi

hoi cap bach cua cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong trong qua trinh vuon ten phii hop vdi co che thi trubng Chfnh vi vay luan van chon de tai “ Mot so van de ve doi nidi cong tac xay dung du an dan tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xav dung giao thong dubng bo “ de nghien ciiu .

Doi tuong va pham vi nghien ciiu cua luan van

Cong tac xay du'ng dir an dau tu tang nang luc thiet hi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong dubng bo ( qua vi du thu'e lien b Tong cong ty xfiy dung Trubng son ) tuy nhien qua trinh nghien cu'u co de cap cac van de long the cd lien quan

Muc dich nghien ciiu

Thong qua Iy luan va thu'e lien luan van nham muc dich plian tich thu'e trang xay du'ng du' an dau tu' tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong

va de ra mot sb giai phap doi mdi cong tac xay du'ng du' an dau tir tang nang lu'e thiet hi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay du'ng giao thong dubng bo trong co che thi trubng

Phuong phap nghien cuu

Luan van sir dung phirong phap duy vat bien chiing Mac Le Nin ket hop chat che giu'a ly luan va thu'e tien, phu'Ong phap phan tich , tong hop, phu'Ong phap mb lunh hda

Nhung van de mdi ma luan van quan tain giai quyet

+ He thong hda nhung van de ve ly luan va phuOng phap luan lien quan den boat dong dau tu tang nang lu'c thiet bi thi cong trong tarn la cong tac xay dung du an dau tu tang nang lire thibt bi thi cong

+ Phan tich thu'e trang cong tac xay du'ng dir an (fan tu tang nang lu'c thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay du'ng giao thong

+ He thong boa mol so quail diem dau lu va xay dung dir an dau tu tang nang lire tliiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong du'o'ng bo trong dieu kien hien nay

+ Kien nghi mot so giai phap cu the Ihidt thuc doi mdi edng lac xay dung dir an dau tu lang nang lire thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep

- Doi mdi ve to chirc xay dung dir an ( trong do neu len quan diem ve chirc nang cua Tong cong ly trong tinli hinh mdi )

- Giai phap ihu hut von dau lu

- Giai phap 16 chirc dau than lira chon thiet bi

- Hoan lliicn phan tfch kinh le tai clifnh va van dung cac chi lieu trong xay dung dir an dau lu tang nang lire thief! bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong dirong bo

Noi dung va ket cau cua luan van

Ten luan van: “ Mot so van de ve doi mdi cong tac xay dung

du an dau tu tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong dirong bp “

Luan van duo'c chia lhanh 3 chuong khong ke phan mo dau phan ket luan, phu luc va tai lieu tham khao

Chuong I: Noi dung va trlnh tu xay dung dir an dau tu tang nang lire tliiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghipp xay dung giao thong duong bo

Chuong 11 : Phan tfch thuc trang cong tac xay dung du an dau

tu tang nang luc tliiet bi thi cong d Tong cong ty xay dung Tru'dng

Chuong 111: Kien nghi mol so giai phap doi mdi cong lac xay dung du an dau tu lang nang luc thiet bi thi cong cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong du’dng bo

CHU ’ ONG 1

NOI DUNG VA TRINH T U XAY DUNG D U AN DAU T U’ TANG NANG L UC THIET BI THI CONG CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP XDGT DU ' DNG BO

I/- THIET BI T I B CONG VA DAU TU ' TANG NANG LUC THIET BI THI CONG

1 - JCm quan trong cua thiet bi thi cong trong doanh nghiep XDGT duong bo :

1.1 Phan loai thiet bi thi cong :

Cung nhu cac loai hinh doanh nghiep khac, trong doanh nghiep xay dung, bo phan tai san co dinh san xuat - thiet bi, may moc ( trong doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong la thiet bi thi cong ) thuong la bo phan tfch cuc nhat va co vai tro rat quan trong doi voi hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep Do tinh da dang cua thiet bi ve so luong, chat luong, chung loai, nen de quan ly va su dung chung co hieu qua, can co cac cach phan loai theo tung goc do khac nhau :

al- Phan theo tinh hinh - si t dung, co:

- May moc thiet bi dung trong san xuat kinh doanh co ban, t.uc

la dung trong cong lac xay lap cua cac doanh nghiep;

- May moc thiet bi dung ngoai san xuat kinh doanh co ban, tUc

la dung cho cac hoat dong phu va phu tro, cac may moc thiet bi cho thud;

- May moc thiet bi chua dung hoac khong can dung, t.u'c la nhung thiet bi du tru hoac khong phu hop voi nhiem vu san xuat;

thiet bi da hir hong hoac qua lac hau.

bl- Phan then ngubn hinh thanh, co :

- Nguon phap dinh : Nhung thidt bi, may moc do Nha mrdc , hoac cap tren cap phat hoac duqc hinh thanh ban dau khi thanh lap doanh nghiep do cac cd dong dong gop

- Nguon tir co : Nhung thiet bi , may moc da dirqc cfau tir va mua sam bang cac quy Xi nghiep

- Nguon lien doanh : nhfrng thiet bi, may moc do cac don vi lien doanh, 1 ien kdt dong gop

(■/- Phan then doi tu'o’ng xay du'ng; co :

- Thiet bi thi cong cau;

- Tliiet bi thi cong dirdng;

Trong thiet bi thi cong dirdng lai phan ra :

(1) Tliiet bi van tai: xe tai, xe ben

(2) Thiet bi lam dat: may ui, may xuc, may lu

(3) Tliiet bi san xuat da

(4) Thiet bi thi cong mat dirdng, tram Iron be tong,may rai nhu'a,xe phun tudi nhn’a , lu rung

1.2. Tam quan trong cua tliidl bi thi cong trong DNXDGT dirdng bo

Thiet bi thi cong la mot bo phan quan trong trong tai san cd dinli cua doanh nghiep noi chung va lai san cd dinh san xuat la may moc, thiet bi thi cong Thong tlurdng, ty le gia tri may moc, thidt

bi thi cong trong TSCD san xuat cua Doanh nghiep xay dung

thi6t bi trong tai san co dinh san xuat khoang 50 %

Thidt bi thi cong la bo phfln TSCD san xuat tfch cue, bbi vi nd la

bo phan true tid'p tao ra lhanh qua ( Doanh thu, so luqng, chat luqng, tidn do thuc hien cong trinh xdy dung ) cua doanh nghidp xay dung, lang kha nang canh tranh Iren thi trubng va tang kha nang phat trien lau dai cua doanh nghiep

Nhln mot each tong quat, thidt bi thi cong la bo phan chu ydu cua co sb vat chat ky thuat trong xay dung, nd dai didn cho trinh do ky thuat va nang luc san xudt hidn cd cua doanh nghiep x&y dung Bdi vay, de phat huy tot vai trd cua nd trong san xuat kinh doanh xay dung, vide dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong b nude la hidn nay la mot vide lam can thiet

2 Dau tu tang nang luc tliiet bi thi cong :

2.1 Dau tu va dau tu co ban

Dau tu la sir bb von (lu ban) dai han vao kinh doanh nham muc dfch kidm lbi Hoat dong dau tir noi chung la sir bb von vao cac hoat dong trong cac Iinh vuc kinh td xa hoi de thu duoc loi fch dubi cac hinh thuc khac nhau

Dau tu cd nhieu loai, de lien quan ly, trong thuc tidn kinh doanh ngubi ta phan chung theo cac lieu thuc sau day :

- Phan loai theo noi dung kinh td

- Phfm loai theo muc lieu dau lu

- Phan loai theo muc do tham gia quan ly cua Chu dau tu vao doi luqng ma m'inh bb von

Phan loai theo noi dung kinh td Doi vdd doanh nghiep thirbng bao gom mol so linh vtrc sau :

- Dau tir vao lire lirong lao dong nham muc dfch tang ve so hrqng va chat cua sire lao dong thong qua vide luyen mo, thud mirdn va dao tao chuyen gia, can bo quan ly va cong nhan

- Dau tir xay dung co ban : Nham tao ra hoac nang cao muc do hidn dai tai san co dinh thong qua vide xay dung mod, dau tir cho thidt bi may moc cong nghd bang phat minh, mua ban quyen, bi quydt cong nghe

- Dau tir vao tai san Iiru dong nham dam bao sir hoat dong lien tuc, nhip nhang cua qua trinh kinh doanh do la tir lieu san xuat gia tri nhd, nguyen nhidn vat lieu, lien td phuc vu cho qua trinh kinh doanh

Phan loai theo muc lieu dau tir bao gom :

- Dau tir mdri : La hinh tlu'rc dira loan bo von dau tir de xay dung mot don vi kinh doanh moi co tir each phap nhan rieng

- Dau tir mua sam mod trang thidt bi may moc, cong nghd

- Dau tir co tinh chat " chien lirqc" : Nham tao ra nhu'ng thay doi

co ban doi vdd qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh

Dau tir ra ben ngoai bang cac hinh thuc mua cd phan, co phidu hoac lien doanh vdd cac don vi kinh te trong va ngoai nude

Phan loai theo muc do tham gia quan ly cua chii dau tir vao doi tirong ma minh bo von :

- Dau tir true tiep : NghTa la chii dau tir dong gop mot so von du Ion va ho trirc tiep tham gia vao vide quan ly, dieu hanh

- Dau tir gian tiep : Chu dau tir chi diroc pliep gop von dudd mot gidd han toi da, cho nen ho khong diroc quyen tham gia trirc tiep quan ly kinh doanh

- Cho vay(tfn dung) day la hinh thuc dau tu dudi dang cho vay kidm ldi qua lai suat cho vay

Dau tu co ban la hoat dong dau (u de tao ra cac tai san co dinh dua vao hoat dong trong cac linh vuc kinh te xa hoi nham thu duqc lqi fch dudi hinh thuc khac nhau

Dau tu co ban la mot trong nhung hinh thuc cua hoat dong dau

tu noi chung ma lqi fch thu duqc phai nhd co cac tai san co dinh De co duoc tai san co dinh chu dau tu co the thuc hien bang nhi'du cach : tien hanh xay dung, mua sam, thud Hoat dong dau tu co ban thuc hidn bang cach tien hanh xay dung cac tai san co dinh duqc goi la dau tu xay dung

co ban Xet mot cach tong quat thi khong mot hoat dong dau tu nao ma khong can phai co cac tai san co dinh Tai san co dinh bao gom toam

bo cac co so vat chat ky thuat du cac tidu chudn theo quy dinh cua Nha nudc

Qua trinh dau tu co ban toan bo cac hoat dong cua chu dau tu th khi bo von ddri khi thu duqc kdt qua thong qua vidc tao ra va dua vao hoat dong cac tai san co dinh Qua trinh dau t.u co ban bao gom cac giai doan chu yeu sau :Chuan bi dau tu , thuc hien dau tu va khai thac tai san dau tu

2.2 Dau tu tang nang luc tlh^d bi thi cong i

2.2.1 Tang mung luc thid't bi thi cong

Tang nang luc thiet bi thi cong la vidc ap dung cac ky thuat mdi,

co hidu qua hon the hien o cho khoi luqng va chat luqng san pham tang ldn nhung so lao dong tham gia vao qua trinh san xuat van giu nguydn hay ft hon, hoac la khoi luqng san xua't van giu nguydn nhung lidu hao lao dong ft hon, dong thdi khong lam tang so luqng thiet bi

Dau tu tang nang lire thidt bi thi cong theo chieu sau gan lien vdi viec doi mdi ky thuat, mua sam mdi cac thiet bi hien dai, hoan hao lion Dau tu theo chieu rong la (fau tu de mb rong qui mo san xuat , mb rong viec sir clung may moc thiet bi vdi ky thuat lap lai nhu cu Tang nang lire cua thidt bi theo chieu sau se lam tang hieu qua kinh td tfnh cho lefong von dau tir, nhirng thu'bng lai doi hoi von dau lu' co ban de mua sam thiet bi va xay dung Idn hon , chi pin bb ra mot fan lbn hon Tang nang lire cua thiet bi theo chidu rong khong lam tang hieu qua kinh te mot dong von, nhirng doi hoi von dau tir bb ra ban dau ft hon, phii hop vdi hoan canh thieu von Nilin v'd lau dai tang nang luc thiet bi theo chieu long cung co nhirng lac dung quan trong, nhat la b giai doan dau cua phat trien kinh te , vi no cung tao dibu kidn chuan bi cho phat trien , tang nang lire thidt bi theo chibu sau

2.2.2. Dau tu- tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong

De tang nang lire thiet bi thi cong co the tidn hanh theo mot so hinh thuc dau tir nhir sau :

- Thay thd nhfrng thiet bi da lac hau vb mat ky thuat va kinh td bang cac thiet bi thi cong lien bo va co hieu qua hon Co the mot may xay dung mdi tidn bo va co hieu qua hon cd chi phi qui doi tfnh cho mot don vi san pham cua may lam ra be hon khi so sanli b giai doan tliiet kd hay giai doan nhap khau may, nhirng clura chac da cd chi phi qui doi don vi be hon b kliau sir dung cu the sau nay, ndu tfnh den nhan to do

xa van chuyen may den cong trubng luc ban dau va quy mb khoi luqng cong tac cua may phai thuc hien Vi vay hidu qua kinh td cua viec dau tir tang nang lire tliiet bi phu tliuoc vao cac dieu kibn sir dung cu the

- Tien hanh cai tao va hien dai hoa cac may xay dung hien co,da

Khi khong bi han che ve von dau tu, thi viec ap dung ky thuat mOi le di nhien cang cao cang tot Khi thieu von dau tu cho mua sam thiet bi moi, trong khi do luc luong lao dong du thua va can phai tan dung, ke hoach ve co cau san pham dam bao ta co hai huOng giai quyet sau :

- Neu dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi mOi, hien dai ma de thieu hut von doi mOi , hien dai ma de thieu hut von doi vOi cac cong trinh khac, cong viec khac( ma nhung cong viec nay chi co the thuc hien bang may)

ma dan den cac cong viec tiep theo bang thu cong khong the tien hanh duoc va do vay co cau san pham khong thuc hien duoc dung ke hoach luc luong lao dong du thua khong duoc loi cuon vao san xuat Trong trubng hop nay khong nen dau tu mua sam thiet bi mOi, hien dai, ma chi nen dau tu mua sam cac thiet bi vOi trinh do ky thuat nhu cu, du de mua sam may moc thiet bi cho tat ca cac loai cong tac yeu cau phai sn dung may Dieu do tao dieu kien cho lao dong thu cong tiep tuc cung tham gia cac cong viec con lai, va nhu vay co cau san pham duoc bao dam

3- Cac nhan to anil hirbng toi dau tir tang nang lire thiet bi

3.1 Till trubng xay du'ng dubng giao thong

ca hien tai va trong nhung thap ky tdi , dd thu'e hien nhiem vu cong nghiep hda , hien dai hda, nhu cau phai trien dubng giao thong la rat Ion Song kha nang dap ring cua ta vd nhi'du mat con qua thap Tuy vay nhung nam g'an day, (hue hien co che thi trubng , cac doanh nghidp xay dung cua la cung da vuon len doi mdi loan dien dd tang kha nang canh tranh va kha nang dap Ung nhu cau Them nua, nhi'du cong ty nudc ngoai, vdi cong nghd va ky thuat hien dai da cd mat trdn thi trubng xay dung giao thong b nudc la, nen lam cho sir van dong cua thi trubng nay cang them soi dong NgUbc lai nhi'du doanh nghiep giao thong cua ta da tham gia lien doanh dau th'au va thang th'au quoc id, lam mb rang thi trubng xay dung Di'eu do anil hubng tdi muc lieu doi mdi, qui mo va toe do doi mdi thidt bi b cac doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong b ta

3.2. Dinh hirbng phat trien lau dai cua cac doanh nghidp

Dau tu XDCB noi chung va cfau lu tang nang lire thiet bi noi ridng khong phai la mot vide lam nhat thbi , ma la mot van cfe co tfnh chidn Iuo’c, lau dai cua doanh nghidp Bbi vay, dau tu tang nang lire thiet

bi phai nham tnrdc hdt la phuc vu nhung muc tidu, nhiem vu co tfnh chidn lucre cua doanh nghidp Cac muc tidu, nhiem vu do thubng dupe hoach dinh trong chidn lube kinh doanh, chidn lucre dau tu va chidn lucre trang bi ky thuat cua doanh nghidp Trong mot chung muc nhat dinh, muc tidu , nhiem vu do vira la can cir de xay dung du an dau

tu, viia la co sb de phan tfch lira chon dir an Tom lai, chat lirpng viec hoach dinh chien liroc phat trien doanh nghidp co anh hirdng ldn tdi chat luong cong tac xay dung dir an dau tu tang nang luc thidt bi thi cong

3.3 Giai phap huy dong von va sir dung von

Thong thirdng giira von tai chfnh va nhu cau dau tir tang nang lire thidt bi thi cong la inftu thuftn nhau : Von co han, con nhu cau dau tu cho ca chieu sau va chieu rong deu ldn Bdi vay lira chon dung giai phap huy dong von ( chang han tim chon dung doi tac lien doanh) se gop phan vao viec khac phuc mat can doi tram trong da ndu d trdn Mat khac, biet lira chon dung giai phap sir dung von ( chang han bidt dau tu vao cac thiet bi thiet yeii , chu lire, ma d do cong suat thidt bi dupe huy dong toi da , ket hop vdi van dung chfnh sach di thud,cho thud thiet bi )

se tang dupe thidt bi vdi mot lirpng von ban dau

3.4 Thuc trang thiet bi va sire canh tranh cua doanh nghiep

d nude la, dfiy cung la mot nhfm id cd anh hirdng ldn tdi dliu lu tang nang lire thidt bi Nhin chung, cac doanh nghiep xay dung trinh do cua cong nghe- thiet bi tiling binh va lac hau, thidt bi nhieu

( lao dong thu cong con cao) ndn chat lupng cong trinh (hap, tidn do ikeo dai sue canh tranh yeu Thuc trang do chira cho phep sur dung giai phap dau tir b at, nong voi , ma can tfnh loan , lira chon mot each chat che, (hue sir dua ra nhirng phirong an kha thi vdi hieu qua cao

3.5 Dac diem cua doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong Noi chung, doanh nghiep xay dung giao thong cung cd chung nhirng dac diem cua doanh nghiep xay dirng( san pham cd dinh, thuc thi ngoai trbi, dia ban hay thay doi ) tuy vay ndu trong xay dung cong trinh

cong nghiep ma ket qua cua no la nhung doanh nghiep tao ra san pham

cung cap cho thi trudng thi trong xay dung giao thong se t.ao ra nhung

san pham cung cap cac dich vu cho con ngudi ( di lai ) Boi tinh chat

san pham cua no la nhung hang hoa cong cong, nen su dieu tiet va quan

ly phu thuoc rat nhieu vao Nha nudc Den luqt no, chfnh sach quan ly

vy mo co anh huong rat ldn d£n dau tu va xay dung cong trinh giao

thong d day khi xet ve dac diem co mot di£m nua can dac biet chu y

tdi la : vdi doi tuqng dau tu la cau du’dng la cac san pham luon o trang

thai tinh, thi doi tuqng dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi la nhung san pham O

"trang thai dong" vdi chu ky dau tu ngan hon, thi trudng trao doi mua

ban rong rai hon , tinh chat su dung linh hoat hon,viec di chuyen vi tri

cua chung la het shc de dang Boi vay trong xay dung cac du an dau

lu lang nang luc thiet hi thi cong, viec lua chon va tien tdi " do nhay "

hay rui ro la het shc can thiet

TANGUNANG_ lucthiet bithlcong

l- Khai ni e mve du an d du ti n va n h u n g y eu cau cl iu vnu db i

y _ dLv i ee_xvy _du n g du_ an dau lu.

Trong thuc tien, du an dau tu thudng duqc coi la cac bien phap

bao dam von duqc su dung dung muc dich va sinh lqi Theo " Dieu le

quan ly dau tu va xay dung " ( Ban hanh theo ND 177/CP ngay 20

thang 10 nam 1994 cua Chinh phu) thi " du an dau tu la mot tap hqp

nhung de xuat ve viec bo von de tao indi, mo rong hoac cai tao nhung

doi tuqng nhat dinh nham dat duqc su tang trudng v'e so luqng, cai tien

hoac nang cao chat luqng cua san pham hay dich vu nao do trong mot

khoang thdi gian xac dinh " Day la mot khai niem tuong doi hoan

chinh vd dir an dau tu Tuy vay de hieu duqc thuc chat cua nd, can xeni xet no tren cac khfa canh chu yeu sau :

- Trdn goc do ke hoach hda : Du an dau tu la mot don vi nho nhat cua kd' hoach dinh hirdng, do do bao gid dir an cung co muc tieu cu the duqc the hien 0 hai muc do muc tieu phat trien va muc tieu tru'dc mat : Muc lieu phat trien la muc tieu vd hidu qua cac tac dong kinh te xa hoi mang lai cho ndn kinh Id' do thuc hidn du an Muc tidu trudc mat la nhung dong gop vao thuc hidn muc tidu phat trien ma du an phai dat duqc trong pham vi cac nguon luc va thbi gian nhat dinh cua chu dau tu Hay noi each khac muc lieu dat duqc cua du an phai phii hop vdi dinh hudng cua Nha nudc

- Xet d gdc do muc dfch true tid'p cua dau tu, du an bao gid cung tao ra cac kd't qua cu the, cac kdt qua dd luon cd the dinh luqng duqc tir cac hoat dong khac nhau trong qua trinh thuc hien dir an tao ra

- Xet ve noi dung dir an bao gom mot tap hop cac hoat dong cd lien quan vdi nhau do la nhung nhidm vu hoac hanh dong duqc thuc hien de tao ra cac kd't qua cu the Nhung nhiem vu va cac boat

cung vdi mot thbi gian bieu va trach nhidm cu th£ cua cac bq phan thuc hien se tao thanh ke hoach thuc hien du an

- Xet vd chi phi , mot du an bao gib cung phai str dung cac nguon luc xac dinh La cac nguon vSt chat, tai chinh, lao dong can thidt

de tien hanh cac hoat dong Gia tri cac chi phi cho cac nguon luc la gia tri cua von dau tu Toan bq cac nguon luc cua du an duqc quan ly va kd' hoach hda sir dung de dat duqc muc dfch dau tu

cac van de : Thi trubng, kinh te, ky thuat vv Co anh huong true tie'p tdi

su van hanh khai thac va tfnh sinh loi cua cac cong cuoc dau tu

Tom lai ta co the dua ra mot dinh nghia tuong doi hoan chfnh ve

du an dau tu nhu sau : Du an da.u tu la mot tap hop cac hoat dong co lien quan vdi nhau duoc ke hoach hoa nham dat duoc cac muc tieu da dinh bang viec tao ra cac ket qua cu the trong mot thbi gian nhat dinh , thong qua viec su dung cac nguon luc xac dinh

Viec xay dung du an dau tu la mot viec quan trong, nghiem tuc boi no xac dinh quyen loi, nghia vu cua chfnh ban than cac don vi lap

du an trudc doi tac nudc ngoai, trudc Nha nudc va trudc nhan dan Chfnh vi vay du an dau tu co cac vai tro sau :

- La can cu quan trong nhat de quyet dinh su bo von dau tu

- La phuong tien de tim doi tac trong va ngoai nudc hen doanh

bo von dau tu

- La phuong tien thuyet phuc cac to chuc tai chfnh lien le trong

va ngoai nudc tai tro hoac cho vay von

- La co so de xay dung ke hoach thuc hien dau tu, theo doi, don doc qua trinh thuc hien va kiem tra qua trinh thuc hien du an

- La van kien co ban de cac co quan Nha nudc xem xet, phe duyet, cap giay phep dau tu

- La can cu quan trong de theo doi, danh gia va co nhung dieu chfnh kip thdi nhung ton tai va vudng mac trong qua trinh thuc hien va khai thac cong trinh

-Co tac dung tfch cuc de giai quyfit cac van de nay sinh trong quan he giua cac ben co lien quan den thuc hien du an

- La can cu quan trong de xem xet su ly hai hoa moi quan he ve quyen loi va nghia vu giua cac ben tham gia lien doanh, giUa lien

doanh va Nha nude Viet nam Va cung la co sd phap ly dd xet str khi cd tranh chap giua cac ben tham gia lien doanh

- La can cu quan trong dd xay dung hop dong lidn doanh, soan thoa Dieu le cua Xf nghiep lien doanh

Ve yen can cua mot diCan bao gom :

+ Tinh khoa hoc va he thong : De dam bao yeu cau nay vide xay dirng dir an phai co mot qua trinh nghien ciru ky ludngva tinh loan chfnh xac tirng noi dung mot Nhidu noi dung cua dir an rat phuc tap nhu : Phan tfch tai chfnh, phan tfch hieu qua kinh td xa hoi, phan tfch ky thuat, xay dirng tien do sir dung von vv Nhu'ng noi dung nay can co cac chuyen gia chuyen sau nghien ciru , phfin tfch giup dd du'a tren co sd nhu'ng thong tin cd can cir tin cay

+ Tfnh phap ly : Dir an diroc Nha mrdc hoac co quan cdtham quyen cho phep dau tir phai la dir an phu hop vdi chfnh sach phat trien kinhtd' va dinh lnrdng ctau lu cua dat nude Muon vay xay dirng dir an tnrdc het phai nghien cuu that ty my nhu'ng van de mang tfnh chat phap

ly cd lidn quan

+ Tfnh (hire tien : Mot dir an cd tfnh thirc lien se cho phep giam bdt nhung rui ro trong qua trinh thuc hien De dat diroc didu dd dir an can diroc xay dirng trong hoan canh cu the ve von, ve mat bang ve dieu

tir, cac td chirc tai chfnh, xa hoi tai tip hay cho vay von hoac cap cd tham quyen cua Nha mrdc cho phep dir an boat dong tin viec xay dirng dir an phai luan theo nhung quy dinh chung cua thong Id quoc td

+ Tfnh phong dinh : Ngay cum tir " Du' an dau tu' " cung ndu

duqc tfnh phong dinh cua dir an Cho du dir an co duqc chuan bi ky

lircrng den dau no cung chi la mot tai lieu co tfnh chat dir tfnh, du' bao ve

khoi luqng san pliam, ve quy mb san xuat , gia ca, chi phi nguon tai trq

vvv Dir an khong th£ phan anh day du moi ydii to se chi phoi den cac

hoat dong cua no trong thuc lien Nhi'du trubng hop von sir dung trong

thuc id' cua du an cao hon rat nhi'du so vbi so lieu tfnh loan dua ra Tuy

nhien dir an duoc chuan bi cang ky va co co sb khoa hoc se giiip cho

vide thuc hidn giam bbt tdi thieu nhung rui ro co lh£ xay ra

2 Noi dung va trinh tu xay dung du an dau tu tang nang luc

thiet bi thi cong

2.1 Noi dung cua du an (fan tu lang nang lu'c thiet bi thi cong

Cung nhu cac dir an dau tu khac , noi dung du an dau lu lang

nang lire thiet bi thi cong duqc xac dinh dua Iren co sb van dung cac van

ban quy dinh va hubng dfin cua Nha nudc vd xay dung du an, cung nhu'

ap dung cac kidn thu’e mdi nhat va cac kinh ngliiem cua nudc ngoai

*

nham nang cao chat luqng vide xay dung va lua chon du an

Xay dung du an va tharn dinh du an la hai cong vide quan trong

nhat cua giai doan chuan bi dau tu Kdt qua xay dung dir an la phai dua

ra bao cao nghien ciru kha thi Vi vay, noi dung duan duqc the hidn day

••

du, chi tidt b trong bao cao nghien ciiu kha thi ‘

Noi dung va trinh tu xay dung dir an dau tu giai doan hien nay

■ x*

duqc thuc hidn theo Dieu Id quail ly dau tu va xay dung ban hanh kem

theo Nghi dinh sb 177/CP ngay 20/10/1994 cua Chinh phu

Bao cao kha thi la van kien duqc nghidn ciiu day du sail sac ,

loan didn nhat vd dir an de quyet dinh buy (long von vao (Tau lu Theo

huong din cua Nha nudc tai Nghi dinh 177/CP va thong tu Lien Bo so 04/TTLB ngay 9/1 1/1991 cua UBKH Nha nirdc-Bo Xay dung bao cao kha thi (LCKTKT ) bao gom 9 chuong :

Chuong I : Nhung can cu de nghibn cun vb su clan thidt phai dau tuBao gom mot so noi dungco ban sau :

a) Xuat sir va cac can eft phap ly : Mo ta nguon goc cua dir an,

cac nghien cuu va dieu Ira da thuc hibn , cac thba thuan da dal dupe

Can cii phap ly bao gom : Can cii ve tu’ each phap nhan ; van ban cho phep nghien cuu dir an ; cac chung tir phap ly vb kha nang huy dong von , nang lire cua chu dau tu ; cac thba thuan vb sir dung dai dai, huy dong tai san ; van ban giam dinh tifr lupng cua Hoi dong giam dinh quoc gia

b) Nguon goc tai lieu sir dung: Mb ta phuong phap , thbi gian,

co quan cung cap va muc do tin cay cua tai lieu

c) Phan tfch cac ket qua dieu Ira cot ban ve tir nhien , tai nguyen kinh te xd hoi Cac tai lieu co ban dua vao du an nham db phan tfch giai quyet cac yen 16 anh hirdng true tiep den cac giai phap cua du an

d) Cac chfnh sach kinh te xd hoi lien quan den phat trien ngdnh jihifng uu tien du'q’c phan dinh

Nhung chfnh sach nay giiip cho cac nha lap du an chung minh 2 noi dung sau :

- Nhu’ng dieu kien tien quybi dir an phai dam bao

- Nhung uu dai cd the dupe hirdng

d) Cac dac diem ve quy hoach va ke hoach phat trien

Mdi du an khi thiet lap can phai chung to vi tri cua minh trong quy hoach va ke hoach phat trien

e) Muc tieu dau tu :

Muc tieu dau tu la cd sd dU xem xet ldi fch va xem xet cho huong cac uu dai dau tu , chinh ssach dau tu

g) Phan tfch thi tru ' dng

Qua trinh nghien cuu thi trudng di th thu tPap phan tfch cac hien tuqng cua qua khu cac hoat dong thi trudng hien tai , cac moi quan he anh hudng, th do rut ra cac quy luat de’ du hao cho tudng lai

Cac can cu vn thi trudng :

+ Nhu can hien tai, du bao nhu cau tudng lai vn cac mat so luong, chat luong,gia ca vv cac ngu'on dap ung nhu cau hien tai Phan tfch quan he cung cau, du bao muc do gia tang cung cap trong tudng lai,

su thieu hut so vdi nhu cau thi trudng

4 Cac can cd ve khc nang ph at trh nsan xuat : Q uy md, nyng luc hien tai cua nganh ( chi rd dia chi )va nang luc huy dong Danh gia tinS trang hoat dong hien tai va nPip do tang trudng trong tudng lai ( so luong, chat luong , tieu thu), cac yeu to han cPc cua cac thiet bi Su doi hoi phu hop vdi quy trinh ky thuat mdi va cong nghe mdi trong xay dung dudng d Viet nam

+ Tinh hinh xuat nhap khau trong thdi gian qua, du kien tudng lai ( so luong gia ch ) Xac dinh chu ky, thdi gian hoat dong hun hieu cua thiet bi

+ Du bao vn khoi luong cong tac, gia thanh shn pham , khh nang canp tanh vdi cac doanh nghiep tpi cong khac trong va ngoai nudc, kPa nang t.ham nhap thi trudng xay dung, hudng lua chon thi trudng

h) Gib'i thieu ve san pham chfcfc lita clion ( dac didm,tfnh

nang,tac dung,quy each,lieu chuan hinh thuc )

Chuong II : Lua chon hinh thu’e cfau tu va cong suat

Bao gom mot so noi dung sau :

a) Phftn tfchcac didu kidn va lqi fch cua vice huy dong nang luc cua cac may moc thidt bi hien dai, dau tu chi'du sftu, trang bi lai cac thidt

bi da co so vdi dau tu mdi tir dd de chon phuong an dau tu

b) Phan tfch cac dieu kien , cac yeu to de lira chon hinh thu’e dau

tu ( lien doanh, vay ngfin hang , sir dung von tu cd , ngdn sach c£p phat vv )

c) Phan tfch lira chon cong suat thfch hop : Neu cac phu’Ong an dau tu may moc thidt bi , lira chon cong suat tdi iru, kha thi

Chu’dng III: Chuong trinh san xuat va yeu cac cau dap Ung

a) Chuong trinh san xuat

Khi nghien cun xay dung chuong trinh san xuat can giai quydt cac noi dung sau :

- Co cau san pham : So luqng san pham hang nam , chat luqng gia ca, cac dac diem ve chat luqng san pham , du kien ve khoi luqng cong lac hang nam Khoi luqng cong tac chfnh, phu

- Tinh hinh san xuat : Chay thu, khai Iliac , van hanh, chay het cong suat, hdi thdi han sir dung

- Chuong trinh sir ly tai san het kha nang hoat dong

b) Cac nhu cau dau vao va chuong trinh cung ting

- Tren co sd dinh mi'rc kinh td ky thuat tfnh loan cac nhu cau va

cap, chi phi va lich trinh cung cap.

- Cac giai phap dam bao ket cau ha fang va phuc vu san xuat c) Chuong trinh han hang - lieu thu san pham

Doi vdi du an dau tu tang nang luc thiet bi lieu thu san pham phai phu hop vdi nhu can phat trien ve xay dung cac cong trinh giao thong , phu hop vdi ke hoach va yen cau vc ky thuat mdi trong tuong lai

ChUdng.1V: Lua chon ve khu vtrc dia diem va dia chi cu the

De lira chon dupe dia diem dau tu- ( hoach quyel dinh dau tu) can phai nghien ctru it nhat la 2 phuong an Mdi phuong an can phan lich cac mat sau :

a) Phan tich cac dieu kien co ban :

- Dieu kien tu nhien

- Dieu kien xa hoi va ky thuat :

b) Phan tfch kinh td dia diem :

- Cac chi phi lien quan ddn dau tu von cd dinh, thiet ke co ban khac vv

- Cac chi phi lam tang chi phi dau vao , anh hudng tdi gia ca, lieu thu san pham

c) Phan tfch cac lpi ich va anh hudng xa hoi

- Nhung anh hudng doi vdi ddi song dan cu, vdi sinh boat xa hoi , phong luc lap quan, bao ve mdi trudng sinh lhai vv

Chuong V : Lua chon cong nghe ky thuat

La budc phan tich de lira chon cong nghe va lira chon thiet bi nham san xuat ra san pham phu hop vdi yeu cau ma thi trudng mong dpi ca ve chat lirpng va chi phi

a) Ve cong nghd :

- Neu cac phuong an cong nghe, so sanh tfnh hien dai tinh kinh

td va cac dac diem khac cua tong cong nghd, lya chon cong nghe toi uu

- Noi dung chuyen giao cong nghe va sy can thiet phai chuydn giao, gia ca, phuong thuc thanh toan, cac dieu kien tyidp nhan chuydn giao

- Giai phap su ly kha nang gay ra o nhiem moi trudng sinh thai

- Lya chon quy mo va phuong an xay dyng , mua sam cac cong trinh thidt bi phuc vu

- Giai quydt phuong an thong tin, van chuyen

b) Thidt bi :

- Liet ke cac nhu cau thidt bi can thidt , loai thidt bi, so luong

- Chon loc thidt bi : tinh nang, thong so ky thuat, cac dac tinh ky thuat chu ydu, didu kien bao duong, sua chua, thay thd Dieu kien lap dat, van hanh va dao tao ky thuat

Chuong VL: Giai phap xay dyng va to chuc thi cong xay lap

a) Giai phap xay dyng

- Xac dinh tieu chuan cap cong trinh, giai phap kidn truc

- Cac kdt cau chu ydu, nhung yeu cau ve cong nghe, ky thuat va thidt bi

- Khoi luong cac hang muc, nhu cau, dieu kien, phuong an cung cap nguyen vat lieu

- Cac bien phap bao ve moi trudng, ve sinh cong nghiep, an toan lao dong

b) To chuc thi cong xay lap va tong tidn do xay dyng

- Didu kien lo chuc thi cong, dieu kien lya chon giai phap, hinh thuc thi cong tren co so so sanh cac phuong an kinh te ky thuat

- Phan tfch, lira chon phuong an tong tien do.

ChiTOng VII : To chuc quan ly san xufft va bo tri lao dong

a) So do 16 chuc quan ly san xuat

- To chuc quan ly dieu hanh duqc to chuc va quy dinh tiiy theo lnnh thu'e cua XI nghiep

- To chuc cac bo phan san xuat

- To chuc lieu thu san pham

b) Nhan luc

- Nhu cau ve nhan lire duqc xac dinh can cu vao quy trinh cong nghe, thong tin tir cac nha san xuat thiet bi hoac tir cac dinh mii'c da hinh thanh Tir mure do huy dong cong suat va lheri gian lao dong tuong urng vdi tirng thiet bi trong day truyen san xuat

- Nhu cau nhan luc gian tiep ( quan tri, dieu hanh) true tiep lao dong gian don

- Can cu vao nhu cau nhan luc se tfnh duqc lirong cua tirng Ioai lao dong va tong quy luong tir do de ra chuong trinh dao tao tay nghe

Chuong VIII :Phan tfch tai chinh - kinh le

a) Xac dinh tong nhu cau von dau lu can thiet

- Xac dinh thanh phan von ( von cd dinh, von luu dong ) nguon von , hinh thu'e gop von, tie'n do bo von

b) Cac bieu tfnh loan

- Tong chi phi san xuat, doanh thu

- Du trii lo, lai, tong ket tai san

- Didm boa von , thdi gian hoan von

- Phan tfch do nhay, cac ydu td hidn dong chinh

c) Phan tfch kinh te xa hoi

- Gia tri san pham hang hoa gia tang

- Tfnh da dang hoa san xuat

- Vide lam va thu nhfip

- Dong gop ngan sach

- Thue thu ngoai te

- Cac loi fch v'd mat xa hoi - mdi trudng

Chuong IX : To chuc thuc hien - ket luan - kien nghi cac chfnh sach

- Giai doan tien dau tir

- Giai doan dau tu

- Giai doan di vao boat dong

Trong mdi giai doan ngirbi ta thuc hien nhu'ng cong vide cu thedidn ra theo trinh tu nhat dinh

Sa do 1: Cac giai doan dau tu va xay dung Giai doan 1

CHUAN BI DU AN DAU TU'Nghien cuu co

hoi dau tu

Nghien cuu tien kha thi

Nghien cuu kha thi Tha.m dinh ra

quyet dinh dau tu

Lap dat thiet

bi may moc

Van hanh thu

Giai doan 3

GIAI DOAN DI VAO HOAT DONG

Sau day, chung ta se de cap den noi dung chfnh can phai giai quy£t trong qua trinh xay dung du an

+ Nghien cuu lua chon cu hoi dau tu

Cac yeu to kfch thfch viec nghien cuu dau tu co the la tai nguyen chua su dung, thi trudng chua du'pc thoa man loi fch kinh te' co the thu duoc

Cac yeu to nay co the duoc khai thac khi co moi trudng dau tu thuan loi Moi trudng dau tu thuan loi la boi canh , la nhung dieu kien

de dau tir phat trien Cac nha dau tir thirbng quan tarn ddn didu kien tidp nhan dau tu’, cac the che khuydn khfch va sir on dinh De khuydn khfch dau tir moi nirbc ddu co he thong cac chfnh sach nham tao moi trubng khuydn khfch dfiu tir phat trien He thong cac chfnh sach fiy (huong xuyen diroc bo sung, dieu chfnh tiiy thudc vao cac muc tidu cua Nha nude

Nghien ciru lira chon co hoi (fau tir la vide lam co y thuc cua cac nha kinh doanh nham tim kiem cac kha riang, didu kien tot nhfft de (fan tir phat trien Cac nha dau tir thirbng xuyen chi dao ho may nghiep vu cua minh nghien ciru long ket hoat dong san xufit kinh doanh, nghien ciru cac kha nang khai thac cac li'dm nang va dac bidt la nghidn ciru boat dong thi trubng de tim kiem co hoi (fan hr Day cung la mot noi dung quan trong trong hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh de duy tri va mb rong nang lire kinh doanh bao loan von dau tir Ngubi la thirbng phai thong qua vide phan tfch, kiem Ira lai cac dir bao co hoi ma tidn hanh lira chon

so bo dd trien khai budc tiep theo

+ Nghien ciru tien kha thi

Co co hoi da lua chon, loai trir cac nhan id khong thfch hop, cac chu dfiu lu’ thong qua cac nha chuydn mon,cac td chuc tir vfin lien hanh giai doan nghidn ciru kha thi Nghidn cuu tien kha (hi la cong vide bat buoc nham loai bo bdt cac vfin de khong c'fin thiet trirbc khi chuyen sang nghidn ciru kha thi Giai doan nay giiip cho cac nha dau til dinh hubng nghidn cuu va tiet kiem chi phi chuan bi dau tir

Tieu chufin de lira chon kha nang chfnh ydu la :

- Phil hop vbi chfnh sach phat trien kinh Id cua Nha nirbe

- Co thi trubng lidu thu, nnTc dd canh tranh khong gay gat

- Cd hidu qua kinh te

- Phu hop vdi kha nang lai chfnh cua chu dau tir

- Mang tfnh kha thi cao

- Thuc chat day la birdc lira chon dir an dau tu- trong vo so co hoi dura ra Sau khi da lira chon dupe hirdng dau tu thi 16 chifc xay dung dir

an tien kha thi De tham dinh ky ludng tfnh kha thi cua du an ngudi ta phai xay dung, nghien cun dir an 6 giai doan kha thi

+ Nghien cuu kha thi

Giai doan nghien cuu kha thi thuc hien khoi lirpng nghien cuu

Cac tai lieu dieu tra co han, cac phan tfch tfnh loan de xuat trong giai doan nay doi hoi phai dat do chfnh xac cao Theo quy dinh tai Dieu le quan ly XDCB ban hanh kem theo Nghi dinh 385/HDBT , tin muc do sai so cho phep trong giai doan nay khong vupt qua 5 % Day la co hoi cuoi cung va quan trong nhat de cac nha dau tu lira chon cac giai phap toi uu cho minh trudc khi ra quyet dinh bb von Cac nha quan ly Nhanude thong qua viec danh gia lirng noi dung trong van kien nay, ma

ma du an mang lai de ra quyet dinh cho phep dau lu va gianh cho cac nha dau tu cac quyen dupe hudng cac uu dai v'd dau tu Bao cao kha thi ( LCKTKT ) phai co noi dung phan tfch day du , khong cd thieu sot ve

so lieu Bao cao nay phai chu dao de ngudi ra quyet dinh khong con phat hien dupe di'eu gi bb sot hoac ban khoan Tiep theo nghien cuu kha thi la budc tham dinh va ra quyet dinh dau tir Tong hpp lai cac giai doan va noi dung chfnh cua lung cong vi$c ta cd so do sau ( so do 2) :

Sa do 2 : Cac giai d oan nghien cuu xay dung du an dau tu

Ydu td kfch thfch vide nghien cuuTai nguyen chua

Giai doan nghidn cuu co hoi do chu dau tu’

lam, tai lidu tfch luy co san , khong didu tra,

chi phf khong dang kd

Dung lai danh gia

chi ra nhung vide

tiep hoac khong lam

Giai doan nghidn cuu tidu kha thi so bp xac dinh khung du' an loai trir cac ydu to, do cac

nha chuydn mon lap

I

Dung lai kidm

tra ra quydt dinh

chi ra nhung vidc

tidp tuc hoac

an , quy mo, dia didm, phan tfch thi trubng, chuong trinh cung cap ,cong nghd,to chuc dau tu, von dau tu, phan tfch tai chinh , kinh td , lqi tuc

iThay doi y do phan tfch cac tai lidu co so trudc luc lap

t

Thay doi y do nghidn cuu lai

_ ! ■

Bd sung didu chinh

3 phap danh gia kinl i te tai chml i do L vdi du'an dau ti r tang nang luc thiet hi thi cong cua doanh nghiep

Danh gia du an la qra trinh nhu do mot doanh nghiep cung nhuNha nudc va cac nha c£p von xac dinh xem mot du an co thoa man duoc nhung muc tier kinh te xa hoi cua han than hay khong Dong thdi xem xet muc do hier qra ve cac mat cua du an do nhu the nao trudc khi

ra qryet dinh cho thuc hien

So do sar day cua chuong trinh phat trien Lien hop qroc cho thay qra trinh phan tfch danh gia mot du an qra cac giai doan :

So do 3 :

- Tidn luan chu n g

- Luan chung KTKT gia du

Danh

Xac dinh han dar la vach ra nhung net khai qrat ve muc tier va yer car vdi du an Du kien ngron von va cac hien phap thuc hien dier

do Giai doan nay cung co the la ket qra cua mot du an trong qra khu

Phan tfch danh gia du an duoc tien hanh trong giai doan chran

hi dar tu qra cac hudc tien Iran chung va Iran chung, khi dua du an vao khai thac mot thdi gian hop ly se duoc danh gia lai Bat ky mot du

an nao cung phai duqc danh gia loan dien cac klua canh , ky thuat , kinh

le , moi trirdng va luat le de danh gia duqc can phai phan tfch nhung van

de da neu d Iren va sir dung mot so nhu' tr6n danh gia hieu qua cua dir an

3.1 Phan tfch hieu qua von dau tir:

Dd dinh luqng hieu qua von dau lu' doi vol cac dir an ngirdi tathudng dung cac chi lieu sau :

- Gia tri hien tai rdng ( NPV )

- Xuat thu lqi noi tai (IRR)

- Ty so lqi fch-chi phf (B/C)

- Thdi gan hoan von (T,,)

- Ty suat lqi fch ban dau ( FIR )

3.1.1 Gia tri hien lai long :

( Net present value - NPV )

Gia tri hien tai rdng la hieu so giua tong gia tri hien tai hda cuadong lqi fch va tong gia tri hien tai hda cua dong chi phf:

t=0 ( 1+ i ) ‘ t=m+l (1+i)' (1+i)

Trong dd :

I, : Chi phf hang nam trong giai doan xay dung

m : So nam xay dung dir an

B( ,Ct: Nhung khoan thu va chi trong giai doan khai thac dir an

n : Tudi kinh le cua dir an

i : Suat hien lai hda

Chi tidu NPV bid'n dong liiy theo sir lira chon snAI hien lai hoa I Khi NPV hang o thi chung to Iqi ich cua dir an vira bii du chi phi Neu NPV duong cang Idn cang co loi.

Chi tieu NPV chi rd muc do sinh lqi cua dir an Do la di'du milnha dau tir quan tarn dau tien Tuy vay nlnroc di£m cua nd la NPV

sd NPV Song von dau tir cua chung cd the hon, kem nhau nhi'du Motnhiroc diem khac la NPV phu thudc vao suat hien tai hoa duqc lira chon ( Suat hien tai hoa cang be thi NPV cang Idn va ngirqc lai )

Khi NPV duong chung to thing du tien td hidn tai hoa ma doanh nghiep mong rut ra duqc tir nhung thu nhap trong luong lai

NPV duqc dung linn tieu chuan loai bo ( Khi du an co NPV < 0) hoac dung linn tieu chuan lira chon ( khi so sanh du an , chon du an cd NPV cao hon ) Can chii y la NPV khong the so sanh nhung du’ an mil von dau tu ban dau khac nhau nhi'eu

3.1.2 Suat thu loi noi tai

( Internal Rate of Return - IRR )

Suat thu lqi noi lai cua mot du an ( IRR ) la ty suat mil tai dd giatri hien tai thuc NPV = 0

Cac ky hieu khac sir dung nhu (3.1.1 )

1=0 (1+ a )1 l=ni+l ( 1+ oc)1Trong dd : oc : Lit lai suat sinh loi noi tai

Lai suat sinh loi noi lai (a ) co the tfnh hang phuong phap noi suy nhu sau :

NPVb

a = ib + ( ic - ib ) .

/NPVb/ + / NPVC/

Trong do :

ib : Suat hien tai hoa be hon suat sinh loi noi tai

ic : Suat hien tai hoa cao hon suat sinh loi noi tai NPVb NPVc : Gia tri hien tai rong ling vdi ib va icChi tien IRR noi len muc do sinh loi ma du an co the dat duoc N£u muc sinh loi nay cao hon chi phi von dau tu ban dau thi day la du

an tot va chi tieu nay cang cao thi du an sinh loi cang nhieu

IRR dac biet huu dung khi phai vay von dau tu cho du an vi luc

do phai so sanh lai suat von vay vdi suat thu loi noi tai cua du an

IRR duoc dung lam tieu -chudn loai bo ( khi du an co IRR thap hon lai suat von vay hoac gia tri ma nha doanh nghiep da an dinh doi hoi du an phai dat duoc ) hoac duoc dung him lieu chuan lua chon ( khi so sanh cac du an chon du an IRR cao hon)

3.I.3 Ty sol pi ich - Chi phi

( Benefit - cost Rate - B/C )

Ty so loi ich - chi phi ( hay ty so sinh loi ) duoc xac dinh bang cach lay long gia tri hien tai hoa cua dong loi ich chia cho tong gia tri hien tai hoa cua dong chi phi

n B,-C,

E _

t=m+l (1+i)'B/C = a =

n It + C,

t=o ( 1+i) ‘Trong do :

I( Tong von dau lu ban dau

Cac ky hieu khac sir dung nhu (3.1.1 )

Trong mol so Iru'dng hop, ngubi ta co th£ tfnh ridng ty sb lpi fch von cfau tu ban dau Chi tieu B/C chi ro muc de) sinh lpi cua du an tfnh tren mot don vi chi phf hoac mot don vi von cfau tu

Khi a > 1 dir an cd loi fch choi hon chi phf

Khi a = 1 du an co lpi fch vira du chi phf

Khi a < 1 du an bi thua Io

VI vay, chi chon cac du an vdi a > 1

Viec van dung chi lieu nay can ket hop vdi chi tieu tong lpi fch rdng va xcm can xem xet Idi viec lira chon suat hidn tai hda

3.1.4 Thdi gian hoan von :

( The payback period - TP)

Thdi gian hoan von (TP ) la thdi gian ma moi lpi fch tfch luy lai cua dir an dung bang long chi phf ban cfau

TP dupe tfnh bang nhi'eu each khac nhau

+ Neu cac khoan thu lpi hang nam bang nhau va chua tfnh tdi dong lien le, cd the ap dung cong thu'e don gian sau :