Luận văn thúc đẩy hoạt động xuất khẩu xăng dầu ở tổng công ty xăng dầu việt nam

Danh muc cac chuf viet tat di/dc su" dung trong luan vanB/L: Van don hang hoa - Bill of lading CIF: Dieu khoan giao hang - Carier Insuarance and freight CIP: Dieu khoan giao hang -DES: D

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

TRlTdNG DAI HQC KINH TE QUOC DAN

THUC DAY HOAT DONG TAI XUAT KHAU XANG DAU■ ■

Cl TONG CONG TY XANG DAU VIET NAM

DAI HQC KTQD

TRUNG TAM THdNG TIN N'

Chuyen nganh: Kinh te thudng mai Khoa 11

Giao vien hu^ng d£n : GS - TS Hoang But Than

Ha Noi - 2005

muc luc

Chudnq 1: Lv luan chunq ve hoat donq tai xuat khau xanq

dau trong cd che thi truing d nudc ta

12

1.1 - Tam quan trong cua tai xuat khau xang dau d nudc ta 12

1.1.1- SU can thiet cua tai xuat khau xang dau d nudc ta 12

1.1.2- Khai niem va dac diem cua hinh thUc hoat dong kinh doanh tai

xuat khau xang dau

1.2- Noi dung hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d cac doanh

nghiep thUdng mai Viet Nam

20

1.2.1 - Nghien cUu thi trudng tai xuat khau xang dau 201.2.2- Xay dUng chien luoc, ke hoach tai xuat khau xang dau 211.2.3- Dam phan ky ket va thUc hien hop dong tai xuat khau xang dau 231.2.4- Quan ly va danh gia hieu qua hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau 261.3- Nhan to anh hudng den tai xuat khau xang dau 27

1.3.1 - Kha nang khai thac che bien va nhu cau tieu dung cua nudc anh

hudng den xuat nhap khau xang dau

27

1.3.2- Nhtfng nhan to cua nudc xuat khau chu yeu vao Viet Nam 301.3.3- Nhdng nhan to thuoc ve Viet Nam 33

1.4- Mot so dac diem cd ban cua thi trudng cac nudc tai nhap

khau xang dau tdViet Nam

35

1.4.1 - Thi trudng Campuchia 35

Chudnq 2: ThUc tranq hoat donq tai xuat khau xanq dau d

Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam

40

2.1- Tonq quan ve Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam 40

2.1.1- Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien 40

2.1.2- ChUc nang nhiem vu va to chtfc bo may quan ly kinh doanh cua

To’ng cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam

42

2.1.3- Dac diem cac nguon lUc cua Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam 44

2.1.4- Ket qua hoat dong kinh doanh cua Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet

Nam nhtfng nam qua

52

2.2- Phan ti'ch thUc trang hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d

Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam nhdng nam qua

55

2.2.1- Phan tich ket qua tai xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang

dau Viet Nam nhQng nam qua

55

2.2.2- Phan tich hieu qua tai xuat khau xang dau d TCTXDVN nhufng

nam qua

2.2.3- Thuc trang hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty

Xang dau Viet Nam

6770

2.2.4- Tinh hinh canh tranh tren thi trddng tai xuat khau cua Viet Nam 832.2.5- Mot so han che trong hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d VN 85

2.3- Ket luan danh gia qua thi/c trang hoat dong tai xuat khau

xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam.

86

ChQdnq 3: PhQdnq hQdnq va qiai phap nham thuc day hoat

dong tai xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Narr

3.1.2- Chien lUdc kinh doanh cua Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam 94

3.2- Giai phap chu yeu nham thuc day hoat dong tai xuat khau

xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam nhtfng nam tdi.

102

3.2.1- Giai phap hoan thien chien lUdc va ke hoach hoat dong tai xuat

khau xang dau

3.2.7- Giai phap cd cau lai to chufc, xay dung Petrolimex thanh tap

doan kinh te manh

112

3.2.8- Giai phap tang cUdng kha nang canh tranh trong tai xuat khau

xang dau cua Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam

113

3.3- Mot so kien nghi vdi cd quan quan ly Nha nUdc trong ITnh

vUc quan ly kinh doanh tai xuat khau.

114

3.3.1- Kien nghi hoan thien cd che chinh sach cua Nha nude 114

3.3.2- Kien nghi vdi cac cd quan dai dien kinh te, thUdng mai Viet Nam

d nude nhap khau xang dau

116

3.3.3- Kien nghi bien phap phong chong gian Ian thUdng mai trong hoat

donq tai xuat khau xang dau

116

Ld i c am d oan

Ho va ten: Pham DUc Thang

Cao hoc vien chuyen nganh Kinh te ThdOng mai khoa 11- Trddng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan; Toi xin cam doan:

Duoc sd chuan y cua Nha trddng ve de tai khoa hoc nay, vdi sd

giup dd cua cac thay co giao Khoa ThdOng mai, toi da td nghien cdu hoan thanh noi dung cua luan van thac sy vdi cac kien thu d tiep thu duoc d Nha trddng ket hop vdi thdc tien cong tac tai Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam, tai lieu trung thdc, phan tich khach

quan vdi cac quan diem ca nhan cua rieng minh.

Toi xin cam doan va hoan toan chiu trach nhiem ve noi dung cua

luan van thac sy nay.

Danh muc cac chuf viet tat di/dc su" dung trong luan van

B/L: Van don hang hoa - Bill of lading

CIF: Dieu khoan giao hang - Carier Insuarance and freight

CIP: Dieu khoan giao hang

-DES: Dieu khoan giao hang

-DNCX: Doanh nghiep che xuat

FCA: Dieu khoan giao hang

-FIX: Gia cd dinh

Floating: Gia noi

FOB: Dieu khoan giao hang - Free on board

GDP: Thu nhap quoc dan- Gross Domestic Product

Hedging: Nghiep vu mua ban hang hoa tren giay

Incoterms 2000: Thong le mua ban quoc te - phat hanh nam 2000

KCX: Khu che xuat

KD: Kinh doanh

KN: Kim ngach

L/C: Thir tin dung chdng tit- Letter of credit

OPEC: To chdc cac nudc xuat khau dau mo the gidi- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Petrolimex: Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam

QD: Quyet dinh

SEV: Khoi hop tac va tUdng tro kinh te trong phe xa hoi chu nghTa

STT: So thur tU

TBNN: Tau bien nudc ngoai

TCTXDVN: Tong cong ty xang dau Viet Nam

TG: The gidi

TS: Tong so

TTR: Hinh thud chuyen tien bang dien

TXK: Tai xuat khau

UCP 500: Dieu le thuc hanh thong nhat tin dung chdng td

VN: Viet Nam

XD: Xang dau

XNK: Xuat nhap khau

XHCN: Xa hoi chu nghTa

WTO: To chdc thUOng mai the gidi- World Trade Organization

Danh muc cac bang bieu trong luan van

1.1 San lddng san xuat dau mo tren the gidi 281.2 Nhu cau tieu dung dau mo tren the gidi 291.3 Cong suat loc dau cua cac nha may tren the gidi 30

1.4 Cong suat loc dau cua mot so nUdc trong khu vdc 311.5 San lddng khai thac dau cua mot so nddc Dong Nam A 34

1.6 Nhu cau tieu dung xang dau tai Campuchia 361.7 Kha nang san xuat va nhu cau tieu dung cua Trung

Quoc

39

2.1 Motso chi tieu kinh te tai chinh cua TCTXDVN 532.2 Ket gua nhap khau va tai xuat khau cua TCTXDVN 56

2.3 Ket gua tai xuat khau theo cac hinh thdc cuaTCTXDVN 57

2.4 Ket gua tai xuat khau xang dau theo thi trddng 59

2.5 Ket qua tai xuat khau xang dau vao thi trddng

Campuchia

61

2.6 Ket gua tai xuat khau xang dau vaothi trddng Lao 642.7 Ket qua tai xuat khau xang dau cho khu che xuat 652.8 Ket qua tai xuat khau xang dau cho TBNN 66

2.9 Ket qua tai xuat khau xang dau vao thi trddng Trung

3.2 Nhu cau tieu dung xang dau cua Viet Nam den 2010 95

3.3 Chi tieu doanh thu den nam 2010 cua TCTXDVN 97

3.4 Bang cho diem vi tri xay ddng kho ngoai quan 107

Danh muc cac sd do, bieu do trong luan van

01 Mo hinh to chOc bo may cua TCTXDVN 44

02 Bieu dotytrong tai xuat khau theo thi trudng 60

03 Sddo van tai bien sau khi co kho ngoai quan 108

Ldl Md DAU

1 SiT can thiet cua de tai

Xang dau la nguon nang lircJng chu yeu, la mat hang chien luge doi vdi bat

ky quoc gia nao tren the gidi Nam 1970, xang dau da tac dong gay nen cuoc khung hoang kinh te tram trong tren pham vi toan cau Ngay nay cac

nude cong nghiep phat trien, dac biet la Hoa Ky tim moi each gay anh hudng manh me den cac trung tarn san xuat che bien dau Ida cua the gidi Cac

diem nong hien nay nhU: Khung hoang chinh tri tai Venezuela, Grudia, xam

chiem Iraq, Afghanistan, xung dot sac toe ton giao, tao nen su mat on dinh

tai khu vUc Trung-Bong, khu vUc Trung A, vung bien Nam Trung hoa tat

ca deu co lien quan den cuoc chien dau Ida

Hau het cac hoat dong san xuat, che bien, giao thong van tai den tieu dung sinh hoat deu can den xang dau Mdc tieu thu xang dau binh quan dau

ngudi la mot trong nhdng chi tieu danh gia trinh do phat trien kinh te cua mot

quoc gia Tuy nhien nguon de thoa man nhu cau xang dau tai mdi nude tren

the gidi deu rat khac nhau, no phu thuoc nhieu vao trd lUdng dau tho mathien nhien ban phat, vao trinh do khai thac va che bien Vi vay, thi trudngxang dau mang tinh toan cau, nhap khau de thoa man nhu cau, xuat khau

de tim kiem Idi nhuan

(3 Viet Nam, y thde dUdc tarn quan trong cua xang dau doi vdi nen kinh te

quoc dan, ngay tU ngay dau giai phong, nam 1956 Dang va Chinh phu ta da

thanh lap Tong cong ty Xang dau md nay la Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam co nhiem vu cung Ung xang dau dap Ung nhu cau cua nen kinh te quocdan Nhufng nam dau Nganh xang dau hoan toan nhap khau tU Lien Xd qua dudng nghi dinh thu, hang dUdc phan phoi theo chi tieu cua Nha Nude Sau

thdi ky Lien Xd tan vd, hinh thUc nhap khau noi tren khong con ton tai nufa

BUdc sang thdi ky doi mdi, cai each nen kinh te, Dang va Nha nude ta chu

trudng tang cUdng cac hoat dong kinh te doi ngoai, phat huy noi luc Mot

trong nhUng bien phap dUdc Nha nude khuyen khich va Uu tien hang dau la

day manh xuat khau va tai xuat khau Nam bat dUdc chu trudng nay, ngay tU

dau nam 1991, Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam da md rong hoat dong kinh doanh sang ITnh vUc tai xuat khau xang dau, day la mot budc di dot pha cua Petrolimex va md ra trien vong mdi cho toan Nganh xang dau viet Nam

Thuc te cho thay, hoat dong kinh doanh tai xuat khau Td’ng cong ty Xang

dau Viet Nam la mot ITnh vuc hoat dong mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao, tang nguon thu ngoai te va Idi nhuan cho Nganh, cho dat nude, gop phan khang

dinh uy tin cua Petrolimex tren thi trudng xang dau quoc te Tuy nhien

trong qua trinh thdc thi con co nhieu bat cap nhU chUa khai thac het tiem nang, mdc do dau tU chUa xdng tam, chien lUdc phat trien chUa ro rang , cd

che chinh sach con nhieu bat cap

Xuat phat td thdc tien, nhan thdc dUdc tam quan trong cua hoat dong kinhdoanh tai xuat khau xang dau doi vdi doanh nghiep, vdi sd hUdng dan cuaThay giao, Giao sU - Tien sy Hoang Ddc Than, toi Ida chon de tai: “THUC DAY HOAT DONG TAI XUAT KHAU XANG DAU 0 TONG CONG TY XANG DAUVIET NAM - PETROLIMEX ” lam luan van khoa hoc cap thac sy

2 Muc tieu nghien cdu

-He thong hoa ly luan ve hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau Nghien cdu sd

can thiet, y nghTa va noi dung cua hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau VietNam

-Nghien cdu tinh hinh thi trUdng cac nUdc tai nhap khau xang dau

-Phan tich thdc trang tai xuat khau xang dau cua Petrolimex thdi gian qua va

rut ra nhdng ket luan danh gia

-De xuat cac giai phap nham tang cddng hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau

Md rong thi trUdng, dam bao kinh doanh co hieu qua cua Tong cong ty xang

dau Viet Nam theo phUdng thdc nay

3 Doi tUdng va pham vi nghien cdu cua chuyen de

-Doi tUdng nghien cdu cua chuyen de: Nghien cdu ly luan va thdc tien cua

hoat dong kinh doanh tai xuat khau xang dau trong cd che thi trUdng d Viet

Nam

-Pham vi nghien cdu: la nganh hang xang dau cua To’ng cong ty xang dau

Viet Nam

-Thdi gian nghien cdu: Td 1996 den 2010

4 PhUdng phap nghien cdu

Sd dung phUdng phap duy vat bien chdng va phUdng phap duy vat lich sdcua chu nghTa Mac - Le Nin; sd dung cac phUdng phap toan thong ke,

phUdng phap tong hdp va phan tich; PhUdng phap bieu do; PhUdng phap dieu tra va cac phUdng phap nghien cdu kinh te khac

5 Noi dung nghien cdu

Ket cau cua Chuyen de khoa hoc ngoai phan md dau, ket luan, phu luc va

danh muc tai lieu tham khao, dUdc ket cau gom ba chUdng nhU sau:

ChUdng 1 - Ly luan chung ve hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau trong cd che thi trUdng d nUdc ta: Neu nhdng net khai quat ve tam quan trong, noi

dung hoat dong, nhufng nhan to anh hudng den hoat dong tai xuat khau

xang dau d nudc ta

Chuting 2 - Thud trang hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty

Xang dau Viet Nam: Khai quat ve but tranh tong the va toan dien ve hoatdong kinh doanh noi chung, hoat dong kinh doanh tai xuat khau noi rieng d

Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam nhufng nam qua Tren co sd do, dua ranhufng danh gia ve hoat dong nay tren ca hai mat lam dUOc va chUa lam

dude

Chuting 3 - Phuting hudng va giai phap nham thuc day hoat dong tai

xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam nhufng nam tdi:

Dua ra cac giai phap cu the nham hoan thien cong tac tai xuat khau, dambao duy tri on dinh va phat trien thi trudng, nang cao hieu qua cua hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau d Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam

Chu ti ng 1

ly luan chung ve hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau

trong co che thiTRUdNG dNUdc ta

1.1- Tam quan trong cua tai xuat khau xang dau d nudc ta

1.1.1- SU can thiet cua tai xuat khau xang dau d nudc ta

De phuc vu cho nhu cau tieu dung cua xa hoi trong mot the gidi hop tac, vdi

nen san xuat chuyen mon hoa cao thi viec xuat - nhap khau hang hoa la

dieu vo vung can thiet Muc dich cua cac nha kinh doanh noi chung va kinhdoanh xuat nhap khau noi rieng la tim kiem loi nhuan Nhu vay de dat duocmuc di'ch nay cac nha kinh doanh phai tim kiem nhufng phuong thUc tien loi,

it rui ro ma vdn dam bao loi nhuan De thuc hien tot hoat dong xuat nhap

khau can phai co nhUng dieu kien co ban sau day:

Mot la, moi trudng kinh te, chinh tri, phap luat trong nudc phai o’n dinh, thuan

loi Nha nudc co chinh sach khuyen khich cac hoat dong nay He thongngan hang hoat dong hieu qua, co uy tin quoc te

Hai la, nguon hang xuat nhap khau phai o’n dinh, phu hop vdi nhu cau cuathi trudng

Ba la, dieu kien dia ly thuan loi cho viec van chuyen hang hoa xuat nhap

khau de giam bdt chi phi trong van tai He thong kho bai, cau cang phai dap

Ung duoc nhu cau luan chuyen, luu trU hang hoa

Bon la, chinh phu quan tam den viec thiet lap moi quan he quoc te rong rai,cdi md

Nam la, cac doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau phai am hieu ve thi trudng, hang hoa va phai co trinh do nghiep vu va kinh nghiem kinh doanh xuat nhapkhau nhat dinh nhat dinh

Xuat phat td nhUng yeu cau noi tren chung ta thay khong phai doanh nghiep nao, quoc gia nao cung co the tien hanh hoat dong ngoai thuong mot cach thuan loi De khac phu nhUng nhuoc diem, cac nha kinh doanh can phai lua chon nhUng hinh thUc xuat nhap khau phu hop cho doanh nghiep va quoc

gia minh, chinh vi vay hoat dong kinh doanh tam nhap tai xuat mdi hinh

thanh va phat trien

Singapore la mot quoc gia dien hinh trong khu vuc ve phat trien kinh doanhtheo phuong thUc tam nhap tai xuat Trudc nam 1965, tai xuat khau chiem

tdi 60% tong khoi luong hang xuat khau va 20% thu nhap noi dia Den nam

2002, nhufng chi tieu tren da giam xuong con tuong Ung la 30% va 4%

Tuy giam ve ty trong nhUng cac mat hang tai xuat cua Singapore vdn tang

ve so lUdng Do la cac san pham tQ Malaysia, Indonesia, Viet Nam va cacnUdc khac trong khu vuc chuyen khau qua cac kho cang cua Singapore di

cac nUdc khac tren the gidi Mat khac, mot so mat hang cong nghiep tQ chau

Au, vai lua tQ An Do, Trung Quoc dUdc Singapore tam nhap roi tai xuat khau

di khap chau A Dac biet, cac thUdng nhan Singapore mua xang dau tQ vungVinh dUdc chuyen chd tren nhdng tau co tai trong ldn 350.000 tan tdi

Singapore TQ day xang dau dUdc chuyen sang nhdng tau nho hdn ban cho cac nUdc khac trong khu vuc Do hoat dong tai xuat khau nay nen Singapore

dUPc vi du nhU “chiec ban quay” gida phUdng Tay va phUdng Dong Hien

nay, Singapore van la mot trung tam buon ban tai xuat ldn nhat khu vuc

6 Viet Nam, trUdc thdi ky doi mdi, hoat dong ngoai thUdng noi chung chu yeu la trao doi hang hoa vdi cac nUdc thuoc he thong Xa hoi chu nghfathong qua khoi SEV vdi dong tien thanh toan la Rup chuyen doi Sau khi

Lien Xo tan vd, sU trd giup ve kinh te hau nhU khong con Toan bo xang dau

phuc vu cho nen kinh te quoc dan deu phai nhap khau tQ thi trUdng tu do vdi

dong tien thanh toan la ngoai te tu do chuyen doi US Dollars Giai doan nay ngoai te thieu tram trong, Nha nUdc khong the can doi dap Ung du cho nhu cau nhap khau cac mat hang thiet yeu Dang va Nha nUdc ta dUa ra hang

loat cac giai phap nhU chu trUdng day manh xuat khau, han che nhap khau

hang tieu dung xa xi pham, tang cUdng van tai hang hoa xuat nhap khau nham tiet kiem ngoai te Vi vay phUdng thdc kinh doanh xang dau tam nhap

tai xuat dUPc coi la mot trong nhdng giai phap nham tim kiem ngoai te phuc

vu cho cong tac nhap nhau, gop phan on dinh thi trUdng xang dau trong

nUdc

Viet Nam co vitri dia ly thuan ldi nam tren truc van tai tQ phia Nam A, Trung

Dong len Bac A ndi co nhu cau tieu thu xang dau ldn nhat khu vuc gomTrung Quoc, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc; la cau noi gida cac trung tam k?c hoa dau

the gidi vdi Lao, Campuchia - ndi ma dieu kien cd sd vat chat, kha nang tiep

nhan tau dau tai trong ldn chUa dap dng dUdc Nam bat cd hoi nay, viec phat trien kinh doanh xang dau theo phUdng thdc tam nhap tai xuat la het sdc can

thiet doi vdi cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xang dau d Viet Nam, nham da

dang hoa cac loai hinh kinh doanh, gop phan nang cao hieu qua kinh te, khang dinh uy tin cua Viet Nam tren trUdng quoc te

1.1.2- Kh ai nie m va dac die m c ua hin h th d c ho at do ng kin h do anh ta i

xuat khau xang dau.

Tren the gidi co rat nhieu khai niem tai xuat khau, sau day la mot so khai

niem dUdc dung pho’ bien:

Theo quan niem cua cac nude Tay Au va My La tinh: Tai xuat khau la xuat khau nhQng hang ngoai quoc tQ kho ngoai quan (nam ngoai bien gidi hoac

chUa dupe thong quan), chUa qua che bien tai nude tai xuat

Theo quan diem cua Hoa Ky: Tai xuat khau la viec xuat khau nhQng hang

ngoai quoc chUa qua che bien d nude tai xuat du hang hoa do da qua lUu

thong noi dia Day la nhQng khai niem rat rong va Viet Nam chUa the ap

dung dUdc

TQ nhQng quan diem tren, can cd vao tinh hinh kinh doanh xuat nhap khaucua Viet Nam ta co the dua ra mot khai niem chung ve tai xuat khau: Tai

xuat khau la xuat khau nhQng hang hoa da nhap ve trudc do nhung chUa

qua bat ky mot khau che bien nao d trong nude

Hinh thufe hoat dong kinh doanh tai xuat khau cd dac diem sau:

Dac diem cua hang hoa: Hang hoa giao dich theo phUdng there tai xuat khau

khong thong qua bat ky mot khau che bien nao tai nude tai xuat Hang hoagiao dich theo phuong thUc nay thUdng la nhQng mat hang de mua, dd ban

va co quan he cung cau Idn, gia ca thUdng xuyen bien dong, khong phai nop

thue xuat khau, thue gia tri gia tang, thue tieu thu dac biet

Dac diem cua giao dich: Tai xuat khau nham muc dich thu ve mot khoan Idinhuan nhd vao chenh lenh gia giUa hop dong xuat khau va nhap khau Giao

dich nay luon co sU tham gia cua ba ben gom ben xuat khau, ben tai xuat vaben nhap khau; hoat dong xuat khau va nhap khau gan lien vdi nhau doi hoi

ngudi kinh doanh phai cd kien thde tot va van dung thanh thao nghiep vu

xuat nhap khau Phuong thud giao dich nay chiu anh hudng cua nhieu he

thong luat phap va tap quan khac nhau tren the gidi

Tai xuat khau co the dupe xem xet dudi cac goc do khac nhau:

• Xet theo hinh thUc van dong cua hang hoa bao gom hai hinh thUc chu yeu la tarn nhap tai xuat va chuyen khau hang hoa

• Xet theo doi tupng su1 dung gom co: Tai xuat khau vao cac khu che xuat, doanh nghiep che xuat nam trong khu cong nghiep; Tai xuat khau cho

phUdng tien van tai nude ngoai va phUdng tien van tai Viet Nam hoat

dong tuyen vidn dUOng; Tai xuat khau cho cac doanh nghiep nam ngoai

ianh tho Viet Nam

• Xet theo pham vi dia gidi hanh chinh gom cd: tai xuat ra nude ngoai; taixuat khau tai chd

Sau day trong luan van nay chung ta di sau nghien cQu tai xuat khau chu

yeu theo hinh thdc van dong cua hang hoa do la tam nhap tai xuat va

chuyen khau xang dau

Tam nhap tai xuat la hinh thdc hang hoa di td nudc xuat khau den nudc tai

xuat, roi lai duoc xuat khau td nudc tai xuat sang nudc nhap khau Nguoc

chieu vdi sd van dong cua hang hoa la sd van dong cua tien: Nudc tai xuattra tien nudc xuat khau va thu tien cua nudc nhap khau

Ju diem: Ngddi kinh doanh theo hinh thdc nay gid bi mat ve nguon hang doivdi ngudi nhap khau, tan dung duoc loi the ve vi tri dia ly va chinh sach

thong thoang cua nudc tai xuat de phat trien kinh doanh dich vu

Nhuoc diem: Hinh thdc nay khong tiet kiem duoc chi phi nhu chi phi van tai

do hang hoa phai di qua ba nudc xuat khau-tai xuat-nhap khau, chi phi thu

tuc hai quan, chi phi hoat dong kho cua nudc tai xuat va cac chi phi thu tuchanh chinh khac lien quan den hoat dong giao dich

Chuyen khau la hinh thdc trong do hang hoa di thang td nudc xuat khau

sang nudc nhap khau Nudc tai xuat tra tien cho nudc xuat khau va thu tien cua nudc nhap khau

Ju diem: Hinh thdc chuyen khau Ju viet hon han hinh thdc tam nhap tai xuat

vi khac phuc duoc nhdng nhuoc diem da neu Ngoai ra, chuyen khau con co

nhdng mat uu khac: Ngudi kinh doanh chuyen khau co kha nang loi dung chi

phi van tai khi mua FOB, ban CIF Ngudi kinh doanh chuyen khau khong

phai chiu rui ro neu mua FOB ban CIF hoac mua CIF ban CIF - vi trong

nhdng trudng hop nay, luc rui ro chuyen td ngudi xuat khau sang ngudi

chuyen khau cung la luc rui ro chuyen td ngudi chuyen khau sang ngudi nhap khau

Nhuoc diem: Ngudi kinh doanh chuyen khau kho gid bi mat ve nguon hang

Khi ngudi nhap khau co duoc thong tin ve nguon hang thi co kha nang ho se

ky hop dong mua trdc tiep td ngudi xuat khau ma khong thong qua ngudi chuyen khau Nudc nhap khau phai du dieu kien ve he thong co sd vat chat

de tiep nhan duoc phuong tien van tai trdc tiep td nudc xuat khau den nudc

nhap khau

1.1.3- Va i trd cua ta i x ua t khau xang da u do i vd i ne n k i nh te VI M.

Hoat dong tai xuat khau la mot trong cac hinh thdc kinh doanh xuat nhap

khau: dOi hang, mua ban hang hoa thdc, uy thac, Hedging Day la mot

hoat dong trong lTnh vdc dich vu xuat nhap khau Muc tieu cua Chien luoc

phat trien kinh te xa hoi 2001-2010 trong Bao cao cua Ban chap hanh Trunguong Dang tai Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thd 9 (thang nam 2001)

da chi ro nhip do tang xuat khau gap tren 2 lan nhip do tang GDP Ty trong trong GDP cua dich vu td 38,6% - 39,1% giai doan 1991-2000 len 42% - 43% De dat dUdc muc tieu nay vai trd cua hoat dong dich vu tai xuat khau

la het sdc quan trong Trong do xang dau la mat hang chu ldc gop phan tang kim ngach xuat nhap khau, chuyen doi cd cau kinh te nang cao ty trong

dich vu trong GDP

Kinh doanh tam nhap tai xuat xang dau dem den nhdng ldi ich sau day:

Doi vdi ngUdi tai xuat:

Mot la, thu dUdc ldi nhuan td viec hUdng chenh lech gia ca gida hdp dongmua hang va hdp dong tai xuat chi bang nghiep vu va uy tin cua minh

Hai la, xang dau la mat hang kinh doanh co dieu kien, ddi hoi doanh nghiepphai co cd sd vat chat ky thuat vdi dau tU ldn nhu kho tang,ben bai, cau cang Vi vay ngoai viec dap dng nhu cau thi trUdng xang dau trong nUdc,

cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh tai xuat khau se tan dung dUdc cd sd vat chat

sdn co, giam chi phi co dinh cho mot ddn vi san pham gop phan nang cao

hieu qua kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep

Ba la, nhdng nha kinh doanh gioi tham chi khong can phai bo von de mua

hang vi khi nay tien hang dUdc lay td ngUdi nhap khau thong qua mot so

nghiep vu md tin dung thU

Bon la, ngay cang nang cao nghiep vu ngoai thUdng cua minh, nang cao uy tin cua doanh nghiep tren thi trUdng quoc te

Doi vdi ngUdi nhap khau:

Mot la, khac phuc dUdc nhdng bat ldi trong viec nhap khau trdc tiep, chu dong trong viec cung dng hang hoa theo yeu cau cua thi trUdng, giam bdt

cac chi phi, nang cao tinh canh tranh cho hang hoa nhap khau

Hai la, hoc hoi dUdc cac kinh nghiem trong hoat dong ngoai thUdng, co cd

hoi nam bat thi trUdng, khach hang de co the to chdc nhap khau trdc tiep.Nghi Quyet Dai hoi neu “ Trong qua trinh chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc

te, chu trong phat huy loi the, nang cao chat luong, hieu qua , khong ngung tang nang luc canh tranh va giam dan hang rao bao ho Nang cao hieu qua hop tac vdi ben ngo ai ; tang cud ng vai tro va anh hudng cua nudc ta doi vdi kinh te khu vuc va the gidi ” Vi vay viec day manh tai xuat khau xang dau la

gop phan thdc hien thang ldi nghi quyet cua Dang nham nang cao vi the cua

Viet Nam tren trUdng quoc te, phat huy ldi the ve dia ly cua Viet Nam, khang

dinh uy tin cua doanh nghiep; tao tien de cho viec xuat khau cac san phamhoa dau khi nha may k?c dau ra ddi vao nam 2008

1.1.4- CO che chinh sach cua Nha nUdc Viet Nam doi vdi hoat dong tai

xuat khau xang dau.

6 Viet nam chi tif nam 1990, sau khi Nha nude ap dung chinh sach md eda

kinh te, hoat dong ngoai thUdng mdi co cd hoi phat trien manh Bi doi vdi

chinh sach md rong hoat dong ngoai thUdng, cac chinh sach quan ly cungngay cang dUdc hoan thien dan theo hudng dap Ung dupe yeu cau quan ly cua cac cd quan quan ly Nha nude dong thdi tao dieu kien thong thoang giup cac doanh nghiep phat huy dupe moi nguon luc, tan dung moi cd hoi

trong hoat dong ngoai thUdng

Hoat dong kinh doanh tai xuat khau xang dau la mot trong nhufng phUdng

thUc hoat dong kinh doanh xuat nhap khau Vi vay hoat dong nay ngoai su

dieu chinh bdi luat phap Viet Nam hien hanh nhu Luat ThUdng mai, Luat Haiquan, Luat thue xuat nhap khau ; can cd vac dac thu cua Nganh hang xang dau, hoat dong nay dupe quan ly bdi mot so quy dinh hudng dan cu the nhusau:

• Ve chinh sach xuat nhap khau:

Trude day, Nha nude tap trung quan ly viec kinh doanh xang dau, chi cho

phep tU 2-3 doanh nghiep dupe phep kinh doanh xuat nhap khau xang dau

Bo ThUdng mai quan ly tdng chuyen hang xuat nhap khau noi chung va mat hang xang dau noi rieng bang viec cap giay phep cho tUng chuyen hang

xuat nhap khau Sau do dupe cai tien la cap giay phep (han ngach tai xuatkhau xang dau) cho tUng hop dong ban hang Viec quan ly kinh doanh taixuat khau xang dau bang han ngach lam han che kha nang canh tranh, mat

cd hoi kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam tren thi trudng canh tranh

quoc te

Be tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho cac doanh nghiep ma vdn dam bao dieu hanh dUdc viec kinh doanh xang dau, ngay 15 thang 9 nam 2003 Thu TudngChinh phu da ban hanh Quyet dinh so 187/2003/QB-TTg quy dinh xang dau

la mat hang kinh doanh cd dieu kien, cho phep 11 doanh nghiep dupe phepkinh doanh xuat nhap khau xang dau, xoa bo viec quan ly tai xuat khau xang

dau bang han ngach Nha nude quy dinh gia ban xang dau dinh hudng tai

thi trudng trong nude Can cd vao gia dinh hudng, cac doanh nghiep dupe

dieu chinh tang giam (+/-) 10% doi vdi mat hang xang va 5% doi vdi cac mat

hang khac cho phu hpp vdi tinhd hinh thi trudng trong nude va trong khu

hoa noi chung; Quyet dinh so 1752/2003/QD-BTM ngay 15/12/2003 ve Quyche kinh doanh tam nhap tai xuat xang dau, quy dinh chi tiet:

Hoat dong tam nhap tai xuat co lam thu tuc nhap khau vao Viet Nam va lam

thu tuc xuat khau ra khoi Viet Nam nhdng hang hoa khong qua bat ky khau

gia cong che bien nao Hang ddoc lam thu tuc mot cda khau va tai xuat d

mot cda khau khac theo dung chung loai da tam nhap ma khong can ca biet hoa rieng trong qua trinh ton chda Hoat dong chuyen khau khong phai lam

thu tuc nhap khau vao Viet Nam hoac co nhdng dda vao kho ngoai quan

Hoat dong tai xuat khau gom tam nhap tai xuat va chuyen khau xang dau

duoc thdc hien bdi hai hop dong ngoai thdOng rieng biet: hop dong nhap

khau va hop dong xuat khau Hai hoat dong nay co the tien hanh doc lap, kyhop dong nhap khau trddc, ky hop dong tai xuat sau va ngdOc lai Doi vdi ho

so hai quan thi phai lam thu tuc tam nhap khau trddc, sau do can cd vao ho

so tam nhap de lam thu tuc tai xuat sau Xang dau tam nhap tai xuat ddoc

phep ldu tai Viet Nam 90 ngay, ddoc phep gia han toi da 3 lan, mdi lankhong qua 30 ngay Xang dau ddoc phep nhap khau lo ldn tai mot cda khau

va tai xuat tdng lo nho tai cac cda khau khac theo dung so ldong chung loai tam nhap Xang dau tam nhap khong tai xuat hoac tai xuat khong het ddoc phep chuyen tieu thu noi dia sau khi hoan thanh nghTa vu thue khau nhapkhau

Cac doi tdong ddoc hddng quy che tam nhap tai xuat gom:

+ Ban xang dau ra khoi bien gidi Viet Nam cho doi tac nddc ngoai

+ Ban xang dau cho khu che xuat, doanh nghiep che xuat nam trong khucong nghiep

+ Ban xang dau cho tau bien nddc ngoai, cho cac doanh nghiep cung dng tau bien de cap hang cho tau bien nddc ngoai cap cang Viet Nam

+ Ban xang dau cho tau bien Viet Nam hoat dong tuyen vidn ddOng

+ Ban xang dau cho tau bay nddc ngoai cat ha canh tai Viet Nam, ban xang

dau cho tau bay Viet Nam bay cac tuyen bay quoc te

Cac doanh nghiep ddoc tham gia kinh doanh tam nhap tai xuat xang dau la

cac doanh nghiep dau mo'i ddoc phep nhap khau xang dau theo giay phep

cua Bo ThdOng mai thi ddoc phep kinh doanh tai xuat khau xang dau makhong can xin giay phep cua Bo ThdOng mai

Doi vdi hoat dong chuyen khau, Quyet dinh 1311/1998/QD-BTM quy dinh rat don gian do la doanh nghiep co giay phep kinh doanh xuat nhap khau va co

dang ky kinh doanh nganh hang nao thi ddoc phep kinh doanh chuyen

khau mat hang do

• Ve thu tuc hai quan:

Xang dau la mat hang chat long, quan ly co dac thu rieng nen Bo Tai chinh

da ban hanh Quyet dinh so 30/2004/QD-BTC ngay 6/4/2004 quy dinh ve thutuc hai quan doi vdi nhap khau xang dau va tam nhap tai xuat xang dau Dodac thu cua Nganh hang kinh doanh xang dau, tren mot tau nhap khau ldn

co the cung mot kjc md nhieu td khai cho nhieu loai hinh kinh doanh khac

nhau nhd nhap khau kinh doanh noi dia, tam nhap tai xuat, nhap khau uy thac vdi tong lddng cua cac td khai nhap khau khong vddt qua so lddng B/L

cua tau nhap khau Xang dau tai xuat khau phai md td khai tai xuat tren cd

sd dung so lddng, chung loai da lam thu tuc tam nhap khau Mot td khai tam

nhap dddc phep tai xuat nhieu lan bang nhieu td khai tai xuat nhdng tong so

lddng tai xuat khong dddc vddt qua so lddng da tam nhap Chi cuc Hai quan

se md so theo doi va trd lui so lddng thdc tai xuat Cd quan Hai quan chiu

trach nhiem giam sat quan ly xang dau den khi xuat ra khoi cda khau xuat cuoi cung Viec thanh khoan td khai va hoan thanh nghTa vu thue se dddc

thdc hien tai Cuc Hai quan ndi lam thu tuc tam nhap khau tren cd sd ho sdtai xuat da dddc xac nhan cua Cuc Hai quan ndi lam thu tuc tai xuat

• Ve chinh sach thue:

Thong td so 172/1998/TT/BTC ngay 22/12/1998 cua Bo trddng Bo Tai chinh,mdi day nhat la Thong td so 87/TT/BTC ngay 31/8/2004 cua Bo trddng Bo

Tai chinh ve viec hddng dan thi hanh Nghi dinh so 54/CP ngay 28/8/1993,

so 94/1998/ND-CP ngay 17/11/1998 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chi tiet thi

hanh Luat thue xuat nhap khau.Trong do quy dinh:

Hang hoa tam nhap tai xuat dddc midn hoac hoan thue khau nhap khautddng dng vdi lddng hang hoa thdc xuat khau vdi thdi han nop thue doi vdixang dau tam nhap tai xuat la 15 ngay ke td ngay het thdi han ldu hanh tai Viet Nam Trong thdi han ldu hanh, doanh nghiep nop du ho sd da thdc xuatthi dddc mien nop thue, neu da nop thue thi dddc truy hoan tddng dng vdi so

hang thdc xuat theo gia, thue suat, ty gia thanh toan tai thdi diem lam thu tuc

tam nhap

Nhd vay co the noi cac quy dinh hien hanh cua Nha nddc Viet Nam da tao

dieu kien thong thoang hdn trddc, giup doanh nghiep co kha nang tan dung dddc cd hoi kinh doanh

Ngoai cac quy dinh cua Nha nddc Viet Nam, hoat dong ngoai thddng lien

quan nhieu den cac thong le quoc te nhd Incoterms 2000, UCP 500 xuatban nam 2000, cac quy ddc va dieu ddc quoc te ma Viet Nam tham gia kyket Incoterms 2000 quy dinh ro nghTa vu, trach nhiem cung nhd quyen ldi

cua ben mua, ben ban theo cac dieu khoan FOB, CIF, CF, CIP, DES

UCP500 quy dinh chi tiet viec thanh toan hang hoa xuat nhap khau theo hinh thUc thu tin dung.

1.2- Noi dung hoat dong tai xu a t khau xang dau d cac doanh nghiep

thUdng mai Viet Nam

1.2.1- Ng h ie n c tfu th i ta i xu at kha u xan g d au.

Nghien cUu thi trudng tai xuat khau xang dau la mot trong cac khau chuan bi

then chot trong qua trinh nghien cUu marketing khach hang (nudc nhap khauxang dau thong qua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam) Tren co sd nghien cUu

chuan xac thi trudng tai xuat khau giup cho nha kinh doanh hoach dinh chien luoc phat trien phu hop, xac dinh dung hudng di nham duy tri va mdrong thi trudng kinh doanh mang lai hieu qua kinh te tot nhat

• Ve noi dung nghien cUu:

Nghien cUu moi trudng vT mo cua nudc nhap khau xang dau: Trudc het can

nghien cUu vi tri' dia ly, vai tro cua nudc nhap khau xang dau lien quan den

cac trung tam loc hoa dau trong khu vuc Nghien cUu luat phap cua nudc

nhap khau xang dau Trong tat ca cac hop dong mua ban deu dan chieu apdung luat phap cua nudc nao trong viec thuc thi hop dong cung nhu giai

quyet cac tranh chap neu co Vi vay viec nghien cUu ky luat phap, dac biet

la ITnh vuc co lien quan den kinh te, thuong mai la het sUc quan trong, giup chung ta thuc thi hop dong thuong mai mot cach suon se Nghien cUu tinh hinh kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi, cau truc nen kinh te cua nudc nhap khau nhu

toc do tang trudng GDP, dan so va nhu cau tieu dung nhien lieu, cac khu

vuc kinh te theo vung lanh tho, theo nganh hang; Du bao nhu cau tieu dung,

thi trudng xang dau cua nudc nhap khau Nghien cUu cac che do chinh sach

trong viec kinh doanh va phat trien nganh hang xang dau Cac moi lienquan truc tiep den Viet Nam nhu quan he chinh tri, quan he kinh te, van hoa tU do dinh ra chinh sach ban hang cho phu hop

Nghien cUu doi tac nhap khau xang dau: Xang dau la mat hang kinh doanh

co dieu kien, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh xuat nhap xang dau deu la cac

doanh nghiep lOn co tiem luc ve von va co sd vat chat ky thuat Vi vay hau

het cac hang kinh doanh xang dau deu la cac doanh nghiep co uy tin, kinh

doanh bai ban, tiep can tot vdi cac phong tuc tap quan va thong le mua ban quoc te Tuy nhien nguon luc, muc tieu, chien luoc phat trien cua cac hang rat khac nhau Doi hoi chung ta phai nghien cuu ky tiem luc, dieu kien kinh

doanh, truyen thong quan he cua tUng hang TU do dua ra duoc cac giai phap hop ly doi tUng khach hang cu the, tan dung toi da cac co hoi nham

duy tri va phat then thi phan, nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh

Nghien cUu cac doi thu canh tranh: Hoat dong tai xuat khau mang tinh canh

tranh quoc te rat quyet liet Vi vay phai nghien cUu ky cac doi thu canh tranhnham phat huy duoc loi the cua ban than, giam thieu cac loi the cua doi thu Chung ta phai nghien cUu xem xet doi thu canh tranh mot cach toan dien td

uy tin doanh nghiep, nguon luc tai chinh, nguon hang den co che chinh sach

tiep thi cua doi thu de de ra cac doi sach thich hop Phai nghien cUu doi thu

canh tranh trong nudc (cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cung kinh doanh tai xuat

khau xang dau) va cac doi thu canh tranh quoc te

• Phuong phap nghien cUu:

Nghien cUu tai Van phong: Dua vao cac moi quan he va cac tai lieu thu thap duoc de xem xet nghien cUu, tim hieu ky doi thu can thong qua doi tac kinh doanh de xem xet doi thu canh tranh

Nghien cUu khao sat thuc te tai thi trudng xang dau nudc nhap khau Cac

doanh nghiep tai xuat khau co the truc tiep to chuc cac doan khao sat d cac

thi trudng chu yeu, cung co the tham gia cac doan khao sat theo chuong

trinh cua Chinh phu

Nghien cUu trong trang thai “dong” bdi cac doi thu bon luon thay doi chinh sach Can tim hieu thong qua viec phan anh so lieu kinh doanh cua minhd

vdi doi tac qua tdng thdi ky de dinh hudng nghien cUu cac co che chinh sach

cua doi thu canh tranh

1.2.2-Xay dUng chien U dc, k e hoach tai xuat khau xang dau.

Chien luoc tai xuat khau xang dau la mot bo phan cua chien luoc kinh

doanh d doanh nghiep Do la su dinh hudng tai xuat khau xang dau cua doanh nghiep cho mot thdi ky tuong doi dai va he thong cac giai phap phanphoi va sd dung cac nguon luc cho hoat dong tai xuat khau d doanh nghiep

Muc tieu cua chien luoc kinh doanh tai xuat khau xang dau la duy tri o’n dinh

va phat trien thi trudng tai xuat xang dau, tao da cho phat trien thi trudng

xuat khau san pham cua Viet Nam, dam bao kinh doanh co hieu qua, nang

cao uy tin va anh hudng cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam tren thi trudng quoc te Tren co sd nghien cUu thi trudng tai xuat khau xang dau, can cU kha nang

thuc te cua doanh nghiep de tien hanh xay dung chien luoc, ke hoach taixuat khau xang dau vdi cac noi dung co ban nhu sau:

Mot la, dam bao nguon cung cap hang hoa on dinh vdi gia canh tranh Congtac tai xuat khau bao gom cac cong doan nhap khau - ton chUa - tai xuat

khau Vi vay nhap khau, dam bao nguon hang la mot yeu to het sUc quan

trong cua cong tac tai xuat khau Trong giai doan td nay den 2020, Viet Nam

tiep tuc phai nhap khau xang dau phuc vu cho nhu cau tieu dung trong nudc cung nhu tai xuat khau Chien luoc lau dai trong dam bao nguon

hang tai xuat khau la li/a chon cac doi tac tin cay, cac hang ldn tren the gidi

co san xuat, che bien dau tho, nguon cung cap on dinh vdi cac phUdng tien

van tai ldn, chi phi thap nhat tao ldi the trong canh tranh Uu tien hang dautrong giao dich la thi trUdng Singapore, Trung Dong, Vidn Dong, Trung

Quoc Hdp tac li6n doanh xay dung kho ngoai quan tai Viet Nam nham bien Viet Nam thanh trung tam du trdxang dau cua the gidi va trong khu vuc.Hai la, lua chon doi tac kinh doanh tai nudc nhap khau: Tren cd sd nghien

cdu thi trUdng tai xuat khau xang dau, can cd kha nang thuc te cua tdng doanh nghiep de tien hanh xay dung chien lUdc hdp tac kinh doanh cho phu

hdp

Ba la, lua chon hinh thdc hdp tac:

Mua ban truc tiep thong qua cac hdp dong mua ban ngoai thUdng Hinh thdc

nay ap dung cho tat ca cac khach hang co nhu cau mua ban, dap dng dUdc cac yeu cau trong thanh toan va giao nhan hang hoa

Hdp tac lien danh nham cung cap xang dau cho mot ben thd ba ma ban

than cac ben khong tu minh dam dUdng dUdc Doi tac lien danh la cac

doanh nghiep ldn co uy tin tai nUdc sd tai de cung cap cho cac ho tieu dung

ldn thong qua cac hdp dong dai han Doi tUdng nay dUdc nham vao cac lien doanh nUdc ngoai, cac cong ty nUdc ngoai tai nUdc nhap khau co nhu cau

tieu dung xang dau ldn, tinh on dinh cao nhU cac nha may dien, cac khu

cong nghiep

Dau tU hdp tac lien doanh cung gop von thanh lap cong ty lien doanh kinhdoanh ha nguon tai nUdc nhap khau

Bon la, chien lUdc duy tri phat trien mat hang kinh doanh Xang dau da dUdc

tieu chuan hoa mang tinh quoc te Vi vay van de la duy tri dam bao chat

lUdng hang hoa trong kinh doanh thong qua viec pha mau giup ngUdi tieu dung dd dang nhan biet, tranh hien tUdng pha tron hang hoa lam giamchat

lUdng hang hoa Dong thdi muc tieu dUa ra la phai ban nhdng mat hang thi

trUdng can chd khong ddng lai d mdc ban nhdng gi chung ta co

Nam la, chien lUdc ve gia ca hang hoa, ldi nhuan Co the noi day la khau

quyet dinh nham duy tri phat trien thi phan ddng thdi mang lai hieu qua kinh

doanh Chien lUdc gia ca phai dUdc dat trong trang thai dong, uyen chuyen

phu hdp vdi tdng doi tac trong tdng giai doan va hoan canh cu the Muc tieu dat ra la tan dung moi cd hoi nham dat dUdc hieu qua cao nhat Tuy nhien

cac hang kinh doanh xang dau la cac doanh nghiep ldn co nhieu thong tin

ve thi trUdng dau the gidi, can bo quan ly co trinh do nghiep vu vdng vang, vi

vay xay dung gia nen co mdc ldi nhuan hdp ly

Ke hoach tai xuat khau xang dau dUdc xay dung dua tren cac can cd sau:

-So lieu thong ke thuc hien tai xuat khau qua cac nam, nhat la thuc hien cua nam trUdc khi xay dung ke hoach Phan tich so lieu tim ra cac nguyen nhankhach quan va chu quan tac dong anh hUdng den thuc hien ke hoach qua tUng khu vuc thi trudng, tUng khach hang TU do dUa ra cac giai phap de han

che cac anh hudng tieu cuc, phat huy cac yeu to tich cuc nham xay dung kehoach dam bao sat vdi tinh hinh thuc te

-Can cd vao chien lUdc kinh doanh va kha nang dau tU cua vao cac khu vuc

thi trudng da dUdc hoach dinh trong cac chinh sach phat trien lau dai, chienlUdc phat trien thi phan, phat then khach hang

-Cac hdp dong dai han da dUdc ky ket va duy tri trong nam ke hoach

-Du bao tinh hinh thi trUdng xang dau trong trang thai “dong” sau khi phan tich tong hdp cac yeu to tac dong tich cuc va tieu cuc den kha nang thuc thi

ke hoach nhU nghien cdu phan tich cac doi thu canh tranh,cac doi tac kinh

doanh cung nhU toc do tang trUdng cua nen kinh te quoc dan noi chung va

mdc do tang trUdng nhu cau tieu dung xang dau noi rieng

Noi dung chu yeu cua ke hoach dUdc xac dinh thong qua mot so chi tieu coban sau:

Kho'i lUdng va kim ngach tai xuat khau, doanh thu tai xuat khau

Ldi nhuan va ty suat ldi nhuan cua nam ke hoach

Thi phan, mdc do gia tang thi phan tai tUng khu vuc cu the, xem xet ap dung

chinh sach tiep thi, gia ca doi vdi mot so khach hang truyen thong de co dinh hUdng trong viec dam phan va ky ket cac hdp dong kinh te

1.2.3-Dam phan ky ket va thUc hien hdp dong tai xuat khau xang dau

Hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau bao gom hoat dong tam nhap khau, hoat

dong tai xuat Ban chat cua tai xuat khau la hoat dong kinh doanh dich vu,

xuat khau dung chung loai, mat hang nhap khau, khong qua khau gia cong

che bien Vi vay hoat dong tai xuat khau len quan nhieu den hoat dong tam

nhap Noi dung dam phan va ky ket hdp dong tai xuat khau cung dong nghia

vdi viec dam phan va ky ket hdp dong tam nhap khau

Xang dau la mat hang kinh doanh co dieu kien, kim ngach buon ban ldn, cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh buon ban xang dau la cac thUdng nhan ldn co uy tin tren thUdng trUdng Vi vay hdp tac trong dam phan la phong cach dUdc

sd dung rong rai trong gidi kinh doanh xang dau Can cd theo tUng loai hdpdong ma quyet dinh hinh thdc dam phan cho phu hdp Doi vdi cac hdp dong

ldn, dai han thUdng ap dung hinh thdc dam phan truc tiep Trong qua

trinh dam phan cac ben co nhieu dieu kien de tim hieu quan diem, chien

liddc phat trien cua tdng ben; Td do dinh hddng chien hoc hop tac trong thdi gian trddc mat cung nhd lau dai; Co the tac dong den quan diem va mong muon cua nhau bang cach thdc cu the de di den sd thong nhat chung, tim ra

cac giai phap dung hoa ldi ich cua cac ben Doi vdi cac hop dong ngan han thong thddng dddc ap dung hinh thdc dam phan thong qua giao dich dien

tin, dien thoai Can cd vao nhu cau, ngddi mua phat hanh dOn hoi hang, can

cd vao don chao hang cua ngddi mua de Ida chon doi tac tien hanh giaodich dam phan

Xang dau la mat hang nang ldong chien lddc tren the gidi, giao dich mang

tinh chat toan cau Vi vay yeu to van hoa trong giao dich dam phan dddc

xem xet va can nhdc ky lddng Dac biet la dam phan vdi thdOng nhan khu

hang hoa Gia ca cu the cua tdng lo hang trong tdng thdi ky se dddc dam

phan sau va the hien bang cac phu luc hop dong

Hop dong ngan han (quarter contract) la hop dong mua hang theo tdng quy

nham xac dinh gia ca, thdi gian giao hang cu the

Hop dong giao ngay (spot contract) la hop dong mua ban tdng chuyen hang

cu the’ nham bo sung cac nhu cau hang hoa khong dd bao trddc ddoc nhu cau

Tat ca cac hop dong ngoai thdOng mua ban xang dau, ke’ ca hop dong nhap

khau, tai xuat, dai han, ngan han deu co noi dung vdi mot so dieu khoan co

ban nhd sau:

Ten ngddi ban: lei ngddi hudng loi trong giao dich mua ban

Ten ngddi mua: la ngddi thanh toan tien mua hang theo hop dong

Ten hang va so lddng: Hai ben thong nhat chung hai va so hddng hang hoa

tdOng dng voi tdng thdi diem giao hang

Dieu kien va thdi gian giao hang: quy dinh giao hang theo phdOng thdc

FOB,CIF trong tdng khoang thdi gian cu the’

Chat ldOng hang hoa: xang dau thong thddng dddc tieu chuan hoa theo quy

dinh cua quoc te hoac theo tdng khu vdc Tuy nhien de tranh hieu lam va dd

dang kiem soat chat lddng, hau het cac hdp dong deu dddc quy dinh rd quy each pham chat cho tdng loai hang hoa bang cac chi tieu cu the.

Gia ca hang hoa: day la dieu khoan quan trong nhat cua hdp dong mua ban ngan han, quy dinh phddng thdc tinh gia noi hay gia co dinh tren cd sd thi

trddng giao dich Singapore, Lodon hay New York

Phddng thdc thanh toan: quy dinh cu the thdi gian thanh toan ( hanh toan

ngay, thanh toan tra cham), hinh thdc thanh toan (thanh toan theo thd tindung L/C, TTR )

Thdi gian lam hang, thddng phat: quy dinh cu the thdi gian lam hang doi vditdng chuyen tau, thong nhat cach tinh va quy dinh mdc thddng phat doi vdi

viec dd hang cham

Giam dinh hang hoa: quy dinh hai ben thong nhat thue cd quan giam dinhdoc lap giam dinh chat lddng, so lddng hang hoa Y kien cua cd quan giam

dinh doc lap la chung tham va cuoi cung cho ca hai ben

Mau hang hoa: hang hoa dddc ldu mdu trong vong 30 ngay ke td ngay xephang lam cd sd cho viec giai quyet tranh chap ve chat lddng hang hoa

Luat va trong tai ap dung:viec ap dung luat va trong tai nddc nao la rat quan

trong Ben co the ap dat luat cua nddc ldi cho minh (cua nddc sd tai) la tot

nhat Tuy nhien thong thddng luat va trong tai cua nddc thd ba dddc ap dung

cho ca hai ben

Bat kha khang: dieu khoan nay chi rd cac nguyen nhan khach quan anhhddng den viec thdc hien hdp dong nhd bao lut, thien tai, dinh cong, cam van se dddc midn trach cho ca hai ben

Bao hiem: tuy theo tdng dieu khoan mua hang ma quy dinh rd trach nhiem

va nghTa vu cua cac ben co lien quan trong viec bao hiem hang hoa trongqua trinh van chuyen

Bao dam tinh phu hdp cua hang hoa: dieu khoan nay quy dinh rd hang hoachi dam bao phu hdp vdi chat lddng dddc quy dinh trong hdp dong khong

chiu trach nhiem phu hdp vdi tap quan tieu dung cua nddc ngddi mua

Cac dieu khoan khac: dieu khoan nay quy dinh y kien thong nhat chung ve cac phan khac co lien quan, ddn chieu ap dung theo dieu khoan giao hang quy dinh tai Incoterms2000 va UCP 500

Ve phddng thdc dam phan ky ket hdp dong tai xuat khau xang dau cung nhd

doi vdi cac hang hoa khac, dddc sd dung chu yeu ba phddng thdc sau: damphan qua dien thoai dddc ap dung cho cac hdp dong ngan han giao ngay (hdp dong spot); dam phan qua dien tin dddc ap dung chu yeu cho cac

hdp dong trung han mua ban theo quy; dam phan truc tiep thUdng dUdc ap

dung cho cac hdp dong dai han, hdp dong mdi hoac khach hang mdi, hoac

co nhieu y kien bat dong ma khong the ket thuc theo hai phUdng thdc tren

Ve hinh thdc ky ket do luat Viet Nam chi chap thuan ky ket bang van ban,

cac hdp dong kinh te bang mieng khong co tinh phap ly nen cac hdp dong xuat nhap khau cua Viet Nam chu yeu dUdc ky bang ban chinh (hard copy), telex hoac fax

Trinh tU va quy trinh thuc hien hdp dong nhap khau xang dau: do khongphan biet hang hoa nhap khau noi dia vdi hang hoa tam nhap de tai xuat

nen hang hoa nhap khau dUdc thuc hien chung theo quy trinh md L/C,hudng ddn lap chdng td xep hang, chdng td thanh toan, mua bao hiem, thue

tau (neu phat sinh), md td khai nhap khau hoac tam nhap khau, thue cd

quan giam dinh doc lap, giam sat qua trinh dd hang; giai quyet cac tranh chap phat sinh va cuoi cung la thanh toan tien hang nhap khau

Hang hoa tam nhap de tai xuat khong can ca biet hoa rieng, dUdc ton chdachung cung vdi hang hoa kinh doanh noi dia trong cung mot he thong kho

be

Quy trinh lam thu tuc tai xuat cung dUdc thuc hien tUdng tU nhU quy trinh lam

thu tuc xuat khau bao gom kiem tra L/C, mua bao hiem, thue tau, thue cdquan giam dinh, md td khai tai xuat vdi to’ng lUdng hang tai xuat dung chung

loai va khong vUdt qua so lUdng da tam nhap; kiem soat qua trinh xep hang,

lap chdng td xep hang, chdng td thanh toan va cuoi cung la hoan tat thu tuc

doi tien khach hang thong qua ngan hang

1.2.4- Qua n ly vi a da nh g i a hie u qua hoat dong ta i x ua t khau xang da u.

Hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau la mot trong cac phUdng thdc kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep, chu yeu la tan dung cd sd vat chat sdn co nhU kho tang ben bai, phUdng tien van tai; khong to chdc hach toan rieng mot cach doc

lap ma tien hanh danh gia chi phi tren cd sd phan bo cho cac loai hinh kinh

doanh, von lUu dong (von mua hang hoa) chu yeu dUdc tan dung von vay

cua nUdc xuat khau; cu the la khi nhap khau xang dau cac doanh nghiepViet Nam thanh toan cham 30 ngay thi khi tai xuat khau chung ta cung cho

phep nUdc ngoai nd 30 ngay Vi vay de quan ly va danh gia hieu qua cua hoat dong tai xuat khau, chu yeu thong qua mot so chi tieu cd ban sau:

- Khoi lUdng xang dau tai xuat kha’u: bieu hien khoi lUdng hien vat tan-M3xang dau thuc tai xuat khau hang nam cho cac thi trUdng nUdc ngoai

- Kim ngach xuat khau xang dau: lUdng kim ngach ngoai te manh (USD)

thu duoc qua hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau ke ca doanh thu ban hang va doanh thu van tai.

- Doanh thu td tai xuat khau xang dau: xac dinh doanh thu thu ddoc td kinh

doanh tai xuat khau xang dau (khong tinh cac nguon doanh thu khac) vadddc tinh trong ty trong tong doanh thu kinh doanh xang dau cua doanh

nghiep

- Ldi nhuan td hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau ddoc xac dinh:

Tong ldi nhuan = Tong doanh thu - Tong chi phi ban hang tai xuat

- Loi nhuan sau thue cua tai xuat khau xang dau:

Loi nhuan sau thue = Tong loi nhuan - Thue thu nhap doanh nghiep

- Ty suat loi nhuan cua hoat dong tai xuat khau (H) ddoc tinh:

Loi nhuan tai xuat khau xang dauH1 = *100%

Tong von KD tai xuat khau XD

Loi nhuan tai xuat khau xang dau

H2= - - *100%

Chi phi tai xuat khau XD

Loi nhuan tai xuat khau xang dau

H3 = *100%

Doanh thu td tai xuat khau XD

- Hieu qua xa hoi: ngoai cac chi tieu cu the tren hoat dong tai xuat khau

con gop phan giai quyet cong an viec lam, thu nhap cho CBCNV cOngnhd nang cao uy tin cua Petrolimex tren thi trdOng quoc te

1.3- Nhdng nha n to an h hddng de n ta i xu a t khau xang da u.

1.3.1- Kha nang kha i thac, che b i en va nhu cau tie u dung xang dau tre n

the gidi.

Dau mo lei nguon tai nguyen thien nhien ddoc ban bo cho cac nddc, cac khuvdc rat khong dong deu nhau Khu vdc Trung Dong la khu vqc tap trungnhieu nguon dau mo nhat the gidi Tai Kuwait hien nay xang dau ddoc ban

re hon nddc tieu dung cho sinh hoat Trong khi do cac nddc cong nghiep phat trien nhd My, Nhat Ban, Tay Au lai co nhu cau tieu dung rat ldn Honnda kha nang che bien cua cac nha may loc dau cOng rat khac nhau Vi vay

tat yeu nay sinh nhu cau xuat nhap khau xang dau tren the gidi

San lUdng san xuat dau mo cua mot so khu vuc tren the gidi co anh hudng

den viec xuat nhap khau xang dau nhu sau:

Bang 1.1- San lUdng san xuat dau mo tren the gidi

My

Chau Au

Trung Dong

Chau Phi

Chau A TBD

Tong so TG

* Nguon so lieu: BP Sta t istical Review of World Energy - phat hanh thang 6/2004

Kha nang san xuat va mdc do tieu dung cua cac nudc, cac khu vuc tren the

gidi la rat khac nhau, dan den nhu cau nhap khau, xuat khau gida cac nudc,

cac khu vuc tren the gidi

Sau day la nhu cau tieu dung cua mot so khu vuc tren the gidi:

Bang 1.2- Nhu cau tieu dung dau mo tren the gidi

Pan vi tinh: Trieu tan

My

Chau Au

Trung

Dong

Chau Phi

Chau A TBD

Tdng sd TG

*Nguon so lieu: BP Statistical Review of World Energy -phat hanh thang 6/2004

Ngoai kha nang san xuat khai thac dau tho, nhu cau tieu dung thi kha nang

che bien loc dau tif dau tho thanh dau thanh pham cung anh hudng ldn den

hoat dong xuat nhap khau cua cac nude va cac khu vdc tren the gidi

Bang 1.3- Cong suat loc dau cua cac nha may tren the gidi

Ddn v] t inh: Nghin , Thung/ngay

Nam Bac My Nam

My

ChauAu

TrungDong

Chau

Phi

Chau ATBD

* N g uon so lieu: BP Statistical Review of World Energy - phat hanh thang 6/2004

1.3.2- NhQng nhan to cua nddc xuat khau xang dau chu yeu vao Viet

Nam

Hoat dong tam nhap tai xuat xang dau lien quan truc tiep td nudc xuat khau xang dau, nudc nhap khau va nudc tai nhap khau Bdi xang dau dudc van

chuyen td nudc xuat khau thong qua hoac khong thong qua nudc nhap khau

de di den nudc tai nhap khau ma khong qua bat ky khau gia cong che bien

nao Vi vay mot so yeu to cua nudc xuat khau anh hudng truc tiep den hoat

dong tai xuat khau bao gom:

Vi tri dia ly cua cac nudc san xuat va che bien dau mo vdi cac nudc tieudung xang dau Day la yeu to quyet dinh den hieu qua kinh doanh cua hoat dong tai xuat khau, dudng van dong cua hang hoa

Kha nang san xuat va kinh doanh cac san pham hoa dau cua cac hang tham

gia vao hoat dong tai xuat khau Cac tap doan dau khi ldn tren the gidi nhu

Shell, Caltex, Mobil, BP co cac mo khai thac, nha may che bien va hethong cac cong ty kinh doanh tren toan cau nen kha nang dap dng nhu cauhang hoa rat ldn vdi chi phi het sdc canh tranh

Chinh sach md rong thUdng mai toan cau la yeu to then chot anh hudng den

hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau bdi hoat dong nay thuc chat la hoat dong

mang nang tinh dich vu Chinh sach thUOng mai khong duoc md rong se anh hudng rat ldn den ket qua cua hoat dong tai xuat khau

Mac du chat lUdng xang dau da duqc tieu chuan hoa tuy nhien can cU vao

dac thu cua tUng nudc, mdi mot khu vuc tieu dung lai dUa ra yeu cau chat

lUdng khac nhau nen tac dong anh hudng den ket qua cua hoat dong taixuat khau

Cd sd vat chat ky thuat kho tang ben bai va phUdng tien van tai (cong tac

hau can) cung anh hudng ldn den hoat dong tai xuat khau bdi hoat dong nay phu thuoc rat ldn den cong tac ton chUa va van tai hang hoa ddi hoi cac yeu

cau ky thuat dac thu cua nganh hang long, de chay no, bay hdi hao hut Hien nay Viet Nam dang mua cac san pham dau md chu yeu tU Kuwait,

Singapore, Korea, Thai Lan, Trung Quoc Day la cac trung tam loc hoa dau

trong khu vuc Cong suat che bien cua cac nha may loc dau ma Viet Nam

cd quan he mua ban nhieu nhat trong khu vuc nhu sau:

Bang 1.4- Cong suat loc dau cua mot sd nudc trong khu vud

Don vi tinh: Nghin Thung/ngay

Nam Singapore Kuwait Thai Lan Taiwan /Vga Nhat

'Nguon so lieu: BP Statistical Review of World Energy - phat hanh thang 6/2004

Trong cac nudc ke tren, Singapore vUa la trung tam che bien dau md, vUa la

trung tam trung chuyen ldn nhat Viet Nam chu yeu mua cac san pham

dau mo td Singapore hoac cac hang xang dau quoc te co chi nhanh hoat

dong tai Singapore.Trong bai viet nay do han che ve thdi gian nen chi de

cap, di sau nghien cdu ve Singapore, lam co sd va bai hpc kinh nghiem cho

Viet Nam trong hoat dong tai xuat khau

Day la quoc gia nam d cdc nam bao dao Malaca, diem trong yeu chien lddc

tren con dddng giao Idu buon ban bang dudng bien giCJa An Do Dddng va

Thai Binh Dddng, gida Dong Nam A hai dao va Dong Nam A luc dia Ldi

dung vi tri cdc ky xung yeu nay, Singapore da trd thanh trung tam thddng

mai quoc te

Singapore hien la trung tam loc dau ldn tren the gidi Doc theo bd bien phia nam Singapore cd the nhin thay 4 nha may loc dau vdi cong suat tren 1 trieu

thung/ngay, nhdng kho be chda xang dau ldn va cang nddc sau thuan tien

cho tau chd dau ldn va cdc ldn ra vao Singapore chi tieu thu 35% xang dau

san xuat ra, 65% con lai dddc xuat khau Hien gid, Singapere dang tap trung

san xuat xang dau cd chat Iddng cao, dap ling dddc tieu chuan bae ve mei

trudng ngat ngheo cua Nhat, My va mot so nudc Tay Au

Hien nay, Singapore vdn la mot trung tam buon ban tai xuat ldn nhat khu vdc vdi cac nguyen nhan sau:

Mot la, Singapore la mot nddc cd cang ldn nhat va hien dai nhat trong khuvdc Singapore cd mot he thong dich vu van chuyen bien gom hang chuc cau cang hien dai, hang tram kho tang ben bai va hang nghin chiec tau bien

di khap cac dai dddng Td nam 1969, Singapore da to’ chdc thdc hien quy

che mien phi va mien cac thu tuc hanh chinh d nam khu vdc xung quanh

cang Cang Singapore la trung tam gdi hang mot cda Toan bo he thong cang bien cua Singapore dddc td dong hoa trong boc dd hang hoa va co hethong xep hang bang dien toan dieu khien td xa

Hai la, Singapore ap dung chinh sach thddng mai td do Day la mot trong

nhdng he thong thddng mai td do nhat the gidi, khong ap dung thue hoac

hang rao phi thue quan de bao ve hang noi dia Khoang 6% hang nhap khau

vao Singapore khong phai chiu thue rihap khau hoac cac bien phap phi thuequan khac Hang tam nhap tai xuat hay chuyen khau cung khong phai chiu thue xuat nhap khau Do vay, quy che quan ly thddng mai Singapdre d mdc

thap nhat

Ba la, Singapore sd dung he thong Tradenet lam thu tuc xuat nhap khau

hang hoa Day la mot he thong may dien toan noi mang gida cac nha chdctrach Singapore Nhd he thong nay, cac Cong ty Singapore co the hoan tat

toan bo thu tuc xin giay phep xuat nhap khau qua may dien toan trong

vong 30 phut ma khong can phai dem cac chdng td den cac cd quan nay dexin phep (trd mot so trudng hdp rat dac biet) He thang nay da giup ddn gian hoa thu tuc xuat nhap khau, giup thong ke chinh xac so lieu, giam bdt quan

lieu, hanh chinh Nhd vay, Container di qua cong cang cua Singapore lam thu tuc chi mat khoang 45 giay

Bon la, Singapore chu trong phat then he thong xuc tien thUdng mai Cuc phattrien ThUdng mai va Cong nghiep la cd quan quan ly Nha nudc cao nhat ve xuc

tien ThUdng mai Ngoai ra, cac Hiep hoi nganh nghe, Phong ThUdng mai va

Cong nghiep ngudi Hoa, Phong ThUdng mai va Cong nghiep ngudi Ma Lai

Phong ThUdng mai va Cong nghiep ngUdi An Do deu lam xuc tien ThUdng

mai Cac cd quan xuc tien ThUdng mai ban thong tin cho cac doanh nghiep vdi

gia chi bang td 30 - 50% chi phi tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep nam vdng

thong tin ve cung cau, gia ca tren thi trUdng

1.3.3- Nh d ng nha n tothuoc vi e Viet Na m

Viet Nam nam d phia dong nam chau A tiep giap vdi cac trung tam loc hoa

dau trong khu vuc nhU Singapore, Thai Lan, Dai Loan La ndi giao tiep trendUdng van chuyen xang dau td Nam len Bac, td khu vuc Trung Dong len cac

nUdc Bac A co nhu cau tieu dung ldn tren the gidi; la trung tam cua ban dao

Dong DUdng gom Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia, tiep giap vdi Trung Quoc co

dieu kien rat thuan ldi cho phat trien thUdng mai tai xuat khau xang dau

Trong tinh hinh hien nay, khung hoang chinh tri d Trung Dong, nan khung botran nan d cac nUdc Trung Dong, Nam A, Dong Nam A thi Viet Nam vdinen chinh tri on dinh, trat tU xa hoi an toan dang la diem thu hut dau tU, du

Hch hap dan tren the gidi cung nhU trong khu vUc, tao dieu kien cho hoat

dong dich vu phat trien, trong do co hoat dong tai xuat khau xang dau

Sau thdi ky doi mdi Viet Nam hien dang vUdn len trd thanh la mot trong cac

nUdc co trd lUcdng va san xuat dau tho kdn trong khu vuc chi ddng sauMalaysia va Indonesia trong khoi Asean tao dieu kien de phat trien cd sd vat

chat ky thuat cho cong nghiep hoa dau noi chung cung nhU cd sd vat chat

ky thuat cho nganh hang kinh doanh xang dau noi rieng:

Bang 1.5- S an lddng khai thac dau cua mot so nddc Dong Nam A

Dan vi tinh: Trieu tan Nam SX Vietnam Indones i a Malaysia Brunei Thailan

*Ngu on so lieu: BP S t a t istical Review of World Energy - phat hanh thang 6/2004

Viet Nam co cd sd vat chat ky thuat cua nganh hang kinh doanh xang dau

tddng doi phat trien Vdi chieu dai ven bien hdn 2000 Km thuan ldi cho viec phat trien he thong cang bien nddc sau Hien Viet Nam co tren 10 he thong

cang chuyen dung xang dau co the tiep nhan cac phddng tien co trong tai

tren 40.000DWT nhd cang Nha Be, Cat Lai TP Ho Chi Minh, cang My khe

Da Ndng, cang B12 Quang Ninh, cang can Thd

Kho xang dau co sdc chda tren 1 trieu M3 vdi day du cac trang thiet bi hien dai dam bao cho viec ton chda hang kinh doanh noi dia va tai xuat khausang cac nddc lan can

Viet Nam hien co doi tau van tai xang dau quoc te vdi tong trong tai tren

200.000 DWT co the hoat dong tren tat ca cac tuyen vi^n dddng phu hop vdi

cac cong ddc quoc te

Sau thdi ky doi mdi ke td nam 1986 den nay Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam

thdc hien chinh sach kinh te md cda, hoi nhap vdi nen kinh te the gidi, tangcddng quan he thddng mai song phddng, da phddng vdi tat ca cac nddc, cac

to chdc quoc te tren the gidi cung nhu trong khu vuc Cac chinh sach cua

Dang va Nha nudc dang ngay cang tao dieu kien de day manh tai xuatkhau, hudng ra thi trudng ben ngoai

1.4- Mot so dac diem cd ban cua t hi t r i U dn g cac nddc t ai nhap k h au

xang dau tU Viet Nam

1.4.1- Tl i i tru ’cing Camp u c hia

Campuchia la mot trong ba nudc nam tren ban dao Dong DUdng tiep giap

vdi Viet Nam, Lao, Thai Lan, co quan he chinh tri kinh te van hoa gan gui vdi

Viet Nam Campuchia la nudc mdi gia nhap Asean td nam 1997 vdi dan so

khoang 10 trieu ngudi nhung nam 2003 da la thanh vien cua To chdc Thudng mai the gidi WTO co nen kinh te md cda rat nhanh chong Tuy nhien

do noi chien keo dai nen kinh te cua Campuchia chua phat trien, chu yeu la

san xuat nong nghiep, cong nghiep chua co nen tang vdng chac Kinh te tap

trung chu yeu d cac vUng doc song Me Kong, ven mien duyen hai nhu Tinh

Shihanukviile, Congpongcham, Xiemriep, Phnompenh

Campuchia co he thong giao thong dudng bo, dudng thuy noi lien vdi Viet

Nam rat thuan lpi, co nhieu cda khau quoc gia, quoc te tao dieu kien thong

thudng gida hai nudc nhu V7nh Xudng, Thudng Phudc, Xa Xia, Moc Bai

He thong luat phap da dudc cai thien nhieu nhung chua chac chan, nan

tham nhung con xay ra tran lan, phan nao lam han che su phat trien cua nen kinh te

Campuchia chua co nganh dau khi, chua san xuat dudc dau tho, toan bo

dau san pham deu phai nhap khau Trudc nam 1990 Campuchia cung nhu cac nudc Dong Dudng khac, toan bo xang dau dudc cung cap chu yeu td

Lien Xo thong qua hiep dinh thudng mai song phudng va cac nghi dinh thu

dudc ky ket gida chinh phu hai nudc Budc vao nhdng nam dau 1990 xang dau dudc cung cap td nhieu nguon khac nhau nhu Thai Lan, Viet Nam,Trung Quoc vdi hinh thdc mua ban theo gia ca thi trudng the gidi

Chinh phu Campuchia thuc hien chinh sach tu do hoa thi trudng kinh doanh

xang dau Md cda de cac hang xang dau nudc ngoai vao kinh doanh xang dau d khu vuc ha nguon nhu Shell, Caltex, Total, PTT Thai Lan, Petronas

Cac cong ty noi dia bao gom Cong ty Sokimex, Tela, Mittapheap Nha nudc Campuchia khong can thiep vao gia ca xang dau, gia ca tang giam theo gia

xang dau the gidi

Campuchia la mot quoc gia thuc thi che do quan chu lap hien, thuc hien

chinh sach da dang phai nen thdi gian qua cac dang phai chinh tri tranh

gianh quyen luc, cd sd vat chat ky thuat phat trien khong dong deu gida

cac vung mien Hien nay duy nhat chi co mot he thong cang nudc sau tai

Shihanukville co the tiep nhan tau tai trong 30.000 DWT vcii trang thiet bi

hien dai va true tiep nhap khau hang hoa td nude ngoai He thong kho cang tai cac khu vdc kinh te khac ke ca Phnompenh la he thong cang song, chi

tiep nhan dupe tau co tai trong vai nghin DWT

Bang 1.6- Nhu cau tieu dung xang dau tai Campuchia

Don vi tinh: Tan

Nam San li/bng Tang trcfdng (%)

* Nguon so lieu : Phong thifdng mai va cong nghiep Campuchia

Trong nhdng nam qua do cong tac tai xuat khau cua Viet Nam dupe to chdc

tot (nhat la nhdng nam sau khi To chdc Lien hop quoc to chdc tong tuyen cdthanh cong) nen lupng xang dau Campuchia nhap khau td Viet Nam chiem tren 60%, lupng con lai la nhap khau td Thai Lan va cac nudc khac trong khu vdc

1.4.2- Thi trddng Lao

Nudc Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao la nudc nam sau nhat tren ban daoDong DUdng, cd dien tfch la 236.800 M2 vdi 5080 Km dudng bien gidi tiep

giap vdi nudc la Viet Nam, Trung Quoc, Thai Lan, Campuchia, Mien Dien

vdi dan so tinh den nam 2000 la 5,091 trieu ngddi

Nudc Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Lao dupe thanh lap nam 1975 vdi nen chinh tri on dinh, co quan he gan gui vdi Viet Nam Dai bp phan cac can bpchu chot deu dupe dao tao va hoc tap tai Viet Nam

Nen kinh te dac trung cua Lao la nen kinh te nong - lam nghiep vdi ty trong len den tren 50% trong co cau GDP Toe dp phat trien GDP binh quan trong

cac nam gan day la 6,66%

Nudc Lao khong co djdng thong ra bien, djdng giao lju hang hoa vdi ben ngoai chu yeu thong qua Thai Lan va Viet Nam.

Djdng tiep xuc chu yeu vdi phi'a Dong td trjdc den nay vdn thong qua caccang bien tai mien Trung Viet Nam nhj Cda Lo, Oda Viet, Da Nang va mdi

day nhat la Vung Ang ngoai ra con mot so cda khau nho khac nhj Na Meo,

Pa Hang, Cha Lo, Tay Trang, Bd Y nam doc chieu dai 2.069 Km djdng bien gidi

Njdc Lao co djdng bien gidi vdi Thai Lan bang song Me Kong dai 1.835

Km Hien nay co ba cau vTnh cdu thong thddng gida hai njdc tai Vientiane,Pakse, Savanakhet Day dong thdi cung la cac trung tam kinh te ldn cua ca

njdc

He thong djdng giao thong lien tinh, lien thanh pho tai Lao hien dang tronggiai dan xay dung mdi, nang cap va cai tao lai cac tuyen djdng da co sdn Truc djdng quoc lo chinh la quoc lo so 13 chay td nga ba bien gidi vdi Trung

Quoc, Mien Dien qua Bac Lao, Trung Lao, Ha Lao den bien gidi Campuchia,

di qua cac thanh pho ldn la: Pakse, Seno, , Thakhec, Pakadinh, Paksan,

Vientiane, Luongphabang, Mddngsai Cac tuyen djdng con lai chu yeu la

cac tuyen djdng cat ngang Quoc lo 13 noi td Viet Nam sang phia tay nhj Quoc lo 6, Quoc lo 7, Quoc lo 8, Quoc lo 9

Tjdng tu nhj Campuchia, Lao chja co nganh dau khi, toan bo san pham

dau deu phai nhap khau Vdi dan so khong ldn, do thi it, nen kinh te chu yeu

van la nong nghiep, cong nghiep chja phat trien, thuy dien doi dao va dang

djpc khai thac tot, ha tang giao thong van tai con yeu kem Vi vay nen mdc

tieu thu xang dau va cac san pham hoa dau tai Lao thap Theo thong ke cua

Bo Thjdng mai Lao ljpng tieu thu xang dau cua Lao hien nay vao khoang 400.000 tan/nam va toe dd gia tang hang nam khoang 8% den 10%/nam

Tjdng tu nhj Viet Nam, Chinh phu Lao xac dinh xang dau la mat hang dinh hjdng, la nhien lieu chien ljpc quoc gia nen co sU kiem soat chat che ve nguon, ddn vi dau moi nhap khau, kinh doanh cung nhj gia ban tren thitrjdng Hien nay, tai Lao co cac cong ty kinh doanh xang dau djpc phep

nhap khau vdi thi phan kinh doanh trong nam 2003 nhj sau:

+ Cong ty xang dau Nha njdc Lao : 47%

+ Cong ty xang dau Vientiane (Quoc phong) 05%

+ Cong ty lien doanh Shell 13%

+ Cong ty lien doanh Caltex 22%

+ Cong ty khac: PTT 03%

Cd sd vat chat cho nganh xang dau con ngheo nan, ky thuat lac hau, he

thong kho be co dung ljpng it tap trung chu yeu d cac thanh pho ldn

Doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau td Thai Lan do he thong dudng sa phia Thai

Lan tot, phudng tien van tai bo cd dung tich gap doi phudng tien td phia Viet Nam; hdn nda Thai Lan lai la trung tam loc hoa dau nen lUdng xang dau

nhap khau td Thai Lan chiem tren 80% Td phia Viet Nam do dddng sa kern

doi nui nhieu, phia Chinh phu Viet Nam lai han che tai trong cua phudng tien nen chi phi van tai cao, lUdng xang dau nhap khau td Viet Nam chi chiem

gan 20%

3.3.4-Thi trJdng Trung Quoc

Cong hoa Dan chu Nhan dan Trung Hoa nam d khu vuc Bac A tiep giap vdi

Viet Nam, Lao, Mien Dien, An Do, Mong Co, Lien bang Nga, Trieu tien La

mot quoc gia co dan so ldn nhat the gidi vdi sd lUdng tren 1,2 ty ngudi

Ve vi tri dia ly, khu vdc phia Nam va Tay Nam Trung Quoc tiep giap vdi VietNam.Tai khu vdc nay phia Viet Nam co he thong cang nhap xang dau cd taitrong ldn vdi he thong dudng ong cd kha nang cung cap cho toan bo Mien

Bac, Bac Trung bo Viet Nam va cac tinh Tay Nam Trung Quoc Trong khi do

phia Trung Quoc tai khu vuc tren khong co he thong cang bien nudc sau denhap khau xang dau Xang dau dudc van chuyen td cac nha may loc dauvao sau luc dia Trung Quoc cd ban dudc thdc hien bang xe Ida

Td nam 1980 Trung Quoc thdc hien chinh sach kinh te md cda, phat trien nen kinh te thi trudng mang mau sac Trung Quoc Xay dung cac dac khukinh te nhu Thddng Hai, Tham Quyen, Chu Hai, Dai Lien lam cac dau tauIdi keo sd phat trien kinh te cua ca nudc.Thuc hien cac chinh sach cai eachdong bo nhu luat phap on dinh, mdi trudng dau tu tot, thu hut ddde von dau

tu nudc ngoai ldn nhat the gidi; cam cac cong ty quan doi, cong an, to chdc

dang lam kinh te

Trude nam 1997 Hong Kong la cda ngo chuyen khau hang hoa td ben ngoai

vao Trung Quoc va ngUdc lai Nam 1994, lUdng chuyen khau hang td dai lucqua Hong Kong tang 148 Ian so vdi nam 1978, chiem 57,6% to’ng gia tri

chuyen khau cda Hong Kong (*sd lieu: Tap chi Cac van de kinh te cua Thong tan

xa Viet Nam so thang 9-10 nam 1997) Ke td nam 1997, sau khi Hong Kong

chuyen giao ve Trung Quoc, Iddng hang hoa chuyen khau qua Hong Kong

vao dai luc giam Viet Nam cd cd hoi la trung tam chuyen khau hang hoa td ben ngoai vao dai luc Trung Quoc

Ke td nam 1980 den nay nen kinh te Trung Quoc co mdc tang trddng cao nhat the gidi, luon luon duy tri d mdc 7% - 9%/nam Vi vay nhu cau tieu dung nhien lieu ngay cang ldn Mac du Chinh phu Trung Quoc da cd nhieu

bien phap tang cUdng khai thac che bien va san xuat dau tho nhdng cung

van khong du cau Day la dieu kien giup cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam co cd hoi tai xuat khau xang dau vao thi trudng Trung Quoc.

So lieu ve kha nang san xuat va nhu cau tieu dung xang dau cua Trung Quoc nhu sau:

Bang 1.7- Kha nang san xuat va nhu cau tieu dung cua Trung Quoc

Dan vi tinh: Trieu tan Nam Kha nang san xuat Nhu cau tieu dung

TQ Dai luc Hong Kong

★Ng uon so lieu: BP Statistical Review of World Energy - phat hanh thang 6/2004

Nhu vay trong nam 2003 kha nang san xuat dau tho cua Trung Quoc la169,3 trieu tan chiem 4,6% san luung cung cap dau tho tren toan the gidi,

trong khi do nhu cau tieu dung nhien lieu tinh ca Dai luc va Hong Kong la

388,5 tri^u tan chiem 8% nhu cau tieu dung tt^ren toan the gidi Vdi toe do

phat trien kinh te nhu hien nay thi khoang cach gida cung va cau ngay cang

ldn Dieu do quyet dinh quan he cua Trung Quoc vdi khu vuc Trung

Dong,Lien bang Nga de day dung dudng ong cung cap tu chau Au sang chau A dam bao dunc chien lunc anh ninh nang lupng cho dat nudc dong dan nhat the gidi nay

THl/C TRANG HOAT DONG TAI XUAT KHAU XANG DAU

6 TONG CONG TY XANG DAU VIET NAM

2.1- Tong quan ve Tong cong ty Xang dau Viet Nam.

2.1.1- Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien.

Ngay 12/01/1956 Bo Truing Bo Thirong nghiep (nay la Bo Thirong mai) co Quyet dinh so 09/BTN thanh lap Tdng cong ty Xang dau m3 Day la quyet dinh

co y nghTa rat quan trong doi vdi lich sir nganh xang dau trong sir nghiep khdiphuc va phat trien kinh te, on dinh ddi song nhan dan o mien Bac Sirra ddi cua Tong cong ty da nhanh chong gop phan vao viec cung utig xang dau cho nen

kinh te quoc dan, phat huy vai trd cua thirong nghiep quoc doanh va cung la tien

de, la dau hieu cho sir phat trien sau nay cua mot nganh kinh te quan trong -

nganh xang dau Viet Nam dirdi che do mdi

Thdi ky dau mdi thanh lap, Tong cong ty cd nhiem vu tiep nhan, bao quan, trung

chuyen, cung Ong va ban le xang dau phuc vu cac nganh, cac dia phddng va

ngirdi tieu dung tren dia ban rong ldn cua mien Bac Vdi viec phat trien manh me

va rong khap nhieu nganh nghe, nhu cau xang dau phuc vu san xuat va ddi song ngay mot cao Den thang 4/1960 Nha node da quyet dinh hoan thien them mot birdc to chdc cua nganh xang dau bang each doi ten To’ng cong ty Xang dau m3

thanh Cue xang dau trdc thudc Td’ng Cue Vat Tir nham thong nhat quan ly xQng

dau tren dia ban mien Bac mot each chat che hon Nho cd sir no lire cua toan

nganh ddng xang dau da viron tdi dirge hau het cac dia phirong, ke ca nhdng

tinh mien nui xa xoi nhu1 Cao Bang, Lao Cai, Son La, Lai Chau Cac he thong

kho bai, cac tram va cac diem kinh doanh cung ting dirge hinh thanh gan lien vdicac vung kinh te, cac khu cong nghiep Ban do mang ludi xang dau mien Bac trd len sinh dong hon, phong phu va khoa hoc hon Ben canh dd, To’ng cong ty cung phuc vu dac lire, cung cap du xang dau cho cong cuoc khang chien giai phong

mien Nam, gop phan quan trong vao chien cong chung cua ca dan toe trong

cuoc chien dau bao ve doc lap, chu quyen, toan ven lanh tho va thong nhat dat

Ngoai thirong dam phan vdi nirdc ngoai ve nguon hang va dieu hang ve nirdc