the roots, verb-forms and primary derivatives of the sanskrit language

-THE ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE.. POPLAR DEEP This work is intended especially as a Supplement to my Sanskrit Grammar Leipzig, 1879, giving, w

:

WILLIAM DWIGHTWHITNEY

-THE ROOTS, VERB-FORMS,

AND

PRIMARY DERIVATIVES

OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE

A SUPPLEMENT TO HIS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,

BY

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY,

PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN YALE COLLEGE

THIS WORK IS COPYRIGHT

LEIPZIG,

BREITKOPF AND HARTEL

LONDON, TRUBNER & Co 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL, E C 8

ENTD STA HALL

1885.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Of the following emendanda, some are corrections of discovered oversights,

some are the results of continued collection, and a large part are gleanings

from the last-issued portion (to end of 1) of Béhtlingk’s minor dictionary A few obvious misprints are passed unnoticed The modifications and new mate- rial here given are included in the Indexes

p 1, ƒ ae, l 1 — read aficati etc, av.n

- 2, 1 1 — read acyate etc v.B

- 2, V aj, 1 1 — read etc v.B

- 2, bottom — add y anth, ‘visit’: pres anthati c.; verb anthita

co (B6.)

- 4, y are, 1 7 — read (arcyate v.z.)

- 5, 1 1— read agita ete v.n.s

- 6, Y ap, 1.3 — read 1 ãpyBsam aa., api; | 12 col 3 — read

- 7, y 11, 1.6 — read iyat etc 8.+; to deriv add -Apin c

- 9, y 1 ig — to deriv add -egisigu c

- 9, Y 2 is — to deriv add -egity c

- 14, yz, 1 8 — read rtvé av.z.v

- 16, Y rg, — perhaps arcat vs (x1 4) belongs here

- 20, y ku, | 1 — add [2.] kauti c

- 26, yY krudh, 1 8 — read krudhmi rv

~ 29, y ksip, 1 2 — read cikgepa etc v.B +

- 38, p i gr, 1 6 — read -girya B.s., and add grnddhyai aa

- 40, Y grabh, 1 10 — for agrabhista ete read agrabhigata; — to

deriv add grahayitavya c

- 45, 1 1 — read -cAmya B.+

- 46, 1,5 — read calayati s.+

~ 47, 1 5, col 4 — read ceya 8.x

- 47, y cit, 1 7 — add acite av

- 50, y chand, | 1 — dele ms (Bö.)

- 50, Y chut — to deriv add chotana c

- 54, V jus, 1 2 — add jujusan Rv

- 55, y 1 jr, 1.2 — read -te ete n.+; — to deriv add -jarignu c

- 56, y jfia, 1.11 — add jiipsyate c.; 1.14, col 3 — read jiapana av.s

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 249

56, Y jya, l 1 — read jiyate

61, ) tap, last 1 — read tapaka c

63, VY tuj, 1 7 — read tuj v.c

63, Y tud, 1 8 — read -tud s.e.c

65, 1 19, col 1 — read turaé v.+

70, đabh, 1 3 — add dambhigak s

72, 1.17, col 3 — read dada z.+

82, yp dha, 1.7 — read dhimahe v.z,; 1 16 — add adhitsigam aa

84, y dha, | 7 — read dhitva z.v

87, 1.2 — read dhiirti{ rv Ms

88, nam, | 10 — read namayati etc v.+, -te c

91, 1.8 — read -tavaf z., -tos z.s

92, y ned, | 1 — read nédati

94, 1 pat, 1 14, col 4 — read patay&lu av.c.; 1 16, col 3 — read

patuka Bs +

94, Y pad, 1.3 — read Aor 1 apadi cs (33 pass.?), apadmahi ete

95, 1.6, col 3 — read paduka B.c

95, Y pard — pardate c! is now quotable (Bé.)

96, 1.2 — read -tavai B.s

99, y pu, | 8 — pupiigati c! is now quotable (B6.)

- 101, Y pre, 1 10, col 4 — read praksa? v.aa

-101, Y pya, 1 3 — dele 4 apyfsam aa —

- 102, ý prach — to deriv add pra av (see J.A.0.S., vol xili., p xlii.),

piprksu c

~ 103, 1.6 — add prinayitr c

- 103, pÌu, | 5 — read -plutya v.s.+

- 106, y badh, 1 8 — read bibadhigate cx.c.; — to deriv add badh- ayity c

- 107, y bri, 1 2 — add bravithas -ita v

- 107, y bhakg, 1 5 — read bibhaksayisati s +

-111, Y bhiks, 1 5 — read bhiksitva v.c

- 112, y 2 bhuj, 1 9 — read bhuktva 3 +

- 118, Y mad — to deriv add mandayity c

- 119, 1.9 — add mananiya c

-125, myij, 1 11 — read m†gtvỗ Av.s,

-~ 126, Y mrd — to deriv add -mrdya c

- 129, V yaj, 1.6 — dele — 7 ayaksata (3:.) acs

- 135, y rat, 1 1 — read ratati

- 137, yY ram, 1 2 — read remus etc B +

- 140, y riph, 1 1 — read -ati av.B.s

- 140, yp ribh — to deriv add rebhin c

- 141, 1 3, col 2 — read rega s.c,

- 141, y rih, 1 1 — add rehfna s

250 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

p 141, V 1 ru — to deriv add ravan b

142, 1 2 — read rucé v.; 1 5 — add rucf s

142, y rud — to deriv add rurudisa c

143, Y 2 rudh — to deriv add rurutsu c

143, Y rug — to deriv add rogin c

144, y rig, 1 2 — add runhsita c

145, 1 2 — read liigé cn.v.+

145, after Y lajj — add Y lad ‘move about’: pres ladati c! (Bé.)

145, V lap, | 10, col 4 — read lapana x.+

146, y lal — to deriv add lalin c

147, 1ikh — to deriv add likhity c

148, 1 2 — read lepaka c., and add lipti c

148, vy lih, 1] 5 — add leham s

148, y 111, 1 6 — add letum c., and read -laya s.s

149, y lup, 1 7 — read lopam s.c

150, Ìubh, | 5 — add lubhita s

150, Y lul, 1 1 — read lolati -te etc

150, y lu, 1 4 — add lutva s.; to deriv add lavitavya c

151, Vy loe, 1 6, col 1 — read locaka c

lõi, y vac, 1 8 — add -vace rv

153, 1 8 — add -vivaddigu c

156, yY 3 vas, 1 12, col 2 — read vasya 3B +

159, Y vij, — to deriv add vijitavya c

163, Y vyj, 1 1 — add (at end) v.+

166, Y vyath — to deriv add -vyathin c

168, yY vli, 1 1 — read cn.s,

169, yY gans, 1 11, col 4 — read cahsity 3.+

173, Y gig, 1 1 — read cinasti

179, Y 1 gri, 1 4 — add critvai s

183, Y sad, 1 3 — read sedire rv

185, 1 6, col 3 — read sodhy 8 +

187, y su, 1 1 — read sunuté

189, y syj, 1 4 — read asarji v.38.s

190, 1 7, col 1 — read sfjya B.+

193, y stu, 1 4 — read stugé (18.), and add in 1 12 stuge av

194, yY stha, 1 5 — dele — 5

200, y sru, 1 12, col 4 — read sraivayitavya ms.s

207, 1.9, col 4 — read johtitra RV.AA

PREFACE

POPLAR DEEP

This work is intended especially as a Supplement to

my Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879), giving, with a ful-

ness of detail that was not then practicable, nor admissible

as part of the grammar itself, all the quotable roots of the

language, with the tense and conjugation-systems made from them, and with the noun and adjective (infinitival and par-

ticipial) formations that attach themselves most closely to

the verb; and further, with the other derivative noun and

adjective-stems usually classed as primary: since these also

are needed, if one would have a comprehensive view of

the value of a given root in the language And everything given is dated, with such accuracy as the information thus far in hand allows — whether found in the language throughout its whole history, or limited to a certain period

My leading authority has necessarily been that magni- ficent thesaurus of authentic information respecting the Sanskrit language of every period, the great St Peters-

carefully over, excerpting all the material needed for my

sical literature, the Lexicon has been almost my sole source,

since my own collections, for verification or of additional

material, though not wholly wanting, have yet been al-

together insignificant as compared with it But in the older

language, of Veda and Brahmana and Upanishad and Sitra,

I have done much more independent work I have, namely,

1 With its abbreviation and supplement, the minor lexicon of Béht-

lingk, so far as this has yet appeared: namely, in the body of the work, to

rajaka; in the Additions and Corrections, to the end of 1

vì PREFACE

gone over all the texts of the earlier period accessible to

me, including (by the kindness of Professor Weber) the as

yet unpublished Kausitaki-Brahmana and Kathaka, and (by the kindness of the late Dr Burnell) the immense Jaiminiya

or Talayakara-Brahmana, which has as yet hardly been accessible to any one else;! and from them I have ex-

cerpted all the noteworthy verbal forms and (less completely)

the primary derivatives; thus verifying and occasionally correcting the material of the Lexicon, supplying chance

omissions, and especially filling in not a few details which

it had not lain in the design of that work to present in their entirety

As a matter of course, no such work as the present

can pretend to completeness, especially at its first appearance The only important texts of which we have exhaustive verbal indexes are the Rig-Veda and the Atharva-Veda,

nor is it known that any other is in preparation; and only

where such indexes exist can the inclusion of all that a

text contains be assured But I trust it will be found that the measure of completeness here attained is in general

proportioned to the importance of the material: that it is

the more indifferent forms and derivatives which, having

been passed over by the Lexicon, have escaped my glean- ing also I expect to continue the work of verification and addition, and to make an eventual future edition perceptibly nearer to perfection in its details, and possessing such im- provements in plan as my own experience and the criticisms

of others may suggest.2 It is unnecessary to add that

1 The extant texts of which I have most painfully felt the lack are: The (Cashmere) Paippalada Atharva-Veda, which is in Professor Roth’s hands

alone; the latter half of the Maitrayani-Samhita, as yet wanting in Schréder’s

edition, and the Kapisthala-Samhita; and the unpublished Sutras, as the Apastamba (every new number of Garbe’s edition of which brings valuable

additional items of material) and the Cafikhayana

2 A conspectus of the work, with specimens, and with invitation of criticisms and suggestions, was published in the Proceedings of the American Oriental Society for May, 1882 (Journ Am Or Soc., vol xi., pp cxvii ff.); and a leaf of specimens, with certain improvements, was sent out somewhat later to many Sanskrit scholars; but nothing was received in return

PREFACE, Vil corrections and additions of any kind will be welcomed by

me, and duly acknowledged

Of the verb-forms which, though not yet found — and,

for the most part, destined never to be found — in recorded

use, are prescribed or authorized by the Hindu grammarians,

a liberal presentation is made under the different roots: such material being always distinguished from the other by

first hand, but only as reported by Western authorities: the Lexicon, Westergaard’s Radices, and the various Euro- pean grammars; all of these supplement rather than con- tradict one another; and any occasional disagreement among them is passed over, as relating to a matter of too little consequence to be worth reporting

The periods in the life of the language which are acknowledged and distinguished by appropriate notation are six: the Veda (marked with v.), the Brahmana (with B.), the earlier or more genuine Upanishads (with v.), the Sutras (with s.), the epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana (with &.), and the classical or common Sanskrit (with c.) This classification, however, is by no means an absolute one, and calls for certain explanations and limitations, as follows Under ‘Veda’ (v.) are included only the indexed texts

of the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, and Atharva-Veda In strict-

ness, certain passages of the Atharva-Veda should have been

excluded, as being in prose and Brahmana-like; and, what

is of much more importance, the older and better part of the mantra-material in the various samfita’s of the Yajur- Veda, in the Brahmanas, and even in the Sttras, is quite

as good Veda as most of the Atharvan, some of it even as parts of the Rik In the present condition of things, how-

ever, it did not seem to me practicable to draw the divis-

ion-line otherwise than in the partly arbitrary way in

lected from all places and compared (as it by all means ought soon to be), it will be possible to use the term

‘Veda’ in a more exact sense, both inclusively and exclus- ively — though between what is genuinely old and what

Vill PREFACE

is in an artificially antique style a definite separation will

probably never admit of being made

It is further to be stated that in the following lists

nothing is intended to be marked with simple v., as ‘Vedic’, that does not occur in the Rig-Veda; what is not Rig- Vedic, though it may be found in both the other collections,

the other hand, if anything occurring only in the Rik among the three Vedas is found also in later periods, the fact that

it does not chance to be met with in the Atharvan or Sa- man is too unimportant to notice, and (save perhaps in exceptional cases) it is marked v.s or the like

Between Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishad, again,

the line of division is an evanescent one, and perhaps hardly worth the attempt at drawing But I have followed the method of distinguishing by a vu the small number

of these treatises that have an existence separate from

Brahmana or Aranyaka, while not distinguishing the two

importance and least frequency in the system adopted

The division of Sutras (s.) is a plainer one, except so far as these treatises contain mantra-material in their quoted

verses (as already intimated) — and dbrahmara- material

Sitras themselves is a true continuator of that of the

Brahmanas

As epic (E.) are reckoned only the two great poems,

course, been impossible to distinguish between the older and the more recent parts: although, beyond a question, a con- siderable part of both is in no manner distinguishable from the general later literature, except by a degree of

archaizing neglect of the strict requirements of the native

Everything else that is Sanskrit falls under the head

of classical (c.), or of the language as written under the

only subdivision which one is tempted to make is to mark

Instead of a period, an individual text is sometimes referred to — yet not upon any very definite and consistent plan (except in the case of the Vedas, as explained above)

A ‘superior’ figure (e g Rv!.) indicates the number of times

a word or form has been met with — yet this, again, only

in exceptional instances, and not in the case of every unique or very rare occurrence

So far as the present-system is concerned, only so many specimen-forms are given as suffice to illustrate the

thrown away to instance in each case the various sub-for- mations — modes, participles, imperfect — that occur, since one form implies clearly enough the possible existence of

ordinarily the 3d singular, as being often more character- istic than the ist; and that person is even occasionally given when, in verbs of infrequent use, it is not itself

of the earlier or of the later language, are then added in

other forms of the same make occur: yet I find on review that I have not used this sign consistently, and its absence must not be taken always as indicating more than that the variety of forms quotable is comparatively small The various modes of present-formation are intended to be given in the order of their relative regularity or frequency; to each is prefixed in brackets the number belonging to it in the order

of the conjugation-classes as given by the Hindu gramma- rians — since, however meaningless and unworthy of re- tention this may be, it is still widely used, not only in the grammars, but even by general writers on language.

x PREFACE

In the other tense-systems, while in the main the same

method is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give,

on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, a conspectus of the various tense and mode-formations from the same stem (not, of course, the participles, except for

either active or middle, is designedly omitted under the

aorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditional under the first future; nor any pluperfect under the perfect Moreover, in view of the rarity of the 2d sing perfect active, and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its forma- tion, every example of it is given that has been found to occur The order in which the aorists are presented is the systematic one, without reference to their frequency of use Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are included

as belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive par- ticiple, the infinitives, and the gerunds (along with that in -am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbially used accusative is not always easy to draw); the gerundives are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system to

be worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordingly relegated to the list of derivatives

Of the secondary or derivative conjugations, only ex- amples enough are given to show the form of the stem —

unless, indeed, some unusual or irregular forms are met with, in which case they are duly noted To cite, for ex- ample, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative conjugation, or even its perfects, all of them made upon precisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless The causative aorists however, since they are made di- rectly from the root, are of course put along with the other aorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actually

come from the causative stem (as atesthipat, bibhisas, etc.)

All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the common causative passives (any others are quite rare), are noted so far as found

In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of genuinely primary character, but also those which have

PREFACE, xi come to assume a primary aspect in the language, even though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge- rundives in -éavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu), and -aniya (from -ana), the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for- mations in ya (among which hardly any, if any, are really primary) These are in general placed next after the forms from which they are presumably derived Apart from this, the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems

or those without suffix standing at the head; but such an arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does any particular importance belong to it, considering how easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre- sence or absence of any given formation; and some incon-

put after the others, and last of all the guas:-primitive for-

mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con-

put before a stem indicates that it has not been found

quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound; one following a stem (much more rarely) shows it to occur only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems

Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied

only where the word is found actually so marked in accen-

tuated texts

It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere between the derivatives of a root and words that do not belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un- certainties and chances of error It has been my intention

to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the opposite — and certainly I have in not a few cases put under certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots [ have great misgivings; but doubtless also there are words omitted, by oversight or by failure of judgment, which

ought to have been included All such errors, it is hoped,

x1 PREFACE

will be viewed with a reasonable degree of indulgence, considering the novelty and the extreme laboriousness of

of examining in their chronologic entirety the groups of words and forms that cluster about the so-called roots in

Sanskrit, that they may -be studied, and have their rela-

tions determined, with more complete understanding: and

that intent will be gained in spite of minor omissions and

inaccuracies Regarding it as primarily an assemblage of

materials for study, I have not hastened to anticipate the results of comparison by penetrating behind the aspect of

things as shown in the Sanskrit language itself, or to re-

duce the materials to an Indo-European basis and form of

statement A few intimations as to the more obviously probable connections of certain roots are given in brief notes

at the end of exposition of forms and derivatives | The representative form of the roots is naturally that adopted in the grammar to which this work is a supple- ment Although loath to differ from the Petersburg lexicon upon such a point, I cannot regret having adopted the r

instead of the ar or ra-form (e g Ar, Arp, instead of kar, krap) of the many roots exhibiting both elements in their

forms and derivatives So long as we speak of the Sanskrit

root vid, and not ved, so long it seems to follow that we ought to speak of the root ort, and not vart, whatever may

be the Indo-European value of the root in the one case or

means claim to be exhaustive; they are in general intended

only to identify the root

As a matter of course, not a few matters of doubtful classification present themselves in connection with the verb- forms, of which the scope of the work does not allow a

mark The classes of forms that contain the most puzzling

problems are the reduplicated ones, and the present stems ending in ya: upon these no new light has been thrown

since the publication of the author’s Grammar, in which the difficulty of their treatment was noticed.

PREFACE xill

In the indexes of stems given at the end of the volume,

a Classification is adopted which is intended to facilitate the historical comprehension of the language, by distinguishing what belongs respectively to its older and to its later periods from that which forms a part of it throughout its whole history

It may be added that the manuscript left the author's hands complete in July, 1884; the delay in its appearance

is owing to his distance from {the place of printing and publication

I desire to express my obligation to Professor Lanman for kindly aiding the accuracy of the work by giving the proof-sheets an additional revision

New Haven, July, 1885.

Bau Brhad-Aranyaka Upanisad

B6, Bohtlingk’s minor Lexicon

BR Béthlingk and Roth (Lexicon)

SANSKRIT ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND

PRIMARY DERIVATIVES

Y abh, ‘be narrow or distressing’

Such a root is inferable from the derivatives:

anhati rv anhu v.s &fighri? s + &hi v.+

The verb-form an&ha xrv', is of wholly doubtfal meaning and connection

Y 1 akg, ‘attain’

Perfect [anaksa,| iksindé? vi

Aorist (3 acikgat —] 5 Aksigus rv!,

[ Future aksisyati, aksyati; aksita, asta |

[ Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, asta; aksitva, astva |

[Secondary Conjugations: Passive, akgya- — Intensive — Desiderative,

&ciksisa- — Causative, akgaya-.|

Derivatives: akgisthajsn

A secondary root-form from y 1 ag, alg, and occurring in a few isolated

forms Indra and Agni are called aksigth&u vahisthau devanam at 3s

[ Perf ete Ananga ete etc |

[Sec Conj.: Caus afigayati |

A single occurrence, doubtless artificial, in the Nalodaya

V ac, afic, ‘bend’

Pres [1.] aficati etc av.+, -te s.; Acati ete v.B., -te ete, av.B.8

Perf |[anafica,] acire 3s

[Aor, etc &ficit; aficisyati, aficita.]

Verb akná s.s., aoita s., aficita z.+ [akta]; -Acya v.z.; -Acam 8B

Whitney, Supplement II 1

ac] Roots, VERB-FORMS, 2

Sec Conj.: Pass acyate etc v.+ [aficyate — Desid aficiciga-.] — Caus

Pres [1.] ajati -te etc v.+

Perf ajus? rv' [ajitha ete |

Aor 5 ajigus Lcs!,

[Fut ajigyati, ajita.]

Verb -ajita? cn.; -ajya 8.; -daje Rv

Sec Conj.: Pass ajyate etc nv [— Desid ajijiga-.|

aj v &jana v.+ ~AJYS V.B 8jÍ v.+

The form ajus only by very doubtfal conjecture to nv v 6 10; ajigus

variant to av fvigus; ajita in -prajita, possibly for prajita (or pra-jita,

y ji”)

Y afij, ‘anoint’

Pres [7.| anakti ankté etc v.+ — [1.] atijet s!

Perf Ananja s (anajä anajyät sv.), ãna]é etc rv

Aor [1 ajyat; anji — 3 äñjijat —] 5 äñj]ĩg TA

Verb akté v.+; anktva s., aktva z [afijitva]; -ájya s.s

Sec Conj.: Pass ajyate etc v.+ [— Desid afijijiga-.] — Caus anjayati

ete 8 +

afijaka c Ajya v.+ añjÍ v.b aktú v.b

anjya c

V at, ‘wander’

Pres [1.] atati -te etc £.+

[Perf etc ata; atit.]

Fut 1 atisyati x [— 2 atita.]

Verb afita c.; atitva c

[Sec Conj.: atatya-; atitisa-; ñtaya-

Apparently a modern form of the following root; &ta in PB is a proper name

3 AND Parwary DERIVATIVES [ay

Y at, ‘wander’

Pres [1.] atasi atant atamina rv‘

Verb -atita c.; -atya s

Deriv.: atasi Rv &tithi? v.+ atya RV.B

~Ati? nv atithin rv.c

7 ad, ‘eat’

Pres, [2.] atti etc (Adat Adan) v.+, adéna& gv — [1.] adasva z

[ Perf ida, Aditha |

Aor 1 adyasam run [— 3 adidat |

Fut 1 atsyati n.s [— 2 atta.]

Verb attum v.+, -tave v., -tos z.; attvaya B

Sec Conj.: Pass adyate etc 3.+ — Caus ddayati s.+, adayate etc s

Derio.: -&Ö v.+ atti x attrin rv -advan v -ada Av.+ attavya c attri (atri) v.+ -advara cs

~-adaka 5+ = att Av.+ anna v.+ adana Rv -adana B.+ attra Rv &£dmanv.ss Adin v.+ adaniya c attra v -Adya v.+ &dya av +

V an, ‘breathe’

Pres (2.] dniti etc (anAnti anyat anit) v.+ — [1.] anati (anet ana dnat

Anant) etc av.3., -te ss — [6.} anáti (3a.) Av

Perf na v

Aor 5 &migus av

Fut 1 anigyati s |[— 2 anita |

Verb anita 8.; anitum 8.; -anya B.; -inam B.6

See Conj.: [Desid aninigat- —] Caus dnayati etc av.+, -te 8

Deriv.: ang B.v “ANaNs RY anila s.+ ana v.+

VY am, ‘injure’

Pres [2.] amigi amiti amanti amit amate amisva v.s — [1.]} ắme

etc V.B

Perf dmire cz femana] emugaé? ev (emtiga cz.)

Aor 3 Amamat etc v.s

Verb [anta, amita.]

Sec Conj.: Pass amyate Ms — Caus Amayati etc v.s

Deriv.: ama v.B “AMANA CB amé? v + -imayitnu v amáti v aminá, Rv amana? Av.Ms

V ay, see yY t i

arc} Roots, VERB-FORMS, 4

V are, fe, ‘shine, praise’

Pres, [1.] arcati etc v.+, arce rv! — arcase (1s.) Evi

Perf Anarca 8.+, dnpeus v., dnarcus 2.+, anyce rv!,

[Aor drcicat, adroit ]

Fut arcisyati co (arksyant ? cs.)

Verb arcita 8.; arcitum «£.; arcitv& 5; -arcya B+; poase Rv

See Conj.: Pass royate v [— Desid arciciga-.| — Caus arcayati -te etc

v.+ (arcyate 8.)

V art, see y tt

VY arh, ‘deserve’ etc

Pres [1.] &vhati etc v.+, -te etc 8 +

Perf 2nyphus ts!., arhire rv!

[ Aor ete arhyasam, arhi, drjihat, arhit; arhisyati, arhita.]|

Verb arhase Rv!,

Sec Conj.: [Desid arjihiga- —] Caus arhayati etc s.+

V av, ‘favor’

Pres [1.] avati etc v.+

Perf ava avitha etc v.+

Aor 1 avyas -at v.p.s — 5 avit ete (avigght etc avigat etc.) v.B.8

Fut 1 avisyati v.s — 2 avita c

Verb -tita nv.; avitave v.B.; -Avya BY

Sec Conj.: Caus avayas at Y«B.U

Deriv.: ava RY avit‡ v.n.s avi? v.+ oma Rv avane c -avitra B.s -av1? v óman v.s

Common in v.; quite rare in later language

V 1 ag, ang, ‘attain’

Pres [5.] agnoti agnuté ete v.+ — [9?] neniyät, aon1s M

Perf néhea anacus etc v.+, dnacé ete v.+ (Anica ñnaoma änaoyäm anacimahai rv., dnacadhve s.) — acatus etc acathe etc Rv

5 AND Parwary DERIVATIVES [2 as Aor 1 dgta dcata agta v.z., agyat acita etc v.n., agtu x [Aci.] — 2 ace-

ma Rv., agemahi sv [— 3 ãoioat ] — 4 ikgis., dkgat ev (c/ yaks)

[— 5 ägigta.]

Fut 1 [agigyate] agnuvigyimahe ¢s' (— 2 aoitã, agtã.]

Verb agtum x.; agtave v.s., agtavéi 35.s.; agitum 8; -asta v.B

[Sec Conj.: agigya-; acicisa-; acaya-.]

Deriv.: ahga v.+ acana B.+ -agnuva acs — -ñQ8 ccs

Compare Y 1 akg and W 2 nag (to which latter the forms Anat ete are

here referred) Derivatives more doubtfully referable to this root are: acan Rv agman v.+ &ova v.+ acu v.+

aona kv acru v.+ Acin& rv đoigtha v.s.u

V 2 a9, ‘eat’

Pres [9.] aqnati (ag&na) agnite etc v.+ — [1.] aga m1

Perf aca v.+ (-Agvaie 8.)

Aor [1 aoyät — 3 Agicat —] 5 Acit ete v.+

Fut 1 acigyati ete ».+ [— 2 acita.]

Verb agité v.+; acitum v.; agitva 3.+; -Acya B

Sec Conj.: Pass acyate av.+[— Int agicgya-.] — Desid &cicigati etc B.+

— Caus ñoayati n.+ (ñoita nv.); acapaya- mas

Deriv.: -€@ av aoitavyà s+ a&cna v Aci s

-acana v.+ acitf av.+ acni Ta &cya av ?+

-acaniya 8.+ acuga RY -Acaka B acicigu 8

-Acin 8B + &cayitavya Be

Doubtless ultimately the same with y 1 ac

V i &s, ‘be’

Pres [2.] dati sdnti etc (edh{) v.+ (sva sma smahe asate u., syamahe o!.)

Perf asa asitha ete v.+ |

Deriv.: &suv.+ Ámtav.+ -astiv.t -äñsa (Ìitiha-)Av.+ sti v.s

V 2 a8, ‘throw’

Pres [4.] dsyati ete v.+, agyate cte sv.b — [1.] asati etc sv1 (? a8&n ) 8 +

Perf Asa ete nv.+, Ase Rv,

Aor 1 agyät ni; Asio! — 2 dsthat etc avi.nto (? see Y stha) [— 3 dsisat — 5 dsista |

Fut 1 asisyaéti etc nv.+ (— 2 asita.]

Verb asta v.+, asita n!.; dstave 3., -tava{ s.; asitum s/.; asitva s.;

~Asya v.+; -Asam 5.8.v

Sec Conj.: Pass asyate etc av.+ [— Desid asisiga-.] — Caus ñaayati

etc B+

2 as] Roots, VERB-FORMS, 6

ésanav.+ § asistha v -ASYA B.+ -ñsin Av.+

Pres (5.] Apnoti etc av.+, Apnute x

Perf apa apitha etc v.+, Apiré apand Rv

Aor 1 Api 3.+ — 2 Apat ete v.+ (apeyam av.) — 3 Apipan cs (äpipi-

pat BAU.) — 4 dpsis x

Fut 1 apsyati 3.+, -te B.B — 2 apta z

Verb &pté v.+; aptum 8.+; aptva B.+; -Apya B.+

Sec Conj.: Pass Apyate etc 8.4 — Desid Ipsati etc av.+, Ipsate etc B.z

(Gipsit etc 8.) — Caus Apayati etc 5s +, -te etc u (€pipayiget cs.)

" -äñpaka 8 + apaneya vi, apnana? mvs -ipsin 0

-Apin v.+ api v.+ -Apayitavyav.c ipsu s.+ ãpyà Av.+ apti Av.+ apayity v apipayigu x

&pana v.+ aptavya v.+

To a more original form of the root (@p is perhaps & +- ap) doubtless

belong also:

BR regard ap&és at Ev ili.6.7 as a verb-form from this simpler root

Pres, [2.] ate etc (Aaina) v.+ (Asind nv2.), Astin — [1.] Asati -te eto

B.+ — [4.] &syati -te etc =

7 AND Pro«ary DERIVATIVES [2 i Perf &sath cakre etc 8.+, Asath cakara x

Aor 5 asigta etc B.s

Fut 1 Asigyate etc 3.+, -yati rs [— 2 asita.]

Verb ñsitá n.+; Bgitum p.+, ästum x.; ã8Ìtvõ n.s.; -Asya c

Sec Conj.: Pass Asyate s.+ [— Desid Beisige=.] — Caus dsayati z

Y 11, 1, ay, “go

Pres [2.] éti yanti etc v.+, -ité -iyate etc 8 + — [1.] dyate etc v.+, ayati

sv1., ÍImahe v.s., iyäná v.+, Íyati mvL, -iyánt cp.M (imi TAI,; ãitat

Avi.; yam Rv!.; Iyäná svi.; Tyámäna cp.; imahi c.)

Perf iyaya iyus etc v.+ [iyayitha] (iyétha v.z., iydtha v.) — -ayath

cakre 5 +

Aor 1 iyat etc x.+ (iyasam oes.) [— 4 (adhy-) digta — 5 dyista.|

Fut 1 esyati etc av.+, -te etc B.+; ayigyati etc 5.+ — 2 eta etc B.+

Verb it& v.+, -Ita c.; étum 3.+, étave étaval v.z., étos v.n.s8.; itva B.v ; -{tya v.+, -iya c.; -ayya B.; dyase, ityal, iyadhyai rv.; -Ayam v.b

Sec Conj.: Pass iyate c — Int iyayate rv! — [Desid ayiyisate, iyiga-

ti —] Caus (praty-) dyayati etc (-ayyate) c.; (adhy-) dpayati -te

etc Ta.B + [Apipat |

a&yana v.+ iti v.z et‡ v.+ -Apana 8 +

-äyana Av.u -Ítvan v -eya E.+ -äyaka c

ayu v.+ -itha Rv -A&yitavya o ayus v.+ iti 5 +

The last three derivatives only with prati; the four preceding, only

with adhi

The forms most distinctly calling for the admission of a root-form f are, in the older language, imahe v.z (common in Rv.), Iy€4m and iy&ta and iyus

B.U., Iyäná sv (all single occurrences); in the later language, -ita, iti, -iya

(all rare or sporadic) The present-stem Íya is improperly called intensive

V 2 i, inv, in, ‘send’

Pres [5.] indti ete (invire) nv — [1.] Invati ete v — [9.] inimasi ? sv1 Verb -inita cp

2 il Roots, VERB-FORMS, 8 Deriv.: inà mv.o -Ìnva, v.b invaká s.+ Éna8 v.+

Doubtless the same with the preceding root

Y ifig, ‘stir’

Pres (1.] ifigati -te n.+

Verb iigita x +

Sec Conj.: Caus iigayati etc v.+ (ifigyate cn.)

Isolated forms as if from ing, ink, ij are found in the Brahmanas

V ich, see W 1 ig

V it

A root if, ‘wander’, is assumed by BR on account of the proper name itant in kB., and the doubtful and obscure itatas at Rv x 171.1 — which latter, however, is shown by its accent to be no participle

y i4

A root id is perhaps to be assumed on account of the nouns Íđịv.+ and {dd v.+

V idh, indh, ‘kindle’

Pres [1.] inddhé indhAte etc v.+ (indhaté mv., Ínđhãna v.; iñkgVa AB.; inttam ra.)

Perf idhé idhiré zv.cs |[— indharh cakre |

Aor 1 idhaté? mvi., idh1mahi v., iđhãná v — 5 dindhista ete B., inđhiïgiya rs., idhigimahi s

Fut 1 indhisyant s [— 2 indhita.]

Verb iddhé v.+; -idhya s.+; -idham, -{dhe rv

Sec Conj.: Pass idhyate etc v.+[— Desid indidhisa-.]— Caus indhita o

Deriv.: -idh v.+ -{dhya ts édha v.+ Índha v.s

Y in, inv, see Y 21

V inakg, see Y 2 nag

Y iyakg, see Y yaj

V irajy; se V tả

V iradh, se 1⁄ rãdh.

9 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES (Tks

V il, ‘be quiet’

Pres [6.] ilati ete c

[ Perf ete iyela, dilit, eligyati, elita.|

Sec Conj.: Caus ilayati etc av.z.s (Ailayit av.; ilita cs.)

Deriv.: -ilaya 3.8

In ts., Dayanti is once read

Y 1 is, ich, ‘seek, desire’

Pres [6.] ichati -te etc v.+ — [1.] -esati -te etc u.+ — [6.] -iga -igant

R.+ — [4.] -igyati z.+

Perf iyega igus, ige igire etc 8 +

Aor (3 digigat —] 5 digit Aigigus etc B.U

Fut 1 egigyati etc 3., -te 8 [— 2 esita, esta |

Verb ist& v.+; éstum B.+, -taval os., egitum R.; linitvs, istva;] -isya v.+

Sec Conj.: Pass igyate etc 2.+, -ti z [— Desid esigiga-.] — Caus egaya-

ti ete., egita c (ichayami x1.)

Deriv.: -ichaka 3.+ igira v.B -egaka E éganä &.+

Aor 5 praéigit 2.+ (apraisit M.)

[Fut egigyati, egita.]

Verb igitá v.+; [igitvä;] -Ígya s.+; -égam s.; igáđhyãi Rv

Sec Conj.: [Desid egigiga- —] Caus igdyati -te etc (igayadhyad RV.) —

-esayati -te etc n.+ (esyate x.)

Deriv.: igani Rv -e98 V.+ -egy8 B.+ egitavya B.C

Doubtless the same with y 1 ig, with causative meaning In later language,

almost only pregaya The derivatives hardly occur except with pra

V I, see Y 1 i

V ikg, ‘see’

Pres, [1.] ikgate etc v.+, -ti ete B +

Perf iksazh cakre etc 8.+, Iksath cakrus z

ikg| Roots, VERB-FORMS, 10

Aor 1 ñikgi o — (3 dicikgat —] 5 diksigi etc s (ãikgit c.?)

Fut 1 iksisyate etc 3.+, -yati 8 [— 2 ikgita |

Verb Tkgitá n.+; ikgitum 2+; ikgitvé s.; -ikeya s.+; -ikgam 5.s

Sec Conj.: Pass ikgyate etc 8.+ — Desid icikgiga-(in d.) — Caus ikga-

yati etc v.+, -te av (iksyate s.)

Only three occurrences in Rv., but growing rapidly common Active forms

V Tñkh, ‘swing’

Pres [1.] iikhati etc c., -te aa

Sec Conj.: Caus inkhayati -te ete v.+

The form eniksva as is false

V Tủ, see W @)

V id, ‘praise’

Pres [2.] itte idate etc (idigva) v.s — [1.] id&mahe v., idamana s

Perf idé zv., idire x.+ [— idazh cakre |

[ Aor ete didista; idisyate, idita |

Verb idité v.+; iditum o,

Sec Conj.: Pass idyate c.[— Desid ididiga-.] — Caus didayan c

Only a few sporadic occurrences in the later language

The form iryayati, doubtless false, is found once in cs

V irgy, ‘be jealous’

Pres [1.] irgyati ete 3.8

Verd irsyita c

Deriv.: irsya AV + irsyin c irgyu av.+ irsyitavya co

11 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES (1 ukg Evidently a secondary root, but of doubtful origin (BR., from irasy) Not

seldom written without the y in later works

Y ig, ‘be master’

Pres [2.] iste igate etc (2s ikge mv., ÍQeige mv.s.; Ice 3s v.n., lọite U.; igidhve av.) v.+ — [1.] igate igata v.z.v

Perf igire? nv [— ig&th cakre.]

[Aor digigta.|

Fut 1 igigsyati v., -te 8 [— 2 igita |

Verb igita vu

loá B.+ igin U.+ igitavya 0 -igu v.+

V 1g, ©g, ‘move’

Pres [1.] igate etc v , -ti etc v.B.u — égati etc av

Perf igé nv (afyes plpf nv'.) [— igdth cakre.]

[ Aor etc Aigigta; isisyate ; igita.]

Verb ~igita v.B

Doubtless ultimately one with y 1, 2 ig

V th, ‘be eager’

Pres (1.] thate etc 3 +, -ti x +

[ Perf etc iharh cakre; ãijihat, äihiata; Thiayate, Thitã.)

Veyb Thỉta x.+; Thỉtum c

[Sec Conj.: Desid ijihiga- — Caus ihaya-.]

Derio.: -1ha c Thã s.+ -Thana s ‹ ©ehÁ av -ehas v.+

Yu, ‘proclaim’

Pres [2.] uve nv, — [5.] unoti rvi [— 1 avate.]

[ Perf etc ete tive; Augta; osyate, ota; igisa-, avaya-.|

Extremely doubtful root; uvé is possibly interjection (B3.); vytmoti is

perhaps for viyunoti; and the pple éta, put here by BR., doubtless belongs to

Y Va, ‘weave’

Y 1 uks, ‘sprinkle’

Pres (6.| ukgati etc v.+, -te ete v.+ _

[Perƒ ukgarh cakãra |

Aor 5 Auksigam etc 8

Fut 1 ukgigyati etc .s, [— 2 ukgitä |

Verb ukgité v.+; -uksya 8 +

Sec Conj.: Pass ukayate etc B.+; Caus ukgayati etc s.+

1 ukg| Roots, VERB-FORMS, - 42

Deriv.: -ukg rv iikgana av.+ -uksitavyas.c ustf rv! -uksa 8.8 ukganiya 7s wustr B.s ugtra v.+ ukeán v.+

Whether ukgan and ustf etc belong here, is very doubtfal

V 2 uks, vaks, ‘grow’, see VY vakg

V uc, ‘be pleased’

Pres [4.] ucyati ete v.n

Perf uvéocitha uvéea, ticigé Ev

[Aor etc Aucit; ucisyati, ucita ]

Verb ucita v.+ [ocitva.]

Deriv.: -6ka nv okya rv ékas v.+ okivahs nvÌ, -Ocana v -ocara av

Y uch, see Y 1 vas

VY ujh, ‘forsake’

Pres [6.] ujhati etc n.+

Perf ujham cakéra c

Aor 5 &ujhit c

Verb ujhita z.+; ujhitum c.; -ujhya c

A secondary root, coming from ud -+- y ha (ujjahamii etc.)

Y utich, ‘glean’

Pres [62] utichati ete 8 +

[ Perf ete ufichath cakara; aufichit; ufichisyati, ufichita.]

Verb ufichitum c.; -ufichya c

[Sec Conj.: Desid uficichisa- — Caus ufichaya-.]

Y ud, und, ‘wet’

Pres [7.] unatti undanti etc v.z.s., undate (3p.) av — (6.] undati ete 3.8 Perf idus av [— undam cakara |

[Aor etc Aundidat, dundit ; undisyati, undita |

Verb utta B., unna 8.c.; -Udya B.s

Sec Conj.: Pass udyate nv [— Desid undidisa- — Caus undaya-.|

VY ubj, ‘force’

Pres [6.] ubjati etc v.3.s

i3 AND Prrary DERIVATIVES, (2 th Verb ubjité av.s.; -ubjya ss

Y ubh, umbh, ‘confine’

Pres (9.] Aubhnaét ubhnas nv — [7.] unap zv., dumbhan rs — [6.] umbhata (2p.) av., dumbhat s.[; ubhati.]

[Perf ete uvobha, umbhärnh cakñra; dubhit, aumbhit; ubhigyati —

umbhisyati, ubhitaé umbhita |

Verb ubdhé nv.3., umbhita o.; -ubhya s

Deriv -ambhana 1s

V ug, ‘shine’, see yY 1 vas

V ug, ‘burn’

Pres [1.] Ogati etc v.+ — [9.] ugnén, ugnadnt Rv!,

Perf uvoga cs [— ogath cakéra.]

Aor 5 &ugit etc B.8

[ Fut 1 ogigyati — 2 ogita.]

Verb ugta B.s.; [ogitva;| -osya Ts.; -ugas K.; Ogam cB

Sec Conj.: Pass ugyate etc o [— Desid ogigiga- — Caus ogaya-.| Deriv.: ga? Rv ugnd v.+ -usy& cn 0ga, -Og8 V +

Apparently a differentiated form of VY 1 vas, which see

V 1 Grnu, see y 1 vr

V 1 th, ‘remove’

Pres, [1.] hati v.+, -te v.+

{ Perf Gharh cakara |

Aor 1 uhyät cn.; ohi o [— 3 dujihat.] — 5 Auhit s

Verb idha s.+, ñhita c.; ihitum 2+, odhum s.+, -ñhitaväÍ s.; -nhya 5.+, -Ghya 8.+; -dham rv., -tiham Ms

Sec Conj.: Pass uhyate 3.+, ihyate c — Caus ñhayati c

-Oghas ? Rv Doubtless a differentiated form of 7 vah, from which in some forms and meanings it is hardly to be separated

Y 2 th, ‘consider’

Pres [1.] dhate ete v — [2.] dhate (3p.) dhdna ohan4 kv — [1.] tihati c., -te 8 — ohige (1s.) mvì

Perf tithé etc v [— tihazh cakre.]

Aor (3 dujihat —] 5 äuhigta v.

2 8h) Roors, VERB-FORMS, 14 [ Fut ihisyate, ihita.]

Verb thitum c.; -tihya c

Sec Conj.: [Desid Gjihiga- —] Caus thayati ete s

Probably ‘bear in mind’, and so originally identical with 1 Gb and vah

V †› †oh, ‘go, send’

Pres [6.] pohati etc v.+, -te etc cB.z.; archati cíc u.E — [3.] Íyarti ctc (iyargi) v.3 — [5.] pnoti etc ynve etc v — ypnvati ete xv — [6.] rante ranta sv., ranti? sv — [9 rnati.] — [2.] arti rs

Perf ra (Aritha) aris etc v.+; ñnarchat ! [— arfrh cakara.] Aor 1 arta ñrata cíc (aryät ra., arita nv.; arfndé Rv.) v.s — 2 drat

etc v.B (aranta aramahi v.) [— 4 ñrgit.)

Fut 1 arigyati s [— 2 arta.]

Verb pt& v.+, arna c.; artos 8.; -ptva av.3.; -ftya av.; -Aram Rv Sec Conj.: [Pass aryate —] Intens dlarti etc nv [arfryate ete — Desid

aririsa-.] — Caus arpdyati etc v.+, -te c (arpipam av.; arpayita E.; arpita arpita v.+; -Arpya v.+; arpyate c.)

Deriv.:

arani v + -arman, arma v.+ frya v arpana v.+

arati Rv arvan,-arvav.+ -rchã u.+ arpaniya c

araru v.z ắrvant v.n tí, {ti v.+ -arpity s +

aritra,áritrav+ aruka TA rnd v +

V TC, see y are

V tỏ; TŸj., arj, ‘direct, stretch, attain’

Pres [ï.] tñjate (3p.) nv — [6.] rihjati -Ate etc nv aa — [4.] fjyant,

rlyate rv — riijase (1s.) rijasand rv — [1.] arjati s.u.c

Perf [anarjus] anyjus av!.?

Aor [3 arjijat — 5 arjista.]

[Fut arjisyati, arjita |

Verb yiijase mvì,

Sec Conj.: [ Pass pjyate — Desid arjijiga- —] Caus arjayati -te etc 8.5.+

arjana £.+ rjipin rv rảji Rv

15 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES (dh

It seems impossible to divide these forms (generally distributed to two different roots) from one another The root has three well-marked stages of development: yj or rij in nv., arj in Brah., and arjaya in the later language Compare also ) raj, probably a derivative from it With it is related, further, the anomalously formed stem irajya (irajyati -te etc nv., and irajyu xv.),

‘direct, rule’

V 2 tị, 'shine

Inferable from the derivatives :

Y ft, art, ‘pursue’

Aor 5 artidhvam rs!

Fut artigye av'

A very doubtful root; anvartigsye and anvartitf apparent contractions for anu-vart-; and Bé amends artidhvam to arthi-(but??) But artana and artuka seem to show that the thing had assumed the value of a root

V yd, ard, ‘stir, dissolve’

Pres (6.] pdantu ardan rv — [1.] drdati etc av.+ [— 7 rnatti.] [ Perf etc Anarda; ardidat, drdit; ardisyati, ardita.]

Verb arnna? cs

Sec Conj.: [Desid ardidiga- —] Caus ardayati etc ([ardayit] ardyate

ardita) v.+

Of perplexing variety of meanings

Y rah, ‘thrive’

Pres [5.] rdhnoti ete v.+ — [7.] ppadhat rndhyam rndhant v — [4.] rdhyate -ti v + (Pass.?)

Perf €nrdhis av., dnrdhe rv.cs

Aor 1 ardhma 3.s., rdhathe rv., rdhyam etc v.s.s., rdhyasam ete

av.3.8., rdhiméhi rv , rdhant rv.; ardhi x — 2 rdhet rdhema av.cs — [3 drdidhat —] 5 [ardhit] ardhista ms

Fut 1 ardhigyate cs — 2 ardhita sz

Verb yddha av.+ [rddhva, ardhitva.]

Sec Conj.: Pass rdhyate etc v.+, rdhyant mu — Desid irtsati etc (airt-

sit etc.) av.ce [ardidhisa-.] — Caus ardhayati etc av.+

Deriv.:

ardha ? v.+ -ardhi Rv -fdha rv rdhnuka aas

Compare roots vrdh and radh

trọ) Roots, VERB-FORMS, 16

V r¢(?), ‘harm’

Perhaps to be inferred from the derivatives :

earcani Rv arcasana Rv -rkgara v

V 8, ‘rush, push’

Pres {1.] argati ete (argase av.) v.B — [6.] ysdti etc v.B.s

Perf dnarsat TA

[Aor etc rsit; argisyati, argita.]

Verb rata v.38 [argitva ]

[Sec Conj.: argisiga-; arsaya-.]

Deriv.: -arga 2 -Argu RV ysabha v.+ reti v.+ -AYSaNa B arstf 8 _— TRÌ v.+ TSVvá v.b

Hardly calls for the usual division into two roots Some of the derivatives doubtful

Y ej, Tj, ‘stir’

Pres [1.] ijate, ijamana nv.; éjati etc v +

[ Perf ete ejaitn cakfra; adijijat; ejisyati, ejita.]

Sec Conj.: [| Desid ejijiga- —] Caus ejayati on., -te c

y edh, ‘thrive’

Pres [1.] édhate ete v.+, -ti ete B.+

Perf edhire c — edhazh cakrire cz., edhaim babhiivire c

Aor [3 dididhat —] 5 edhisiyé, etc av.s

Verb edhita &.+; édhitum zB +

Sec Conj.: Desid edidhiga- (in d.) — Caus edhayati etc s +

Deriv.: -edha?s.s edhativ.s -edhanar edhass.z edidhigu- vs

Perhaps related with rdh

V katth, ‘boast’

Pres {1.] katthate etc 2 +, -ti etc ®

[ Perf ete cakatthe; akatthista; katthisyate, katthita.]

Verb katthita x.+; katthitum ez

Sec Conj.: Caus katthayati r

Deriv.: -kattha 8 katthaka c -katthin z.+ katthana z.+ katthitavya c

A secondary prakritized root, but of unclear derivation

V Kad, ‘destroy’

Only in the deriv kadana z.+, and in cakada kadanam œ., where cakada is a misreading for cakara

17 AND Primary DERIVATIVES [kal

“ V kan, kẽ, “be pleased, enjoy'

Pres, [4.] kayamana rv}

Perf cikana cakdnas etc cikanyat cikandhi etc cikananta cikén

nv.; caké cakfna v.B.s

Aor 5 akanigam kanisas rv

kanaka?xs+ kanisthas.+ kaniyas v.+ «kati Rv

-kaiyya Rv

Doubtless the same with the following root, kam The stem cakan, on

account of its accent, rather perfect than intensive

Y kam, ‘love’

Perf cakamé etc v +

Aor 3 [acakamata] acikamata etc 8 [— 5 kamisista |

Fut 1 kamigyate etc n — 2 kamita z 7

Verb kãñthta s.+; [kñrhtvñ, kamitvä;] -kamas s.; -kẩmam cB

Sec Conj.: [Intens caikam- — Desid cikamiga- —] Caus kimayate

kamaniyao kamin v.+ k&mana s.+ DÃ

Doubtless the same with the preceding

VY kamp, ‘tremble’

Pres [1.] kampate ete u.+, -ti etc 8

Perf cakampe etc 8

Verb kampita z.+ [kapita]; kampitum s., -tos 8.; -kampya s.+ Sec Conj.: [Int cankamp- — Desid cikampisa- —] Caus kampayati etc B.+, -te etc u.+ (kKampyate c.)

-kampisz.+ kampya E.+ -kampaniyac kap{? v.+

Y kal, ‘drive, produce’, ete

[ Pres etc kalate, cakale, etc |

Sec Conj.: Caus kalayati etc s.+, -te etc B.+ (kalyate etc s.+) — ke» layati etc 2.+, -te etc ©

Deriv.: kala? 3.+ -kalya c -kalaniya c -kälaka c

Divided by BR and Bé into two roots: 2 kal (kalay), ‘drive’; and 1 kal (kalay), ‘drive etc ete.’

Whitney, Supplement IT 2

kag | Roors, VERB-FORMS, 18

V kag, ‘scratch’

Pres [1.] kagati etc av.+, -te etc B.+

[Perf etc cakfiza; aka&git.|

Fut 1 kagigyati ts [— 2 kagita.]

Pres, [1.] kasati etc av.c

Perf cakase c

Aor 3 acikasat c

[ Fut kasisyati, kasita.|

Verb kasta v.z.s., kasita s.+

Sec Conj.: [Int canikas- — Desid cikasisa- —] Caus kisayati etc c

(kasyate c.)

-kasuka av.+ -kasvara c -kñsaka c -käsana c

VY k&o, ‘appear, make a show’

Pres [1.] kacate etc 3.+, -ti etc 2

Perf cakace etc z.+ [— k&caizh cakre.|

[Aor ete acakacat, akacista; kacisyate, kacita |

Verb kacita z.; -kacya x

Sec Conj.: Int cikaciti etc v.z.v., cikagyate etc 8.8 [— Desid cikaciga- |

— Caus kacayati av.+, -te v.+ (kacyate £.)

19 AND PRIMARY DERIVATIVES [kuth

V kas, ‘cough’

Pres [1.] kisate ete c., -tic

{ Perf ete kis&rh cakre; acakasat, akasista; kasigyate, kAsita; cikas-,

cikasiga-, kaisaya-.]

Verb-forms only in the medical literature, and probably denominative, from kas or kãsá,

»

V kn, see y kf

VY kuc, kufic, ‘shrink, curl’

Pres [1.] kuficate ete c — [6.] kucati ete st.c

Perf cukoca c [cukufica |

[Aor ete akocit, akuficit; kocisyati kuficisyati, kocité kuficita.]

Verb kucita 8.+, kuficita g.+

Sec, Conj.: Pass kuoyate c — { Int ookpeya-, — Desid enkuficiga- —]

Caus kuficayati etc 3.+: koeayati efec, 3.+

Deriv.: kuca E.+ kuficana c -kxoeaka c

-kucana c kufici c -kocin c

-kuficaka c -koca 3B + -kocana 8 +

Given by the grammarians as two distinct roots, and not without some

justification

VY kufij, ‘rustle’

Pres [1.] kutijati c

A single occurrence, in the Hargacarita If not a false reading, is pro-

bably an artificial word

V kuft, ‘divide, crush’,

Sec Conj.: Caus kuttayati etc c (kuttita c., -kuttya ẽ +)

Perhaps a prakritized form of 1 kyt The forms avakutya and prakutya (BE y 2 ku) are only the usual and permitted abbreviations of -kuttya,

Sec Conj.: Caus kothayati etc c

Except the n pr nikothaka, found only in Sucruta: no proper root

2x

kup] Roots, VERB-FORMS, 20

y kup, ‘be angry’

Pres [4.] kupyati ete 2.+, -te etc 2

Perf cukopa etc u!.x

Aor (2 akupat — 3 actikupat —] 5 kopisthas ez

[ Fut kopisyati, kopita.]

Verb kupita rv!.z + (kupta cl 7?)

Sec Conj.: [Int cokup- — Desid, cukupiga-, cukopiga- —] Caus ko- payati etc nv cB 8 +, -te B (cukopayiga- in d.)

VY kug, ‘tear’

Pres, [9.] kugnati etc, c — [6.] kusati eic c

[ Perf etc, cukoga; akogit, akukgat; kosigyati koksyati, kogitaé kostaé ;

cokus-, cukusiga- cukogisa-, kosaya- |

Verb kugita c.; -kugya Ms

Deriv.: kogaé (? n pr.) cB =: -Kogana 8.c

The occurrence in ms, hardly a genuine one

V kt, ‘design’

Pres [6.] kuvate cs”

Verb -kiita av.+; -kavam 1s

Derioc.: -kũtiv+ kaviv.+ kAviyas sv

— Used only with 8, exceptin nigkavam, the belonging of which is doubtful

(as is also that of kavi) nv has -kava, kavatnu, kavari, ‘stingy’, of ques-

tionable relationship The grammarians set up roots 1! ku, 2 ku or kt, ‘shout’, giving them a full set of forms; and Nir once uses their intens kokũyate

Y ktj, ‘hum’

Pres, [1.] ktijati ete av.+, -te ete m

Perf cukiija -je etc o

Aor 1 akiiji c

[Fut kijisyati, kijita |

Verb kiijita 2.+; kujitva c

[Sec Conj.: cokiij-, cukiijiga-, kiijaya-.]

V kid, kOl, ‘burn’

Sec Conj.: Caus kiidayati etc nv! azni+, Ktilayati etc s.+ (kiilita o., ekiidya 8.c.)

31 AND Primary DERIVATIVES

VY ktin, ‘shrink’

Pres {1.] kiinati ct,

Sec Conj.: Caus ktinayati etc c

VY ktird, ‘leap, exult’

Pres [1.] kũrdati -te ete g.+

Perf, cuktirda etc o [-de.]

[Aor ete aktirdigta; kiirdigyate, kirdita.]

krthas krtha krsé rv — [1.] karanti ete av —

Perf cakara cakré eic (cakartha cakrgé etc.) v.+ (cakriyaés acakrat

ete, acakriran Rv.)

Aor 1 Akaram akar akran etc akri akyta akrata etc v.3.s (karati -te

etc V.B.8., kriyama rv., kriyasam -fisma v.z.s., kyđhí eíc v.+, ky-

gva etc RV., krant kranaé mv.; kránta nv.; akat cn.); &kariv.+ —

2 akarat etc av.3.s — 3 acikarat c — 4 akfrsgit etc 3.+, akrgi

etc B.C

Fut 1 karigyati ete v.+, -te etc s.c (akarigyat etc s.+) — 2 kartã s.+ Verb kyt& v.+; kAdrtum av.+, -tave v.s., -tavai 3.s., -tos v.n.s.; krtva

Sec Conj.: Pass kriyáte etc, v.+ — Int kariky- cariky- v.s — Desid cÍ-

kirsati etc av.+, -te cic 8.+ (acikirsis cz.; cikirgayati.c.) — Caus kadrayati -te etc 3.+ (karyate etc 2.+; cikarayige- in d.)

-karignu s.+ ké&rin av.+

karuna v.32 kéryaé av.+

aor nir askyta xv., and pple upaskrta 2+ In v occur only sarhekrta

i ky] - — Roors, VERB-FORMS, 22

and pariskrta Rv av., and pariskynvanti and -vant rv (against sm

akynvan eic Rv.) But from 8 on, forms with ak after sam are frequent, almost to the exclusion of those with simple kK; even such as sam askur- vata, sath caskadra, sath skarigyanti, sarhskärayäm asa, sathcigké-

rayigu Of the derivatives, there are found with sath only: skarana s.+,

skartavya c., skarty s.+, skäraka s.+, skarya 3.+, skyti 8.+; also skriy& with sarh co and paric.; skara with sarh s.+, paris.+, and upa o.; and skara with apa c., upa 2+, pari z., and vi(?)3.+; finally, dskra Rv., which is doubtful

Pres [6.] kirati etc v.+, -te etc v.+

Perf cakara cakre x [cakarus |

Aor 1 kiryat c — 4 akirgata ps — 5 karigat rv

Fut 1 karigyati etc 8 [karisyati — 2 karita.]

Verb kirna 3.+; -kirya s.+

Sec Conj.: Pass kiryate etc 3.+ (kiryet x.) — [Jnt cikar-, cekirya- — Desid cikariga- —] Caus [karayati,| kirayet z

One or two late forms occur with prefixed 8: apaskiraména, praticas- kare; others are authorized by the grammarians; in derivatives, vigkira s +

V 3 ky, ‘commemorate’

Pres eakrant? Rv

Aor 4 akargam av — 5 akarigam akarit kv

Sec Conj.: Int carkarmi carkydhi etc carkirima -ran cárkpge (34.)

RY avi,

karin RV kiri, -{n RY -keru BV Car krtya Vv

Cakrant is anomalous and altogether questionable

V 1 krt, ‘cut’

Pres (6.] kyntati etc v.+, «te etc nz — [1.] kartati etc 2

Perf cakarta etc (cakartitha, cakartus) v.+, cakartire 5m

Aor 2 akytas nv (krtant- rv.) — 3 acikrtas rs [acakartat.] — 5

Èut 1 kartsyati Av.; kartigyati o [— 2 kartitä.]

Verb kyttá v.+; -kƒtya v.+; -kártam cb

Sec Conj.: Pass kptyate etc av + + [Int carikyt- —] Desid cikartiga-

(i d.) [cikytsa-.] — Caus kartayati etc s.+, kyntayati xcs |

93 AND Primary DERIVATIVES Ikre

garta? B.+ karttavyas krti rv kyntatra v.z

kartana v.+ kartari c -kynta 3 cikartigu o Sarhskrtatré v! is doubtless not referable to this root

V 2 krt, ‘spin’

Pres [7.] kpnatti ete v.3.s

Sec Conj.: Caus kartita kartya c

Deriv kartty s

V krp, ‘lament’

Pres [1.] kfpate ete v

Perf cakypanta Rv

Aor 1 akypran v — 5 akrapista Rv

Sec Conj.: Caus kypdéyati ete rv (kppayant rv!.), -te etc mB

Deriv.: kypa& 8 + krpána v.+ krpaná Av +

V kr¢, ‘be lean’

Pres [4.] kfcyati cn

Perf cakarga av

[Aor ete akyrcat; karcisyati, karcita |

Verb kyoita An [kyoitvä, karoitvä.]

Sec Conj.: Caus karolyatl cíc v +

Derio.: karoeana v.+ kyoà v.+ kraciyas c

V krg, ‘drag, plough’

Pres [1.] kargati ete v.+, -te etc 3 + — (6.] kpgati -te ete v.+

Perf cakarga etc (cakargatus) B +

Aor 3 acikrgam rv [acakargat — 4 akarksit, akraksit.| — 7 akrk-

sat etc B (akrksathas cz.)

Fut 1 kraksyént s., kraksye 3., [karksyati| kargisyant 2 [— 2 karg-

ta, kragta.]

Verb kygtá Av.+; krastum 2.+; krstva b.+; -KpayA s+ - | Sec Conj.: Pass kpgyate cic 8.+ — Int carkysati etc v.z [carikys- — Desid cikykga-.|— Caus kargayati etc 8.+

kargin, -gi 3.+ karganiyao kygi v.+ krastavya o

-krasty c

It does not seem worth while to divide this root, evidently one, into two nearly related ones, as is often done.

kịp) Roots, VERB~FORMS, 24

V klp, ‘be adapted’

Pres [1.] kalpate etc v.+ (kAlpant? av.)

Perf c&klpé ete v., -pus av (-pat v.); caklpe c

Aor [2 aklpat —] 3 aciklpat etc v.+ [— 4 akIpta — 5 akalpigta.]

Fut 1 klapsyate az., kalpisyate c [kalpsyati — 2 kalpité, kalpta.]

Verb klpta v +

Sec Conj.: [Int calklp-, caliklp- — Deid ciklpsati, cikalpisate —] Caus kalpdyati -te etc v.+ (kalpyate 3.+; cikalpayigati as.)

kalpaka + kalpanã z.+ kỊ pti s.+ kalpayitavya

Pres [1.] kraksamfna rv!i,

Deric.: -krakga nvÌ -kraksin rv

Apparently an onomatopoetic root

Y krath, ‘be jubilant’

[ Pres etc krathati etc.]

Sec Conj.: Caus krathayati Tp!

Deriv.: kratha + krathanas.+ krätha r -krathin z krathana c

A very doubtful group of derivatives, in meaning and connection

V krand, kland, ‘cry out’

Pres (1.] krandati ete v.+, -te cic & — klandate o!

Perf cakranda c., cakradé xv (cakradat etc Rv.)

Aor 2 kradas rv — 3 acikradat etc v.3 — 4 akran vụ — 5 akran- dit c

[ Fut krandisyati, krandita.]

Verb krandita c.; kranditum c

Sec Conj.: Int kánikrand-, kénikrad-, kanikradya- v.s |eäkrand- —

Desid cikrandiga-.| — Caus krandayati etc v.+

25 AND Primary DERIVATIVES |krid

VY kram, ‘stride’

Pres [1.] kramati ete kramate etc v + (kKramati efc nv.? 2.+, kramate

etc U.E.) [— 4 kramyati.]

Perf cakraéma cakramius etc., cakramé etc v + (cAkramanta kv.)

Aor 1 akran akramus etc rv — 2 akramat -man av.s [— 3 acikra- mat.|] — 4 akrazhsta -sata etc v.3.s (kramsate rv.) — 5 akramit etc v.B.U., kramista (3s.) nv (akramim rv., akramit cs.)

Fut 1 krarheyati -te av.s.z.; kramisyati -te s.+ (akramigyat v.) [— 2

kramana v.+ -kr&min av.s -kramtip.+ -kräamayitavya o

The aor akran is by some referred to / kryand

V kri, ‘buy’

Pres [9.] krinati krinité ete v +

Perf cikraya s [cikriye |

[ Aor akraisit , akresta |

Fut 1 kresyati -te etc 3.s [— 2 kreta.]

Verb krité v.+; kretum z.+; kritvé av.+; -kriya B.+

Sec Conj.: Pass kriyate etc 3.+ [— Int cekri-.] — Desid cikrigate oc

Y krid, ‘play’

Pres [1.] kridati -te etc v.+

Perf cikrida -de etc 8 +

[Aor acikridat, akridit |

Fut 1 kridisyati c [— 2 kridita.]

Verb kridita x.+; kriditum c.; -kridya 5

Sec, Conj.: [Int cekrid- —] Desid cikridiga- (in d.) — Caus kridayati

etc 8 + (kridapayati z )