Tiêu chuẩn iso 09462 2014

© ISO 2014 Alpine ski bindings — Requirements and test methods Fixations de skis alpins — Exigences et méthodes d’essai INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9462 Fourth edition 2014 10 15 Reference number ISO 9[.]

Loading rate

The tests shall be performed quasi-statically, ensuring that the following indicative values of the torque gradient comply with: a) torsion release:

The angular velocity of the test shall be for:

M z (moment in z-axis) 3,8°/sec ± 0,1°/sec FAV (moment in y-axis measured with force)

5 mm/s ± 2mm/s b) forward bending release:

The angular velocity of the test shall be for:

Accuracy of measurement

The measurement error of the release value in torsion shall be smaller than ±2 % for values above

50 Nm inclusive and ±1 Nm for values below 50 Nm.

The measurement error of the release value in forward bending shall be smaller than ±2 % for values above 200 Nm inclusive and ±4 Nm for values below 200 Nm.

The test equipment shall be designed to allow application of pure moments without any extraneous forces during the entire release process.

Test sole

The test sole shall be in accordance with ISO 9838.

If a boot-binding system requires a specific boot-sole design, a test sole should be cut from a boot provided by the manufacturer and adapted for test needs.

The test sole shall be degreased, washed, and dried before testing.

Test ski

For laboratory release tests, bindings should be mounted on entire skis or specific sections of skis that accurately represent real-world use When using pre-mounted bindings, ensure they are tested on the same ski they were delivered with, in medium size If bindings are not pre-mounted, select a ski that reflects current market standards to ensure accurate testing results.

Principle

The binding shall be mounted on a ski in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions A test sole shall then be inserted in the binding.

In Method A, the ski is securely attached to the test frame, and a progressively increasing torque (either M_z or M_y) is applied to the sole until the binding releases The maximum torque value at which the binding releases is recorded, providing essential data for evaluating binding performance.

In Method B, the ski's sole is rigidly attached to the test frame via a sensor that measures the torque forces Mz and My Forces are gradually applied to the ski until the binding releases, with the peak values of Mz or My being recorded This approach provides accurate testing of binding release under controlled torque conditions.

Annexes A and B give examples of how to realize method A or method B.

Passing by either method shall be deemed satisfactory.

Simple torsion test

Figure 2 — Application of M z torque and measurement of M z, max

Figure 3 — Application of two equal forces F NH and F RH and measurement of M z, max torque

Forward bending test

Figure 4 — Application of M y torque and measurement of M y, max

Figure 5 — Application of two equal forces F NV and F RV and measurement of M y, max

General requirements

NOTE This subclause deals with general requirements covering topics where the evaluation is carried out visually.

6.1.1.1 The binding shall release at least in two cases

— when applying a torque M z about an axis perpendicular to the ski gliding surface, and

— when applying a torque M y about an axis parallel to the ski surface and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the ski.

The binding releases once the specified torque reaches its maximum (release value) and then decreases to a safe level for the skier After release, all forces exerted by the ski and boot on the leg remain below dangerous levels, ensuring safety during various movements This process continues until all risks associated with the boot-ski connection have been eliminated, providing reliable protection for the skier.

The release level must be clearly indicated using a scale that covers the entire expected setting range specified by the manufacturer It should remain possible to release at the maximum setting (upper limit) Additionally, settings above Z = 10 should be distinctly differentiated from those below Z = 10 on the indicator scale for improved clarity and safety.

Each adjustment procedure affecting the binding's functionality must be verifiable using a clear indicator or other suitable methods, ensuring correct adjustment This guarantees proper binding performance and safety during use.

The binding must be equipped with a ski-brake or be designed for easy and secure attachment of a leash, ensuring safety during use Both the ski-brake and leash attachment should comply with the standards set by ISO 11087, promoting consistent safety and performance.

6.1.1.5 The design of the ski-brake or the leash shall be such that, after release, no unnecessary danger will occur to the skier.

6.1.1.6 The binding shall have an external design which does not have a negative influence on skiing or cause unnecessary risk of injuries when used normally.

Manufacturers and importers must provide sports shops with clear, comprehensive mounting instructions covering essential aspects such as adjusting release values, selecting appropriate settings based on the skier, and ensuring optimal binding functionality These instructions should include guidance on boot-sole requirements, preparation for mounting additional elements, and proper techniques for binding installation, including the use of jigs and compatibility considerations They should also detail adjustments for various boot-sole lengths and heights, centering procedures, and methods for verifying correct length adjustment Additionally, the instructions must specify how to perform basic functional tests post-mounting, recommend the use of setting devices for accurate binding adjustments, and include troubleshooting procedures for issues like non-symmetric release and readjustments to ensure safety and reliability.

All ski bindings must include clear, easy-to-understand instructions covering essential safety and operational information These instructions should specify the dangers of modifying the recommended settings, proper techniques for stepping in and out of the binding, and how to reset or open the binding after a fall in awkward positions They should also provide guidance on preventing issues like the release level increasing over time, along with maintenance, storage, and regular inspection procedures Additionally, the instructions must recommend professional binding adjustments using specialized devices and advise annual checks of these settings Warning notices should highlight that ski brakes alone are insufficient to prevent loss in deep snow conditions Finally, the instructions must specify compatible ski boots to ensure proper binding performance.

Release tests — Setting, reproducibility, and symmetry of release values

The difference between each of the five values and their mean value shall not exceed ±10 % of that mean value.

The difference between the mean of the five values of M z in one direction and the mean of the 10 values of ∣M z ∣ shall not exceed ±10 % of the latter.

The release value corresponding to the indicator position on the setting scale is detailed in Table 2 For M z, the tolerance starts at ±5 Nm when Z equals 1 and increases linearly to ±10 Nm at Z equals 10, ensuring precise control within specified limits.

For M y , the tolerance is calculated by taking into account the relationship between M y and M z given in Table 2.

NOTE To determine the tolerances on M z and M y use Figures D.1 and D.2.

This requirement applies to each of the mean values of the 10 values of ∣M z ∣ and each of the mean values of the five values of M y corresponding to the settings L 2 , 1/3, 2/3, and L 3

For the highest setting (limit L 4 , i.e off the scale), these mean values shall not exceed the mean values corresponding to limit L 3 by more than 20 %.

Conduct testing on four randomly selected bindings from a set of six If the prerequisites outlined in section 6.2.1 are not met, two of these four bindings can be substituted with the remaining two bindings within the set.

The tests shall be carried out at ambient temperature (23 ± 5) °C, with the sole and bindings dry, for the following settings:

— at approximately 1/3 of the scale;

— at approximately 2/3 of the scale;

Release torques Sole length mm l

For each setting, release each of the four bindings five times in torsion to the right (+M z ), five times in torsion to the left (−M z ), and five times in forward bending (M y ).

Calculate for each setting and each binding the following values:

— mean value of the five values of +M z ;

— mean value of the five values of −M z ;

— mean value of the 10 values of ∣M z ∣;

— mean value of the five values of M y

Evaluation of reproducibility of release under different influences

Carry out the tests described in this subclause in the following order on the four bindings already used for the tests in 6.2.2.

Set the bindings in order to release for one pair of the values M z / M y indicated below:

Use the pair which lies nearest to the release value corresponding to the middle of the L 2 /L 3 range of the binding.

Indicate also the boot-sole length l Carry out the tests at ambient temperature (23 ± 5) °C with sole and bindings dry.

Release each binding five times in torsion to the right or to the left (for all subsequent tests maintain the direction) and five times in forward bending.

The mean value of each group of five release values is considered as the reference value.

This setting remains the same for all of the following tests (6.3.3 to 6.7.2).

The mean deviation between each release value and the corresponding reference value must not exceed 20% for torsion release (ski deflection around the Mz axis) and 15% for forward bending release (M y) These thresholds ensure precise and reliable performance testing of skis, adhering to quality standards and safety regulations.

None of the five values for the torsion release shall exceed ±10 % of their mean value.

None of the five release values for the forward bending release shall exceed ±7,5 % of their mean value.

The subject should be bound for testing, with the binding released five times in torsion to the right and five times in forward bending Conduct all tests at an ambient temperature of 23 ± 5°C, using a wet sole and binding to ensure consistency This procedure helps evaluate the binding's performance under realistic conditions, adhering to ISO 2014 standards.

Figure 6 — Deflection of the ski

Position and deflect the test ski by inserting the sole into the binding as shown in Figure 6 and Table 3 Apply force to the ski using a strap or clamp that does not interfere with the binding Gradually deflect the ski to the specified values to ensure accurate testing results.

If the distance of the supports is different, use Table 3.

Table 3 — Deflection of the ski

For a given test, each of the five release values shall remain within ±10 % of their mean values.

Subject one binding to the following tests Carry out these tests at ambient temperature (23 ± 5) °C, with wet sole and binding.

For each of the following configurations of combined loading, release the binding five times in torsion to the right.

The values of the additional load are proportional to the reference value M z measured according to 6.3.2.

Apply the combined load consistently to the ski boot (Method A) at the reference point or to the ski (Method B), ensuring that the load remains equivalent throughout all movements Maintain constant amplitude and direction relative to the ski boot (Method A) or relative to the ski (Method B) to ensure accurate and reliable testing conditions.

6.3.4.3 Influence of forward lean of the body

The mean value of the deviations between each of the release and the reference value shall not exceed

Apply the following additional loads:

Calculate the mean value from five measurements.

The mean value of the deviations between each of the release values and the reference value shall not exceed 20 %.

6.3.4.5 Influence of backward lean of the body

Apply the following additional load:

The difference between each of the release values and the corresponding reference value shall not exceed 35 % for bindings of type C and CA and 30 % for bindings of type A.

Subject only one binding to the test.

Subject boot sole and binding in a dry state separately to −20 °C Release the binding twice in torsion to the right and twice in forward bending.

The arithmetic mean is calculated using all deviations, ranging from 8% to a maximum of 24% This value must not exceed 35% for type A bindings and 40% for type C and CA bindings The calculations are performed separately for M y and M z to ensure precise compliance with these limits.

Subject four bindings to the following cycles. a) The ski will be placed in a horizontal position and frozen to −20 °C for at least 30 min after the following preconditions:

1) hold ski upright, with tip up at (23 ± 5) °C;

3) shower with water at (40 ± 3) °C for 2 min;

4) leave in this position for approximately 1 min.

To prepare the ski for release testing, insert a dry boot sole at −20 °C into the binding and flex the ski five times, creating a deflection of approximately 30 mm between supports 1,000 mm apart This process ensures the specimen is properly conditioned and ready for the specified release tests, following standardized testing protocols.

To evaluate the ski's durability, position the horizontal ski with an inserted test sole (measured at (23 ± 5) °C) under a 40 ± 5 °C water spray for 2 minutes from 200 mm distance After spraying, hold the ski upright (tip up) for 10 seconds Subsequently, place the ski in a horizontal position and freeze it at −20 °C for at least 30 minutes to complete the testing process.

Perform five cycle reflections of the ski, then first conduct release tests for My, followed by re-engaging the binding and immediately testing for Mz for cycles a) and b) Alternate between cycles a) and b), ensuring the binding is stored at ambient temperature (23 ± 5°C) for 10 minutes after each release test before starting the next cycle A total of six cycles should be completed, with each cycle repeated three times; the number of cycles may be reduced to two if the average deviation between the measurements of the first two cycles and the reference values is less than 25%.

The average deviation between each release value and its corresponding reference value must not exceed 40% for bindings of types C and CA, and 35% for type A bindings This ensures compliance with safety and performance standards Monitoring these deviation thresholds is essential for maintaining product quality and reliability in binding specifications Adhering to these limits helps ensure that bindings meet industry requirements and perform consistently under specified conditions.

The mean value must not fall within the 25% to 75% range of the reference value for the forward fall release This precaution helps prevent the risk of unintended release caused by incorrect binding fixation Ensuring the mean value falls outside this range enhances safety and reliability during the release process.

To simulate snow pack conditions, a peeled PTFE plate matching the sole's dimensions is placed beneath the sole when inserted into the binding The PTFE plate features a thickness of 2 mm in the front half and 3 mm in the rear half, effectively replicating snow cushion effects for accurate testing This method provides a reliable way to assess the performance of ski bindings under varying snowpack scenarios, ensuring optimal safety and functionality.

Submit only one binding to the test Release it twice in torsion and twice in forward fall Carry out these tests at ambient temperature (23 ± 5) °C with binding and sole wet.

6.3.8 Exposure to vibration and shock

The acceptable mean deviation between release values and reference values is up to 15% for bindings of type C and CA, and up to 10% for type A bindings Ensuring these deviation limits helps maintain compliance with safety and performance standards Adhering to these guidelines guarantees the reliability and quality of the bindings across different types.

Place four bindings (mounted on their ski sections) loosely together in a steel cylinder 400 mm in diameter Then rotate this cylinder (20 revolutions at a speed of 60 min -1 ).

Then perform a shock test as follows.

Drop one of the skis, vertical with the tip pointing up from a height of 500 mm onto a hard surface Repeat the test five times.

Energy absorption (recentering)

During the test, the binding must absorb the required energy and promptly return the sole to within ±2 mm of its original position This ensures that no point of the sole is displaced by more than 2 mm from its initial location, demonstrating the binding’s proper elasticity and durability.

The energy W absorbed shall be at least M z /45 Nm for the binding set, in order to release at the values for the following types:

— Type C: 5 Nm above the value corresponding to limit L 2 ;

— Types CA and A: 10 Nm above the value corresponding to limit L 2

The quasi-static test method cannot predict the dynamic behavior of the binding in all scenarios However, it remains a suitable and effective approach for evaluating this behavior under various conditions.

Perform wet tests using one of the remaining new bindings from the set of six, as described in section 6.2.2 Conduct the tests at two different levels of longitudinal compression of the sole: standard (normal) and increased, to evaluate the binding's performance under varying conditions.

“increased” value is obtained by reducing the length between the clamping elements by 1 mm.

A quasi-static torsion moment diagram is recorded for each repetition of the test.

Lateral release under impact loading

According to ISO 9465 testing standards, the pendulum's release angle must fall within the specified limits U (upper limit) and L (lower limit) for all quasi-static release values M_z of the binding exceeding 20 Nm This ensures consistent and reliable performance of the testing procedure across varying release conditions Meeting these angle specifications is essential for accurate, standardized assessments in compliance with ISO 9465.

Carry out the test according to the method defined in ISO 9465 on the binding already used for the tests of 6.4.

Field tests

Field tests are essential as a supplement to laboratory tests, providing real-world validation Although the evaluation of certain procedures can be somewhat subjective, test results should not solely determine acceptance or rejection; instead, comments from field tests should be linked to laboratory findings Manufacturers should consider these observations to ensure comprehensive assessment and quality control.

6.6.2 Performance of the test and grading

Tests are carried out on bindings already used for the laboratory tests.

All adjustment screws that are essential to proper functioning shall be sealed with lacquer.

Carry out the tests with skis specified by the binding manufacturers.

The ski boots shall be fitted with a sole that conforms to ISO 5355.

— hard to icy snow, piste on which moderately to highly unfavourable conditions prevail;

— soft course or deep snow with moderate to high clearing resistance.

Each of these two conditions shall be present over at least one-third of the total piste.

Mode of skiing: free style, i.e no prescriptions concerning the mode of skiing.

The bindings are tested by four skiers, usually only in winter conditions, on several difficult runs with a total vertical drop of at least 5 000 m Each of the four items described in 6.6.3 are graded on the basis of the following scale.

The sum of the 20 (16) results thus obtained shall be positive or zero Otherwise, the release settings are checked after the practical tests For each measurement, the deviation from the initial setting should be smaller than or equal to 35 % (initial setting M z lower than or equal to 40 Nm) or 30 % (initial setting

During the tests, each binding is released at least once in torsion The deviation of the measured value from the initial setting should be smaller than or equal to

— 45 % for initial setting values of 20 Nm to 40 Nm,

— 35 % for values >40 Nm to 50 Nm, and

After testing, it is essential to verify that the settings of critical adjustment screws—such as release setting, sole lug, and contact pressure—remain unchanged to ensure proper functioning Regular inspection of these adjustments helps maintain optimal performance and safety of the equipment.

NOTE There will be no measurement for initial setting values lower than 20 Nm.

For practical testing, ski bindings are adjusted according to ISO 8061 standards, with settings typically set mid-range between the lower and upper limits tailored to each skier When bindings feature a coupled adjustment mechanism—such as a single screw managing both torsion and forward lean—one release value is set to the ISO 8061 mid-range, while the other should be equal to or below the specified ISO value to ensure optimal safety and performance.

The release settings in other directions, if applicable, should be adjusted following the manufacturer's instructions It is essential that the release values in torsion and forward lean do not exceed the limits specified by ISO 8061, particularly in the mid-range or coupled setting These guidelines ensure safety and compliance with international standards for ergonomic chair adjustments.

With these settings, the binding should allow skiing with a very restricted number of inadvertent releases.

The fixing of the boot to the ski shall be sufficiently rigid to offer adequate steering control.

Entering and securing the ski boot is designed to be simple and user-friendly The binding closing mechanism provides a positive and clear feel, ensuring the skier easily understands when the boot is securely engaged Additionally, stepping out after release is effortless, even on steep slopes or in deep snow, enhancing safety and convenience on the mountain.

Manual release shall be as simple as possible so that the skier can easily take off the skis, for example, after a fall or under difficult conditions (e.g deep snow).

Exposure to corrosion and dirt

The mean difference between each release value and its corresponding reference value must not exceed 35% for bindings classified as type C and CA For type A bindings, this permissible average difference is limited to 30% These standards ensure the accuracy and reliability of the binding performances across different types.

Subject the four bindings, closed and adjusted to the reference values according to 6.3.2, first to a salt mist for 48 h:

— salt content of the mist: (5 ± 0,5) % (percentage by mass of sodium chloride in water);

Immediately afterwards, immerse the bindings eight times per minute for 15 min in a mixture with the following composition and temperature:

— dirt content: 12 g of street dirt per litre (the grain size distribution of the dirt is indicated in Annex C);

Stir the mixture constantly to ensure good homogeneity.

After allowing the bindings to dry for 24 hours, each binding is subjected to one torsion release test and one forward bending release test All tests are performed at ambient temperature (23 ± 5°C), ensuring that both the bindings and boot soles are dry to maintain consistent and accurate results.

7.1 Ski-bindings in accordance with this International Standard shall be marked with the name or trademark of the manufacturer or the importer.

7.2 The correspondence of ski-bindings with this International Standard can be expressed by the manufacturer in his own responsibility by the additional reference to ISO 9462. © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 19

Additional information to conduct tests according to test method A

A.1 Influence of forward lean (see 6.3.4.3 )

Apply loads, see Figure A.1: m (additional mass) = (F z / 9,81) – m x (A.1) m x = m lever + m balance [kg] (A.2)

F lever is the resulting force from the test fixture (without balance mass);

M lever is the moment about y-axis produced by the test fixture; ΔL is the adjustable length for additional mass, in metres; m is the additional mass.

The applied torque moment is the result of the adjustable length of the lever and the additional calculated force.

1 balance mass to compensate M x produced by test fixture

Figure A.1 — Influence of forward lean

A.2 Influence of roll loading (see 6.3.4.4 )

M z is the torque about z-axis;

M x is the torque about x-axis;

M y is the torque about y-axis (F AV );

Figure A.2 — Influence of roll loading

A.3 Influence of backward lean (see 6.3.4.5 )

Apply loads, see Figure A.3: m (additional mass) = (F z / 9,81) – m x (A.7) m x = m lever + m balance [kg] (A.8)

F lever is the resulting force from the test device (without balance mass) in N;

M lever is the torque moment of the mass from lever construction in Nm; ΔL is the adjustable length for additional mass in m; m is the additional mass.

The applied torque moment is the result of the adjustable length of the lever and the additional calculated force.

Figure A.3 — Influence of backward lean

A.4 Influence of axial force (see 6.3.4.6 )

M z is the torque about z-axis;

M x is the torque about x-axis;

M y is the torque about y-axis;

Figure A.4 — Influence of axial force

Fixtures and load configurations necessary for conducting tests using test method B

NOTE The device described in ASTM F504 may be used to meet the requirements of test method B.

An individual release measurement involves attaching a ski-binding system to a test frame with boots and applying a load configuration designed to trigger the binding’s release mechanism During the test, it is essential to record data to accurately determine the two peak moments, Mz and My, ensuring comprehensive assessment of the binding's release performance, as illustrated in Figure B.1.

Use the ski stiffening fixture specified in Figure B.1, as outlined in Figures 3 and 5, unless otherwise indicated When performing release tests, apply two equal and opposite tractive forces as illustrated in Figure B.2 Following these guidelines ensures proper fixture utilization and accurate test results, complying with ISO 2014 standards for ski stiffening procedures.

B.1.2 The application of two equal forces for combined loads:

— for F NH and F RH should be as described in Figure 3;

— for F NV and F RV should be as described in Figure 5.

B.1.3 Use the fixture described in Figure B.3 to perform the release with ski deflection test.

The parameters “l” and “f” are defined in Table 3.

Figure B.3 — Release with ski deflection test

Use the load configuration outlined in Figure B.4 to conduct a combined loading test assessing the influence of the body's forward lean during release The term NP denotes the near preload point situated 350 mm forward of the Z axis specified in Table B.1, ensuring accurate placement for testing The force vector, labeled PL, is applied to generate the necessary M y preload, critical for consistent and reliable test results These procedures are based on ISO 2014 standards, emphasizing standardized testing methods for biomechanical assessments.

PL force vector necessary to produce the required M y preload

1 and 6 vector components of PL in the ratio of 1:6

Figure B.4 — Release with combined loading test for influence of forward lean of the body

B.1.5 Use the fixture described in Figure B.5 to perform the release with combined loading test for influence of roll loading F refers to the force necessary to produce the required M x preload.

Figure B.5 — Release with combined loading test for influence of roll loading

Use the load configuration shown in Figure B.6 to perform a combined loading test that assesses the influence of backward body lean during vehicle release The RP point (rear preload point) is positioned 350 mm rearward of the z-axis specified in Table B.1, ensuring accurate simulation of load conditions The force vector, designated as PL, is applied to generate the necessary M y preload, critical for evaluating structural response under combined loading scenarios This testing methodology aligns with ISO 2014 standards, ensuring standardized and reliable results.

PL force vector necessary to produce the required M y preload

1 and 6 vector components of PL in the ratio of 1:6

Figure B.6 — Release with combined loading test for influence of backward lean of the body

B.1.7 Use the fixture described in Figure B.7 to perform the release with combined loading test for influence of axial force F refers to the force necessary to produce the required F x preload.

Figure B.7 — Release with combined loading test for influence of axial force

B.2 Location of the measurement point

The location of the measurement point measured from the bottom and rear of the test sole is provided by Table B.1.

Table B.1 — Coordinates of the measurement point

Dimensions in millimetres Type of binding

Grain size distribution of dirt

The grain size distribution of dirt shall lie between the two curves on the diagram, see Figure C.1.

Figure C.1 — Grain size distribution of dirt

NOTE Information concerning the availability of the test dirt may be obtained from the secretariat of ISO/TC 83/SC 4/WG 2 (DIN, Germany).

Determination of tolerances on M z and M y

Tiêu đề	Alpine ski-bindings — Requirements and test methods
Trường học	University of Alberta
Thể loại	Tiêu chuẩn
Năm xuất bản	2014
Thành phố	Geneva

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