Tiêu chuẩn iso 06182 10 2014

6.4.2.2 Horizontal surfaces When installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions and tested as described in 7.4.1.1 to 7.4.1.4, a sprinkler shall dis

General

3.1.1 assembly load force exerted on the sprinkler body excluding hydrostatic pressure

3.1.2 average design strength glass bulb suppliers’ specified and assured lowest average design strength of any batch of 50 bulbs

3.1.3 design length maximum length of the sprinkler coverage area

Copyright International Organization for Standardization

Provided by IHS under license with ISO Licensee=University of Alberta/5966844001, User=sharabiani, shahramfs

3.1.5 design width maximum width of the sprinkler coverage area

3.1.6 housing assembly escutcheon ornamental or protective component(s) around the hole from which the sprinkler penetrates the plane of the ceiling or the wall

Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this part of ISO 6182, housing assembly applies to recessed and concealed sprinklers See Figure 1.

Figure 1 — Concealed, recessed, and flush sprinklers

RTI t u where t is equal to the time constant of the heat-responsive element, expressed in seconds; u is the gas velocity, expressed in metres per second.

Note 1 to entry: The response time index is expressed in units of (m∙s) 0,5

3.1.8 service load combined force exerted on the sprinkler body by the assembly load of the sprinkler and the equivalent force of the rated pressure on the inlet

3.1.9 sprinkler thermosensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by automatically releasing a stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and quantity over a designated area

3.1.9.1 domestic sprinkler sprinkler intended to provide control of fire in domestic occupancies

3.1.10 standard orientation orientation that produces the shortest response time with the axis of the sprinkler inlet perpendicular to the airflow

In symmetrical heat-responsive elements, the standard orientation involves aligning airflow perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the frame arms For non-symmetrical heat-responsive elements, the optimal orientation is with airflow perpendicular to the waterway axis and the plane of the frame arms that yields the shortest response time Proper positioning of these elements ensures reliable and efficient temperature responsiveness in heat control systems.

Type of sprinklers according to type of heat-responsive element

3.2.1 fusible element sprinkler sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the melting of a component

3.2.2 glass bulb sprinkler sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the bursting of the glass bulb through pressure resulting from expansion of the fluid enclosed therein

Type of sprinklers according to type of water distribution and orientation

3.3.1 horizontal sprinkler sprinkler, arranged such that the water stream is directed horizontally against the distribution plate

3.3.3 sidewall sprinkler sprinkler giving a one-sided water distribution over a definite protection area

3.3.4 upright sprinkler sprinkler, arranged such that the water stream is directed upwards against the distribution plate

Special types of sprinklers

3.4.1 concealed sprinkler recessed sprinkler having a cover plate

Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

The dry sprinkler assembly features a sprinkler mounted at the outlet of a specialized extension, designed with a seal at the inlet This seal prevents water from entering the extension until it is released by the activation of the sprinkler, ensuring reliable fire protection in dry conditions.

Note 1 to entry: These sprinklers might consist of pendent, sidewall, or other types.

A pendent sprinkler is a type of fire suppression sprinkler in which the entire body or part of it is mounted above the ceiling plane, while the heat-responsive collector remains below the ceiling This design allows for effective fire detection and suppression without obstructing ceiling fixtures Pendent sprinklers are commonly installed in commercial and residential buildings to provide reliable fire protection, ensuring the heat-sensitive element activates in the event of a fire Their placement below the ceiling helps maintain an unobtrusive appearance while offering optimal coverage.

Note 1 to entry: These are not typically frame arm sprinklers.

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 1.

sprinkler which is within the wall, but the heat-responsive collector projects into the room beyond the plane of the wall

Note 1 to entry: These are not typically frame arm sprinklers.

3.4.5 recessed sprinkler sprinkler of which all or part of the body, other than the thread, is mounted within recessed housing Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

Quality control program

It shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer to implement a quality control program to ensure that production continuously meets the requirements of this part of ISO 6182.

Leak resistance testing

Every manufactured sprinkler shall pass a leak resistance test equivalent to a hydrostatic pressure of at least twice the rated pressure for at least 2 s.

Glass bulb integrity test

Each glass bulb sprinkler assembly must be inspected for signs of cracking, breaking, or other damage that could lead to fluid loss This evaluation should be performed after completing the leakage test to ensure the integrity and proper functioning of the sprinkler system Proper assessment of the glass bulb's condition is essential for maintaining fire safety standards and ensuring reliable performance.

To ensure the sprinkler's glass bulb meets quality standards, the bubble should be examined at room ambient temperature Subsequently, the sprinkler must be heated in a circulating air oven or liquid bath to 5 °C below its minimum operating temperature The bubble size should then be checked to verify it has decreased according to the glass bulb manufacturer's specifications After cooling, the bubble's size must be re-examined to confirm it has returned to its original size within the acceptable tolerances specified by the manufacturer.

General

All domestic sprinklers shall be designed and manufactured such that they cannot be readily adjusted, dismantled, or reassembled.

This requirement does not apply to units designed for on-site assembly or adjustment, such as combinations of sprinkler and housing assemblies, escutcheons, or the assembly of cover plates to concealed sprinklers.

Dynamic O-ring seals

The waterway closure must not rely on dynamic O-rings or similar seals that move during operation Specifically, seals that are in contact with moving components or that move themselves during operation are not suitable for this purpose Ensuring a reliable, static sealing solution is essential for maintaining the integrity of the waterway closure.

Rated pressure

Sprinklers shall have a rated pressure of not less than 1,2 MPa (12 bar).

Dry sprinklers

Dry sprinklers installed in dry systems must be equipped with the appropriate fittings as specified in the manufacturer’s instructions to prevent water, scale, and sediment buildup at the sprinkler inlet Additionally, the design should ensure that these fittings do not significantly affect the sprinkler's K-factor or cause notable pressure loss, maintaining optimal fire protection performance.

Dimensions

This sprinkler shall have an area of coverage not exceeding 37,2 m 2

All sprinklers shall be constructed so that a sphere of diameter 5 mm can pass through the sprinkler.

Nominal thread sizes must be compatible with fittings threaded according to ISO 7-1 standards All threaded connection dimensions should adhere to international standards where applicable, or conform to national standards in the absence of relevant international guidelines.

Temperature rating and colour coding (see 7.2)

The marked nominal temperature rating and colour coding of sprinkler shall be in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 — Nominal temperature rating and colour coding

Glass bulb sprinklers Fusible element sprinklers

Marked nominal temperature rating °C

Liquid colour code Marked nominal temperature rating °C

Operating temperatures (see 7.2)

Sprinklers shall be verified to operate within the temperature range of: t = x ± (0,035x + 0,62)°C

(1) where t is the temperature range, rounded to the nearest 0,1 °C; x is the marked nominal temperature rating (see Table 1).

Water flow and distribution (see 7.3 and 7.4)

6.4.1.1 The flow constant, K, for sprinklers is given by Formula (2):

10 (2) where p is the pressure, expressed in megapascals (MPa); q is the flow rate, expressed in litres per minute.

The nominal flow constant, K, specified in the manufacturer's design and installation instructions must be verified through the test method outlined in section 7.3 Each calculated flow constant, K, should fall within ±5% or ±3 units of the manufacturer’s specified value, whichever is greater, ensuring accuracy and compliance with quality standards.

A domestic sprinkler must demonstrate compliance with the designated coverage for the protected area by adhering to specific water distribution requirements These include horizontal surface water distribution and vertical surface water distribution, as outlined in sections 6.4.2.2 and 6.4.2.3 Ensuring these standards are met guarantees effective coverage and fire protection for the protected zone.

When installed according to the manufacturer's instructions and tested as specified, a sprinkler must distribute water evenly over a horizontal surface, with a minimum discharge density of 0.8 mm/min in any 300 mm × 300 mm collection pan within the design area For upright and pendent sprinklers, no more than four collection pans in each quadrant can have a discharge density of at least 0.6 mm/min Additionally, for sidewall sprinklers, no more than eight collection pans in each half of the design area (split along the sprinkler centerline) are permitted to have a discharge density of at least 0.6 mm/min.

Proper installation and testing of sprinklers as per design guidelines ensure effective water distribution over vertical surfaces Within the coverage area, walls should be wetted to a minimum of 700 mm below the ceiling with a single sprinkler operating at the specified flow rate For square coverage zones, each wall must receive at least 5% of the sprinkler’s total flow, while in rectangular areas, the water distribution should be proportional, based on 20% of the total sprinkler discharge, following established formulas for optimal coverage These standards ensure consistent and reliable fire suppression performance.

A col represents the percentage of water collected on a wall, indicating the amount of moisture present The wall length, denoted as l W, is measured in meters and refers to the specific length of the wall in question The total perimeter of the coverage area, l P, encompasses all walls within the area and is also expressed in meters Together, these metrics help assess wall moisture levels and the extent of the coverage area, essential for effective maintenance and moisture management.

Function (see 7.5)

When tested in accordance with 7.5.1, the sprinkler shall open and, any lodgement of released parts shall be cleared within 10 s of release of the heat-responsive element.

If minor damage is noted, testing in accordance with 6.4.2 can be done to demonstrate compliance.

NOTE In most instances, visual examination of the sprinkler will be sufficient to establish conformance with 6.5.2.

Service load and strength of sprinkler body (see 7.6)

6.6.1 The sprinkler body shall comply with the requirements of 6.6.1.1 or 6.6.1.2

The sprinkler body must not exhibit permanent elongation exceeding 0.2% between load-bearing points after being tested at twice the service load, as measured according to standards 7.6.1 or 7.6.2.

The sprinkler body must not demonstrate permanent elongation exceeding 50% of its original length when subjected to the design load after being tested with twice the assembly load, as specified in section 7.6.3 This ensures the structural integrity and reliable performance of the sprinkler under fire conditions, adhering to safety standards and compliance requirements. -**Sponsor**Need help polishing your article and ensuring it's SEO-friendly? As a content creator, I understand the importance of clear, concise writing Let [editorr](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/FiHUpMjp) elevate your work with on-demand proofreading and editing services Submit your article and receive instant feedback from qualified editors, ensuring your sentences are coherent and optimized for search engines Transform your text into a compelling narrative that resonates with your audience.

6.6.2 The manufacturer shall specify the average and upper limit of the service or assembly load These values shall not be exceeded when tested in accordance with 7.6.1, 7.6.2, or 7.6.3 as applicable

Strength of heat-responsive element (see 7.7)

Glass bulb elements tested according to section 7.7 must have a design strength lower tolerance limit (LTL) that is at least twice the upper tolerance limit (UTL) of the service load distribution curve, based on calculations with 99% confidence (y=0.99) for 99% of the samples (P) These calculations are to be performed assuming a normal or Gaussian distribution unless an alternative distribution is more appropriate due to specific manufacturing or design considerations.

A fusible heat-responsive element should be designed to withstand at least 15 times its standard load for 100 hours under normal temperature conditions, ensuring safety and durability Alternatively, it must demonstrate the ability to support the designated load during testing per relevant standards (7.7.2.2), as detailed in Annex B, to ensure reliable performance in safety applications.

Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength (see 7.8)

6.8.1 A sprinkler shall not show any sign of leakage when tested according to 7.8.1.

6.8.2 A sprinkler shall not rupture, operate, or release any parts when tested according to 7.8.2.

Heat exposure (see 7.9)

6.9.1 There shall be no damage to the glass bulb element when the sprinkler is tested by the method specified in 7.9.1.

Thermal shock for glass bulb sprinklers (see 7.10)

Glass bulb sprinklers must remain undamaged after testing according to section 7.10 Following thermal shock exposure, they must meet the requirements of section 6.5.1 when tested at an inlet pressure of 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar).

Corrosion (see 7.11)

6.11.1 Stress corrosion for copper-based alloy components (see 7.11.1)

When tested in accordance with 7.11.1, each sprinkler shall not show any cracks, signs of delamination or failure that can affect its ability to function as intended.

6.11.2 Sulfur dioxide/carbon dioxide corrosion (see 7.11.2)

NOTE In some countries, this test is not mandatory.

Coated and uncoated sprinklers shall be resistant to sulfur dioxide/carbon dioxide saturated with water vapour when conditioned in accordance with 7.11.2.

After exposure, glass bulb sprinkler samples must either be tested at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) following section 6.5.1, or comply with the requirements of section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers, or meet the criteria specified in section 6.13.2 for other sprinkler types.

After exposure, 50% of the fusible element sprinkler samples must undergo a functional test at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) following section 6.5.1 The remaining samples should comply with section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers or with section 6.13.2 for other sprinkler types, ensuring they meet the necessary safety and performance standards.

Coated and uncoated sprinklers shall be resistant to hydrogen sulfide saturated with water vapour when conditioned in accordance with 7.11.3.

After exposure, glass bulb sprinkler samples must either be tested at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) as per section 6.5.1, or satisfy the requirements outlined in section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers Alternatively, they must meet the criteria specified in section 6.13.2 for other types of sprinklers, ensuring compliance with safety and performance standards.

After exposure, 50% of fusible element sprinkler samples must undergo functional testing at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) as specified in section 6.5.1 The remaining samples should meet the criteria outlined in section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers or adhere to section 6.13.2 for other sprinkler types, ensuring compliance with safety and performance standards.

Coated and uncoated sprinklers shall be resistant to salt spray when conditioned in accordance with 7.11.4.

After exposure, glass bulb sprinkler samples must either be tested at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) following section 6.5.1, or comply with the requirements of section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers, or adhere to section 6.13.2 for other sprinkler types.

After exposure, 50% of the fusible element sprinkler samples must undergo functional testing at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) in accordance with section 6.5.1 The remaining samples should comply with the requirements specified in section 6.22 for concealed and recessed sprinklers or follow the criteria outlined in section 6.13.2 for other sprinkler types. -**Sponsor**Need help polishing your article and making sure it's SEO-friendly? As a content creator, I understand the importance of clear and impactful writing [editorr](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/6pnXr925) can help you refine your article by providing on-demand proofreading and editing services Get expert feedback to enhance clarity, grammar, and overall composition, ensuring your article resonates with your audience and ranks well in search results.

Sprinklers shall be resistant to moist air exposure when tested in accordance with 7.11.5 Following exposure, the sprinklers shall be functionally tested at 0,035 MPa (0,35 bar) only in accordance with 6.5.1.

Water hammer (see 7.12)

Sprinklers must not leak during or after pressure surges as specified in section 7.12 Following testing, they should show no signs of mechanical damage and must meet the requirements of section 6.8.1 Additionally, they must operate correctly during functional testing at a pressure of 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar), according to the standards outlined in section 6.5.1.

Dynamic heating (see 7.13)

Sprinklers shall have an RTI not exceeding 50 (mãs) 0,5 when tested in the standard orientation in accordance with 7.13.

For concealed and recessed sprinklers, see 6.22.

After undergoing corrosion testing per sections 6.11.2, 6.11.3, and 6.11.4, sprinklers must be tested in the standard orientation as outlined in section 7.13.1 to assess their post-exposure RTI All post-exposure RTI values should be calculated according to the procedures specified in section 7.13.2 The results are acceptable if either none of the post-exposure RTI values exceed the limits defined in section 6.13.1 or if the average RTI value remains within 130% of the pre-exposure average RTI, ensuring sprinkler performance stability after corrosion exposure.

Resistance to heat (see 7.14)

Open sprinklers must be resistant to high temperatures when tested according to section 7.14, ensuring they do not fracture or break after exposure Visible deformation on the sprinkler orifice requires compliance with the criteria outlined in section 6.4.1, while deformation on the sprinkler frame or deflector must meet the standards specified in section 6.4.2.

Vibration (see 7.15)

Sprinklers must withstand vibrations without deterioration, as verified through the testing procedures outlined in section 7.15 Following the vibration test, sprinklers should show no visible damage and must meet the standards specified in sections 6.8.1 and 6.13.1, ensuring their durability and reliability in operational conditions.

Impact (see 7.16)

Sprinklers must remain free of fractures or deformations and comply with the requirements of sections 6.8.1 and 6.13.1 following the impact test specified in section 7.16 If deformation occurs during testing, additional water distribution testing in accordance with section 6.4.2 is required to ensure proper performance.

Rough usage test (see 7.17)

A sprinkler must endure rough handling without compromising its performance characteristics After subjecting the sprinkler to a 3-minute tumbling test as specified in section 7.17, it should meet the leak requirements outlined in section 6.8.1 and the RTI criteria of section 6.13.1 when tested in standard orientation, or in accordance with section 6.22 a) for recessed and concealed sprinkler types.

Fire performance (see 7.18)

Fire-tested sprinklers must meet specific temperature requirements: they should not exceed 315 °C at 76 mm below the ceiling, 93 °C at 1.6 m above the floor, and must not maintain a temperature above 54 °C at this height for more than two minutes Additionally, the ceiling material behind the finished surface (up to 6 mm thick) should not reach temperatures exceeding 260 °C During testing, no more than two sprinklers should activate, and the sprinkler installed at the doorway should remain inactive.

See Figure 3 (pendent or upright sprinklers) or Figures 4 and 5 (sidewall sprinklers) for temperature measuring locations.

1 thermocouple, 6 mm above ceiling and 254 mm diagonally from the corner

4 thermocouple, 76 mm below ceiling and 1 600 mm above the floor

5 thermocouple, 76 mm below ceiling (room centre)

6 sprinkler (typical) a plywood w C coverage width l C coverage length

6 sidewall sprinkler (typical) a plywood w C coverage width l C coverage length

Figure 4 — Fire test arrangement 1 — Sidewall

6 sidewall sprinkler (typical) a plywood w C coverage width l C coverage length

Lateral discharge (see 7.19)

Sprinklers shall not prevent the operation of adjacent sprinklers when tested in accordance with 7.19.

When tested in accordance with 7.20, sprinklers shall not leak or sustain any mechanical damage Following exposure, the sprinklers shall meet the requirement of 6.8.1.

Vacuum resistance (see 7.21)

Sprinklers shall not exhibit distortion or mechanical damage and shall meet the leakage requirements of 6.8.1 after being subjected to the test in 7.21.

Room response (see 7.22)

Concealed or recessed domestic sprinklers must operate within specific time limits to ensure reliable fire protection During testing, each sprinkler should activate within 75 seconds or less, as outlined in section 7.22.1 to 7.22.4 Additionally, the average activation time of the sprinklers must not exceed 1.30 times the mean time of the initial test results after exposure to prescribed tests, including those specified in sections 6.9.2, 6.11.2, 6.11.3, and 6.11.4 These performance characteristics are essential for compliant and effective sprinkler system design.

Freezing test (see 7.23)

Sprinklers must demonstrate resistance to low temperatures during testing in accordance with section 7.23 Following exposure, they should either show visible damage, leak after thawing at a pressure not exceeding 0.05 MPa (0.5 bar), or remain undamaged Those that are free from visible damage and do not leak at pressures up to 0.05 MPa (0.5 bar) must comply with the requirements outlined in section 6.8.1 and meet the RTI standards specified in section 6.13.1.

Dry-type sprinkler deposit loading (see 7.24)

After exposure to a carbon dioxide-sulfur dioxide atmosphere, dry-type sprinkler internal components must function correctly under specified conditions When 0.05 MPa (0.5 bar) air pressure is applied to the sprinkler inlet, the heat-responsive element should operate as intended This ensures the sprinkler's reliability and effectiveness in fire protection systems.

Dry sprinkler air tightness (see 7.25)

NOTE In some countries, this test is not mandatory, although the construction of the connection of the extension nipple to the inlet seal has to be air tight.

When tested according to sections 7.25.1 and 7.25.2, dry-type sprinkler extension nipples must demonstrate a leak-proof connection to the inlet seal assembly across a range of external air pressures from 0 to 100 kPa (0 to 1 bar) This ensures the integrity and reliable performance of the sprinkler system under different pressure conditions, meeting essential safety standards.

Protective covers (see 7.26)

NOTE In some countries, it is required to use the protective covers as described in this clause.

6.26.1 Sprinklers might be equipped with protective covers that are designed to remain in place during installation and be removed before the sprinkler system is placed in service.

6.26.2 Sprinklers equipped with sprinkler covers shall comply with the impact test for protective covers and marking requirements, see 7.26 and 8.3.

6.26.3 A sprinkler, with the protective cover installed, shall not be damaged or leak and the cover shall remain in place when tested as described in 7.26.

Protective covers must be designed to prevent damage to the sprinkler and its heat-responsive element during assembly, installation, and removal These covers should be removable without tools unless the manufacturer specifies otherwise, ensuring ease of handling and maintaining the sprinkler's integrity Properly designed protective covers are essential for safeguarding sprinkler components throughout their installation and maintenance processes.

Dezincification of brass parts (see 7.27)

Sprinkler parts made of copper alloy containing over 15% zinc and regularly exposed to system water must not show excessive dezincification after 144 hours in a copper chloride solution Specifically, they should not have an average dezincification depth exceeding 100 micrometers, nor should any single reading surpass 200 micrometers—ensuring durability and corrosion resistance of sprinkler components.

Stress corrosion magnesium chloride (see 7.28)

Sprinklers with components made from stainless steel alloys must undergo testing outlined in section 7.28 These stainless steel parts should not exhibit any signs of fracture, distortion, or imminent separation from the frame, except when tested according to the specific procedures detailed in section 7.28.4.

Examination

Prior to testing each type of domestic sprinkler, detailed drawings of all parts and assemblies must be submitted alongside the relevant specifications These tests are essential to ensure the sprinkler's compliance with safety and performance standards Accurate documentation helps verify that the components meet quality requirements and function correctly under operational conditions, supporting overall fire protection efficacy.

Tests shall be conducted at a room temperature of (20 ± 5) °C unless other temperatures are specified, ensuring consistent testing conditions Sprinklers must be tested with all components required by their design and installation to verify proper functionality Unless specified otherwise, the tolerances outlined in Annex C shall be applicable to all test parameters.

The construction of domestic sprinklers shall be examined to ensure that it complies with the requirements of Clauses 4 and 5.

Before testing, sprinklers shall be examined visually with respect to the following: a) marking; b) conformity of the sprinklers with the manufacturer’s drawings and specification; c) obvious defects. © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 17

Operating temperature tests (see 6.3)

The testing procedure for sprinklers involves heating ten units from approximately 20°C (±5°C) to a temperature just below their nominal operating temperature by 2°C The temperature increase must not exceed 20°C per minute, and it should be maintained for 10 minutes to ensure proper testing conditions Subsequently, the temperature is gradually increased at a controlled rate of 0.5°C (±0.1°C) per minute until the sprinkler activates, confirming its functional performance under specified thermal conditions.

The nominal operating temperature shall be ascertained with equipment having an accuracy of ±0,25 % of the nominal temperature rating.

The sprinkler test must be conducted in a liquid bath to ensure accurate results Sprinklers with nominal operating temperatures of ≤ 80°C are tested in demineralized water, while those with higher rated temperature elements are tested in glycerine, vegetable oil, or synthetic oil This testing process is essential for verifying sprinkler performance under different temperature conditions.

Sprinklers must be positioned vertically and fully immersed in the liquid bath with a minimum liquid cover of 5 mm to ensure proper operation The test zone is located at a point below the liquid surface, aligned with the geometric center of the glass bulb or fusible element, and must be at least 35 mm beneath the liquid surface Additionally, the temperature within the test zone should remain stable, with a deviation no greater than ±0.25 °C, to validate accurate testing conditions.

It is preferred to have the test zone at (40 ± 5) mm below the liquid surface level.

Any rupture of a glass bulb or partial/complete operation of a heat-responsive element within the specified temperature range is considered an operation If a glass bulb is partially fractured or a heat-responsive element is only partially operated, additional testing of 50 samples is required to verify functionality, following the procedures outlined in section 7.2.2.

A standardized liquid bath, as depicted in Figure 6, is used for precise temperature control during testing A calibrated laboratory temperature measuring device, immersed to a depth of 40 mm, is essential for accurately determining the liquid temperature and operating conditions within the bath The thermometer’s bulb should be positioned level with the sprinkler operating parts using a support to ensure accurate readings To maintain consistent temperature control, an IEC 60751 thermocouple or an equivalent device can be employed in the thermal bath.

2 thermometer calibrated for 40 mm immersion and either PT-100 or thermocouple

5 double wing agitator (100 mm × 20 mm)

8 desiccators, ỉ250 mm, liquid volume of approximately 7 l

Figure 6 — Example of a liquid bath test apparatus

Seventy-two newly tested sprinklers must be placed on their threaded inlets in a programmable oven with circulating air at ambient temperature The oven temperature should be gradually increased to approximately 11.1 °C below the sprinklers' nominal temperature rating over a 20-minute period Once the target temperature is achieved, the oven must be maintained at this constant temperature for a minimum duration to ensure proper testing and reliability.

The temperature should be increased steadily at a rate of 0.5°C per minute, plus or minus 0.3°C, until all sprinklers activate A failure is indicated if there is a partial fracture of the glass bulb or only partial operation of the fusible element, such as strutting This testing process ensures the reliability and proper functioning of the sprinkler system under specified conditions.

NOTE It is not necessary to meet the operating temperature limits of 6.3 in this test.

Water flow constant test (see 6.4.1)

The sprinkler should be installed with a pressure gauge on the supply pipe, as illustrated in Figure 7 Four sprinklers must be tested to ensure proper functionality Both the shortest and longest dry-type sprinklers are included in the testing process to verify performance.

During testing, the manufactured sprinklers shall have their frame arms and deflectors removed to ensure accurate performance assessment Water flow measurements will be conducted at pressure levels ranging from 0.10 MPa (1.0 bar) to 0.52 MPa (5.2 bar), which are less than the rated pressure, with measurements taken at 0.1 MPa (1 bar) intervals These measurements must be performed with both increasing and decreasing pressure to ensure consistency The K-factor will be calculated at each flow pressure, and an average K-factor will be determined for each series of readings to validate sprinkler performance against standards.

The K-factor and the average K-factor for each series must stay within the limits specified in section 6.4.1.2 During testing, it is essential to correct pressure readings for any height differences between the gauge and the sprinkler's outlet orifice Ensuring these conditions helps maintain accuracy and compliance with standards.

2 steel tube, nominal internal diameter 40 mm, medium mass (in accordance with ISO 65)

3 fitting, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, or 32 mm (in accordance with ISO 49)

NOTE Accuracy: pressure gauge ±2 %; weighing machine ±1 %.

Figure 7 — Example of a water flow test apparatus

Water distribution tests (see 6.4.2)

Tests are to be conducted on an individual sprinkler using design flow rates specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions that simulate one sprinkler in a system operating

For sprinklers with a pressure rating exceeding 1.2 MPa (12 bar), testing should be performed using flow rates at a pressure 0.5 MPa (5 bar) below the rated pressure, specifically within the maximum coverage area The water distribution test must be conducted for a duration of 20 minutes to ensure proper performance and coverage.

Dry type sprinklers must undergo testing at their shortest manufactured length to ensure performance standards If the K-factor of the longest sprinkler length deviates by more than 5% from that of the shortest, then the longest length must also be tested to verify consistency and compliance with safety regulations.

An open sprinkler is to be installed in its designated position within a pipe fitting featuring a 25 mm inlet and outlet, matching the sprinkler's inlet size The sprinkler will be supplied with water through 25 mm piping, ensuring proper water flow The sprinkler deflector must be accurately positioned according to the manufacturer's specifications to ensure optimal fire suppression performance Proper installation of the open sprinkler is essential for effective fire safety and compliance with relevant standards.

`,,```,`,`,`,`,,,````,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - installation instructions A pendent or upright sprinkler is to be tested after being rotated 90° about its vertical axis after being tested as initially installed.

For accurate water distribution measurement, collector pans measuring 300 mm × 300 mm should be strategically placed on the floor within one quadrant of the sprinkler’s discharge pattern, as illustrated in Figure 8 These collector pans must be positioned so that their tops are 2.4 meters below the ceiling, ensuring proper collection and analysis of water spray patterns for effective fire protection system assessment.

The water flow rate should be established and tested over a 20-minute period After the test, the collected water is measured to ensure it meets the requirements outlined in sections 6.4.2.2 a) and b), both with the sprinkler in its installed position and after rotating it by 90°.

2 collector pans, 300 mm × 300 mm w C/2 coverage width divided by 2 l C/2 coverage length divided by 2

Figure 8 — Water collection for upright, pendent, recessed pendent, and ceiling sprinklers

Collector pans measuring 300 mm × 300 mm are to be placed as shown in Figure 9 The tops of the pans are to be 2 m below the ceiling.

The water flow rate must be accurately established and tested over a duration of 20 minutes Upon completion of the test, the collected water should be measured to verify compliance with the specified requirements outlined in section 6.4.2.2.

2 collector pans, 300 mm × 300 mm w C coverage width l C coverage length

Figure 9 — Water collection for sidewall sprinklers

Tests are to be conducted on an individual sprinkler using design flow rates specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions that simulate one sprinkler in a system operating

For sprinklers with a pressure rating exceeding 1.2 MPa (12 bar), tests must be performed at flows corresponding to a pressure 0.5 MPa (5 bar) below the rated pressure, specifically within the maximum coverage area Each water distribution test should be conducted for a minimum duration of 10 minutes to ensure accurate assessment of performance.

An open domestic sprinkler should be installed in its designated position within a pipe fitting featuring a 25 mm inlet and outlet matching the sprinkler's inlet size, ensuring proper functionality The sprinkler must be connected via 25 mm piping to a reliable water supply, adhering to recommended installation standards Correct placement of the sprinkler deflector, as specified in the installation instructions, is essential for optimal performance Additionally, pendent or upright sprinklers must undergo a 90° rotation test after initial installation to verify operational integrity and compliance with safety regulations.

Collector pans are essential for verifying that at least 5% of the sprinkler flow is discharged onto each wall, as outlined in section 7.4.1.4 To ensure accurate measurement, the walls of the test room must be constructed from nonporous materials or covered with a nonporous coating, allowing water impinging on the walls to be effectively collected and measured.

Collector pans, measuring 300 mm × 300 mm, are installed on the floor against walls to cover designated areas Their tops are positioned 2 meters below the ceiling to optimize fire suppression effectiveness To prevent sprinkler discharge from directly entering the pans, appropriate measures must be implemented, ensuring accurate fire detection and protection Refer to Figure 10 for visual guidance on installation.

Dry type sprinklers with the shortest manufactured length must undergo testing to verify their performance If the K-factor of the longest sprinkler length varies by more than 5% from that of the shortest, then the longest length also needs to be tested This ensures consistent sprinkler operation across different lengths, maintaining fire safety standards and compliance.

4 pendent or upright sprinkler w C coverage width l C coverage length a For upright or pendent sprinkler only. b For sidewall sprinkler only. c Maximum wall wetting distance from ceiling. d 0,7 m. e l C /2 or w C /2.

The water flow rate must be clearly established, and a 10-minute test should be conducted to assess performance Upon completion, the collected water and the height of wall wetting are measured to verify compliance with the specified requirements outlined in section 6.4.2.2.

Functional test (see 6.5)

Automatic and dry-type automatic sprinklers must be individually tested at their shortest temperature rating, with each sample installed in its intended position on rigid piping and supplied with flowing water Tests are conducted using both single and double feed water supply arrangements, as detailed in Figures 11, 12, and 13, with specific pressure and sample count requirements outlined in Table 2 During testing, the heat-responsive element is exposed to uniform heat application, and the service pressure along with the operation of the release mechanisms are observed to ensure compliance with standards.

1 32 mm nominal elbow (outlet as required)

Figure 11 — Typical single feed lodgement test arrangement

6 detachable pipe for upright sprinklers

Figure 12 — Typical function test oven

4 50 mm nominal grooved coupling (typical)

5 50 mm nominal tee (outlet as required)

Table 2 — Lodgement test pressures and number of test samples Test pressure c Water supply arrangement Number of test samples d

Incremental 0,17 b Incremental 1,7 b Single feed 5 at each pressure

For dry upright sprinklers, the starting test pressure is 0.09 MPa (0.9 bar) Sprinklers rated for pressures above 1.2 MPa (12 bar) should be tested at 0.17 MPa (1.7 bar) increments from 1.37 MPa (13.7 bar) up to their rated pressure Mandatory test pressures include 0.035 MPa or 0.05 MPa (0.35 or 0.5 bar), 0.35 MPa (3.5 bar), and the sprinkler's rated pressure Additionally, testing at various temperature ratings may be required depending on the country's regulations.

The flowing pressure shall be at least 75 % of the initial operating pressure.

To ensure that the internal parts of a dry sprinkler do not restrict the intended flow rate, a flow meter must be connected to the water supply piping during testing An approved sprinkler sample with acceptable K-factor results from the water flow constant test (7.4) should be installed in the operational test fixture prior to testing Water flow testing is conducted at specified pressures (7.5.1.1), with the flow at each pressure recorded Dry-type sprinkler samples are tested as outlined in 7.5.1, and after operation, the flow rates are documented at each pressure The discharge coefficient (K-factor) is then calculated following the procedure in 7.4, and the K-factor value must be within 5% of previously tested samples to verify compliance.

7.5.1.3 Lodgement is considered to have occurred when one or more of the released parts lodge in the deflector frame assembly.

To assess the strength of the deflector, three sprinklers must undergo function testing in their normal mounting positions at a pressure equal to or greater than the rated pressure During the test, water should flow at a residual pressure not less than the rated pressure for a duration of 30 minutes.

Service load and strength of sprinkler body test (see 6.6)

The service load should be tested on at least 10 sprinklers by securely installing each one in a tensile or compression test machine at room temperature The test involves applying hydraulic pressure equivalent to the rated inlet pressure to ensure accurate measurement of sprinkler performance.

The service load can alternatively be determined by measuring the assembly load and adding a calculated or measured force equivalent to a hydrostatic pressure at the inlet, corresponding to the rated pressure This method ensures accurate assessment of system stress, enhancing safety and performance Properly estimating the service load using this approach is essential for reliable design and operation of pressure-containing assemblies.

Use an indicator with an accuracy of 0.001 mm to precisely measure any length change of the sprinkler between its load-bearing points Ensure that movement of the sprinkler shank thread within the threaded bushing of the test machine is prevented or properly accounted for during measurement.

To ensure proper functionality, release the hydraulic pressure if applied and carefully remove the heat-responsive element from the sprinkler using an appropriate method Afterward, allow the sprinkler to reach room temperature and perform a second measurement using the indicator to verify its condition.

Apply an increasing mechanical load to the sprinkler at a rate not exceeding 500 N/min until the indicator reading at the deflector end returns to its initial value observed under hydrostatic load Record the maximum mechanical load required to reach this point as the service load.

7.6.1.3.2 Increase the applied load progressively at a rate not exceeding 500 N/min until twice the average service load has been applied Maintain this load for (15 ± 5) s.

7.6.1.3.3 Remove the load and compare the permanent elongation with the requirement of 6.6.1.

A minimum of 10 samples must be individually mounted into a solid fixture, with the pipcap/seat, spring, and frame marked to document their original assembly positions A dial indicator should be positioned at the bottom of the sprinkler, contacting the pipcap/seat through the waterway to measure any movement or displacement The indicator gauge must be set to zero at the start to ensure accurate assessment of the sprinkler's positional stability during testing.

To replace the glass bulb element, it must be fractured and carefully removed using pliers or a mechanical device Next, the compression screw is detached from the sprinkler, and the components—including the spring and pipcap or seat—are reassembled within the waterway A hydraulic ram or similar device equipped with a load cell is set up on top of the sprinkler, with an extended ram passing through the setscrew hole to contact the pipcap or seat A load is then applied to compress the spring back to its original position and held for 10 minutes; the load reading during this period is recorded and considered the assembly load, ensuring proper spring functionality After recording, additional load is applied to verify that the spring is not flat, confirming the sprinkler's operational integrity.

Springs used in this test shall have been preloaded to the nominal assembly load.

If this test methodology is used to calculate the assembly load, then preloaded springs shall be used in production of the sprinklers.

7.6.3.1 The assembly load shall be measured on a minimum of 10 sprinklers by securely installing each sprinkler at room temperature in a tensile/compression test machine. © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 27

An indicator with a precision of 0.001 mm must be used to accurately measure any change in the sprinkler's length between load-bearing points Care should be taken to prevent or account for movement of the sprinkler shank thread within the threaded bushing of the test machine during measurement.

7.6.3.3 Remove the heat-responsive element of the sprinkler by a suitable method When the sprinkler is at room temperature, make a second measurement using the indicator.

Mechanical load should be gradually applied to the sprinkler at a maximum rate of 500 N/min until the indicator at the first measurement point returns to its initial reading The load required to restore this initial indicator value should be recorded as the assembly load.

7.6.3.5 Increase the load progressively at a rate not exceeding 500 N/min until twice the average of assembly load has been applied Maintain this load for (15 ± 5) s.

7.6.3.6 Remove the load and take a third measurement Compare the permanent elongation with the requirement of 6.6.1.2.

The change in the length of a sprinkler body during assembly is determined by measuring the difference between the first and second readings Permanent elongation is identified by comparing the second and third measurements, reflecting any lasting deformation after assembly Accurately assessing these measurements is essential for ensuring sprinkler integrity and reliable fire protection performance.

Strength of heat-responsive element test (see 6.7)

To ensure durability, at least 55 glass bulbs of each type must be individually positioned in a test fixture utilizing sprinkler seating parts Each bulb is then subjected to a steadily increasing force at a rate of (250 ± 25) N/s using a test machine until the glass fails This testing process assesses the strength and reliability of the glass bulbs under controlled conditions.

Each test must be performed with the bulb installed in new seating parts, which can be reinforced externally or made from hardened steel (Rockwell hardness C44 ± 6) as specified by the sprinkler manufacturer to prevent collapse It is essential that these modifications do not interfere with bulb failure The crush force for each bulb should be carefully recorded to ensure accurate testing results.

Based on the lowest 50 measured bulb strength results, the average bulb strength was calculated to evaluate overall performance The lower tolerance limit (LTL) for bulb strength was also determined to ensure reliability and safety standards These calculations, considering the recorded service load values, provide critical insights into the durability and quality of the bulbs, supporting quality control and compliance with industry standards.

7.6.1, calculate the upper tolerance limit (UTL) for the sprinkler release element service load Verify compliance with 6.7.1.

To determine compliance with section 6.7.2(a), at least 10 samples must be subjected to 15 times the maximum design load for a duration of 100 hours Abnormal failures unrelated to the evaluation of the fusible material should not be considered, but a minimum of 10 valid samples must be obtained for accurate assessment This testing ensures that the fusible material meets necessary safety and performance standards while adhering to the specified testing procedures.

7.7.2.2 Determine compliance with the requirements of 6.7.2(b) by subjecting fusible heat-responsive elements to loads in excess of the maximum design load, which will produce failure within and after

A minimum of 10 test samples must be subjected to varying loads up to fifteen times the maximum design load, with abnormal failures excluded to ensure data integrity These samples should undergo at least 15 load cycles to accurately assess durability A full logarithmic regression curve should be plotted using the least squares method to analyze the test data, enabling precise calculation of the load at a specified reference point This process ensures reliable evaluation of material strength and performance under extreme loading conditions.

1 h, and the load at 1 000 h, using Formula (4):

L d is the maximum design load;

7.7.2.3 The tests of 7.7.2.1 and 7.7.2.2 shall be conducted at an ambient temperature of (20 ± 3) °C.

Leak resistance and hydrostatic strength tests (see 6.8)

7.8.1 Twenty sprinklers shall be tested They shall be subjected to a water pressure equal to two times the rated pressure but not less than 3,0 MPa (30 bar).

Increase the pressure from 0 MPa (0 bar) to the specified value at a rate of approximately 0.1 MPa/s (1 bar/s) without exceeding ±0.03 MPa/s Maintain the pressure for 3 minutes, then gradually reduce it to 0 Afterward, increase the pressure to 0.05 MPa (0.5 bar) within 5 seconds, hold it for 15 seconds, and then raise it to 1 MPa (10 bar) at the same rate of approximately 0.1 MPa/s Maintain this final pressure for 15 seconds, ensuring each sprinkler complies with the requirements specified in section 6.8.1.

After testing according to 7.8.1, each of the 20 sprinklers must withstand a water pressure four times their rated pressure The sprinkler inlets should be filled with water at (20 ± 5) °C and properly vented to remove air The pressure should then be increased to four times the rated value at a controlled rate not exceeding 0.1 MPa/s (1 bar/s), and maintained at this level for one minute During this test, the sprinklers must meet the specific performance criteria outlined in section 6.8.2.

NOTE In some countries, the hydrostatic strength test in 7.8.2 is not mandatory.

Heat exposure test (see 6.9)

Four glass bulb sprinklers with nominal release temperatures of ≤ 80 °C should be heated in a water bath, preferably with distilled water, from approximately 20 ± 5 °C to just below their nominal operating temperature, within 20 °C/min For higher-rated release elements, a suitable fluid must be used to ensure proper activation and safety.

The temperature should be increased gradually at a rate of 1 °C/min until the gas bubble dissolves or until reaching a temperature 5 °C below the lower tolerance limit, whichever is lower Afterward, remove the sprinkler from the liquid bath and allow it to cool in air with the pointed end of the glass bulb facing downward until the gas bubble reappears This testing process must be repeated four times on each of four sprinklers to ensure consistency and reliability.

Twelve sprinklers are exposed to high ambient temperatures—11°C below their nominal rating or the temperature specified in Table 3, whichever is lower, but not falling below 49°C—for 90 days After this exposure, four sprinklers undergo testing per sections 6.8.1 and 6.13.1, four are tested according to section 6.5.1 at different pressure conditions (0.035 MPa and 1 MPa), and four are tested following section 6.3 Ensure all sprinklers pass the tests; if any fails, eight additional units are tested under the same conditions until all pass, confirming their reliability and compliance with ISO 2014 standards.

Table 3 — Test temperatures for sprinklers

Thermal shock test for glass bulb sprinklers (see 6.10)

7.10.1 Before starting the test, condition at least 5 sprinklers at (20 ± 5) °C for at least 30 min.

Sprinklers with nominal operating temperatures of 80 °C or below must be tested in a water bath, while those with higher-rated elements require testing in a suitable fluid The bath temperature should be maintained at approximately 10 °C below the lower limit of the sprinkler's temperature tolerance range, with an accuracy of ±0.5 °C After a 5-minute immersion, the sprinklers are to be quickly transferred to a second bath of de-mineralized water at the same temperature range, with the bulb seal facing downward Subsequently, the sprinklers are tested in accordance with clause 6.5.1 at a pressure of 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar).

Corrosion tests (see 6.11)

7.11.1 Stress corrosion test for copper-based alloy components

Five sprinklers lacking any plating or coating must undergo an aqueous ammonia test Each sprinkler's inlet should be filled with water and sealed with a nonreactive cap, such as plastic, to ensure accurate testing conditions.

Degrease the samples to be tested and then expose them for 10 d to a moist ammonia-air mixture in a glass container.

An aqueous ammonia solution with a density of 0.94 g/cm³ should be maintained at the bottom of the container, approximately 40 mm below the samples Using a volume of aqueous ammonia solution equivalent to 0.01 ml per cubic centimeter of the container's volume will produce approximate atmospheric concentrations of 35% ammonia, 5% water vapor, and 60% air, ensuring controlled exposure conditions.

Maintain the moist ammonia–air mixture at near atmospheric pressure, with a temperature of (34 ± 2) °C, ensuring consistent conditions for accurate testing Incorporate venting through a capillary tube to prevent pressure buildup within the chamber Shield specimens from dripping condensate to avoid interference with test results Place the glass container in a uniformly heated enclosure to prevent condensate formation on the test samples, ensuring reliable and repeatable testing conditions.

After exposure, thoroughly rinse and dry the sprinklers and perform a detailed inspection for cracks, delamination, or any operating part failures If any issues are identified, the sprinklers must undergo a leak resistance test at rated pressure for 1 minute and a function test at 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar) to ensure proper functionality, in accordance with sections 6.8 and 6.5.1.

Sprinklers showing cracking, delamination or failure of any non-operating part shall not show evidence of separation of permanently attached parts when subjected to a flowing pressure of rated pressure for

7.11.2 Sulfur dioxide/carbon dioxide corrosion test (see 6.11.2)

Subject 8 sprinklers to the following moist sulfur-dioxide/carbon-dioxide corrosion test Fill the inlet of each sample with deionized water and seal it with a non-reactive cap, e.g plastic.

Use test equipment consisting of a vessel made of non-reactive material, with a lid of such a shape as to prevent condensate dripping on the sprinklers Regulate the heating of the vessel so as to maintain the temperature inside the vessel at (25 ± 3) °C Shield specimens from dripping condensate.

Suspend the sprinklers in their normal mounting position under the lid inside the vessel for testing Supply sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from commercial cylinders to the test chamber, introducing an amount equal to 1% of the chamber's volume of each gas daily Maintain a small volume of potable or demineralized water at the bottom of the chamber to ensure accurate testing conditions.

Conduct the test over a period of 10 days After completing the 10-day testing period, remove the samples from the container and allow them to dry for 1 to 5 days at a temperature not exceeding 35 °C Ensure that the relative humidity during drying does not exceed 70%.

After the drying period, the samples shall be tested as described in 6.13.2.

7.11.3 Hydrogen-sulfide corrosion test (see 6.11.3)

Subject 8 sprinklers to the following moist hydrogen-sulfide corrosion test Fill the inlet of each sample with deionized water and seal it with a non-reactive cap, e.g plastic.

Ensure you use test equipment comprising a non-reactive vessel with a specially designed lid that prevents condensate from dripping onto the sprinklers Maintain the vessel’s internal temperature at (25 ± 3) °C by regulating the heating process Additionally, shield the specimens from any dripping condensate to ensure accurate and consistent test results.

Suspend the sprinklers in their normal mounting position under the lid inside the test vessel to ensure accurate testing conditions Introduce hydrogen sulfide from a commercial cylinder into the test chamber, supplying an amount equivalent to 1% of the chamber's volume daily to simulate realistic exposure Maintain a small layer of water at the bottom of the chamber throughout the testing process to replicate natural environmental conditions and ensure proper test setup.

Conduct the test over a period of 10 days After completing the 10-day testing period, remove the samples from the container and allow them to dry for 1 to 5 days at a temperature not exceeding 35°C Ensure that the relative humidity during drying does not surpass 70% for accurate and reliable results.

After the drying period, the samples shall be tested in accordance with 6.13.2.

7.11.4 Salt spray corrosion test (see 6.11.4)

Depending on the test, ten sprinklers are exposed to a salt spray within a fog chamber to assess their corrosion resistance For dry-type sprinklers, the shortest manufactured length is used during testing to ensure accurate evaluation Before testing, the inlet of each sprinkler sample is filled with water and sealed with a non-reactive cap, such as plastic, to prevent contamination and ensure consistent conditions This standardized testing process helps verify the durability and reliability of sprinklers under corrosive environments.

During corrosive exposure testing, the inlet thread orifice must be sealed with a nonreactive cap after filling the sprinklers with deionized water A 5% sodium chloride salt solution in distilled water, with a pH between 6.5 and 7.2 and a density ranging from 1.126 g/ml to 1.157 g/ml at 35°C, should be used The test chamber must provide suitable atmosphere control, supporting specimens in their normal operating position and exposing them to salt spray (fog) within a minimum volume of 0.43 m³ at a maintained temperature of (35 ± 2)°C, with daily temperature recordings for at least 7 hours Salt solution is supplied via air-aspirating nozzles from a recirculating reservoir at pressures between 0.07 MPa (0.7 bar) and 0.17 MPa (1.7 bar), while runoff from exposed samples must be collected separately and not recirculated Additionally, specimens should be protected from dripping condensate during the test.

Fog collection in the exposure zone should be measured from at least two points to accurately determine application rate and salt concentration The fog must be sufficient to yield 1 ml to 2 ml of solution per 80 cm² of collection area per hour over a 16-hour period The salt concentration of the collected fog solution should be maintained at approximately 5% by mass, with a tolerance of ±1%.

Sprinklers must withstand 10 days of salt spray exposure, after which they are to be removed and dried for 4 to 7 days at temperatures not exceeding (20 ± 5) °C in an environment with relative humidity below 70% Following the drying period, the samples should undergo testing according to section 6.13.2, ensuring durability and compliance with ISO standards.

7.11.5 Moist air exposure test (see 6.11.5)

Water hammer test (see 6.12)

Five sprinklers are connected to the test equipment, and after purging air from the system, a testing cycle involves generating 100,000 pressure cycles The pressure varies between (0.4 ± 0.05) MPa (4 ± 0.5 bar) and twice the rated pressure, but not less than (3.0 ± 0.1) MPa (30 ± 1 bar) The pressure increase occurs at a minimum rate of 4 MPa/s (40 bar/s), with no more than 60 cycles per minute Electronic pressure transducers are used to accurately measure and monitor the pressure during testing.

During the sprinkler testing, each unit must be visually inspected for leaks Following the test, each sprinkler should meet the leak resistance standards outlined in section 6.8.1 and demonstrate proper functionality as specified in section 6.5.1 at a pressure of 0.035 MPa (0.35 bar).

Dynamic heating test (see 6.13)

Subject 10 sprinklers in each nominal temperature rating to the plunge test in the standard orientation Calculate the RTI as described in 7.13.2.

Perform plunge tests using a brass sprinkler mount to ensure proper functionality Before testing, apply 1 to 1.5 wraps of PTFE sealant tape to the sprinkler threads to achieve a secure, leak-proof connection Carefully screw the sprinkler into the mount, tightening it to the specified torque for optimal performance and safety.

(15 ± 3) Nãm Mount each sprinkler on a tunnel test section cover and maintain the sprinkler and cover at ambient temperature for a period of no less than 30 min.

Prior to testing, at least 25 ml of water at ambient temperature must be introduced into the sprinkler inlet Each sprinkler should then be tested with the inlet connected to a pressure source set at (0.035 ± 0.005) MPa (0.35 ± 0.05 bar) This ensures proper preparation and accurate validation of sprinkler performance under specified conditions.

NOTE In some countries, the water at the inlet is not required to perform the test.

To accurately measure the response time of the sprinkler system, utilize a timer with an accuracy of ±0.01 seconds, equipped with appropriate measuring devices that record the interval between immersing the sprinkler into the tunnel and its activation This precise timing ensures reliable data for assessing sprinkler performance and response efficiency.

To ensure accurate testing conditions, a tunnel should be operated with airflow and temperature settings at the sprinkler location selected within the appropriate range specified in Table 4 This approach minimizes radiation exchange between the sensing element and the surrounding boundaries Additionally, the test section of the apparatus must be designed to restrict radiation effects to within ±3% of the calculated RTI values, enhancing measurement precision.

Tunnel conditions shall be selected to limit maximum anticipated equipment error to 3 %.

The permissible tunnel operating conditions are detailed in Table 4, which outlines the acceptable parameters for safe and efficient operation During testing, it is essential to maintain the chosen operating conditions consistently throughout the entire duration, adhering to the specified tolerances outlined in Footnotes a and b of Table 4 Ensuring compliance with these conditions is crucial for accurate test results and reliable tunnel performance assessments.

NOTE A suggested method for determining radiation effects is by conducting comparative plunge tests on a blackened (high emissivity) metallic test specimen and polished (low emissivity) metallic test specimen.

Table 4 — Range of plunge test conditions at test section (sprinkler location)

Nominal operating temperatures °C Air temperature b °C Velocity range m/s

When test results are demonstrated to be equivalent within the ranges of 2.4 to 2.6, testing laboratories are permitted to use alternative conditions It is essential to know and maintain a consistent air temperature within the test section throughout the testing process, ensuring an accuracy of ±1 °C for air temperatures between 129 °C and 141 °C, and ±2 °C for all other temperature ranges.

The formula used to determine the RTI value is as follows:

The response time of the sprinkler is represented by the formula \( r_{ea} g ln(1 \frac{\Delta}{\Delta}) \) (5), where \( t_r \) indicates the sprinkler's response time in seconds Additionally, the actual air velocity within the tunnel's test section is denoted by \( u \), measured in meters per second, according to data from Table 4 Accurate measurement of sprinkler response time and air velocity is essential for optimizing fire safety systems in tunnel environments. -**Sponsor**Need help polishing your article and ensuring it's SEO-friendly? As a content creator, I understand the importance of clear, coherent paragraphs Let [editorr](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/ipkQzmuq) elevate your writing with on-demand proofreading and editing services, providing instant feedback and real-time corrections from qualified editors to enhance clarity, grammar, and overall composition, ensuring your work is polished to perfection.

∆T ea is the mean liquid bath operating temperature of the sprinkler minus the ambient temperature, expressed in degrees Celsius (see 7.13.1);

∆T g is the actual air temperature in the test section minus the ambient temperature in degrees Celsius;

Heat resistance test (see 6.14)

To test the sprinkler body, it must be heated in an oven at 770°C ± 10°C for 15 minutes while positioned on its inlet thread After heating, the sprinkler body should be carefully removed by holding the threaded inlet and immediately immersed into a water bath maintained at approximately 15°C This process ensures proper evaluation of the sprinkler's thermal response and material integrity.

NOTE In some countries, 650 °C is used instead of 770 °C for this test.

Vibration test (see 6.15)

Five sprinklers are mounted vertically on a vibration table and subjected to sinusoidal vibrations at room temperature, aligned along the axis of the connecting thread When testing dry sprinklers, the longest manufactured length is used to ensure accurate assessment of their durability under vibrational conditions.

Sprinklers must undergo continuous vibration testing from 5 Hz to 40 Hz at a maximum rate of 5 minutes per octave, with an amplitude of 1 mm (half peak-to-peak) If resonant frequencies are identified during the test, the sprinklers should be vibrated at each resonant frequency for 120 hours following the initial vibration at 40 Hz This ensures the sprinkler system’s durability and performance under dynamic conditions, adhering to ISO 2014 standards.

`,,```,`,`,`,`,,,````,`,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` - number of resonances If no resonances are detected, the vibration from 5 Hz to 40 Hz shall be continued for 120 h.

7.15.3 After vibration, each sprinkler shall then be subjected to the leakage resistance test (see 6.8.1) and to the RTI requirements of 6.13.1, or in accordance with 6.22 a) for recessed and concealed sprinklers.

Impact test (see 6.16)

Impact testing of sprinklers involves dropping a specified mass onto the deflector end along the axial centerline to ensure durability, excluding dry-type sprinklers Sprinklers equipped with protective covers must be impact tested with these covers in place, and the test mass should be equivalent to that of a standard sprinkler, dropped from a designated height to verify their resilience during installation.

1 m (see Figure 14) The dropped weight shall be prevented from impacting more than once upon each sample After the impact test, each sprinkler shall meet the requirements of 6.16.

1 cold drawn seamless steel tubing

6 sprinkler support, a Length to be determined (length of required mass). b Cold finished steel.

Rough usage test (see 6.17)

Five sample sprinklers will undergo testing, with the option to test the sprinklers while a protective cover is in place The cover is permitted during testing if it is designed to be removed after installation Additionally, the manufacturer's design and installation instructions must clearly specify the requirement for removing the cover This ensures compliance with safety standards and proper sprinkler operation.

Five samples, each placed individually in a vinyl-lined right hexagonal prism-shaped drum designed for tumbling, are subjected to standardized testing procedures The drum, measuring 250 mm in axis rotation length and 300 mm between opposite sides, contains one sample along with five 38-mm hardwood cubes, and is rotated at 1 revolution per second for 3 minutes to simulate wear After rotation, samples are carefully examined for signs of damage, then tested for leakage resistance and compliance with RTI requirements, following specific standards for recessed and concealed sprinklers as outlined in sections 6.8.1, 6.13.1, and 6.22 a) This testing ensures sprinkler durability and reliability under operational conditions.

Fire performance test (see 6.18)

Sprinklers must undergo the testing procedures outlined in sections 7.18.2 to 7.18.20, with each temperature rating having specific testing requirements Dry type sprinklers manufactured in their shortest lengths are subjected to these tests, and if the K-factor for the longest available length differs by more than 5% from that of the shortest, then the longest length must also be tested to ensure compliance.

The test room dimensions for upright, pendent, flush, recessed, and concealed sprinklers should be the sprinkler coverage width multiplied by twice the coverage length For sidewall sprinklers, the room dimensions should be the coverage length by 1.5 times the coverage width plus 2.7 meters The room must have a ceiling height of 2.4 meters, and new acoustical panels should be installed in a 1.2 by 1.2 meter area directly above the fire source for each test.

The test room ceiling must be covered with cellulosic acoustical panels or gypsum board attached to furring strips The acoustical panels should measure 600 mm × 1,200 mm × 12.7 mm thick, with a density of (216 ± 24) kg/m³ Additionally, these panels must have a maximum flame spread index rating of 25 to ensure fire safety compliance.

The test room must be properly ventilated through two door openings located on opposite walls, each measuring 2.2 meters in height with a 200 mm lintel above the openings The door widths should adhere to the specifications outlined in Figures 3 to 5, ensuring adequate airflow and compliance with safety standards.

Douglas fir 3-ply panels measuring 1.2 m by 2.4 m should be installed on two walls of the test room, extending 1.2 m from a common corner These approximately 6.4 mm thick plywood panels must be conditioned at (21 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity for at least 72 hours before testing They are attached to the walls using 12.7 mm thick wood furring strips The Douglas fir plywood panels are required to possess specific burning characteristic properties as detailed in Table 5.

Flame spread index ANSI/UL 723:1993 130 ± 30

Critical heat flux ISO 5660-1 15 ± 3 kW/m 2

Thermal response parameter ISO 5660-1 220 ± 50 kW⋅(s 1/2 ) m 2

The fire source must include a wood crib and simulated furniture, with the wood crib ignited using a pan of heptane The simulated furniture is ignited with two cotton wicks, each 150 mm long and 6.4 mm in diameter, soaked in heptane; these are positioned according to specific sprinkler configurations, as shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5 Refer to Figure 15 for detailed information on the fuel package setup, ensuring proper placement for accurate fire testing.

Figure 15 — Fire test crib and simulated furniture fuel package

7.18.7 The heptane shall be commercial grade having the following distillation characteristics:

The wood crib should weigh between 2.5 kg and 3.2 kg, with dimensions of 305 mm × 305 mm × 152 mm in height It must be constructed using four alternating layers of kiln-dried spruce or fir lumber, each measuring 38.1 mm × 38.1 mm and 305 mm long The layers are to be arranged with the lumber placed at right angles to adjacent layers, ensuring structural stability Individual wood members within each layer should be evenly spaced along the length of the previous layer and securely stapled.

Once assembled, the wood crib must be conditioned at (104 ± 5) °C for a minimum of 24 hours and up to 72 hours to ensure proper moisture content After conditioning, store the crib in a plastic bag at room temperature for at least 4 hours before testing During testing, place the wood crib on a steel pan measuring 300 mm × 200 mm × 100 mm, positioned 5 mm away from each wall in a corner of the test enclosure.

7.18.10 The simulated furniture is to consist of two 76 mm thick uncovered pure polypropylene oxide polyol, polyether foam cushions having a density of 27,2 kg/m 3 to 30,4 kg/m 3 measuring

810 mm × 760 mm The polyether foam shall have the following burning characteristic properties, average of five samples, when tested in accordance with ISO 5660-1 at a 30 kW/m 2 heat flux:

— peak heat release rate (HRR): (230 ± 50) kW/m 2 ;

Each foam cushion must be glued to an 840 mm × 790 mm × 12.7 mm plywood backing using aerosol urethane foam adhesive, ensuring a 12.7 mm space on both sides and a 25 mm space along the bottom The foam and plywood assembly should be conditioned at 21°C ± 2.8°C with 50 ± 10% relative humidity for at least 24 hours before testing The assembly must be placed in a steel frame to support vertical orientation during the fire test The entire test setup is to be positioned on a 6 mm thick cement board or equivalent noncombustible sheathing material measuring 1.2 m × 1.2 m, with new or dried sheathing used for each test to ensure consistency.

In a fire test room, three sprinklers are to be installed: two at their maximum coverage dimensions and a third near the farthest door from the fire, as illustrated in Figures 3 to 5 Pendent and upright sprinklers should have their deflectors positioned 76 mm below the ceiling unless specified otherwise in installation instructions, with recessed pendent sprinklers tested in their most recessed position Flush and concealed sprinklers must be installed according to the manufacturer’s guidelines, while sidewall sprinklers should have deflectors 100 mm below the ceiling or at the maximum specified distance if exceeding 152 mm The third sprinkler near the door must share the same heat-responsive element and temperature rating as the others in the room, installed at 51 mm below the ceiling for pendent, upright, flush, and concealed pendent sprinklers, and 102 mm below the ceiling for sidewall sprinklers.

Sprinklers must be installed in pipe fittings with a 25 mm inlet diameter, and connected to 25 mm supply piping to ensure proper water flow They include various types such as pendent, upright, flush, recessed pendent, and concealed sprinklers These sprinklers are required to undergo testing in two orientations: first with the sprinkler frame arms or deflector pins parallel to the short wall, and second with these components rotated 90°, to verify their consistent performance in different positions.

Recessed and concealed sprinklers with vented housing assemblies should be installed in the most recessed position to ensure proper functionality These sprinklers must be tested in both unblocked conditions, allowing airflow through the housing assembly, and blocked conditions, where airflow is inhibited by covering the sprinkler with a 200 mm thick R-25 fiberglass or equivalent insulating batt This testing ensures the sprinkler’s reliable performance whether the housing is exposed or obstructed behind ceilings or walls.

The test room must be maintained at an ambient temperature of 27 ± 3°C, measured at the thermocouple positioned 76 mm below the ceiling Prior to testing, all water from previous tests must be completely removed to ensure no visible water remains on the floor, ceiling, or walls, thereby maintaining optimal testing conditions.

During the test, temperatures at each thermocouple location must be continuously recorded using 0.8 mm diameter chromel-alumel thermocouples or equivalent sensors that ensure accurate temperature measurement Additionally, the thermocouples should be protected from water impingement from sprinklers to maintain measurement integrity.

To initiate the fire test, the wood crib should be ignited using a pan of heptane, while the simulated furniture is set on fire with two cotton wicks measuring 150 mm in length and 6.4 mm in diameter, soaked in heptane A half-liter of water and 0.25 liters of heptane are placed in the pan directly beneath the wood crib The heptane in this pan is ignited first, followed immediately by the ignition of the heptane-soaked cotton wicks to simulate furniture ignition conditions effectively.

7.18.18 Sprinklers intended for use in dry systems shall be tested with the water discharge delayed 15 s after the first sprinkler operates.

7.18.19 The fire test shall be conducted for 30 min after the ignition of the wood crib, unless after

10 min, all the combustibles are extinguished or only the wood crib is sustaining combustion at which

Tiêu đề	Requirements and test methods for domestic sprinklers
Trường học	University of Alberta
Chuyên ngành	Fire protection
Thể loại	International standard
Năm xuất bản	2014
Thành phố	Geneva

Định dạng
Số trang	62
Dung lượng	2,41 MB