INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 3602 First edition 1 989 09 01 Documentation Romanization of Japanese (kana script) Documentation Romanisation du japonais ldcriture en kanal Reference number IS0 3602 1 989[.]
Trang 1ST A NDA RD
Fir st e itio
19 9-0 -01
Do ume tat io - Roma isat io d ja p ona is ld r itur e e ka na l
Ref er enc e n mb r
IS0 3 0 : 19 9 (E)
Trang 2For ew or d
IS0 (h int er nat io al O a niza t io for St a nd r diza t io ) is a w or l w id fe er atio of
n t io a l st an a r ds b dies (IS0 memb er b dies) The w or k of prep a rin int er nat io al
St an ards is n rmaly ca r r ie o t thr ou h IS0 t ec hnica l c mmit t es Ea c h memb er
b od int er est ed in a su jec t for w hic a t ec hnica l c mmit t e ha s b ee est a blsh d ha s
t he r i ht to b e represe t ed o t hat c m itt ee Int er nat io al orga niza t io s, g v ern-
me t al a nd n n-g v er nme t a l, in laiso w ith ISO, a lso t a ke pa r t in t he w or k IS0
c ola ora t es c losely w ith t he Int e at io al Elec t r ot ec hnic l Com is io (IECI o a ll
ma t ter s of elec t r ot ec hnica l st an ar diza t io
Dr af Inter nat io al St a nd r ds a dop t ed by t he t ec nic al c mmit t ees a re cir cula te to
t he memb r b dies for a p p rova l b f or e t heir a c c ep t a nc e a s Int e atio al St an a r ds by
t he IS0 Co n i The a re a p p roved in ac c orda c e w it h IS0 pr oc ed r es r eq irin a t
lea st 7 % a p p ro a l by t he memb r b dies v ot in
Int er na tio al St a nd r d IS0 3 0 wa s p rep a re by T ec hnic a l Commit t ee ISO/T C 4 ,
Do ume t atio
A ll r i hts reserv ed No p a n of this p blc a t io ma y b e r epr od c d or ut ilze in a ny form or by a ny
me ns, ele t r onic or me ha nica l, in lu in p ot oc opy in a nd micr ofim, w ith ut p r mis io in
w r it in from t he p blsh r
Int e at io al O a niza t io for St an ardiza t io
Ca se
p st ale 5 l C -121 Ge h 2 l Swit ze a nd
Pr i te in Swit ze a nd
i
Trang 3Intr oduction
T his Inter nat io al St a nd rd is o e of a se es of Int er na tio al St an a r ds d a lin w ith
t he c nv er sio of sy st ems of w r itin The a im of this Int er na tio a l St an a r d a d ot her s
in t he series is to p rov id a mea ns for int e at io a l c mmu ic tio of w r it t n mes a ges
in a form w hic p r mit s t he a tomat ic t r ansmis io a nd r ec nstitutio of t hese b y me
or mac hin s The sy st e of c nv er sio must, in this c a se, b e u iv oc a l a d e t irely
rev ersible
T his mea ns t h n c nsid r atio sh uld b e given to p o et ic a d a est het ic mat t er s
n r to c r t ain n t io a l c stoms; a ll t hese c nsid r atio s a re ig or ed by t he ma chin
p r for min t he fu ctio
The a o t io of this Int er na tio al St a nd r d for int e a t io al c mmu ic tio leaves
eery c u t r y fr ee to a do t , for it s ow n use, a n t io a l st an ar d w hic may b e dif
fer ent, o c n itio th t it b e c ompa t ible w ith this Int e at io al St an ar d The sy st e
prop se h r ein sh uld ma ke this p s ib le, a nd b e a cc ep t a b le for inter nat io al use if
t he gr a phisms it c rea t es a re su h th t t he ma y b e c onv er t ed a t o a t ic a lly into t he
gra phisms use in a ny str i t na t io al sy st e
T his Int er nat io al St a nd rd ma y b e use b y a ny on w ho ha s a c lea r u d r s n in of
t he sy st e a d is c r t ain t hat it c a n b e a p p lie w ith ut a mbig it y The r esult o t a in d
w il n t giv a c r r ect pr on n iat io of t he o gin l te in a p rso ’s ow n la ng a ge;
b t it w il serve a s a mea ns of fin in a ut o a t ic a lly t he origina l gra phism a nd th s
a llow a ny on w ho ha s a k ow le g of t he o gina l la ng a ge to pr on u c it c r r ect ly
Simia r ly , o e c a n o ly pr on u c a t ex t w r ite in, for ex amp le, En lsh or Polsh c r -
rec t ly , if o e ha s a k owle g of En lsh or Polsh
The a o t io of n t io a l st an ar ds c omp a t ib le w ith this Int er na tio al St a nd r d w il
p r mit t he r eprese t a t io , in a n int e at io al p blca t io , of t he morph mes of ea c h
la ng a ge ac cor din to t he c stoms of t he c u t r y where it is sp k n It w il b e p os ib le
to simplf y this r epr ese t a t io in or der to t a ke into a c u t t he n mb r of t he c ha r a c t er
set s a vailab le o difere t kin s of ma chin s
The wor ds in a la ng a ge; w hic a re w r itt en a cc r din to a given sc pt (t he c nv er t ed
syst em), somet imes have to b e r en ered ac cor din to a difer ent sy st e (h c nv er -
sio sy st em), n r maly use for a difer ent la ng a ge T his pr oc d r e is ofe use for
histo c l or g o ra p hic a l t ex t s, c art ogra phic a l d c me ts a d, in pa r t ic ula r ,
biblo ra phic a l w or k w her e c har a c t er s must b e c onv er t ed from difer ent w r it in
syst e s into a sin le a lp ha b et to a llow for a lp a b et ic a l int er c alat io in biblo ra phies,
c a t a lo u s, in ex es, t op ny mic lsts, et c
It is in isp nsa b le in th t it p rmit s t he u iv oc a l tr ansmis io of a w r it t n mes a ge b e-
t wee tw o c u tr i s usin difer ent w r it in sy st ems or ex c hangin a mes age t he
Trang 4It t here y p r mit s tr ansmis io b y ma ua l, me ha nica l, a s wel a s elec tr onic mea ns
The tw o b a sic meth ds of c nv er sio of a sy st e of w r it in a re t r a nslt er atio a d
t r ansc ptio
Tr anslt er at io is t he proc es w hic c nsists of represe t in t he c haract e ’ of a n
a lp ha b et ic a l or sy lla b ic w r itin b y t he c har a c t ers of a c nv er sio a lp ha bet
In princ iple, this c nv er sio sh uld b e ma de c ha r a c t er by c arac t er : ea c h c ha r a ct er of
t he c onv er t ed gra phic a l sy st em is r en ered by o ly o e c ha r a c t er of t he c nv er sio
a lp a b et , this b ein t he ea siest way to e sur e t he c omplet e a nd u ambig o s r ev er-
sibi t y of t he c nv er sio a lp ha b et in t he c onv ert ed sy st e
W he ’ t he n mb r of c ha r a ct er s use in t he c nv er sio sy st e is smaler t ha t he
n mb r of c ha r a ct e of t he c onv er t ed s stem, it is n c es a ry to use digra ph or
dia r it ic l mar ks In this c a se o e must a v oid a s far as p s ible a r bit ra ry c oic e a nd t he
use of p urely c onv ent io al mar ks, a nd t r y to ma int a in a c ert ain p o et ic lo ic to giv
t he sy st em a w id a c c ep t a nc e
It must b e a c c ept ed, h w ev er, th t t he gra phism ob t a in d may n t a lway s b e c r r ect ly
pr on u c d a cc r din to t he p o et ic ha bit s of t he la ng a ge (or of t he la ng a ges)
w hic usua lly u e(s) t he c nv er sio a lp ha b et On t he oth r ha nd this gr a phism must b e
su h th t t he rea der w ho ha s a k owle g of t he c onv er t ed lang age may me t a lly
r est or e u e uivoc a lly t he o gin l gra phism a nd th s pr on u c e it
Ret r anslt er a t io is t he proc es wh reb y t he c ha r a ct e of a c onv er sio a lp hab et a re
tr ansfor me b a c k into t hose of t he c onv ert ed w r itin syst em It is t he ex act o p sit e of
t he t r anslt er at io proc es in t hat t he r ules of a tr anslter at io sy st e a re a p p lie in
reverse in or der to rec onv er t t he t r a nslt er a t ed w or d to its o gina l form
T r ansc ptio is t he pr oc es whereb y t he pr on n iat io of a given la ng a ge is n te
b y t he sy st e of sig s of a c onv er sio la ng a ge A t r ansc ptio sy st em is of n c es it y
b a se o t he or t ho ra phica l c nv er sio s of t he c nv er sio la ng a ge T r ansc pt io is
n t st r ict ly rev ersible
T r ansc pt io ina y Je use for t he c nv er sio ofa!1 w r itin syst ems It is t he o ly
met ho lfh t X ar l b -use for sy st ems th t a re n t e t irely a lp ha b et ic a l or sy lla b ic a d
for a ll id o h n gia ijhica l sy st ems of w r itin su h a s Chin se
T o c a r ry o t r oma izat io , t he c nv er sio of n n-L tin w r it in sy st ems to t he L t in
a lp ha b et , eit her t r anslt er atio or t r ansc ptio or a c mbina tio of t he tw o ma y b e
use d p en in o t he na t ure of t he c nv ert ed sy st e
A c nv er sio sy st e prop se for int er na t io al use may c a ll for c mpr omise a nd t he
sa r ific of c ert ain na t io a l c stoms It is t her efor e n c es a ry for ea c h c m u ity of
user s to a c c ep t c n es io s, f uly.a bst a inin in e ery c a se from imp sin a s a ma t t er
of c ur se solutio s th t a re a c t ua lly justifie o ly by n t io a l pra c t ic e (or examp le a s
r ega rds pr on n iatio , or t ho r a ph , etc.)
Wh n a c u tr y uses t w o sy st e s u iv oc a lly c onv ert ible o e into t he oth r to w r ite its
ow n la ng a ge, t he sy st em of t r anslt er atio th s impleme t ed mu t b e t a ke a p rioas
a b a sis for t he int er na tio al st a nd rdize sy st em, a s far a s it is c ompa t ible w ith t he
ot her p n iples ex p ose h r ein f t r
W her e n c es a ry , t he c nv er sio sy st ems sh uld sp cif y a n e uiva le t for ea c h
c ar a ct er , n t o ly t he let t ers b t a lso t he p n t uat io mar ks, n mb r s, et c The
sh uld simia r ly t a ke into a c u t t he a r ra ng me t of t he se u nc e of c ha r a ct er s t h
ma ke u t he t ex t , for e x amp le t he dir ectio of t he sc pt , a nd sp c if y t he way of
dis n uishin w or ds a nd of usin se a ra t io sig s, folow in a s c losely a s p os ib le t he
c stoms of t he la ng a ge(s) w hic use t he c onv ert ed w r it in sy st em
1 A c harac t er is a n eleme t of a n a lp ha bet ic a l or ot her typ e of w r itin sy st e t ha t gra p hic a lly
represe t s a p o eme, a sy lla b le, a w or d or even a pr oso ica l c ar ac te s c of a given la ng a ge
It is use eit her a lo e (e.g a lett er , a sy lla bic sig , a n id o ra phic a l c ha r ac t er , a digit , a p n t u-
at io mar k) or in c ombin tio (e.g a n a c ce t , a dia r it ic l mar k) A let t er ha v in a n a c c ent or a
Trang 5Wh n r oma nizin a sc pt w hic ha s n up p er c a se c haract e , it is usu l to c a p it a lize
some w or ds, folow in na t io al pra c t ic e
In sy lla bic sy st e s of w r itin , t he sy lla bic c ha r ac t er , c r r esp n in to t he n tatio of a
sy lla b le w ithin a giv n la ng a ge, is t he sig if ic nt gra phic a l u it
A sy lla b a ry is t he set of sy lla bic c har a c t er s in use to w r it e d w n a lang age w ith a
sy lla b ic w r it in sy st e
A sy lla bic c ha r a c t er c a n b e c mp se of o ly o e eleme t a ry sig , or of t w o or mor e
sig s w hic a re c mbin d or jux t a p ose A sy st e in w hic a given eleme t a ry sig
reg la rly rec eiv es t he sa me va lu in any c harac t er where it a p p ea rs (ex c ep t io b ein
t a ke from t he p o et ic ev olut io of t he la ng a ge) a llow s for a rev ersib le t r anslter a-
tio
A sy lla bic c arac t er ha s to b e glob a lly c onv er t ed, t a kin a c u t of t he fu ctio of
ea c h eleme t a ry sig in t he w hole c aract er , b t n t sig b y sig So a n eleme t a ry
sig ma y rec eive in t he c nv er sio sy st e difer ent e uiv a le c es, d p n in o t he
c a t eg ry of t he sy lla bic c harac t er to w hic it p rt a ins The t r anslt er at io t ab le of a
sy llab a ry a ssig s a biu iv oc a l e uiv a le t to ea c h c ar a ct er , so e su n a c omplet e
rev ersib ilt y
If a la ng a ge usin a sy lla b ic sy st em of w r itin is usu ly w r itt en w ith ut r ules g v er n-
in t he div isio b et wee c ha r a ct e a d/or w or ds, t he c nv er sio sy st e must in lu e
su h r ules t a kin a c u t of t he mor ph lo ic al a nd gr a mma t ic a l str uctur e of t he
la ng a ge
Trang 6Documentation - Romanization of Japanese (kana scr ipt
T his Int er nat io a l St a nd rd est a blsh s a sy st em for t he
r oma niza t io of t he prese t - a y Ja p anese w r it t n la ng a ge
Unr est r ict ed a pp lic a t io for t he sy st e req ir es t hat t he
r oma nizer p s es a d t a ile k ow le g of t he lang age in its
prese t - a y w r it t n form
2 Ex p lanrt t io s a nd-d f init io s
Ja p anese w r itin is c omp se of Chin se c haract er s, ka nzi
a nd sy lla b ic Ja p anese sc pt , ka na A lt ho g ka na c a n ex p res
eery sy lla b le in Ja p a nese, a cc r din to t he ka na zu a i r ule,
c mmo Ja p anese d c me ts mix Chin se c arac t ers a nd
ka na The way of sh rin t he t ask to ex p res a c er t a in id a by
ka nzi a nd ka na is g v erne by t he o k n y t a b le a nd t he
o u ga na r ule
There a re tw o t yp es of ka na : hira ga na a nd ka t a ka na Most
Ja p a nese w or ds ex p res e by ka na emp lo hira ga na , a nd
ka t a ka na is use o ly for n n-Chin se lo n w or ds,
o oma t op eia a nd in c r t a in sp ec ia l c a ses where it is n c es a ry
to st r es t he w or d T here is a o e-o-o e c r r esp n e c b e-
t wee hira ga na a nd ka t a ka na
T his Int er na tio al St an a r d r efer s o ly to t he tr ansc pt io of
ka na into t he L t in a lp ha b et It gives n dir ect way to t r a nscrib
eit her ka nzi or t he mix t ur e of ka nzi a d ka na into t he La tin
a lp ha b et Roma izers a re ex p ected to know t he r ules g v er n-
in t he r elat io s b et wee ka nzi a d ka na
3.1 The sy st em of r oma izat io emp oy ed sh l b e th t
g n ra lly know n a s k nr eisiki a s it ap p ears in t a b le 1, t a b le 2,
t a b le 3 a nd t a b le 3 Ow in to some c a r act er is cs of t he
3.2 These t a b les ex c lu e some sp c ia l sig s ex p res in
dia lec t a nd for eig so n s in ka na
In c r t a in ex c ep t io a l c a ses, tw o ka na sc pts c a n b e rega rde
as eit her for min a digra ph d n t in o e sy lla b le or r eprese -
t in tw o in e e d nt sy lla bles A t r ain of t hr ee ka na sc pt s
Z i L, for ex amp le, c ont ainin a digra ph 2 i a nd L, c a n b e
int erpret ed a s represe t in t he word “k&Y , mea nin
“latt ic ”,
t io a es, t he se a ra t io of a digra ph is sh w n by some mar k,
e.g a d t or a hy ph n T hus t he ab ov examp le ma y b e sh w n
by : * i L for “kousi”, a d : i L for “k&i”
5.1 W&d div isio
In a ll Jap anese d c me ts, a se t enc e in ka nzi a nd ka na is
sp lt in a se u nc e w ith ut div isio s by w or ds, in r oma nize
Ja p a nese t ex t s se a ra t io into w or ds is n c es a ry
5.2 Ca pit a liza t io
Init ial c a p it a l let t er s a re use a t t he b gin in of a se t enc e a d
for a ll prop r n u s, folow in n t io a l pr a c t ic e
5.3 L et t er “n” a t t he e d of a sy lla b le
W he prec edin a vowel or “y ” in t he sa me wor d, a n “n”
(ka na &or )I e din a sy lla b le is folow ed by a n a post r op e:
for ex amp le, ka n’6 (c er r y-blos om v iewin ”), kin’yfi
( in n e”) W he t he “n” init iat es a sy lla ble, it is w r ite
Trang 75.4 Do ble c on o a nt s
If sma ll-size 1(c a r act er 7 of t a ble 1) is use b f or e a sy lla b le
b egin in w ith a c nso a t (e.g : = ko), this sig is w r itt en
slg t ly to t he r i ht of c ent re (or slg t ly low er w he w r it in
sid w a y s) it is th n t r a nsc b d by t he d plc t io of th t c n-
so a t, e.g v 1: i = ga kk
In ka na sp ln , lo g vowels a re rep rese t ed b y c ert ain
digra phs (se t a b le 3 ) or t r igr a phs (se t a b le 3 ) There a re,
h wev er, ex c ep t io a l c a ses in ka na sp eln where digra phs d
n t represe t rea l digr a phs b t tw o in e e d nt sy lla bles for
t he r easo s given in c la use 4 W he ev er d u tul it is r ec m-
.me d d to c nsult a dictio a r y
In r oma izat io , lo g vowels a re sh w n by t he a dit io of a cir -
c umf le to t he v owel e.g a lo g o b ec omes 8
In b r r ow ed wor ds sh w n in ka t a ka na , a le gt he in b a r (1
is use afer t he ka na sc pt, e,g ?I - (n t 7 7 ) = k6, V -w
s&w
These b a rs a re a l a y s t r ansc r ib d b y a cir c umf lex
Usua l Ja p anese p n t uat io mar ks a re t r a nsc r ib d a s folows:
Ja p a nese mar ks L t in ma r ks
0
(Ful st op)
\
- (Hy p he or sp a c e)
J
” (Rig t q ota tio mar k)
(
( (L f p rent hesis)
1
1 (Rig t pa r ent hesis)
NOT E - A sc heme for st r in e t t r anslt er at io w ould difer from this
tr ansc pt io sy st e o t he folow in items:
Tab le 1, c ha r a ct e 2 a nd 2 w ould b e roma nize a l a y s a s h a d h
resp ec tiv ely
Tab le 1, c ha r a c t er 4 w ould b e w r itt en a s w o
Tab le 1, c ha r a ct e 5 a nd 5 w ould b e w r itt en a s
di a nd d resp c t -
ively
Tab le 2, c ar a c t ers 2 ,2 a d 3 w ould b e w r itt en a s dy a , dy ua nd dy o
resp ec t ively
In 5.5, t he le gt he in b a r w ould b e t r anslt er at ed b y a matr on o t he
p rec edin v ow el e.g biu
Trang 8Tab le 1 - Simple ka na sig s represe t in n n-pa la t a lize sy lla bles
L eg n : H = hira ga na
K = ka t a ka na
R = roma nize
-
7 hu
-
69
-
-
51 ,‘
1) Romaniz d wa h n u e for th gr am atical part ic le s pron u c ed
2) Roma niz d e wh n u e for t he gr am atical pa rt ic le SD pr on u c d
3) % ( ?’ 1 is ue o ly for t he gr am atical pa rt ic le d n tin direct o je t cmpleme t, b t roma niz d o
4) ‘ ( f an 3 (‘y) are u e as voic ed % ( f ) an 3 ( Y ) wh n a dja ce t t o 6 (;f) a nd 3 ( ‘7 1 resp ec t ively or in c ert a in cmp u d word b t
t he are romanizd into zi a nd z resp ec t ively
5) Us d t o d u le a c n o a nt ; se 5.4
Trang 9Tab le 2 - Ka na digr a phs’ r epr ese t in p a la t a lize sy lla b les
L eg n : H = hira ga na
I+ ka t a ka na ,
-.?I-
R A r oma nize
kw
SYO
t Y0
nY0
hY0
my 0
I-Y0
gY0
ZYO
zyo2'
by0
PYO
1) T he e digr ap s c nist o f a n rma l sr i t an a s c ce din sma ller P (?‘ @ (=1 ), d: ( 3 )
whe writin sid ways)
a writ t en slg t ly t o th f ig t o f c ent re (or slg t ly lo wer
3 are u e as voic ed 6 TJ ( f ), $ r~ (F -2) an ?I k ( 3 ) resp ec t ively in c ert a in c mp u d word
b t t he are r omaniz d zya, zy u a nd z yo resp ec t ively,