Designation D1500 − 12 Designation 196/97 Standard Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1500; the number immediatel[.]
Trang 1Designation: D1500−12
Designation: 196/97
Standard Test Method for
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S Department of Defense.
1 Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the visual determination of the
color of a wide variety of petroleum products, such as
lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum
waxes
N OTE 1—Test Method D156 is applicable to refined products that have
an ASTM color lighter than 0.5.
1.2 This test method reports results specific to the test
method and recorded as “ASTM Color.”
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2 Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D156Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D938Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
D2500Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
3 Summary of Test Method
3.1 Using a standard light source, a liquid sample is placed
in the test container and compared with colored glass disks
ranging in value from 0.5 to 8.0 When an exact match is not found and the sample color falls between two standard colors, the higher of the two colors is reported
4 Significance and Use
4.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily observed by the user of the product In some cases, the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product However, color is not always a reliable guide
to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications
5 Apparatus
5.1 Colorimeter, consisting of light source, glass color
standards, sample container housing with cover, and viewing piece as listed in Annex A1
5.2 Sample Container—For referee work, use the glass
sample jar as shown inFig 1 For routine tests, it is permissible
to use a cylindrical, clear glass jar with a flat bottom of 30 to 32.4 mm internal diameter, 115 to 125 mm in external height, and a wall thickness no greater than 1.6 mm as specified in Test MethodD2500, or an ordinary 125-mL oil sample bottle if it meets these requirements
5.3 Ultrasonic Bath, Unheated (optional)—of suitable
di-mensions to hold container(s) placed inside of bath, for use in effectively dissipating and removing air or gas bubbles that can
be entrained in viscous sample types prior to analysis
6 Sampling
6.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with the instruc-tions in PracticeD4057
6.2 For some sample types, such as viscous lube oils that are prone to having entrained air or gas bubbles present in the sample, the use of an ultrasonic bath (see 5.3) without the heater turned on (if so equipped), has been found effective in dissipating bubbles typically within 10 min
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Dec 1, 2012 Published March 2013 Originally
approved in 1957 Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1500–07 DOI:
10.1520/D1500-12.
This is also a standard of Energy Institute issued under the fixed designation IP
196 The final number indicates the year of last revision This test method was
adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1966 In the IP, this test method is under the
jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States
Trang 27 Diluent
7.1 Solvent Kerosine— (Warning—Combustible Vapor
harmful.) Having a color lighter than +21 Saybolt color by Test
MethodD156, this material is used for diluting dark samples
for the test As an alternative, other solvents, such as white oil
or solvent neutral 100 of satisfactory purity that meet the color
requirements specified here in7.1, are also acceptable
N OTE 2—Solvent kerosine complies with this requirement if it is lighter
in color than potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution formed by
dissolving 4.8 mg of pure anhydrous K2Cr2O7in 1 L of distilled water.
8 Preparation of Sample
8.1 Liquid Petroleum Products such as Lubricating Oils—
Fill the sample container to a depth of 50 mm or more and
observe the color When the sample is not clear, heat it just
sufficiently enough to make it clear to perform the color
measurement at that temperature A sample heated to a
tem-perature of 6°C (10°F) above its cloud point (see Test Method
D2500) has been found suitable to test samples using this test
method When the sample is darker than 8 color, one may
either stop the test and report “D8 ASTM Color” (see10.2) or
continue the test and mix 15 volumes of sample into 85
volumes of solvent kerosine or alternative material (see 7.1)
and observe the color of the mixture
8.2 Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum—Heat the
sample just sufficiently enough to make it fluid and clear to
perform the color measurement at that temperature without
heating the wax excessively, because oxidation can occur,
along with consequent discoloration of the test specimen A
sample heated to a temperature of 11 to 17°C (20 to 30°F)
above its congealing point, as determined in accordance with
Test Method D938, has been found suitable to test samples
using this test method When the sample is darker than 8 color,
one may either stop the test and report “D8 ASTM Color” (see
10.2) or continue the test and mix 15 volumes of melted sample
with 85 volumes of solvent kerosine or alternative material (see
7.1) brought to the same temperature and test the mixture at
that temperature
9 Procedure
9.1 Place a sample container or containers, filled to a depth
of at least 50 mm with distilled or deionized water, in the compartment or compartments of the colorimeter through which the standard glasses will be observed Place the sample
in its container in the other compartment (When using a three-field comparator, this will be the middle compartment.) Cover the containers to exclude all exterior light
9.2 Switch on the light source and compare the color of the sample with that of the standard glasses When using a three-field comparator, the sample must be bracketed by darker and lighter discs or by an exact match and a darker disc Determine for two-field comparators which glass matches the color of the sample; or if an exact match is not possible, then use that glass which possesses the next darker color
10 Report
10.1 Report as the color of the sample, the designation of the glass producing a matching color (for example; “7.5 ASTM Color.”)
10.2 If the color of the sample is intermediate between those
of two standard glasses, report that the sample is less than the darker glass designation As an example, report the designation
of the darker glass preceded by the letter “L” (for example,
“L7.5 ASTM Color”) or with a “<” symbol (for example, “<7.5 ASTM Color”) Never report the color as being darker than a given standard except those darker than 8 (for example, “D8 ASTM Color” or “>8 ASTM Color.”)
10.2.1 If the color of the sample is less than the 0.5 glass color standard, report that the sample is less than the 0.5 glass color standard As an example, report the designation as “L0.5 ASTM Color” or “<0.5 ASTM Color.”
10.3 If the sample has been diluted in accordance with7.1, report the color of the mixture followed by the abbreviation
“Dil” (for example, “L7.5 Dil ASTM Color” or “<7.5 Dil ASTM Color”) SeeNote 3
N OTE 3—For samples that are diluted in 10.3 , it is permissible for the laboratory to annotate the report in any suitable manner, provided that the information clearly conveys to the data recipient that the sample analyzed was diluted.
11 Precision and Bias 3
11.1 Precision—The precision of this test method as
ob-tained by statistical examination of interlaboratory test results
is as follows:
11.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
in one case in twenty: 0.5 color units
11.1.2 Reproducibility— The difference between two single
and independent test results obtained by different operators working in different laboratories on identical test material
3 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1234.
FIG 1 Standard Glass Sample Jar
Trang 3would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
the test method exceed the following value only in one case in
twenty: 1 color unit
11.2 Bias—The procedure in this test method has no bias
because the value of ASTM Color is subjective and can only be
defined in terms of this test method
12 Keywords
12.1 ASTM Color; color; petroleum products
ANNEX (Mandatory Information) A1 DESCRIPTION OF COLORIMETER AND ASSOCIATED APPARATUS
A1.1 Colorimeter—Use an instrument that will illuminate
and permit observation of the sample and any one of the color
standards (or in the case of a three-field instrument, any two of
the color standards) simultaneously, either by direct viewing or
with an optical eyepiece
A1.1.1 A two-field instrument must show two illuminated
areas of equal size and shape, one filled with light transmitted
by color standard, the other with light transmitted by the
sample These illuminated areas shall be disposed
symmetri-cally about a vertical median line and shall be separated in a
horizontal direction so that the horizontal separation of the
closest portions subtends the eye of the observer not less than
2° nor more than 3.6°
A1.1.2 A three-field instrument shall show three illuminated
areas in the field of view Two areas shall be filled with light
transmitted by two different color standards, and these shall be
disposed symmetrically about the third area which shall be
filled with light transmitted by the sample The rectangular
dimensions of each of the three areas shall be the same, and the
left- and right-hand corners of the full field of view shall be
rounded with radius not exceeding half the vertical dimension
The illuminated areas shall be separated in a horizontal
direction by vertical lines so that the closest portion of the
sample area and any one of the color standards illuminated
areas subtends the eye of the observer not less than 0.3° nor
more than 0.6°
A1.1.3 Each illuminated area in the two-field instrument
shall cover a circle of diameter subtending at least 2.2° and
may be enlarged to any size provided that no two illuminated
points in the field of view are separated by a distance
subtending more than 10° In the case of the three-field direct
viewing instrument, the subtending angles become 2.6° and
6.4°, respectively
A1.1.4 The angle subtended by a line of length d, in a plane
perpendicular to the line of sight, and separated from the eye of
the observer by a distanceD, is given in degrees by 57.3d/D.
The angle subtended by the image of this line, seen by viewing
it through an eyepiece of magnification M, is given in degrees
by 57.3Md/D i , whereD iis the distance between the eye of the observer and the plane of the image
A1.2 Artificial Daylight Source —This may be a separate
unit or an integral part of the colorimeter where the combined system of a source lamp (A1.2.1), daylight filter glass (A1.3), and flashed opal glass (A1.2.2) are capable of producing spectral characteristics similar to northern daylight (that is, color temperature of 6700 6 300 K) for use in the test
N OTE A1.1—When electric current is not available, the colorimeter may
be designed to use diffused daylight provided that direct sunlight is avoided Colored objects should be excluded from the immediate fore-ground when using diffused daylight.
A1.2.1 Source Lamp— Consisting of a lamp of color
tem-perature of approximately 2750 K (or if a quartz halogen lamp
is used, approximately 2900 K) A source lamp providing a translucent or opaque diffuse background of 900 6 100 lx brightness against which the color standards and samples are viewed has been found satisfactory to produce the necessary spectral characteristics The source lamp shall be designed so that there is no extraneous light interfering with the observa-tion
A1.2.2 Flashed Opal Glass—The background of
illumi-nated opal glass shall be free from glare or shadows
A1.3 Filter— An acceptable daylight filter, which has been
used in combination with the artificial daylight source and flashed opal glass to produce the spectral characteristics similar
to northern daylight, is one where a spectrometric test indicates
a transmittance of radiant energy of not less than 0.60 at 410
nm with a smooth curve down to a transmittance below 0.10 at
700 nm without the pronounced bump that is characteristic of excess cobalt having an increased transmittance at 570 nm above a straight line drawn between the points indicating transmittance at 540 and 590 nm, and also a transmittance band above 660 nm The transmittance of an acceptable filter shall not, at 570 nm, exceed by more than 0.03 that indicated by a
TABLE A1.1 Filter Characteristics
Characteristic Lamp Color Temperature, K
T 0.107 to 0.160 0.075 to 0.125
x 0.314 to 0.330 0.300 to 0.316
y 0.337 to 0.341 0.325 to 0.329
z 0.329 to 0.349 0.355 to 0.375
Trang 4straight line drawn between the points indicating transmittance
at 540 and 590 nm, nor shall the transmittance for 700 nm
exceed that for any shorter wavelength (such as 660 nm) by
more than 0.03
A1.3.1 An acceptable daylight filter shall also possess such
characteristics that the chromaticity coordinates, x, y, and z,
and luminous transmittance, T, when calculated from the
spectral transmittance data using the 1931 CIE Standard
Illuminant A,4shall be as shown inTable A1.1
A1.4 Glass Color Standards—Use color standards as
speci-fied in Table A1.2 The standards shall be mounted in such a
way that they may be conveniently manipulated The width of
the glass color standards shall not be less than 14 mm
A1.5 Glass Container—The glass sample jar, Fig 1, is a
true cylinder of clear colorless glass, having the following
dimensions:
Internal diameter, mm 32.5 to 33.4
A1.6 Sample Cover—The sample cover can be made of any suitable material that is dull black on the inside and is designed
to completely shield both containers as described in 9.1
APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) X1 INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CORRELATION OF ASTM COLOR SCALE AND THE FORMER ASTM UNION
COLOR (D155)
X1.1 This test method has replaced the former Test Method
D155 Test Method D155 was withdrawn as an ASTM
Tenta-tive on July 1, 1960 Test Method D1500 is better than the
former Test Method D155 in three respects: (1) the glass
standards are specified in fundamental terms; (2) the
differ-ences in chromaticity between successive glass standards are
uniform throughout the scale; and (3) the lighter-colored
standards more nearly match the color of petroleum products
X1.2 A relationship between the ASTM Color Scale and
ASTM Union Colors (former Test Method D155) could not be
exactly expressed because of differences which were known to
exist between ASTM Union Color standards that are in use
Subcommittee D02.05 is aware of significant differences
be-tween Union Color standards being used as official company
standards
X1.3 The ASTM Union Color standards were specified in terms of Lovibond Color Analysis This means of specifying the color of the standard glasses had been found to be inadequate When the ASTM Union Color was adopted in
1923, a set of Master Glass Standards was established These standards were placed in the hands of the company which was licensed to manufacture the ASTM Union Colorimeter Sub-committee D02.05 has had these Master Union Color standards analyzed spectrometrically The correlation of these data and the ASTM Color Scale is shown in Fig X1.1 Specifications for the ASTM Color Scale limit the maximum variation in the color to be approximately 60.1 color Variations in the Union Color Scale that are known to exist amount to as much as 0.5 color
4 Judd, D B., “The 1931 ICI Standard Observer and Coordinate System for
Colorimetry,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol 23, No 10, October
1953.
TABLE A1.2 Glass Color Standards
ASTM Color
Chromaticity CoordinatesA
(RGB USC system)B Luminous
Trans-mittance (CIEC
Standard Source C)
TW
4.0 0.671 0.328 0.001 0.152 ± 0.022 4.5 0.703 0.296 0.000 0.109 ± 0.016 5.0 0.736 0.264 0.000 0.081 ± 0.012 5.5 0.770 0.230 0.000 0.058 ± 0.010 6.0 0.805 0.195 0.000 0.040 ± 0.008 6.5 0.841 0.159 0.000 0.026 ± 0.006 7.0 0.877 0.123 0.000 0.016 ± 0.004 7.5 0.915 0.085 0.000 0.0081 ± 0.0016 8.0 0.956 0.044 0.000 0.0025 ± 0.0006
A
Tolerances on the chromaticity coordinates are ±0.006.
B Judd, D B., “A Maxwell Triangle Yielding Uniform Chromaticity Scales,” Journal
of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol 14, 1935, p 41 (RP 756): Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol 25, 1935, p 24.
C
Commission Internationale de I’Echairage (International Commission on Illumination).
Trang 5SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D1500–07) that may impact the use of this standard
(1) UpdatedNote 1and7.1
(2) Removed reference to IP 17.
(3) Added 5.3and6.2
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FIG X1.1 Correlation Between the ASTM Color Scale and
the former ASTM Union Color