Designation A781/A781M − 17 Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the n[.]
Trang 1Designation: A781/A781M−17
Standard Specification for
Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1 Scope*
1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that
are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting
specifications issued by ASTM If the product specification
specifies different requirements, the product specification shall
prevail
ASTM
Designation Title of Specification
A27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
A148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural
Pur-poses A297/A297M Steel Castings, Chromium and
Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General Application
A447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy
(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service A494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
A560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
A743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,
Corrosion Resistant, for General Application A744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion
Resistant, for Severe Service A747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation
Harden-ing A890/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum
Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
A915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical
Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades A958/A958M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile
Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similiar
to Standard Wrought Grades A1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary
requirements that may be applied to the above specifications as
indicated therein These are provided for use when additional
testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified
individually by the purchaser in the order
1.3 The requirements of the individual material
specifica-tion and this general specificaspecifica-tion shall prevail in the sequence
named
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard
1.5 This international standard was developed in
accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2 Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
A27/A27MSpecification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A128/A128MSpecification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
A148/A148MSpecification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes
A297/A297MSpecification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General Application
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
A380/A380MPractice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passi-vation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
A447/A447MSpecification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service
A488/A488MPractice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-cations of Procedures and Personnel
A494/A494MSpecification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
A560/A560MSpecification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.18 on Castings.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017 Published May 2017 Originally
approved in 1980 Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A781/A781M – 16.
DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-17.
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 United States
Trang 2A609/A609MPractice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,
and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination
Thereof
A743/A743MSpecification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,
Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General
Application
A744/A744MSpecification for Castings,
Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service
A747/A747MSpecification for Steel Castings, Stainless,
Precipitation Hardening
A751Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products
A800/A800MPractice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy,
Estimating Ferrite Content Thereof
A802/A802MPractice for Steel Castings, Surface
Accep-tance Standards, Visual Examination
A890/A890MSpecification for Castings,
Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex
(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
A915/A915MSpecification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and
Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard
Wrought Grades
A941Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
A958/A958MSpecification for Steel Castings, Carbon and
Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical
Require-ments Similar to Standard Wrought Grades
A967/A967MSpecification for Chemical Passivation
Treat-ments for Stainless Steel Parts
Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel
Products
A1002Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum
Or-dered Alloy
A1058Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products—Metric
A1067/A1067MSpecification for Test Coupons for Steel
Castings
A1080Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless
Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination
E125Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle
Indica-tions on Ferrous Castings
E165/E165MPractice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for
General Industry
E186Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 41⁄2in
(50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
E280Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (41⁄2 to 12
in (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
E340Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
E353Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar
Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloys
E354Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of
High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,
Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
E446Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in (50.8 mm) in Thickness
E709Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
3 Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and DefinitionsA370, Test Methods, Practices, and TerminologyA751, Terminology A941, and Test MethodsA1058are applicable to this specifi-cation and those listed in1.1
3.1.2 test coupon, n—the part from which the test specimen
will be extracted
3.1.3 test specimen, n—the part that will be acted upon in a
test
4 Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Melting Process—The steel shall be made by
open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified in the individual specification
4.2 Heat Treatment:
4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test Method A991/A991M
4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above
2000 °F [1100 °C], then the working zone shall have been established by a survey performed at not more than 25 °F [15 °C] below nor more than 200 °F [110 °C] above the minimum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade If
a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50 °F [30 °C] below nor more than 175 °F [100 °C] above the furnace set point used
4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined by the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer, except that during production heat treatment no portion of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for the grade being processed
5 Chemical Composition
5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials
covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751
5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat shall be made
by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified in the individual specification for the grade being poured The analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably taken during the pouring of the heat When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 1⁄4 in [6.4 mm] beneath the surface The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured
5.3 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by
the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting The analysis shall be made on representative material
Trang 3Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than1⁄4in.
[6 mm] to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for this
shall be analyzed on representative material The chemical
composition thus determined shall meet the requirements
specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved,
or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the
chemical composition determined for carbon and low-alloy
steel and stainless steel castings may vary from the specified
limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively
The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 2 are not
applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the
casting manufacturer When comparing product and heat
analysis for other than carbon and low-alloy steels and stainless
steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353or
E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration
5.4 Unspecified Elements—When chemical analysis for
el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired,
Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified
5.5 Grade Substitution—Grade substitution is not permitted.
Grade substitution occurs when the material being supplied
contains one or more elements that are not specified for the
supplied material such that the material conforms to the
requirements of a different grade
6 Mechanical Test Requirements
6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determine specific test requirements, the individual product specification should be reviewed
6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, test coupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Specifica-tion A1067/A1067M, Fig 1, Fig 2 or Fig 4, except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is specified The test coupon
in Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig 4, shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross sections less than
21⁄2in [65 mm].3 6.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058when material is ordered to an M-suffix (SI units) product standard should be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information If the choice of test track is not specified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall be used as noted in Test MethodsA1058
6.4 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall
be heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure as the castings it represents
6.5 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined from coupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods and DefinitionsA370
6.6 If any specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws, it may be discarded and another substituted from the same master heat
6.7 To determine conformance with the tension test requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded off in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest 0.5 ksi [5 MPa] for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest
1 % for elongation and reduction of area In the special case of rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other than “0” follow the “5,” rounding shall be done in the direction
of the specification limits if following Practice E29 would cause rejection of material
7 Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by the purchaser before manufacture is started If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall
be as predicated by the pattern
8 Quality
8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-tion Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-tance standards specified in the order PracticeA802/A802Mor
3 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be
found in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders’ Society of
America, pp.15–35 through 15–43,1980.
TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances – Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
Element Range, %A TolerancesB,COver
Maximum or Under Minimum Limit, %
above 0.65
0.03 × % C L + 0.02 0.04
above 1
0.08 × % Mn L + 0.01 0.09
above 0.60
0.22 × % Si L − 0.01 0.15
Ni up to 2 0.10 × % Ni L + 0.03
above 2 0.25
above 2
0.07 × % Cr L + 0.04 0.18
above 0.6
0.04 × % Mo L + 0.03 0.06
above 0.25
0.23 × % V L + 0.004 0.06
above 0.10
0.08 × % W L + 0.02 0.02
above 0.15
0.18 × % Cu L + 0.02 0.05
above 0.10
0.08 × % Al L + 0.02 0.03
AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computed
by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.
B
The subscript L for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the
element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into the
equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (if
applicable), respectively Examples of computing tolerances are presented in
footnote C.
CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximum
of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M The maximum
permissible deviation is (0.08 × 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066 Therefore, the highest
acceptable product analysis is 0.766 Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade 70-40 in
Specification A27/A27M , the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus, the
highest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.
Trang 4other visual standards may be used to define acceptable surface
discontinuities and finish Unacceptable visual surface
discon-tinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visual
examination of the resultant cavities
8.2 When additional inspection is desired, Supplementary
Requirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified
8.3 Rejectable indications shall not be peened, plugged, or
impregnated
9 Repair
9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with the
requirements of the individual specification using procedures
and welders qualified in accordance with Practice A488/
A488M
10 Inspection
10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material is
being produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-cable specification Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations All tests and inspections, with the exception of product analysis (5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unless otherwise agreed
11 Rejection
11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manufacturer’s works, material that is found to be unacceptable as determined by requirements specified in the order may be rejected by the purchaser The manufacturer should be notified of such rejec-tion If the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the results of any tests performed by the purchaser, he may make claim for a rehearing
12 Keywords
12.1 castings; common requirements; steel and alloy
TABLE 2 Product Analysis Tolerances – Stainless Steels
Elements Limit or Maximum of
Specified Range, %
Tolerance Over the Maximum Limit or Under the Minimum Limit
Elements Limit or Maximum of
Specified Range, %
Tolerance Over the Maximum Limit or Under the Minimum Limit
over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07 over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01
over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01A
over 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.03 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.02
over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05 Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 Columbium plus to 1.50, incl 0.05 over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05 tantalum
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.10 over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20 over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.020
Silicon to 1.00, incl
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl over 3.00 to 6.00, incl
0.05 0.10 0.15
Aluminum to 0.15, incl
over 0.15 to 0.50, incl over 0.50 to 2.00, incl
−0.005, +0.01 0.05 0.10
Chromium over 4.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 Nitrogen to 0.02, incl 0.005 over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20 over 0.02 to 0.19, incl 0.01 over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25 over 0.19 to 0.25, incl 0.02
over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.07 over 0.45 to 0.55, incl 0.05 over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 Tungsten to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05 over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.20
Vanadium to 0.50, incl 0.03 Molybdenum over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05
AProduct analysis limits for cobalt under 0.05 % have not been established, and the manufacturer should be consulted for those limits.
Trang 5SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
Supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by the purchaser Details of the supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser The specified
tests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the castings
S1 Magnetic Particle Examination
S1.1 Castings shall be examined for surface and near
surface discontinuities by magnetic particle examination The
examination shall be in accordance with GuideE709 Extent of
examination and the basis for acceptance shall be agreed upon
between the manufacturer and purchaser
S2 Radiographic Examination
S2.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by
means of X-rays or gamma rays The procedure shall be in
accordance with GuideE94, and types and degrees of
discon-tinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Radiographs
E446, E186, or E280 Extent of examination and basis for
acceptance shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and
purchaser
S3 Liquid Penetrant Examination
S3.1 Castings shall be examined for surface discontinuities
by means of liquid penetrant examination The examination
shall be in accordance with PracticeE165/E165M Areas to be
inspected, methods and types of liquid penetrants to be used,
developing procedure, and basis for acceptance shall be agreed
upon between the manufacturer and purchaser
S4 Ultrasonic Examination
S4.1 Castings shall be examined for internal defects by
means of ultrasonic examination The examination procedure
shall be in accordance with Practice A609/A609M Extent of
examination, methods of testing, and basis for acceptance shall
be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser
S5 Examination of Weld Preparation
S5.1 Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination of
cavities prepared for welding shall be performed to verify
removal of those discontinuities found unacceptable by the
examination method specified for the casting Unless other
degrees of shrinkage or types of discontinuities found in the
cavities are specified, Type II, Internal Shrinkage, of Reference
Photographs E125, of Degree 2 in sections up to 2 in
[50.8 mm] thick and of Degree 3 in sections over 2 in thick
shall be acceptable
S6 Certification
S6.1 The manufacturer’s certification shall be furnished to
the purchaser stating that the material was manufactured,
sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the material
specification (including year date) and was found to meet the
requirements
S6.2 A manufacturer’s certification printed from or used in
electronic form from an electronic data interchange (EDI)
transmission shall be regarded as having the same validity as a
counterpart printed in the certifier’s facility, provided it con-forms to any existing EDI agreement between the purchaser and the supplier
S7 Prior Approval of Major Weld Repairs
S7.1 Major weld repairs as defined and agreed upon be-tween the manufacturer and purchaser shall be subject to the prior approval of the purchaser
S8 Marking
S8.1 The manufacturer’s name or identification mark and the pattern number shall be cast or stamped on all castings When further specified, the heat numbers or serial numbers shall be marked on individual castings
S9 Charpy Impact Test
S9.1 Charpy impact test properties shall be determined by testing a set of three Charpy V-notch specimens made from each heat at a test temperature agreed upon by the manufac-turer and purchaser The material from which the test speci-mens are prepared shall be cast in accordance with 6.2 The acceptance requirements shall be either energy absorbed, lateral expansion, or percent shear area, or all three, and shall
be that agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser Test specimens shall be prepared as Type A and tested in accordance with Test Methods and DefinitionsA370, or the test track specified by the purchaser when referencing Test Meth-odsA1058
S9.2 Absorbed Energy—Average energy value of three
specimens shall be not less than specified, with not more than one value permitted to fall below the minimum specified and
no value permitted below the minimum specified for a single specimen
S9.3 Lateral Expansion—Lateral expansion value shall be
agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser
S9.4 Percent Shear Area—Percent shear area shall be
agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser
S10 Hardness Test
S10.1 Hardness measurements at specified locations on the castings shall be made in accordance with Test Methods and DefinitionsA370 or, the test track specified by the purchaser when referencing Test Methods A1058, and reported
S11 Specified Ferrite Content Range
S11.1 The chemical composition of the heat shall be con-trolled such that the ferrite content, as determined by the chemical composition procedure of Practice A800/A800M, shall be in conformance with the specified ferrite content range
Trang 6S11.2 The specified ferrite content range shall be as agreed
upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser The
mini-mum specified ferrite content range shall be 10 %, with the
minimum ferrite content being no lower than the percent
necessary to achieve the minimum mechanical properties
required for the alloy
S11.3 Should the purchaser wish to have the ferrite content
determined by either magnetic response or metallographic
methods, the purchaser should impose Supplementary
Require-ment S1 or S2 of PracticeA800/A800M
S12 Test Report
S12.1 The manufacturer shall supply a test report to the
purchaser giving the results of all tests performed, including
chemical analysis
S13 Unspecified Elements
S13.1 Chemical analysis and limits for elements not
speci-fied for the grade ordered shall be as agreed upon between the
manufacturer and purchaser
S14 Tension Test from Castings
S14.1 In addition to the tension test required by the material
specification, test material shall be cut from the casting The
mechanical properties and location for the test material shall be
agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser
S15 Alternate Mechanical Test Coupons and Specimen
Locations for Castings
S15.1 Test coupons may be cast integrally with the castings
or separately Separately cast coupons shall be heat treated
together with the castings they represent
S15.2 In the following, the casting thickness, T, is the
maximum thickness of the casting exclusive of padding added
for directional solidification, flanges, appendages, and sections
designated by the designer as noncritical The order, inquiry,
and drawing shall designate what the test dimension, T, is for
the casting
S15.3 One of the following shall apply:
S15.3.1 The longitudinal centerline of the test specimen
shall be taken at least ¼ T from the T dimension surface and all
of the gage length must be at least 1T from any other
heat-treated surface, exclusive of the surface opposite the T
dimension surface (See SpecificationA1067/A1067M, Fig 5
(a).) For cylindrical castings, the longitudinal centerline of the
specimens shall be taken at least ¼T from the outside or inside
and all of the gage length must be at least T from the
as-heat-treated end (See SpecificationA1067/A1067MFig 5
(b).) For ferritic and martensitic castings, partial severing of
test coupons prior to final heat treatment is permitted
S15.3.2 Where separately cast test coupons are used, the
dimension shall not be less than 3T by 3T by T and each
specimen shall meet the requirements of S15.3.1, except that
when T exceeds 5 in [125 mm], the dimension may be 15 by
15 by 5 in [375 by 375 by 125 mm], by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser The test coupon shall be of the
same heat of steel and shall receive substantially the same
casting practices as the production casting it represents
Cen-trifugal castings may be represented by statically cast coupons (See SpecificationA1067/A1067M, Fig 6.)
S15.3.3 When agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, castings that are cast or machined to essentially the finished configuration prior to heat treatment shall have test specimens removed from a prolongation or other stock on the casting at a location below the nearest heat-treated surface indicated on the order The specimen location shall be at a distance below the nearest heat-treated surface equivalent to at least the greatest distance that the indicated high-tensile-stress surface will be from the nearest heat-treated surface and a minimum of twice this distance from a second heat-treated surface, except that the test specimens shall be no nearer than
3⁄4 in [19 mm] to a heat-treated surface and 11⁄2 in [38 mm] from a second heat-treated surface (See SpecificationA1067/ A1067M, Fig 7.)
S15.3.4 Where specimens are to be removed from the body
of quenched and tempered castings, either the requirements of S15.3.1 shall be met or a steel thermal buffer pad or thermal insulation or other thermal barriers shall be used during heat
treatment Steel thermal buffer pads shall be a minimum of T
by T by 3T in length and shall be joined to the casting surface
by a partial penetration weld completely sealing the buffered surface Test specimens shall be removed from the casting in a location adjacent to the center third of the buffer pad They shall be located at a minimum distance of1⁄2in [13 mm] from
the buffered surface and ¼T from other heat-treated surfaces
(see Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig 8) When thermal insulation is used, it shall be applied adjacent to the casting surface where the test specimens are to be removed The producer shall demonstrate that the cooling rate of the test specimen location is no faster than that of specimens taken by the method described in S15.3.1
S16 Weld Repair Charts
S16.1 Major weld repairs shall be documented by means of sketches or photographs, or both, showing the location and major dimensions of cavities prepared for welding Documen-tation shall be submitted to the purchaser at the completion of the order
S16.2 Unless other criteria are agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, weld repairs made to correct leakage on hydrostatic testing, or weld repairs for which the depth of the cavity required for welding exceeds 40 % of the actual wall thickness, or weld repairs for which the area of the cavity required for welding shall be documented:
1 Exceeds approximately 10 in 2 [65 cm 2 ] for castings weighing up
to 10 000 lb (4.5 tons),
2 Exceeds approximately 20 in 2 (130 cm 2 ) for castings weighing from 10 000 lb to 30 000 lb (4.5 to 13.5 tons), or
3 Exceeds approximately 30 in 2
(200 cm 2 ) for pieces weighing more than 30 000 lb (13.5 tons)
S17 Macroetch Test
S17.1 Apply Supplementary Requirement S13 for the spec-trographic determination and reporting of the total residual aluminum content of all heats of ferritic and martensitic steels subjected to this macroetch test
Trang 7S17.2 When the heat analysis indicates a total residual
aluminum content in excess of 0.08 %, the manufacturer shall
etch a cross section of the casting with the heaviest section for
which this supplementary requirement is invoked, or a coupon
attached to that heaviest section or an area directly under a riser
(see Note S17.1) Cross sections from a separately cast test
block from the same heat and of a thickness representative of
the heaviest section of castings purchased under this
supple-mentary requirement may also be used for macroetch testing
The etching shall be performed on the selected section after its
heat treatment, that is, after annealing, normalizing, or
quench-ing and temperquench-ing followquench-ing the initial coolquench-ing of the steel
below the transformation range
Note S17.1—High strength martensitic castings, in
particular, may be damaged beyond use if the etch is applied
directly to the casting
S17.3 The preparation of the surface and the macroetching
procedure with Solution No 1 (1:1 HCI) of Table 5 in Practice
E340shall be followed The resulting etched surface shall be
compared and rated with the reference photographs in Fig
S17.1depicting ten levels of severity of intergranular network
structures indicative of the presence of aluminum nitride or
other constituents prone toward precipitating at grain
bound-aries during solidification and subsequent cooling.Fig S17.1
relates the severity levels shown in these photographs with
specific delineation widths and percent of boundary outlining
in the etched structures
S17.4 Castings represented by etched structures exhibiting a network rating in excess of Severity Level 4 shall be consid-ered unacceptable until further evaluations are completed The acceptability of individual castings may be determined by etching sections of each casting to ascertain the network severity level Disposition of unacceptable castings shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser Those castings exhibiting etched severity levels greater than four may be evaluated further by any of the following agreed-upon methods:
S17.4.1 Fracture testing to determine the amount of “rock candy” structure
S17.4.2 Mechanical testing (for example, bend, tensile) to determine the ductility characteristics
S17.4.3 Weld testing to determine crack susceptibility in the heat-affected zone of a circular groove welded with cellulose-coated electrodes
S17.5 Alternatively, by agreement, it is permissible to subject castings from an unacceptable heat to a high tempera-ture solution heat treatment prior to the normal production heat treatment and subsequently macroetch test each casting S17.6 Heavy section castings (see Note S17.2) whose con-figurations are amenable to the attachment of test coupons representative of the section thickness involved and from which standard 0.505 in [12.827 mm] diameter tension speci-mens may be machined are exempt from this macroetch test if the results of the tension test on the coupon after heat treatment
N OTE 1—The ten levels of severity of intergranular network structures shown are indicative of the presence of aluminum nitride precipitation in the primary austenitic grain boundaries.
FIG S17.1 Reference Photographs of Macroetched Cast Steel
Trang 8of the casting meet the minimum requirements specified for the
grade of steel involved
Note S17.2—For purposes of this supplementary
requirement, a heavy section casting is defined as one having a
wall thickness of 11⁄2in [37 mm] or greater, in combination
with a casting weight of at least 1000 lb [455 kg]
S18 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIPing)
S18.1 Castings shall be processed by Hot Isostatic Pressing
(HIPing) according to PracticeA1080 Unless specified by the
purchaser in the purchase order or contract, the HIPing time,
temperature, pressure, and other parameters shall be at the discretion of the producer
S19 Cleaning of Stainless Steels
S19.1 Final cleaning of the casting surfaces shall be per-formed in accordance with one of the cleaning methods in Practice A380/A380M or Specification A967/A967M as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier Accep-tance testing shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and supplier
APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) X1 ALLOY DESIGNATIONS FOR CAST STAINLESS STEELS
X1.1 Cast stainless steels are usually specified on the basis
of composition using the alloy designation system established
by the Alloy Casting Institute (ACI) The ACI designations, for
example, CF8M, have been adopted by ASTM and are
pre-ferred for cast alloys over the designations used by the
American Iron and Steel Institute for similar wrought steels
X1.2 This nomenclature system has served successfully to
accommodate changes in old alloys and to designate new ones
X1.2.1 Service Classification Letter—The first letter of the
cast stainless steel designation system identifies the intended
service application of the alloy The letter C indicates
corrosion-resistant service, and the letter H indicates the
heat-resistant service at and above 1200 °F [649 °C]
X1.2.2 Ternary Diagram Location Letter—The second
let-ter indicates the approximate location of the nickel and
chromium contents of the alloy grade on the FeCrNi ternary diagram shown inFig X1.1
X1.2.3 Carbon Content Number—For C service classifications, this single or dual digit numeral represents the maximum carbon content in units of 0.01 % For H service classifications, this number represents the midpoint of the range of carbon content in terms of 0.01 % with a 60.05 % limit
X1.2.4 Special Elements Letter—Additional letters
follow-ing the numeral represent special chemical elements in the alloy grade, such as M for molybdenum, C for columbium (Nb for niobium), Mn for manganese, S for silicon, N for nitrogen,
Cu for copper, and W for tungsten There are two exceptions; the letter A indicates Controlled Ferrite, and the letter F indicates Free Machining
X1.3 In Fig X1.1, unlettered Ni-Cr ranges are associated with the nearest lettered location They may be the result of differences between corrosion and heat-resistant types, or because of the influence of additional elements, for example, the precipitation hardening grade CB-7Cu-1 and CB-7Cu-2
Trang 9X2 WROUGHT ALLOYS SIMILAR TO CASTING ALLOYS IN SPECIFICATIONS A494/A494M , A743/A743M , A744/A744M , A747/A747M , AND A890/A890M
X2.1 Table X2.1is provided for the user of the above listed
specifications as an aid in selecting cast alloys that are similar
in chemical composition to wrought alloys It is not intended to
imply that the cast alloy would have the same mechanical, physical or corrosion properties as the indicated wrought alloy
N OTE 1—The approximate areas of microstructures to be expected at room temperature are indicated as follows:
I—Martensite
II—Martensite and untransformed austenite
III—Ferrite plus martensite and untransformed austenite
IV—Ferrite
V—Ferrite plus austenite
VI—Ferrite plus austenite plus sigma
VII—Austenite
N OTE 2—Carbides also may be present depending on carbon content and thermal history.
FIG X1.1 Letters Assigned to Chromium and Nickel Ranges in ACI Designation System
Trang 10TABLE X2.1 Similar Alloys
Nominal
Composition
ASTM Casting Specification
Casting Grade Designation
UNS Number
Similar Wrought Alloy
UNS Number
S41500
S42020
S44200
25Cr-5Ni-3Cu-2Mo-N A890/A890M 1B & CD4MCuN J93372 255C S32550 25Cr-6Ni-2Cu-3Mo-N A890/A890M 1C & CD3MCuN J93373 255C
S32550 24Cr-10Ni-3Mo-N A890/A890M 2A & CE8MN J93345 25Cr-5Ni-2Mo-N A890/A890M 3A & CD6MN J93371 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-N A890/A890M 4A & CD3MN J92205 2205C S39205 25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-N A890/A890M 5A & CE3MN J93404 25Cr-7Ni-Mo-N A890/A890M 6A & CD3MCuWN J93380 Zeron 100D S32760
18Cr-8Ni A743/A743M , A744/A744M CF3 J92500 304LB
S30403 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A743/A743M , A744/A744M CF3M J92800 316LB
S31603
18Cr-10Ni-Cb A743/A743M , A744/A744M CF8C J92710 347B S34700 16Cr-12Ni-2Mo A743/A743M , A744/A744M CF8M J92900 316B
S31600 18Cr-8Ni-4Si-N A743/A743M CF10SMnN J92972 NitronicE
S30300
18Cr-13Ni-3Mo A743/A743M , A744/A744M CG8M J93000 317B S31700
S30900 20Cr-18Ni-6Mo-Cu-N A743/A743M , A744/A744M CK3MCuN J93254 254 SMOF
S31254
24Ni-21Cr-6Mo-N A743/A743M , A744/A744M CN3MN J94651 AL-6XNG N08367 29Ni-20Cr-3Cu-2Mo A743/A743M , A744/A744M CN7M N08007 Alloy 20C N08020 24Ni-19Cr-3Mo-2Cu A743/A743M , A744/A744M CN7MS J94650
N06455
N06600
N02200
N04400
N10665
A
ASTM designation.
BCommon description, formerly used by AISI.
CCommon name used by two or more producers; not a trademark.
D
Proprietary trademark: WEIR Materials.
EProprietary trademark: AK Steel Corporation.
FProprietary trademark: Avesta Sheffield AB.
G
Proprietary trademark: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.
H
Proprietary trademark: Haynes International.