Ly Tien Loi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY LY TIEN LOI EVALUATION OF CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN RIVER BASIN, WHICH FLOW THROUGH THAI NGUYEN CITY, THAI N[.]
INTRODUCTION
Research rationale
Water resources are a vital component of the environment, essential for sustainable economic planning, development strategies, and national security However, rapid economic growth has historically led to significant damage to water resources through pollution and depletion Human activities and natural processes both impact surface water quality, highlighting the need for effective management and conservation efforts to protect this valuable resource.
The Cau River, spanning 288 km, is a major component of the Thai Binh river system, covering 47% of its total catchment area Originating from the southern slopes of Phia Booc peak (1,578 m) in the Van On mountain range, located in Phuong Vien commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, the river plays a vital role in the region However, the Cau River is currently facing significant pollution challenges due to wastewater from various localities Efforts in environmental management and protection within the basin are receiving increased attention from authorities, highlighting the importance of preserving this crucial water resource (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2010).
Over-exploitation of water sources in Thai Nguyen Province has led to water depletion and deterioration, resulting in water shortages that threaten both ecosystems and local communities The region has developed extensive water infrastructure, including pumping stations, dams, and reservoirs along the Cau River and its tributaries, to meet increasing water demands According to Decision No 58/2007/QD-TTg, the province aimed to expand water exploitation for socio-economic development up to 2020, but without proper regulation, this has risked disrupting household water usage and aquatic ecosystems, impacting economic growth Water security and environmental health are critical issues stemming from these practices Consequently, the study titled "Evaluation of Current Status of Environmental Quality in the River Basin During River Flow Period through Thai Nguyen City" was undertaken to investigate pollution sources and assess changes in water quality in the Cau River within Thai Nguyen city.
Research objectives
This study aims to evaluate the water quality of the Cau River basin in Thai Nguyen City by analyzing key parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and coliform bacteria levels The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the water environment, highlighting areas that require attention Based on the assessment, we propose effective solutions for managing and improving water quality in the Cau River to ensure ecological sustainability and public health.
The main goal of the study
1 Sessing the reason why the pollution level of each monitoring point is different
2 Understanding the factors affecting the water environment quality in Cau river basin section running through Thai Nguyen city
3 Propose some solutions to manage the environmental quality of Cau river water running through Thai Nguyen city
Research question
+ To what extent is the quality of water environment in the Cau River basin at the monitoring points?
+ What factors affect the water environment quality in Cau river basin running through Thai Nguyen city?
+ What is the feasible solution to managing the water environment quality in Cau river section running through Thai Nguyen city?
Limitations
Because the Cau river basin section runs through Thai Nguyen city with many diverse and complex sources of waste, the research only analyzes water quality at 8 typical monitoring points
Due to limited funding, it was only at analyzing a number of key criteria including: pH, DO, BOD, COD,TSS, Coliform
The application of GIS is only limited to the description of monitoring locations and analytical criteria on the map.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Overview of surface water resources and water pollution
Surface water refers to natural water sources visible on the ground without excavation, including rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, and oceans In Thai Nguyen city, the focus is on freshwater sources, which are vital for sustaining ecosystems Surface water plays a crucial role in the Earth's natural processes; without it, there would be no evaporation to form clouds, leading to a lack of weather and rainfall Although we may not directly consume surface water, it is essential for maintaining life on the planet and supporting the hydrological cycle.
Water exists in various forms, including rivers, lakes, sewage, gaseous bodies, and ice, highlighting its essential role in the environment Water pollution is a serious form of environmental pollution involving the contamination of water with harmful substances, which can pose risks to both humans and living organisms in nature Once water becomes polluted, it is often challenging to remediate, making prevention crucial Therefore, preventing water pollution from the outset is vital to protect ecosystems and public health (Litteritcostsyou.org, 1/2019).
Sources that pollute surface water
Every day, a significant amount of untreated domestic waste is released into the environment, contributing to environmental pollution The rising population, with developed countries experiencing an approximate growth rate of 5% and developing countries exceeding 2%, directly impacts the volume of domestic waste generated Effective waste management is crucial to mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
Domestic wastewater, generated from households, hospitals, hotels, and schools, contains organic and biodegradable waste such as carbohydrates, proteins, oils, nutrients, and solids resulting from daily human activities and sanitation practices The composition and amount of wastewater vary based on living standards and lifestyle, with higher living standards leading to increased wastewater volume and discharge load Elevated waste discharge can facilitate the spread of diseases and contribute to environmental pollution, emphasizing the need for effective wastewater management.
Unregulated agricultural activities—including animal husbandry, use of animal urine, and disposal of unprocessed and leftover food—contribute to environmental pollution The widespread application of pesticides and fertilizers from rice fields, gardens, and vegetable farms introduces toxic chemicals that can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources Farmers often exceed recommended pesticide doses, sometimes using banned substances like Thiodol and Monitor, without proper protective equipment during fertilization and spraying processes This rampant use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides significantly impacts water quality, with residues seeping into aquifers and reducing available clean water resources.
Many farmers lack proper storage facilities for unused medicines, leading to medicines being stored haphazardly near cafeterias and water sources, posing health risks Discarded pesticide bottles are often disposed of directly into fields or collected for sale, contributing to environmental contamination Proper storage and disposal of medicines and pesticides are essential to ensure safety and reduce environmental hazards.
The rapid urbanization, industrialization, and development have driven the establishment of industrial parks, leading to increased waste and wastewater from industrial production activities These industrial wastes are often released directly into the environment and rivers without thorough treatment, negatively impacting water quality The growing volume of waste and wastewater from industry poses significant environmental challenges, emphasizing the need for effective waste management and treatment solutions to protect water sources.
Waste water and waste water classification
Wastewater is a liquid that is released after human use and has changed its original properties
Wastewater is typically classified based on its origin, which serves as a fundamental factor in selecting appropriate treatment methods and technologies According to Nguyen The Giang (2012), this classification includes various types of wastewater, each requiring specific remedial measures to ensure effective treatment and environmental protection Proper categorization of wastewater is essential for implementing efficient and sustainable wastewater management solutions.
Domestic wastewater: is waste water from residential areas, commercial activity areas, offices, schools and other similar establishments
Industrial waste water: is waste water from operating factories, including domestic wastewater, in which industrial wastewater is mainly
Seepage water refers to rainwater that infiltrates the sewer system through joints, defects, or walls of manholes and human pits Rainwater is classified as natural waste water, and in modern cities, it is collected separately through dedicated drainage systems to prevent contamination and ensure efficient waste management.
Urban wastewater: is a general term for liquids in a city's sewer system It is a mixture of the above waste water types
From an environmental management point of view, water pollution sources are also classified into two categories: identified sources and unspecified sources
The main sources of water pollution consist of urban wastewater, industrial effluents, rainwater discharge through sluice gates, and all discharges into organized water bodies via sewer systems Additionally, unknown pollution sources such as surface runoff, rainwater, and other dispersal mechanisms also contribute to water quality issues.
DO and BOD
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen required for the respiration of aquatic organisms such as fish, amphibians, and insects, primarily produced through atmospheric diffusion and algae photosynthesis The free oxygen concentration in healthy water typically ranges from 8 to 10 ppm but can fluctuate significantly due to temperature changes, chemical decomposition, and algae activity Low DO levels can lead to decreased activity or death of aquatic species, making DO a critical indicator for assessing water quality and pollution levels in water bodies.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen microorganisms require to oxidize organic substances through biological processes In aquatic environments, microorganisms consume dissolved oxygen during oxidation, making BOD a vital indicator of a waste stream’s impact on water quality The mean BOD value reflects the level of organic waste in water that can be decomposed by microorganisms, serving as an essential measure of water pollution and the effect of waste on water sources.
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize both inorganic and organic chemicals in water, indicating overall water pollution levels In contrast, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) assesses the oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose a portion of organic compounds in water over a specific period Therefore, COD reflects the total chemical pollutants in water, while BOD focuses on biodegradable organic matter, making both parameters essential for comprehensive water quality evaluation Optimizing wastewater treatment processes relies on understanding these key indicators to ensure environmental compliance and water safety.
High chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in water are caused by organic, domestic, and chemical wastewater, which deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) levels Reduced DO concentrations harm aquatic life and threaten overall water ecosystem health Maintaining low BOD and COD levels is essential for preserving water quality and supporting healthy aquatic environments.
pH
pH is a crucial parameter that measures the concentration of H+ ions in water, with a scale ranging from 0 to 14, and is widely used to assess water pollution, wastewater quality, and water hardness Monitoring pH is essential for evaluating water treatment processes, preventing corrosion, and ensuring safe water for users A pH below 7 indicates an acidic environment, while a pH above 7 denotes alkalinity, reflecting the influence of chemicals in the water Both low and high pH levels can harm aquatic life, emphasizing the importance of maintaining optimal pH conditions for ecological balance and water quality management.
Coliform and TSS
Coliform bacteria, including fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Escherichia coli, are naturally present in the small intestine and feces of warm-blooded animals These bacteria can enter the environment through the gastrointestinal tract and thrive under favorable conditions, such as optimal temperature Monitoring coliform levels in water sources offers valuable insights into the overall hygiene and sanitation quality, indicating possible contamination and public health risks.
TSS, or total suspended solids, is a key water quality parameter typically measured using a turbidimeter Turbidity results from the interaction of light with suspended substances such as sand, clay, algae, microorganisms, and organic matter in water These particles disperse, absorb, or reflect light depending on their size, shape, and composition, enabling turbidimeters to assess changes in particle type, size, and concentration within the water sample (Yeumoitruong, 28/2/2016).
Situation of pollution of river bridge water in Thai Nguyen
Thai Nguyen is one of six provinces in the Cau River basin facing challenges in managing water resources amid pollution and depletion risks, with water quality often falling below standard The Cau River flows through six provinces—Bac Can, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Phuc, Bac Ninh, Bac Giang, Hai Duong—and a part of Hanoi, impacting extensive downstream areas Due to its proximity to the source, the Cau River passing through Thai Nguyen City significantly influences water quality downstream Assessments by the Thai Nguyen Environmental Monitoring and Technology Center reveal that most localities do not meet national standards for domestic water use (QCVN 08: 2015 / BTNMT (A)), with upstream sections exhibiting better water quality than downstream areas, particularly in the Song Cau segment within Thai Nguyen city.
According to the Thai Nguyen Environmental Status Report 2005-2010, water quality in the upstream Cau River is better than downstream, with the highest pollution levels observed in the section passing through Thai Nguyen City due to urban and industrial activities Between 2007 and 2009, pollution levels at certain sections of Cau River showed improvement thanks to better waste management practices However, BOD5 and COD values in some areas, such as Son Cam, Gia Bay Bridge, Thac Huong Dam, and Cau May, exceed national standards (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, Column A2) by 1.2 to 2.8 times, with levels at some points surpassing even stricter limits under QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT B1.
Introduction to GIS
According to ESRI, a leading GIS software research and development organization, a Geographic Information System (GIS) is a comprehensive collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data It is designed to capture, store, update, analyze, and display diverse types of geographical and human location information, enabling advanced spatial analysis and decision-making.
GIS is an integrated system of hardware, software, databases, and personnel designed to capture, store, update, analyze, and display various types of geographic information and spatial relationships, effectively supporting management and planning decisions It significantly enhances the speed and efficiency of producing, updating, and distributing geographic data Additionally, GIS revolutionizes data analysis methods by enabling more sophisticated spatial analysis, making it an essential tool for modern geographic information management.
Two important advantages of GIS over paper maps are:
- Easy to update space information
Modern Geographic Information Systems (GIS) effectively integrate multiple data sources into a unified database, utilizing two primary data models: vector and raster The vector model encodes geographic features such as points, lines, and regions using x, y coordinates—ideal for representing discrete objects like drill holes, roads, rivers, and trading areas Conversely, the raster model is designed to simulate continuous phenomena, comprising grid cells that represent variables like soil types or estimated hospital costs While vector data excels at detailed object description, raster data is better suited for modeling continuous spatial data Advanced GIS platforms can manage both models simultaneously, leveraging their respective strengths for comprehensive spatial analysis (Gispro, 2013).
METHOD
Location and time of sampling
Table 3.1 Location of sampling points
Notation Name of Location Location x y
NM1 Gia Bay bridge (Cau river at Gia Bay bridge, Hoang
Hoang district, Thai Nguyen city) 2388707 431241
On the Cau River, the discharge point of Cam Gia
Spring is 300m to the downstream of Huong Son area, Thai Nguyen City
NM3 Linh Nham Spring 500m to downstream of Tuc
Duyen ward, Thai Nguyen city 2389122 433213
NM4 Mo Bach Stream Quang vinh ward, Thai Nguyen city 2389781 427979
NM5 Xuong Rong Stream Gia sang ward, Thai Nguyen city 2386578 430634
NM6 Thac Huong Dam Cam Gia Ward, Thai Nguyen City 2385700 435510
NM7 Loang stream Cam Gia Ward, Thai Nguyen City 2383854 436697
NM8 Phuong Hoang Spring after the discharge of export paper company Quan Trieu Ward, Thai Nguyen City 2389781 427979
Figures 3.1 Location of monitoring points in Thai Nguyen city
Methods of sampling and analysis
- Sampling method: Follow the current TCVN, specifically:
TCVN 6663-6: 2008: Water quality - Sampling Guidance on sampling in rivers and streams
TCVN 6663-3: 2008: Water quality - Sampling Instructions for storage and handling of samples
No Parameter Name of Method Standard
1 pH Determination of pH TCVN 6492:1999
Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater - 5 day BOD test
Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater - Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Method
Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater - Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103 - 105 0C
Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater - Nitrogen
Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater - Membrane Filter Technique For Members Of The
Methods of collecting secondary documents
Collect and selectively inherit a number of documents related to the research problem help, namely:
- Natural and socio-economic conditions of Thai Nguyen city and the province Thai Nguyen
The Thai Nguyen Province Environmental Status Report (2016-2017) highlights significant changes in water resource characteristics, particularly in surface water quality along the Cau River These changes are evidenced by fluctuations in water quality parameters recorded at flow measurement stations, indicating impacts from environmental and anthropogenic activities Overall, the report underscores the need for ongoing monitoring to assess water quality trends and ensure sustainable water resource management in the region.
Method of building a map
Figures 3.2 Method of building a map
To develop an accurate pollution map, it is essential to first define the purpose and scope of the research This is followed by collecting detailed environmental monitoring, statistical, and graphic data, which clearly illustrate pollution levels in specific areas Building a comprehensive database involves classifying data properties and standardizing the information to ensure consistency Once standardized, the data is processed by computer systems for analysis and organization The final step is to generate a detailed pollution map based on the analyzed data, providing an visual representation of pollution levels across the targeted region.
Methods of synthesis and data processing
- The figures are compared with QCVN 08-MT: 2015 / BTNMT on surface water quality;
- The figures are aggregated according to the current methods;
Analyzing and evaluating available data is essential for deriving accurate insights Summarizing these figures provides a comprehensive assessment of the information The data was collected and processed using Microsoft Excel software, ensuring precise and efficient analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Natural and socio-economic conditions of Thai Nguyen city
Thai Nguyen City, comprising 21 wards and 11 communes, is situated in a dynamic economic development zone within Thai Nguyen province, including Song Cong City and Pho Yen Town, and is renowned as one of the oldest industrial centers with a strong Steel and Iron industry The city also boasts significant tourism potential, featuring attractions like Nui Coc Lake and various historical and revolutionary sites With a highly qualified and experienced workforce, including university graduates and technical personnel, Thai Nguyen continuously meets its development needs Its economic strategy emphasizes the growth of industry and services, supported by policies aimed at enhancing socio-economic infrastructure and fostering a business-friendly environment to attract investors.
Thai Nguyen City, a grade-I city in Thai Nguyen Province, serves as the hub of politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, healthcare, tourism, and service industries in the region Formerly part of Bac Thai Province, it holds a strategic position as the central city of Thai Nguyen Province and the northern midland and mountainous region, located just 80 km from Hanoi, making it a vital center for development and connectivity in northern Vietnam.
Thai Nguyen City is strategically situated, bordering Dong Hy and Phu Luong districts to the north, Song Cong town to the east, Dai Tu district to the west, and Pho Yen and Phu Binh districts to the south Covering an area of approximately 222.93 square kilometers, it boasts an average population of around 364,078 residents, resulting in a population density of about 1,633 people per square kilometer This geographic and demographic profile highlights Thai Nguyen City’s significance as a vital regional hub in northern Vietnam.
Geographical location
Thai Nguyen City is a first-class urban area directly governed by Thai Nguyen Province, serving as a regional hub for politics, economy, culture, education, science and technology, healthcare, tourism, and various services in the Northern Midlands and Mountains region Located approximately 80 km from Hanoi, it is the central city of Northern Vietnam's midland and mountainous areas The city's study area encompasses six wards—Huong Son, Cam Gia, Tuc Duyen, Quang Vinh, Quan Trieu, and Hoang Van Thu—adjoining neighboring localities, making it a key administrative and economic center in the region.
North borders on the river bridge
In the northwest, all the wards and tidal bars adjoin Tan Long ward
South borders Gia Sang steel rolling mill
West: border with Thai Nguyen-Hanoi railway
East side borders on Cau river
Geomorphological topography
Thai Nguyen City is situated in a low, relatively flat terrain, but its topography is dominated by mounds characteristic of the northern midland and mountainous regions, alternating with small flat plain valleys Approximately 50% of the natural area consists of new terraces and steep slopes in hilly land, which have been significantly transformed due to urbanization and industrialization As a result, the inherent topography of Thai Nguyen City has undergone the most substantial changes in its urban areas.
Thai Nguyen features extensive north-south mountain ranges that gradually descend toward the south, shaping its diverse topography The northern region primarily consists of weathered small valleys in the west, dominated by Tam Dao Mountain, which reaches a peak of 1,590 meters Steep cliffs extend along the northwest-southeast direction, beyond the main ranges, with a series of bank paint formations running from north Kan northeast-southwest, contributing to reduced rainfall and influencing the region's hydrology.
Cau River runs through the city, originating from Bac Kan and flowing for approximately 25 km with a riverbed width of 70-100 meters During the flood season, its flow can reach 3,500 m³/sec, while in the dry season, it decreases to around 7.5 m³/sec The Cong River also traverses the city for 15 km, coming from the Ba La mountain area of Dinh Hoa district, with a basin located in the city's largest rainy region In flood season, the Cong River's flow peaks at 1,880 m³/sec, dropping to 0.32 m³/sec during dry periods Notably, Nui Coc Lake, an artificial reservoir on the Cong River, serves as a water storage and regulation facility, capturing excess water during rainy seasons and providing water during dry periods.
Assess the status of environmental quality of water in Cau river basin section
section running through Thai Nguyen city
Table 4.1 Result of analyzing the environmental quality of the Cau river basin section running through Thai Nguyen city
No Analytical criteria Unit NM1 NM 2 NM3 NM4 NM5 NM6 NMN7 NM8
(Source: Summary of sample analysis results)
The monitoring points along the Cau River basin section through Thai Nguyen City exhibit relatively low pollution levels, with most indicators remaining within the standards set by QCVN 08-MT/2015 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
In the financial sector, the original and enacted environmental standards reveal that some monitoring points, particularly NM5, exceed the set targets Notably, most indicators such as BOD5 at 23.3, COD at 40.95, NH4 at 7.77, and Coliform levels at 17,250 surpass permissible limits primarily at localized points, indicating the need for targeted environmental management measures.
The water at the monitoring point does not meet the B1 standard, making it unsuitable for irrigation and local agriculture Ammonium (NH4) levels at NM4 significantly exceed the B1 standard of 0.9 CUVN, reaching 2.76 CUVN Additionally, TSS levels at NM1 and NM3 surpass regulatory limits, recording 82.83 and 87.83 respectively Coliform counts at NM4 are alarmingly high at 12,775, well above the B2 standard set by QCVN 08-MT/2015, indicating serious water quality concerns.
Figures 4.1 Water pollution map for PH COD and BOD5
Monitoring points reveal elevated levels of COD and BOD5 in Phoenix, with BOD5 exceeding 1.48 times and COD 1.46 times higher than Vietnamese standards The BOD5 standard is 1.22, and the readings slightly surpass the B1 limit The primary cause is pollution from upstream waste sources and industrial activities Meanwhile, indicators like pH and DO remain within Vietnam’s acceptable ranges, showing no significant deviation.
Figures 4.2 Water pollution map for TSS
The map highlights the TSS (turbidity and suspended solids) levels across various monitoring points, indicating that the highest TSS index is observed in the locality Notably, this area's TSS concentration exceeds 1.29% of the B1 limit, signaling potential water quality concerns that require ongoing monitoring and management.
Figures 4.3 Water pollution map for Coliform
The coliform index in the monitoring areas recorded is quite high compared to QCVN 08-MT / 2015, The concentration of Coliform is 50 micro bacteria /
Recent water quality assessments reveal that in certain areas of the city, coliform levels exceed the permitted standards for daily water use Notably, in Huong area, coliform contamination reaches up to 5,525 bacteria per 100 ml, indicating significant pollution The Thac Huong dam in Cam Gia province also reports the highest water contamination levels in the region, posing potential health risks to local residents and requiring urgent attention to water treatment and sanitation measures.
Factors affecting surface water quality
Thai Nguyen City’s central area faces significant water pollution challenges, primarily from four key sources: domestic activities, hospitals, industrial production, and socio-economic development The primary contributor to urban wastewater is untreated household sewage, which flows directly into the river after only basic septic tank treatment, lacking proper collective wastewater treatment systems This high organic load wastewater significantly pollutes surface waters, especially the Cau River running through Thai Nguyen City, leading to degraded water quality and ecological concerns Implementing effective wastewater management and treatment infrastructure is essential to preserve the river’s health and ensure sustainable urban development.
In recent years, the Cau River and its branch streams in Thai Nguyen City have exhibited signs of pollution, primarily due to untreated domestic wastewater discharged from households The main pollutants include suspended solids (TSS), organic compounds such as COD and BOD, nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and pathogenic microorganisms, all contributing to organic pollution and threatening the local water environment.
Table 4.2 The composition of load and concentration of pollutants in unprocessed domestic wastewater
Coliform 10 6 - 10 9 MNP/100 ml 3.000 MNP/100 ml
(Source: Tran Duc Ha Treatment of domestic wastewater on a small and medium scale Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi - 2002)
In 2010, Nien Khoc statistics reported that approximately 97,300 residents live in the central area of Thai Nguyen city, including nine wards The service rate in this area was 58.5%, reflecting the level of urban development and access to amenities.
Each person consumes approximately 80 liters of water daily, with about 30% of water usage not being accounted for Concurrently, the area generates wastewater equivalent to 80% of the total water supply, with daily and nightly discharge volumes reaching approximately 5,204 m³ Effective water management and wastewater treatment are essential to address these high consumption and discharge rates.
In urban areas, water quality is primarily affected by human discharge activities, as highlighted in Table 3 The central wards exhibit consistently high population densities, with Phan Dinh Phung being the most populous at 14,305 residents Consequently, this area experiences the highest levels of wastewater discharge within the Dew Dragon Springs basin, with COD levels ranging from 643.7 to 772.5 kg per day, and TSS ranging from 34.3 to 68.6 kg per person.
Table 4.3 Load of pollutants in domestic wastewater of people
No Drainage basin Name of group Population
BOD5 (kg / day) TSS (kg/people)
Dong Quang 7.977 358,9 - 430,8 19,1 - 38,3 Phan Đinh Phung 14.305 643,7 - 772,5 34,3 - 68,6 Trung Vuong 7.022 315,9 - 379,2 16,8 - 33,7 Tuc Duyen 7.198 323,9 - 388,7 17,3 - 34,6 Gia Sang 10.478 471,5 - 565,8 25,1 - 50,2
(Source: General Statistics Office, Thai Nguyen Statistical Yearbook, 2017)
White hot spots for surface water pollution in the mine stream basin are located in Quang Trung ward, where the population density reaches 20,663 residents The area also exhibits the highest discharging indicators, with COD levels ranging from 3,929.8 to 1,115.8 mg/L, and TSS concentrations between 1,446.4 and 2,996.2 mg/L, highlighting critical environmental concerns.
Production activities of factories and industrial parks
In Thai Nguyen city, there were 26 water discharge points—including factories, companies, and healthcare facilities—that discharged waste into rivers and streams in 2014 While most production facilities have preliminary water treatment systems, some still face challenges in meeting wastewater treatment standards It is essential that these facilities operate under proper licensing and adhere to environmental regulations to prevent water pollution and protect local water sources Effective wastewater management plays a crucial role in maintaining water quality and ensuring sustainable industrial development in the region.
Table 4.4 Discharge points in the city area
No Discharge location Access source name
The common gate of Phan Dinh Phung ward went to Cau river
There is a wastewater treatment system
There is a wastewater treatment system
Thanh Ward Thai Nguyen city
There is a wastewater treatment system
There is a wastewater treatment system
Loang streamPhu Xa Ward, Thai Nguyen City
There is a wastewater treatment system
Group 2 of Tan Thanh ward 28,9
There is a wastewater treatment system
No Discharge location Access source name
Waste discharge (m/ng.d) Treatment level
7 Thai Nguyen steel rolling factory CamGia stream 60
Company Gia Sang Gia Sang area stream Loang and Gia Sang lake
General gate of Iron and Steel Company
12 Steelworks Factory Cam Gia area
13 Steelworks Factory Cam Gia area
14 Luu Xa Steel Rolling Factory
15 Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel
General drainage ditch in industrial zone
General sewer in Tan ward established Thai Nguyen city
17 Office of Iron and Steel
There is a wastewater treatment system
Cam Gia, Thai Nguyen City
The public came out of stream Loang
No Discharge location Access source name
Waste discharge (m/ng.d) Treatment level
21 Hoang Van Thu Paper Joint
Company Cau river 30 Preliminary treatment
(Source: Center for Natural Resources and Environment Monitoring)
Hospital wastewater primarily originates from patients, family members, visitors, and hospital staff, accounting for 80% of total discharges The remaining 20% of wastewater results from surgical procedures and medical examinations Studies conducted at hospitals such as Central General Hospital and A Thinh Dan Hospital highlight the significant contribution of human activities to hospital wastewater, emphasizing the need for effective wastewater management strategies.
Table 4.5 Major pollution targets of hospital wastewater
No Name of substances Value range Typical value
(Source: Nguyen Xuan Nguyen; Pham Hong Hai Technology of hospital wastewater treatment Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi - 2004)
Hospital wastewater pollution primarily stems from organic substances and nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), suspended solids, and pathogenic bacteria that pose health risks Organic pollutants in wastewater decrease dissolved oxygen levels, harming aquatic plants and ecosystems These organic contaminants are easily biodegradable, impacting water quality through increased BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), which indicates the amount of oxygen required for microbial decomposition of organic matter in the water Effective treatment of hospital wastewater is essential to reduce organic load and prevent environmental and health hazards.
Hospital wastewater poses significant health risks due to its high content of pathogenic bacteria, including infectious diseases such as cholera This contaminated water directly impacts the health of communities receiving waste from healthcare facilities, emphasizing the critical need for effective wastewater treatment and management Proper handling of hospital effluent is essential to prevent the spread of diseases and protect public health.
Table 4.6 demonstrating the discharges of hospitals in the city
No Base name Address Waste discharge
3 City health center Tuc Duyen Ward, Thai
4 Eye Hospital Quang Vinh Ward, Thai
(Source: Center for Natural Resources and Environment Monitoring)
Affected by socio-economic conditions
Thai Nguyen city is a densely populated urban area with a thriving economy driven by numerous production and business establishments Consequently, the city faces diverse pollution challenges, including solid waste accumulation and surface water contamination, highlighting the need for effective environmental management.
In Thai Nguyen City, the high population density in urban areas results in approximately 80% of untreated wastewater threatening local water surfaces Industrial and hospital wastewater sources further compound the environmental impact As economic development progresses, the strain on surface water quality significantly increases, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable wastewater management to protect the environment.
Proposing some solutions to improve the surface water environment in Thai
To effectively address pollution, it is essential to identify and eliminate pollution sources while preventing the emergence of new pollutants Strict enforcement of environmental protection measures and regular inspections are crucial to prevent environmental pollution Implementing comprehensive and feasible strategies to reduce domestic wastewater from urban areas is key, including the rapid development and operationalization of wastewater collection and treatment systems Investment in wastewater treatment facilities at pollution sources ensures thorough treatment of polluted water before it reaches the environment Continuous monitoring and supervision of surface water quality, utilizing automatic monitoring systems and modern technologies, are vital for providing real-time environmental data and ensuring sustainable water management across different periods such as quarters and seasons.
About the organizational structure: constantly improving the capacity of the state management staff on environmental protection
Regularly conducting additional checks and completing legal policies and institutions on environmental protection
Strengthening inspection and control activities is essential to effectively manage environmental pollution, with a focus on minimizing licensing for high-impact projects such as mineral exploitation, chemical production, and tanning industries Implementing scientific and technological solutions is crucial for protecting water environments, including comprehensive measures to prevent deforestation, promote forest planting—particularly over-planted forests—and enforce seasonal regulations for dry and rainy periods These strategies aim to ensure reliable water supply for agriculture and enhance flood drainage capacity, thereby increasing the rivers' self-cleaning abilities.
Enhance community participation and responsibility in water environment management and protection
Promote international cooperation activities in water environment management and protection
Environmental protection is primarily the responsibility of the community, as both the main contributor to and affected by environmental pollution Educating the community about the causes of pollution and effective measures to protect surface water is crucial Active community participation plays a significant role in reducing environmental pollution, particularly from waste, wastewater, and daily household activities, ultimately helping to preserve our natural resources.
Some specific actions are as follows:
Deploying in residential areas to conduct thorough waste management assessments highlights the harmful effects of improper waste disposal on water pollution Engaging students in these initiatives emphasizes their vital role in environmental protection, fostering awareness and responsibility among future generations By involving students as proactive participants, we nurture environmentally conscious individuals who can contribute positively to sustainable waste practices and water conservation efforts.
- Propaganda encourages households to conduct collection and disposal strictly according to regulations, encouraging each person to regularly use less polluting and environmentally friendly products
- For businesses, leaders and managers of enterprises need to have roles and responsibilities with the community in protecting the environment, and severely punish violations of violations
- For hospitals, doctors need to have roles and responsibilities with the community in protecting the environment, investing in upgrading the hospital's waste water management system
- Transmit to the people in the craft villages about the role of protecting the environment and their benefits at night for the community and themselves
- Transfer to farmers how to use the right protective substances and fertilizers properly
According to recent online news and mass media reports, authorities can notify agencies at risk of discharge activities that threaten surface water sources in the TN city service area Timely alerts are essential to prevent pollution and protect vital water resources from contamination caused by potential discharges.
Management and application of technical measures to manage water quality management of waste water before discharge into the environment is as follows:
All production and business establishments within the city are required to have a wastewater treatment system that complies with the national technical standards of QCVN-08-MT: 2015 / BTNMT This ensures proper treatment of wastewater generated during operation processes Additionally, their wastewater discharge must meet surface water quality standards according to the approved allocation plan, promoting environmental protection and sustainable development.
- Use automatic monitoring network to monitor water quality of rivers and streams regularly in order to timely take measures to treat when water quality is polluted
- Increasing the training and application of scientific and technical advances for the management and operation of irrigation systems
Conduct scientific research to improve mechanisms and policies, developing tailored solutions for each project Focus on researching and integrating advanced equipment to enhance the forecasting capabilities for flood and drought warnings, ensuring more accurate and timely alerts.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
The water quality in Thai Nguyen city is experiencing localized pollution at specific points and river sections The primary pollutants contributing to this issue are suspended solids and coliform bacteria, indicating significant contamination from fecal sources.
Surface water quality in Thai Nguyen city is deteriorating due to pollution from the discharge of waste into the environment The primary sources of wastewater include urban activities, hospitals, and industrial production, with urban wastewater contributing the largest volume at approximately 5,204 m³ per day This ongoing pollution poses significant environmental challenges for the region.
Cam Ward has the highest pollution levels, with COD at 26.8 and TSS at 280.6, representing the highest indexes among all monitored locations Although the coliform count is relatively low at 800, it still exceeds Vietnamese environmental standards, indicating significant water quality concerns in the area.
Pollution parameters vary significantly across regions due to differing topographic and socio-economic characteristics For example, in the Orange Spring area, the site benefits from good water reception; however, several industrial discharges from companies such as Doc Hoa Factory, Thai Nguyen Iron and Steel Company, and Thai Nguyen Steel Rolling Factory impair water quality Facilities like the Cam Gía Cast Iron Smelter Plant, P-Cast Iron Plant, and Luu Xa Steel Rolling Factory also contribute to environmental pollution in this region.
Surface water pollution in Thai cities is primarily caused by direct discharge of wastewater into the environment, often driven by prioritization of economic development over effective wastewater treatment In recent years, Nguyen City in Thailand has experienced increased surface water pollution due to rapid population growth, with densely populated areas reaching up to 20,663 residents per ward This high population density significantly contributes to water contamination, posing serious health risks to local communities.
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To effectively address environmental challenges, measures should focus on strengthening the organizational structure for environmental management and integrating socio-economic development with environmental protection efforts in Thai Nguyen City It is essential to enforce strict compliance with environmental laws among industrial facilities, ensuring responsible production practices Developing a comprehensive system for wastewater collection and treatment, especially in densely populated wards, is crucial for urban environmental sustainability Additionally, implementing enhanced monitoring with community involvement and leveraging external resources can improve oversight Encouraging innovative ideas and initiatives in environmental protection, along with evaluating and applying successful practices, will promote sustainable development in Thai Nguyen City.
Applying scientific and technological advances in wastewater management enhances their effectiveness while ensuring economic feasibility and environmental sustainability Combining these innovations with education and awareness campaigns promotes public understanding and participation in protecting surface water resources in urban areas.
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National technical regulation on surface water quality
1 GGENERAL RULES 1.1 Scope of application
1.1.1 This regulation specifies the limit value of surface water quality parameters 1.1.2 This standard applies:
- Evaluate and manage the quality of surface water, serving as a basis for proper protection and use of water
- As a basis for making and approving water use planning according to defined uses
- Assess the suitability of surface water quality for approved water use planning
- As a basis for controlling waste sources into receiving sources, ensuring surface water sources are always suitable for use purposes
- As a basis for implementing measures to improve and restore water quality 1.2 Explain words
Surface water is water flowing through or depositing on the ground, rivers, streams, canals, ditches, slits, canals, lakes, ponds and lagoons
The limit value of surface water quality parameters is specified in Table 1
Table 1 : Limited value of surface water quality parameters
28 Tổng Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDTs) àg/l 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
32 (Total Organic Carbon, TOC) mg/l 4 - - -
The classification of A1, A2, B1, B2 for surface water sources to assess and control water quality for different purposes of water use, is arranged according to the reduced quality level
A1 - Use for domestic water supply purposes (after application of normal treatment), conservation of aquatic plants and animals and other purposes such as type A2, B1 and B2
A2 - For domestic water supply purposes, it must apply appropriate treatment technologies or use purposes such as B1 and B2
B1 - For irrigation, irrigation or other uses with similar water quality requirements or uses as type B2
B2 - Navigation and other purposes with low quality water requirements
NUMBER 2 QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON
QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT supersedes QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT, is submitted by the Vietnam Environment Administration, the Science and technology Administration, and the Legal Department, and promulgated together with the Circular No 47/2011/TT-BTNMT dated December 28, 2011 of the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment
NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON INDUSTRIAL
This Regulation provides for the maximum values of pollution parameters of industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters
1.2.1 This Regulation is applicable to organizations and individuals involved in the discharge of industrial wastewater into receiving waters
1.2.2 Industrial wastewater of special industry is subject to separate National Technical Regulations
1.2.3 Industrial wastewater being discharged into the collecting system of centralized wastewater treatment plants shall comply with the charters of the plants
1.3 Interpretation of terms In this Regulation,
The terms below are construed as follows:
1.3.1 Industrial wastewater is wastewater produced from the technological processes of industrial facilities, from centralized wastewater treatment plants that are connected to the sewer system of industrial facilities
1.3.2 Receiving waters are drainage system of urban areas and residential areas, rivers, streams, canals, channels, lakes, ponds, swamps; coastal water that have defined purposes
2.1 The maximum permissible values of pollution parameters in industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters
2.1.1 Maximum permissible values of parameters of industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters are calculated as follows:
- Cmax is the maximum permissible value of a pollution parameter of industrial wastewater being discharged into receiving waters
The parameter "C" represents the pollution level of industrial wastewater as specified in Table 1 The coefficient "Kq" corresponds to the receiving waters' characteristics, including river, stream, canal, or channel flow rates, as well as the volume of lakes, swamps, or coastal waters, as outlined in Point 2.3, ensuring accurate assessment of wastewater impact on various water bodies.
- Kf is the coefficient of the flow rate of the receiving waters specified in Point
2.4 which corresponds to the total flow rate of wastewater discharged by industrial facilities into receiving waters;
2.1.2 Apply the maximum permissible value Cmax = C (not Kq and Kf) to the following parameters: temperature, color, pH, coliform, gross α activity, and gross β activity
2.1.3 Industrial wastewater being discharged into the drainage systems of urban areas and residential areas without centralized wastewater treatment plants shall apply the value Cmax = C in Column B of Table 1
2.2 Values of parameter of industrial wastewater (C) are specified in Table 1
Table 1 Values of parameter of industrial wastewater (C)
20 Total mineral fats and oils mg/l 5 10
Chloride (not applicable when discharging into saline water and brackish water) mg/l 500 1000
Table 1 differentiates the parameter values of industrial wastewater (C) when discharged into water sources that supply tap water (Column A) versus those that do not (Column B) The designated purpose of receiving waters depends on the discharge location, influencing water quality management strategies The coefficient of receiving waters (Kq) is crucial for assessing dilution and environmental impact, with specific Kq values corresponding to flow rates of rivers, streams, canals, and channels provided in Table 2 Understanding these parameters ensures effective environmental protection and water resource management.
Table 2: Coefficients Kq corresponding to the flow rate of receiving waters
Flow rate of receiving waters (Q)
Q is determined based on the average flow rate of receiving waters during the three driest months across three consecutive years, using data from meteorological and hydrographic agencies The Kq value, which pertains to the volume of receiving waters such as lakes and swamps, is specified in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Kq corresponding to the volumes of receiving waters
Volume of receiving waters (V) Unit: m Kq
V is determined based on the average volume of the receiving lake, pond, or swamp during the three driest months over three consecutive years, utilizing data from meteorological and hydrographic agencies If the flow rate of receiving waters, such as a river, stream, canal, or channel, is unknown, the coefficient Kq is set at 0.9 Conversely, if the volume of a lake, pond, or swamp is unknown, Kq is adjusted to 0.6.
2.3.4 Kq of receiving waters that are coastal saline water, coastal saline and brackish swamps For coastal saline water used for aquatic conservation, water sports and water recreation, coastal saline and brackish swamps, Kq = 1 For coastal saline water not being used for aquatic conservation, water sports and water recreation, Kq = 1.3
2.4 Coefficient of discharge rate Kf The coefficients of discharge rate Kf are provided in Table 4 below:
Table 4 Coefficients of discharge rate Kf
The discharge rate F is calculated according to the highest discharge in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports, Environment Protection Commitments, or Environment Protection Schemes
3.1 Wastewater shall be sampled to evaluate quality in accordance with the guidance of the following National Standards:
- TCVN 6663-1:2011 (ISO 5667-1:2006) – Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques;
-TCVN 6663-3:2008 (ISO 5667-3: 2003) – Water quality - Sampling Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples;
- TCVN 5999:1995 (ISO 5667 -10: 1992) - Water quality - Sampling - Part 10: Guidance on sampling of wastewaters
3.2 Values of pollution parameters in industrial wastewater shall be determined according to the following national and international standards
- TCVN 4557:1988 – Water quality – Method for determination of temperature;
- TCVN 6492:2011 (ISO 10523:2008) - Water quality Determination of pH;
- TCVN 6185:2008 – Water quality - Examination and determination of color
- TCVN 6001-1:2008 (ISO 5815-1:2003), Water quality - Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn) Part 1: Dilution and seeding method with allylthiourea addition;