Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead (pb) particles in the air in surakarta city, central java, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RIANSYAH CAPABILITY ANALYSIS OF SHADE PLANT TYPES IN ABSORBING LEAD PB PARTICLES IN THE AIR IN SURAKARTA CITY, CENTRAL JAV

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

RIANSYAH

CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Programs Office

Batch : 2015-2019

Thai Nguyen, 23/09/2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Riansyah

Thesis Title

Capability of shade plant types in absorbing lead (Pb) particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia

Supervisor (s)

Prof Dr Ir MTh Sri Budiastuti, M Si

Prof Dr Ir Djoko Purnomo, M.P

of shade plants on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads This research was carried out using non-experimental methods, for the non-experimental method used to determine the lead (Pb) content in the samples, to determine the traffic conditions at a predetermined point and to determine the types of vegetation at predetermined point The method used to determine lead (Pb) content is the Wet Dewatering Method, the samples are analyzed using AAS, and the linear

regression equation will be obtained y = ax + b The method used to determine the traffic conditions is survey and observation methods directly at the specified location with the provided form The methods used to determine the types of vegetation is the methods of Identification and Inventory directly at the specified location with the provided form The result show Traffic conditions on Slamet Riyadi road are more crowded than Ahmad Yani road and this also affects the amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by tamarind, mahogany, spanish cherry, amboyna, sea mango and mango leaves are different The type of vegetation in

200 m road segment length on each side for Slamet Riyadi road is more varied than Ahmad Yani road The amount of lead (Pb) content in the leaf samples of

tamarind (Tamarindus indica) 2 µg/g, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) 2,3 µg/g, spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi) 1,3 µg/g, amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus ) 1,7 µg/g, sea mango (Carbera manghas) 1,4 µg/g and mango (Magnifera indica) 2,25 µg/g The lead (Pb) content in shade plants on the road

of Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani in the city of Surakarta ranges from 1.3 - 2.3

µ /g and is classified as moderate or normal levels of lead in plants, that is 0.5 - 3.0 µg/g Limitations that were encountered throughout the study are the use of manual method in traffic measurement affect to data results, the data measured might not be 100% accurate and due to the time limitations, the number of vegetation measured were limited

Keywords Shade plants, Pb, lead, air pollution, green open

space, leaf sampling

Number of Pages 76 pages

Date of Submission

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the author praises and thank Allah SWT Almighty God, because for his blessings and grace, the author is able to finish this bachelor thesis well In the completion of this bachelor thesis the author certainly cannot be separated from obstacles and difficulties This bachelor thesis is indeed not perfect, but the author hopes that this thesis can be useful for those who read it In completing this thesis with the title "Capability analysis of shade plant types in absorbing lead (Pb) particles in the air in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia" the author cannot be separated from the guidance and motivation from various parties

1 Prof Dr H Jamal Wiwoho, SH, Hum., as Rector of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta

2 Prof Dr Samanhudi, S.P., M.Si., as Dean of Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta

3 Dr Ir Parjanto, M.P., as Head of Agrotechnology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta

4 Ho Ngoc Son, Ph.D of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Prof Dr Ir Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti, M.Si and Prof Dr

Ir Djoko Purnomo, M.P of Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, as author’s supervisors The author would like to express the gratitude to the supervisors for the constructive criticism, gave additional knowledge, worthy indications, comments and efficacious supervision, leading to the success of the study

5 All both UNS and TUAF lecturers who have provided lessons so that the author has a knowledge in the future

6 All staffs of UNS and TUAF who helping the author in documents preparation to conduct this research

7 Author’s parents Aba and Mak, and author’s siblings, Anton, Nia and Yop, and also for author’s brothers and sister in law, Rosal, Noval, Nemi Author would like to give the sincerest gratefulness, which without it, author would not have the courage and strength to carry out the study

8 All best friends the TKVDW Casts, Encik Deas and Encik Dwi for the happines and advices during the research study The author’s roommate Ilham, Dicky, Van and Chocky who always gave the endless support to finish the research study And Mbak Indah one of friend and adviser who guide the author how write the thesis All Indonesian friends in Vietnam Thank you for the unending support and giving the positive vibe

9 All parties who have helped and cannot be mentioned by the author one

by one

Finally, the author realizes that this paper is still not perfect, but the authors hope that this simple scientific work will be beneficial for the development of science and all parties who need it

Thai Nguyen, October 2019

Student

Riansyah

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES i

LIST OF TABLES ii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv

PART I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research Rationale 1

1.2 Research’s Objectives 5

1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 5

1.3.1 Research Questions 5

1.3.2 Hypotheses 6

1.4 Limitations 6

1.5 Definitions 7

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Heavy metal 8

2.1.1 Lead (Pb) 9

2.1.2 Lead Absorption by Plants 10

2.2 Green Open Space 11

2.2.1 The Requirements for Road Protection Trees 12

2.2.2 The Placement of Plants as Road Shade 13

2.2.3 The Function of Green Open Space 14

2.3 A shade Plants 15

2.3.1 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) 15

2.3.2 Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) 16

2.3.3 Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi L.) 17

2.3.4 Amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) 18

2.3.5 Sea Mango (Cerbera manghas.) 20

2.3.6 Mango (Magnifera indica L.) 21

PART III METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 Materials 23

3.2 Methods 24

3.2.1 The Identification and Survey of Traffic Condition 24

3.2.2 The Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree 28

3.2.3 The Selection of Trees to be Sampled 31

3.2.4 Leaf Sampling 32

3.2.5 Determination the Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has Capability of Lead Absorption 32

3.2.6 Data Analysis and Determination kind of tree that most effective in absorbing lead (Pb) 34

PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36

4.1 Traffic Condition Observations 36

4.1.1 Volume 36

4.1.2 Spot Speed 43

4.1.3 Density 47

4.2 Identification and Inventory Kind of Tree 48

4.3 The Amount of Lead (Pb) Content and Kind of Tree that has Capability of Lead Absorption 50

4.3.1 Lead (Pb) Content of Each Tree Sample 50

4.3.2 Comparison of Lead Content of Each Leaf Samples and Determination Kind of Tree that Most Effective in Absorbing Lead (Pb) 54

PART V CONCLUSIONS 57

REFERENCES 59

APPENDICES 67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1a Slamet Riyadi road 24

Figure 1b Ahmad Yani road 24

Figure 2 Angles for Using Haga Altimeter 29

Figure 3a Tree diameter measurement using diameter tape 30

Figure 3b Location of breast height measurement 30

Figure 4 Illustration of how to measure crown diameter of a tree 31

Figure 5 Trees Height that be sampled on Slamet Riyadi road 52

Figure 6 Trees Height that be sampled on Ahmad Yani road 54

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 List of Equipment Used 23-24 Table 2 The List of Materials Used 24 Table 3a Traffic Volume on Slamet Riyadi road from Slamet Riyadi Hospital

to Garden Textile 37 Table 3b Traffic Volume on Slamet Riyadi road from Garden Textile to

Slamet Riyadi Hospital 37 Table 4a Traffic Volume on Ahmad Yani road from Tirtonadi Bus Station to Balekambang City Park 38 Table 4b Traffic Volume on Ahmad Yani road from Balekambang City Park to Tirtonadi Bus Station 38 Table 5 Value of Equivalent Passenger Car 39 Table 6a Spot Speed on Slamet Riyadi road from Slamet Riyadi Hospital to Garden Textile 43 Table 6b Speed Spot on Slamet Riyadi road from Garden Textile to

Slamet Riyadi Hospital 43 Table 7a Speed Spot on Ahmad Yani road from Tirtonadi Bus Station to Balekambang City Park 44 Table 7b Spot Speed on Ahmad Yani road from Balekambang City Park to Tirtonadi Bus Station 44 Table 8 Types of Vegetation on Slamet Riyadi road 49

Table 9 Types of Vegetation on Ahmad Yani road Balekambang City Park 50 Table 10 Lead (Pb) Contents on the Leaves of Slamet Riyadi Road 51 Table 11 Lead (Pb) Contents on the Leaves of Ahmad Yani Road 53 Table 12 The Comparison of Lead (Pb) Content on the Leaves Samples of Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani Road 55

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometre

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Subtance and Disease Registry

PART I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research rationale

Indonesia as one of major developing countries which is being intensified

in economic development also faces several other problems such as economic development equitable, population growth and urbanization According to Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia (2018), the total population of Indonesia in 2018 is more than 265 million people, making Indonesia as the 4th most populous country in the world after China, India and America As a country with a high number of population, Indonesia has several problems in development equitable which can cause other problems such as urbanization that mostly occurs in big cities and metropolitan cities Big city is a city that has number of population between 500.000 to 1 million people while metropolitan city has the number of population

above 1 million people (Widiantono et al, 2009)

Urbanization is the movement of people from rural area or village to urban area or city, or from small towns to larger cities This urbanization occurs because

of the push factors from the village and pull factors from the city itself The push factor of the village which causes urbanization are limited employment in the village and low wages, inadequate education and health facilities, monotonous rural life and lack of entertainment facilities, less available and inadequate living facilities And pull factors from cities that causes urbanization are more job opportunities than villages and higher wages, better education and health facilities, modern lifestyles and the availability of a variety of attractive entertainment facilities such as complete shopping centers, and the city also as a center of

government, trade, science and technology One of the negative impacts of this urbanization is increase the number of population in a city that can causes traffic congestion

With increasing the number of population it also increasing the number of vehicles, in November 2017 the number of vehicle in Solo city reached 747,695 vehicles with details, 43,873 motorcycles, 42,519 freight cars, 266,143 passenger cars, and 918 bus (Dinas Perhubungan Surakarta, 2017) Increasing the number of vehicles potentially increasing air pollution in the environment, according to Indonesia’s Constitution number 32 year 2009 concerning Protection and Management of Natural Environment, natural environmental pollution is the entry

or inclusion of living things, substances, energy, and or other components into the environment by human activities so that it exceeds environmental quality standards which have been set Air pollution generated by vehicles exhaust gases particularly occurs on protocol roads, which is the main road in big cities as traffic center (Depdiknas, 2008) According to Wardhana (2004), air pollutants contained in vehicle exhaust include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur (SOx), particulate dust and lead (Pb)

Heavy metal pollution to the natural environment is a process that is closely related to human activity With the increase of human activity, the development of transportation will also increase, which ultimately increases human contribution to environmental pollution Environmental pollution of water, soil and air by heavy metals causes various losses to the life of the organisms Heavy metals found in nature are known to be the cause of a person's diseases if they are present in a high

level Metal elements in nature are in high levels or have exceeded the threshold

in the cycle, these elements become potential pollutants (Khan et al., 2009)

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal derived from gas from the disposal of vehicles and industry Lead (Pb) is found in air, water and soil Lead (Pb) can cause various diseases if the level in the body exceeds the threshold The use of lead (Pb) compounds extensively for auxiliary materials in the process of producing gasoline because it can increase the octane value of the fuel while at the same time preventing the occurrence of explosions during the combustion in the engine (Arisandiet (B) al., 2012) For humans, the ingestion of lead compounds in high concentrations can cause of timbale poisoning such as acute gastrointestinal irritation, metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, stomach ache and diarrhea (Panjaitan, 2009)

Greening for a densely populated city is very helpful for those around them Shady trees planted on the roadside can shade the road, making road users feel a little more comfortable when the weather is hot, especially in big cities that are prone to congestion Criteria for trees planted on the roadside must produce adequate oxygen, shady trees so as to make it cool, trees produce flowers so that it makes beauty, trees do not have large and fast growing roots, so as not to damage road construction have roots that can withstand damage caused by traffic vibrations, trees must have branches and twigs that are strong and not easily fallen

Trees have many benefits, namely as a producer of oxygen which is very useful for humans and animals Trees can also prevent floods and landslides, reduce air pollution, as rainwater storage and reduce global warming Trees can also filter out air pollution dust released by vehicles and noise caused by the many

passing vehicles and skyscraper that use a lot of glass that could cause the rise of temperature in the surrounding environment, especially in big cities Beside that trees also have a function as bioremediation

According to Sonoma County Gazette (2017), bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition One way to monitor air pollution is the use of plants as bioremediation The ability of each plant to adapt is different so that it causes a level of sensitivity, which is very sensitive, sensitive, and less sensitive The sensitivity of plant is related to its ability to absorb and accumulate heavy metals, so the plant is a good bioremediation of pollution And leaves are plant organs as bioremediation that are most sensitive to pollution (Fardiaz, 1992) Parts of plants that are sensitive to pollutants and most often exposed to sources of air pollutants are leaves

Leaves of roadside plants can be an indicator of air pollution, characterized

by physical and chemical changes Physical changes can be seen both macroscopically and microscopically According to Tambaru (2005) macroscopically the leaves of Pb-contaminated plants exceeding normal levels will experience chlorosis and necrosis, while microscopically the leaves of plants will experience changes in the size and number of leaf stomata Chemical changes can be seen from the level of accumulation and elemental content in leaf tissue Determination of plants as an indicator of Pb pollution through physical changes

is felt to be lacking, given the physical changes in leaves can be caused by many factors other than Pb pollution For this reason, a laboratory test is needed to

determine the level of accumulation and Pb content in the leaves of the plant using the AAS method (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometre)

This study intended to find out the amount of lead (Pb) content absorbed by the leaves of shade plants on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads, based on the result of this study, the researcher could determine the concentration of lead (Pb) content on those road whether it has exceeded the normal threshold concentration

or is still in normal concentration

1.3 Research questions and hypotheses

The research questions are arranged based on the background of research rationale This study will address the following questions;

1.3.1 Research questions

1 How is the traffic situation on main road of Surakarta city and what kind

of tree that have been planted on main road of Surakarta city?

2 What is the amount lead (Pb) content in the tree and what kind of tree that has capability of lead (Pb) absorption?

3 Which tree that most effective in absorbing lead (Pb)?

3 Roadside trees are effective in reducing the amount of lead (Pb) in the air

of Surakarta City Indonesia

Limitation that were encountered throughout the study:

• The use of manual method in traffic measurement affect to data results, the data measured might not be 100% accurate

• Due to the time limitations, the number of vegetation measured were limited

1.5 Definitions

The city of Surakarta or more commonly called the City of Solo is located

in the southern part of Central Java Province The city is famous as a center for Javanese culture and art Located in the lowlands with an altitude of approximately

92 meters above sea level Surakarta city is a developing area that is heading for a new metropolitan city, this area is an urban area that has an approximately 44km2, the availability of business space and public facilities that make this city as a supporting area for surrounding area Like other urban areas population density, traffic density, trade area, home industry can be found here, the high intensity of those activities can cause air pollution in this city

The total population of Surakarta city in 2016 is 514,171 people (Badan Pusat Statistik Surakarta, 2016) Population density in the city of Surakarta is not ideal, at present, the average density reaches 12,000 people per square kilometer This condition is considered prone to cause social, economic, and environment problems

There are several plants that can absorb lead (Pb) in the air and in the soil

are tamarind (Tamarindus indica), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi), amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus), sea mango (Carbera manghas ) and mango (Magnifera indica) Those trees are found many in the side

of road Lead (Pb) is harmful to human health and the environment, so it is necessary planting shade trees as bioremediation, but not all plants have the same ability to absorb lead (Pb)

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Heavy metal

Heavy metal pollution to the natural environment is a process that is closely related to human activity With the increase of human activity, the development of transportation will also increase, which ultimately increases human contribution to environmental pollution Environmental pollution of water, soil and air by heavy metals causes various losses to the life of the organisms Heavy metals found in nature are known to be the cause of a person's diseases if they are present in a high level Metal elements in nature are in high levels or have exceeded the threshold

in the cycle, these elements become potential pollutants (Khan et al., 2009)

Metals occur naturally in the earth's crust, and their contents in the environment can vary between different regions resulting in spatial variations of background concentrations The distribution of metals in the environment is governed by the properties of the metal and influences of environmental factors

(Khlifi & Hamza-Chaffai, 2010) in (Morais, et al 2012) Of the 92 naturally

occurring elements, approximately 30 metals and metalloids are potentially toxic

to humans, Be, B, Li, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd,

Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, W, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, and Bi Heavy metals is the generic term for metallic elements having an atomic weight higher than 40.04 (the atomic mass

of Ca) (Ming-Ho, 2005) in (Morais, et al 2012)

Among these metals are: Ag, As, Au, B, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn,

Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn From a number of metals mentioned above, several elements have been studied in incentives, including Cu, Hg and Pb This is considering the

danger caused by its toxicity (Arisandi (A) et al., 2012) Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy

metal derived from gas from the disposal of vehicles and industry Lead (Pb) is found in air, water and soil Lead (Pb) can cause various diseases if the level in the body exceeds the threshold The use of lead (Pb) compounds extensively for auxiliary materials in the process of producing gasoline because it can increase the octane value of the fuel while at the same time preventing the occurrence of

explosions during the combustion in the engine (Arisandi (B) et al., 2012) For

humans, the ingestion of lead compounds in high concentrations can cause of timbale poisoning such as acute gastrointestinal irritation, metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, stomach ache and diarrhea (Panjaitan, 2009)

Populations are increasingly demanding a cleaner environment in general, and reductions in the amounts of contaminants reaching people as a result of increasing human activities A practical implication of this trend, in the developed countries, has been the imposition of new and more restrictive regulations (European Commission, 2006)

2.1.1 Lead (Pb)

Lead or commonly known as Plumbum in scientific name, this metal is

symbolized by Pb, and the color of this metal is bluish-gray which belongs to

IV-A metal group on the periodic table of chemical elements Lead has an atomic number of 82 with an atomic weight of 207.2 (Palar, 1994) Lead is a heavy metal that is naturally present in the earth's crust Lead in the environment also comes from human activities that produce lead 300 times bigger than lead derived from

natural processes (Murhadi et al., 2006) Lead is one of the additives that are often

used to add the octane value of gasoline so that the knocking effect on the engine can be avoided (Mathusen, 2010)

Lead emissions into the earth's atmosphere can be in the form of gases and particulates Lead emissions that enter in the form of gas, mainly from vehicle gas emissions, these emissions are the result of combustion that occurs in vehicle engines (Palar, 1994) Suparwoko (2007) states that the amount of lead in the air

is influenced by the volume or density of traffic vehicles, the distance from highways and industrial areas, acceleration and wind direction the quality standard

of air content that has been set is 60 µg/m , then the number is classified as follows:

a Very dangerous classification 46-60 µg/m

b Dangerous classification 31-45 µg/m

c Quite dangerous classification 16-30 µg/m

d Less dangerous classification 1-15 µg/m

2.1.2 Lead absorption by plants

Harris et al (1999) in Desianti (2011) states that particles of air pollutants

are caused by burning fossil materials, industrial processes, soil erosion and complex reactions between the sun and gas pollutants Although the pollutant particles are filtered before entering the human body, it can cause respiratory problems, heart attacks, and cancer Further explained that the reduction of particles from the air is mostly carried out by wind The wind carries these particles, particle reduction from the air is also caused by plants Particles and dust are absorbed by plants, especially on the leaves and surface of plants plants can also reduce the content of metals such as tin, nickel, cadmium and chrome

According to Siregar 2005 as cited (Inayah, 2010), lead absorption in plants there are two pathways into plants, namely through roots and leaves Absorption through leaves occurs because lead particles in the air fall and settle on the leaf surface The inclusion of lead particles into leaf tissue is not because lead is needed

by plants, but only as a result of the size of leaf stomata which is quite large and lead particle size is relatively small compared to the size of the stomata The Bioaccumulation of lead to leaves in plants will be more occurs in protocols roadside plants that are crowded of vehicle (Sastrawijaya, 1996 in Inayah 2010)

Types of plants that has an ability to absorb more lead are plants that have

coarse surface of leaves, wider size and hairiness (Flanagen et al., 1980 in Antari

and Sundra, 2003) Siregar (2005) in Inayah (2010) states that lead content in various types of plants normally ranges from 0.5 - 3.0 µg/g These numbers are categorized as follows:

a Low category <0.5 µg/g

b Medium / normal category 0.5 - 3.0 µg/g

c High category> 3.0 µg/g

2.2 Green open space

According to Indonesia’s Constitution number 26 year 2007 states that green open space is an elongated area, lane and or group which uses more open and is a place for growing plants, both naturally grown and planted intentionally The proportion of green open space area in the city is at least 30% of the total area

of the city The proportion of 30% green open space is a minimum number to ensure the balance of the city ecosystem, increase the availability of clean air for the society and also increase the aesthetic value of the city

Green lines are part of the element of public green open space One of the forms of green lane is the green lane road, there are several structures on the green lane of the road, namely the road side and the road median area The road side area

is an area that functions for the safety and comfort of pedestrian, area for road development, buffer zones, construction sites for service facilities and protecting natural forms (Widiastuti, 2013)

Shade plants are broadleaf plants and tend to have taproots and comfortable

to use for pedestrian Shade plants are plants that are very important for life sustainability, because plants are the main producers that convert solar energy into potential energy that is important for other living things to survive and convert

CO2 into O2 in the process of photosynthesis (Zulfia, 2013)

2.2.1 The requirements for road protection trees

Wildensyah (2010) states that plants used as road shade trees, besides having to fulfill the requirements as a road protection tree, must also have a practical and beautiful form The selection in road protection tree must be pay attention among others:

a Trees do not have a large and fast growing roots, so as not to damage road construction

b Has roots that can withstand damage caused by vibration of traffic, this means that plants easily to grow fertile in bad condition

c Trees that have strong branches and twigs which does not easily to fall

d Trees do not have fruit that is too big so it does not endanger a pedestrian

e If possible, it is best to choose profitable plants

2.2.2 The Placement of Plants as Road Shade

Arianita (2008) states that the things need to be considered in road landscape planning in order to meet the adjustments to the geometric requirements

of the road are as follows:

a Edge plants lane

Plants path in this area should be placed on the edge of the traffic lane, that

is between the traffic lanes of vehicles and sidewalk The determination of shade plants types to be planted in this line must meet the criteria of plant laying techniques and be adjusted to the width of the plant path

b Middle lane (median)

The width of the median lane to be planted must have a minimum width of 0.80 m, and for ideal width is 4 - 6 m The selection of plant types needs to pay attention to its laying place, especially at the junction area, at the aperture area ("U-turn") and at the place between the junction and the aperture area

c Bend area

Requirements that must be considered in terms of placing and selecting plants in this area, including stop visibility, bend length, free space next to bend Low plants such as bushes with dense and bright leaves with a maximum height

of 0.80 m are strongly recommended to be placed at the end of the bend

d Junction area

Geometric requirements that have to do with road landscape planning are the presence of free areas of view that must be overt so as not to reduce the driver's visibility

2.2.3 The function of green open space

Hakim (2007) states that the function of green open space is to improve an environmental quality, or in an effort to maintain a good quality are:

a Carrying capacity of the ecosystem

The figuring of green open space needs is based on the idea that green open space is a natural component that plays a role in maintaining the sustainability of the processes in its ecosystem Therefore, green open space is seen as having a carrying capacity for the sustainability of its environment

b Control of dangerous gases from vehicles

The gases released by vehicles as exhaust gases reduce the health of humans and other living things It is expected that green open space can control the harmful those gases, even though the green open space itself can be the target of damage

by those gases Therefore, the approach taken is to organize and regulate the arrangement of green open spaces with vegetation components inside which are able to absorb those harmful gases

c Safekeeping the hydrological environment

A good rooting vegetation system will guarantee the ability of vegetation to maintain the presence of groundwater, the increasing area of closure by buildings and pavement will narrow the existence and movement space of the expected rooting system, resulting in increasingly limited availability of ground water The high ability of vegetation in increasing the availability of ground water, it can indirectly prevent a decrease in the quality of drinking water

d Control of urban air temperature

The ability of vegetation to carry out evapotranspiration activities can reduce urban air temperature levels Green open space shows its ability to overcome the problem of 'heat island' on a wider scale Heat island is a phenomenon of rising temperatures in urban centers compared to the surrounding area

e Control of thermoscope in urban areas

Vegetation component is a component that shows low thermal structure, while building, paving, and other building construction are components with high thermal structure The balance between low and high thermal structures components will determine the quality of comfort felt by humans In order to achieve the desired condition by humans, the components with low thermal structure (vegetation in green open space) are the main key to control the expected quality of thermoscape

2.3 A shade plants

2.3.1 Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)

Tamarind is a tree that has the latin name Tamarindus indica L, tamarind is

fruit pods tropical plant Tamarind has several names in Southeast Asia among others: Asem (sunda), Acem (madura), asang jawa, asang jawi (sulawesi), asam (malaysia), sampalok, kalamagi (tagalong), ma-kham (Thailand), magyee (burma), khoua me (kamboja), khaam (laos), asam (inggris), trai me (Vietnam) Tamarind classification: Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Ordo: Fabales, Family: Fabaceae, Genus: Tamarindus, Species:

Tamarindus indica L (Husodo el al, 2014)

a The description of tamarind

Tree height 15-25 m Leaves alternating, even pinnate, 5 - 13 cm long Leaves face to face, 10 - 15 pairs, extending to line form, Flower bunches almost sit, 2 - 166 cm long; stalks 1 - 1.5 cm Leaves fall out quickly Green crown tube, the canopy is elongated, pointed, yellow, and 1 cm long Stamen unites with petal tube, pods stemmed, extending to the shape of a line, thick, brown gloomy, bald, sour fruit flesh Seeds 1 - 12, glisten chocolate Tamarind can grow well to a height

of around 1.000 – 1.500 m above sea level, on sandy soil or clay, especially in

areas where the dry season is quite long (Backer et al, 1967 in Husodo el al, 2014)

b Tamarind as a shade plant

Tamarind has a high tree, shady, and has strong root Tamarind is deliberately planted for shade of the road Tamarind also has function as greening plant and as windbreak This tree can also be used to repair arid and barren areas (Aulia, 2017)

2.3.2 Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.)

Mahogany plants come from tropical America, especially Honduras, Guatemala, Yucatan, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil Honduras mahogany are similar to Spanish mahogany This common type is planted as a shade plant because its shady Mahogany classification: Kingdom: Plantae, Sub Kingdom: Tracheobionta, Super Division: Spermatophyta, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Ordo: Sapindales, Family: Meliaceae,

Genus: Swietenia, Species: Swietenia macrophylla King (Satolom, 2014)

a The description of mahogany

The size of the tree is medium to large The height reaches 40 m, has a midline up to 150 cm and leaves are compound (Wardiyono, 2015) Mahogany has

a round or cube canopy The shape of the leaf is lengthwise that has length approximately 2.5 times its width Leaf surface conditions are green, glisten and slippery (junarsa, 2012)

b Mahogany as a shade plant

A large of mahogany tree is suitable to be used as shelter Other than that, because it is heat resistant or lives in arid soils this tree still adorns the roadside in some areas (Ardaliyus, 2012) Mahogany can grow well in places that are open and exposed to direct sunlight in both the lowlands and highlands, namely up to

an altitude of 1,000 m above sea level

2.3.3 Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi L.)

Spanish cherry plant or the tree in Latin name Mimusops Elengi L is

originated from mainland of India, Bangladesh then spread to Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka and other tropical regions Spanish cherry can grow well to a height of

1000 meters above sea level and can grow on sandy soil and in open lowlands Spanish cherry will bear fruit in April - May, abort leaves in June - August, bloom during the first rainy season in the rainy season around September - October, has

a thick leaf between December - January, flowering between February - March

According to Martawijaya, et al (1989) in Metananda (2012) that the systematics

of Spanish cherry plants (Mimusops elengi L) are as follows: Division:

Spermatophyta, Sub division: Angiospermae, Class: Dicotyledoneae, Order:

Ebenales, Family: Sapotaceae, Genus: Mimusops, Species: Mimusops elengi L

a The description of Spanish cherry

The height of Spanish cherry up to 25 m The shape of the leaf is elongated, 9-16 cm long, the youngest is brown haired Has a single flower or two flowers in the armpit of a leaf, hang, fragrant odor The crown is the same length as the petals, dirty white, with a short wide tube, a lancet shape, 8 Stamens, embedded in the haired neck, interspersed with staminodia with a toothed, flat tip The fruit is long, 2-3 cm long, orange red, with petals that do not fall out Seed one, the rest is flat,

black brown, in the flesh of a young colored fruit (Husodo el al, 2014)

b Spanish cherry as a shade plant

Spanish cherry plant (Mimusops elengi L.) is one of prospective plant to be

used in city forest development programs, because it has multiple functions Spanish cherry plants have a high resistance to cement dust pollution and a high ability to absorb cement dust, are not sensitive to air pollution even though the ability to absorb the lead is low, can produce a fragrant odor that can neutralize foul odor, flowers can be taken and utilized by the community to improve the level

of nutrition / health and income of the community and has aesthetic value Therefore, Spanish cherry plants can be used in city forest development programs

in the factory area, in areas with high air pollution, in areas of landfill or in slums

and densely populated areas (Departemen Kehutanan RI, 2009)

2.3.4 Amboyna (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.)

Suryowinoto (1997) states that amboyna plant originated from Malaysia but have long been cultivated in Indonesia and have adapted to the Indonesian climate This plant in Indonesia has several local names, among others: Indonesia

(Angsana), Sumatra (Asan, Athan, Hasona, Sena, Lansano, Sana), Central Java

(Asana, Sana Kapur, Sono Kembang), Nusa Tenggara (Ai Kenawa, Angsanan, Angsane, Kayu Merah, Matani, Aina ), Sulawesi (Naakir, Acha, Patena, Candana) and Netherland (Zonnehout) Herdiana (2013) states that amboyna classifications

namely: Division: Spermatophyta, Sub Division: Angiospermae, Class: Dicotyledoneae, Sub Class: Dialypetalae, Ordo: Rosales, Family: Papilionaceae,

Genus: Pterocarpus, Species: Pterocarpus indicus Wildd

a The Description of amboyna

Anonim (2012) states that characteristics can be recognized of the amboyna are:

1 Tree

Amboyna is a tall tree species The height of the amboyna tree can reach 40 meters The stem part is ordinarily knobbly The amboyna canopy is thick and round Bark (pagan) has a brownish gray color, this part will emit reddish lymph when injured

4 Fruit

Amboyna flower is a flat round pod The pot is not split when it is ripe and wrapped in large thin wings like a paper Fruit diameter 4 – 6 cm, and has light brown color Wings size 1 - 2.5 cm around the seeds, has diameter 2 – 3 cm dan thick 5 – 8 mm Ovary has heavy hair, the stem is short, the number of seed 2 – 6 Fruit growth process in general need 3 – 4 month The fruit ripening process takes place continuously and does not immediately fall out of the tree when it is ripe

b Amboyna as a shade plant

The amboyna tree has lush leaves so that the amboyna tree is often made as

a road shade The amboyna tree has nitrogen binding ability that can improve soil fertility around it (Sugraha, 2014)

2.3.5 Sea mango (Cerbera manghas.)

Sea mango is a tree that has the Latin name Cerbera manghas This plant

in Indonesia has several local names, among others: bintaro (Indonesia), manga brabu (Maluku), madang kapo (Minangkabau), kenyerih putu (Bali), darli utama (Sangir), kadong (north Sulawesi), dan lambuto (Makasar) Sea mango tree is also known as plants that have several uses, such as decorative plants and greening in cities, raw materials for dry crafts, vegetable pesticides, and medicinal plants This plant habitat originates from areas with tropical climates such as Asia, Australia, Madagascar, and the Islands to the Pacific Ocean (Prayuda, 2014) Sea mango classification namely: kingdom: Plantae, sub kingdom: Tracheobionta, Division: Spermatophyta, sub Divison: Angiospermae, Class: Magnoliopsida, Ordo:

Gentianales, Family: Apocynaceae, Genus: Cerbera L., Species: Cerbera mangas

L (Smith, 1998 in Prayuda, 2014)

a The description of sea mango

The height of sea mango tree is 10 – 20 m Sea mango tree has stem that is erect, round, woody and has a black spot The characteristics of sea mango’s leaves are single leaves and oval shaped, the edge of the leaf is flat, tapered tip and base, the leaf regrowth pinnate, slippery surfaces, with length 15-20 cm, and width 3-5

cm, and has a green color In addition, the reproductive organs of this plant are with flowers that have the characteristics of white, fragrant, and located at the tip

of the stem The flower is included as compound flower which has a pistil stalk 2

- 2.5 cm with a brown sari and a whitish green pistil head Inside the sea mango’s fruit there are seeds that are oval, long, flat, and white in color Sea mango tree is strengthened with sturdy root and tend to taproot that is brown in color (Prayuda, 2014)

b Sea mango as a shade plant

Sea mango is usually used as a greening plant for coastal areas and cities as shade plant, but this plant turns out to have cerberine toxins that can cause death (Gaillard et al., 2004 in Noviawanti, 2014), so that the use of sea mango in a landscape needs to be considered for its safety

2.3.6 Mango (Magnifera indica L.)

Mango generally grow in the tropic area This plant grows well at an altitude

of 0 - 1200 m above sea level Vegetative growth such as leaf, stem and root grow

in the rainy season, and the dry season for the growth of flower and fruit Mango classification: Kingdom: Plantae, Division: Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida,

Ordo: Sapindales, Family: Anacardiaceae, Genus: Mangifera Species: Mangifera indica L (Husodo el al, 2014)

a The description of mango

The height of mango 8 - 30 m The stem is erect, has a rather strong branch with thick leaves forming a domed, oval or elongated canopy, the diameter up to

10 m The bark is thick and rough with many small cracks and scales of leaf stalks The old pagan color is usually grayish brown, taupe to black The stalked leaves and elongated lancet shape, with a pointed tip, on both sides of the middle leaf bone with 12-25, the young side of leaf hang limp, dark purple The fruit has

orange or yellow color, stringy or not Thick walled stone seeds (Husodo et al,

2014)

b Mango as a shade plant

Shady shape of mango tree with tightly leaves make the mango tree has the ability to absorb carbon, preserve groundwater at its roots, windbreaks, produce organic matter and oxygen, and prevent erosion Aesthetically, some types of mango tree are used as ornament life of a city, it is based not because of its beautiful shape but because it becomes an icon Shady trees with dense leaves make the manga tree has the ability to absorb carbon, preserve groundwater at its roots, windbreaks, produce organic matter and oxygen, and prevent erosion Aesthetically, some types of mango tree are used as ornament life of a city, it is

not because of its beautiful shape but because it becomes an icon (Husodo et al.,

2014)

PART III METHODOLOGY

Sample analysis testing Additional

Traffic free current

Traffic volume

Mask Vegetation survey

Shaker Plastic bag AAS (Atomic

absorption spectrophotometer)

Oven Analytical scales Volumetric flask Hot plate Vaporizer cup Vial bottle Glass funnel Mortar Plastic knife Porcelain plate Rubber gloves Mask

Table 2 The List of Materials Used

No Sample Analysis Testing

3.2.1 The identification and survey of traffic condition

The identification and survey of this traffic condition has carried out on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads as main road and crowd of vehicles in the city of Solo This identification and survey section were done on April 1st 2019 at

5 pm for Slamet Riyadi road and April 2nd 2019 at 5 pm for Ahmad Yani road For Slamat Riyadi road there were 2 lanes with 4 columns without a median road, while Ahmad Yani road there were 2 lanes with 4 columns with median road The length of the road segment carried out on this observation is 200 m in both directions of each road

Ahmad Yani road is busy and crowded of bus, freight cars, and passenger cars Identification and survey was done by doing a survey method at rush hour vehicles

in the afternoon around 5 pm where people are busy going back home from the office, school, markets and so on This survey method is used to determine the level of traffic density on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads based on traffic volume that covers the type of vehicle and direction of vehicle movement, by conduct direct observation and enumeration within a predetermined time period

Observation steps in collecting traffic flow data on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads are:

a Observer occupied a predetermined post

b The observer occupied a position at the observation points at the edge of the road at the point of observation

c The observer's view towards the observation track and facing the direction of the vehicle's direction

d Observer counts the number of vehicles in each observation point by the type of vehicle with 15 minutes recording interval throughout the data collection period in this case 1 hour

e The observer record and write the observation results in the provided form

To find out the level of traffic density on Slamet Riyadi and Ahmad Yani roads segments based on traffic volume, direction of traffic flow, type of vehicle

in one particular time unit, spot speed and density, this carried out by observation and enumeration directly in the field

According to Budiman et al (2017) volume is the number of vehicles that

pass a point or on a road for a long time (at least 24 hours) without distinguishing the direction and lane Rate of Flow is a traffic volume that is usually less than one hour but expressed in one hour

= 3600

Notes:

q = the number of vehicles passing in each hour

n = number of vehicles passing at time t

To get the current value of a road segment that consists of many types of vehicles, all types of vehicles must be converted into Passenger Car Units (PCU) Conversion of vehicles into PCU requires an equivalent factor number for various types of vehicles Peak Hour Volume (PHV) is the peak hour volume composed

of 15 busiest minutes of sequential volume for 1 hour PHF: Peak Hour Factor

that is the peak hour factor obtained from:

Spot Speed is the speed of a vehicle at a time measured from a specified place In a flow of moving traffic, each vehicle has a different speed so that the flow of traffic does not have a single speed characteristic but in the form of the speed distribution of individual vehicles There are two types of speed analysis used in traffic flow velocity studies, namely:

a Time mean speed (TMS), that is the average speed of all vehicles that

pass a point on the road for a certain period of time Speed is distributed in time, while the location is fixed

Notes:

Vt = spot speed

n = total of vehicles

b Space mean speed (SMS), that is the average speed of a vehicle that

occupies a segment or part of a road at a certain time interval

ti = time taken by the vehicles

The difference in the analysis of the two types of speeds above is that TMS

is a measurement of points, while SMS is measurement with respect to the length

or lane of the road

Density is the number of vehicles occupying a road length or lane per km per lane The density value is calculated based on the value of speed and current, because it is difficult to measure in the field

The three basic characteristics of traffic are elements that form the flow of traffic that will get a pattern of the relationship among volume, Speed and density The relationship between volume and density shows that density will increase if the volume also increases Maximum volume occurs when density reaches road capacity

3.2.2 The identification and inventory kind of tree

This Identification and inventory kind of tree was done on April 23rd 2019

at 9 am until finished for Slamet Riyadi road, and April 24th 2019 at 9 am until finished for Ahmad Yani road, the location on this section is the same as location

of identification and survey of traffic condition, this is because the researcher want

to determine the relationship between the traffic condition and the capability of shade plant in absorbing lead (Pb)

The initial step in this identification and inventory kind of tree section have been done by calculating the number of plants that have been planted as shade plants in the research location Beside calculating the number of plants, researcher also measured the height, stem diameter and canopy diameter of each plants The segment length in this calculation section is 100 m on on two sides of the road

3.2.2.1 Tree height measurement

According to Haga Hypsometer (1997) in Arinafril (2018), using the Haga

to determine tree height can be done by the following steps:

- Select a distance, preferably 15, 20, 25, or 30 meters away from the tree, where the required point on the tree (e.g tree tip) can be seen Press the “lock”

- The “first shot”- pointing at the base of the tree and the “second shot”- pointing at the tip of the tree

- By adding the 2 values from the “first” and “second” shot together, the result will be the total height of the measured tree

Figure 2 Angles for Using Haga Altimeter

3.2.2.2 Tree diameter measurement (DBH)

In forest inventories it is common that tree diameter is measured at 1.3 meters, called Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Biased measurement results are common if measurements were taken above or below 1.3 meters A systematic error occurs also if the tape is not slanted around the tree with a right angle to the tree axis and has to kept tied Bark fall off in between consecutive measurements can also produce considerable measurement errors (Weyerhaeuser & Tennigkeit, 2000) in (Arinafril, 2018) The exact location to measure breast height or how to make provisions for trees growing irregular is visualized in Figure 3