THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LE THI LOAN ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NUI PHAO MINING COMPANY LIMITED BACHELOR THESIS Study mode : Full-
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Environmental pollution is a critical global issue that threatens sustainable development worldwide The Vietnamese Party and State prioritize integrating economic growth with social progress, environmental protection, and sustainability during industrialization and modernization efforts Effective solid waste management is essential for maintaining a healthy environment, as improper waste disposal leads to water resource degradation, pollution, and the spread of epidemics, ultimately impacting people's lifestyles and quality of life.
In recent years, Vietnam’s mining industry has significantly contributed to national development, accounting for approximately 5.6% of GDP and playing an increasingly vital role in the country’s economy However, mining activities have also led to serious environmental challenges, including habitat destruction, pollution from toxic gases, dust, and wastewater, which disrupt the ecological balance established over millions of years These environmental impacts pose critical social and political issues, highlighting the need for sustainable mining practices to balance economic growth with ecological preservation.
Thai Nguyen is a leading province in mineral exploitation and processing technology, hosting many large-scale factories that utilize advanced global technologies, such as Nui Phao Mining Company Limited, demonstrating its significant role in the industry.
Nui Phao is a unique tungsten-polymetallic mine, currently one of the world's lowest cost tungsten producers Nui Phao has a long history of exploration and exploitation
Given the company's specialization in mineral mining and processing, it generates a substantial volume of solid waste annually, resulting from daily operations and production activities Effective management of this waste is crucial to minimize environmental impact and ensure sustainable mining practices Therefore, the assessment of solid waste management in Nui Phao Mining is essential to identify improvement opportunities and promote responsible resource utilization.
Objectives
Report set out objectives as follows:
-Assessment of solid waste management at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
-Identification of solid waste in the process of mining and processing minerals
-Identification of measures to reduce, treat solid waste and evaluate the effectiveness of measures
- Proposition some solid waste management solutions.
Content of work
- Collection of document and data for solid waste management at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
- Data collection related to topics in books, newspapers, internet, and scientific research
- Monitor suction and discharge sludge: Calculate time of suction or discharge of mud; count the number of cars carrying mud
- Participating in program development for World Environment Day
General information about Nui Phao Company
Nuiphao Mining Joint Venture Company (Nuiphaovica), established in 2004 under Investment License 2377/GP issued by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, is a collaborative enterprise involving three partners The joint venture includes Tiberon Minerals Ltd from Canada, alongside two Vietnamese partners: Thai Nguyen Minerals Company, a government-owned entity, and Thai Nguyen Import Export and Investment Company, a private enterprise.
The Company has two addresses in Vietnam:
Cho Moi, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province
29 Xuan Dieu, Tay Ho District, Hanoi
The Nui Phao property is located at latitude 21° 39’ 10” and longitude 105° 37’ 20”, approximately 80 km northwest of Hanoi City and approximately 150 km south of Vietnam’s northern border with China The area is located in Ha Thuong Commune approximately 2 km from the district town of Dai Tu in Thai Nguyen province The
4 mine location is very convenient, easily accessible by road through National Highway
37 and adjacent to narrow gauge railway linking with the railway system of Vietnam The project is about 180 km and 240 km from Cai Lan port and Cai Lan port in Quang Ninh province, which is convenient for transporting project products
The Nui Phao Mining Project primarily exploits five key minerals: tungsten, fluorite, bismuth, copper, and gold, with the mine housing the world's largest tungsten trioxide (WO3) mine and ranking as one of the top five fluorspar mines globally This open-pit mine is designed to produce primary products such as tungsten and fluorspar concentrates, alongside secondary products including copper concentrate, gold credits, and minor bismuth concentrate Annually, the operation processes approximately 3.5 million tons of ore over a planned 16-year lifespan, with expected yields of 5,900 tons of tungsten trioxide, 196,900 tons of fluorspar, 5,600 tons of copper, 5,000 ounces of gold, and 360 tons of bismuth through gravity and flotation concentration techniques The project generates waste comprising 70 million tons of non-acid generating material and 16.5 million tons of potentially acid-generating waste Additionally, the mine and processing facilities consume nearly 99,000 MW-hours of electricity each year, highlighting its significant energy footprint (Nuiphao EIA, 2005).
Since its inception, the company has generated over 1,000 jobs for local residents, significantly promoting socio-economic development in Thai Nguyen province The company's active contribution amounts to thousands of billions of currency, fostering economic growth and improving the livelihoods of the community This commitment has established the company as a key driver of regional prosperity and sustainable development in the area.
5 the state budget (2016 is 625 billion) and hundreds of billions for social responsibility activities, livelihood restoration and sustainable development in the locality
In 2017, Masan Thai Nguyen achieved a successful year thanks to the dedicated efforts of its employees, contractors, and partners, with production output reaching 3.89 million tons, marking a 7.1% increase from the previous year The company's key mineral products saw significant growth: copper ore reached 8,498 tons, up 4.6%; cement bismuth production totaled 2,403 tons, an increase of 22%; tungsten production amounted to 6,762 tons, rising 6.3%; and fluosal production hit a record 243,905 tons, up 7.1% Additionally, market conditions were favorable, with tungsten prices stabilizing at $295 per mtu by year's end, representing a 59% increase compared to December 2016 The company also contributed over VND [amount] in taxes to the state budget in 2017.
900 billion, this is the highest budget contribution ever since the official launch of commercial production in 2014 (Nuiphao newspaper, 2017)
My training supervisor is Mr Tran Huu Hung He holds the position of coordinator of environmental legislation at the Environment Division of the Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
Activities
Month Time Content of Work
- Came to the practiced unit
- Learn safety in the company
- Monitor suction and discharge sludge
- Read and understand the legal documents related to the topic
- Participate in world water day, clean up the environmental sanitation around the company
- Monitor suction and discharge sludge
- Survey the status of solid waste management
- Learn about solid waste treatment methods
- Summarize of mitigation and prevention measures
- Participated in the workshop on plastic waste in Ha Thuong Commune
- Prepare recycling for the World Environment Day
- Participated in organizing activities for World Environment Day on June 5
Timeline
I practiced in Nui Phao Mining Company Limited start from March5 , 2018 to June 30, 2018
LITERATURE REVIEW
International literature review
2.1.1 Situation of solid waste in the world
Around the world, the increasing volume and complexity of waste associated with the modern economy were posed a serious risk to ecosystems and human health
In 2016, global cities produced 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste, averaging 0.74 kg per person daily (World Bank, 2018) Due to rapid urbanization and population growth, this amount is projected to rise significantly, with an estimated 4.3 billion urban residents generating approximately 1.42 kg of municipal solid waste per person per day by 2025, totaling around 2.2 billion tonnes annually.
Solid waste can be classified into three types depending on their source: Household waste (municipal waste), Industrial waste (hazardous waste), and Biomedical waste or hospital waste (infectious waste) (EduGreen, 2000)
Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction product, sanitization remainder, and waste from streets This garbage is generated mainly from residential and business complexes With rising urbanization, change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing (EduGreen, 2000)
Industrial and hospital waste are classified as hazardous due to theircontainment of toxic substances, posing significant health risks Certain household wastes can also be hazardous, containing harmful chemicals that threaten human health and the environment Hazardous wastes are often highly toxic, corrosive, and can cause severe damage to living organisms and ecosystems if not managed properly Effective waste management strategies are essential to prevent pollution and protect public health from these dangerous substances.
8 inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things (gas, chemical, etc) (EduGreen, 2000)
Municipal wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include old batteries, paint tins, old medicines, and medicine bottles
Hospital waste has a contain chemicals used in hospitals is considered hazardous These chemicals, which are used as disinfectants and mercury, or which is used in thermometers or equipment that measure blood pressure
Hazardous waste generated from industries such as metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber manufacturing poses significant environmental and health risks Direct exposure to toxic chemicals like mercury and cyanide present in hazardous waste can be fatal to humans, emphasizing the importance of proper waste management and disposal practices (EduGreen, 2000).
Hospital waste is generated from the diagnosis, treatment, immunization of humans and animals, research activities, and the production or testing of biologicals It includes sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, discarded medicines, and chemical wastes, such as syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, and human excreta This waste is highly infectious and poses a serious health risk if not managed properly An estimated 25% of hospital waste, roughly 1 kg out of 4 kg generated per hospital, is infected and requires scientific and careful disposal to prevent health hazards.
Figure 2.1: Total Recycling in 2018 in the world (https://wastemanagement.conferenceseries.com)
2.1.2 Situation of solid waste management some countries in the world
Environmental protection and effective waste treatment have become critical global issues, prompting governments worldwide to seek sustainable solutions In many European countries and advanced Asian nations such as Denmark, England, Holland, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, waste management emphasizes source sorting, efficient handling, and environmentally sound practices These countries have rigorously implemented strict waste sorting and collection protocols, making proper garbage separation a routine part of daily life where citizens adhere closely to established regulations (Duy Tan University, 2015).
Types of waste that can be recycled such as paper, glass bottles, canned goods are collected in separate containers Particularly, the biodegradable organic kitchen
Waste must be sorted and placed into colored bags for daily collection and composting Recyclable waste is delivered to designated collection points in residential areas or collected by authorized departments, with fees paid via stamped garbage bags based on weight Industrial waste requires companies to adhere to specific regulations for different waste types, ensuring proper collection and treatment in accordance with environmental standards Additionally, government policies mandate that companies incorporate waste disposal facilities during the design phase of construction projects, with waste management costs reflected in product pricing to promote sustainable waste handling (Duy Tan University, 2015).
National literature review
2.2.1 Situation of solid waste management in Viet Nam
Rapid population growth and the expansion of manufacturing industries have significantly contributed to the country's socio-economic development However, this growth has also led to increased demand for goods, raw materials, and energy, resulting in a rapid rise in solid waste generation The escalating volume and complexity of solid waste pose significant challenges for effective waste management and treatment, highlighting the need for sustainable waste management solutions (Institute of Legal Science, 2015).
Vietnam has experienced a steady increase in solid waste generation over the past decade Currently, the average household solid waste produced per person daily is lower than in other Asian cities, but ongoing growth poses significant environmental challenges.
Forecasts indicate that household solid waste generation in Vietnam will increase by 1.2 per capita per day in the near future, bringing the country on par with other major Asian cities This rise emphasizes the need for improved waste management strategies to address the growing environmental impact.
Figure 2.2: Waste composition in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2003 (Christian Zurbrügg, 2017)
Solid waste in Vietnam can be grouped broadly into three categories (VEM, 2004):
- Municipal waste – comprised of residential and business area;
- Industrial waste – includes hazardous waste from the activities of factories and other manufacturing units; wastes from hospitals and clinics; sewage and sludge from municipal sewer systems; construction waste;
- Agricultural waste – include animal manure from the farmers' houses, crop remainder (mainly from coffee, rubber, tobacco and coconut) and remainder of agro- chemicals
The composition of municipal waste (considered to be both municipal and industrial waste) fluctuates according a few factors:
- Richness – Solid waste from countryside, where people are harder, has a higher proportion of organic matter, about 60 to 75% (VEM, 2004) In urban areas, where
12 people are rich, the waste has only 50% organic matter with a rise in non-degradable materials such as plastic, metals and glass (VEM, 2004)
- Season – In the summertime, there is a higher amount of fruit and vegetable waste and therefore, waste has a higher organic content
- Cultural activities – Cultural festivities such as Lunar New Year result in more organic waste released
- Location – Market streets generate more waste than business districts
Vietnam hosts 1,450 activity villages across 56 provinces, generating over 774,000 tons of waste annually, primarily from Bac Ninh, Ha Tay, and Hanoi In 2003, hazardous waste totaled approximately 160,000 tons per year, with 130,000 tons originating from industrial sources—mainly from southern Vietnam—highlighting the region’s industrial waste challenges Healthcare facilities contributed 21,000 tons, while agriculture produced 8,600 tons of hazardous waste annually, with pesticides and pesticide containers being the most significant sources within agricultural waste This data underscores Vietnam’s pressing need for effective waste management and pollution control measures across various sectors.
According to the Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam generates approximately 800,000 tons of hazardous waste annually nationwide Most large-scale hazardous waste generators are registered and granted official permits to produce such waste These generators ensure that their hazardous waste is collected and transported to licensed treatment facilities, adhering to regulatory standards (Van Huu Tap, 2015).
At the same time, there are 83 enterprises in the whole country with 56 agents operating in two or more provinces licensed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and about 130 units transporting hazardous wastes issued by local authorities is active These facilities have played a major role in collecting, transporting and treating hazardous wastes to ensure compliance with current standards and regulations In addition, Vietnam's hazardous waste treatment technology has made remarkable progress in recent years However, Vietnam's existing technologies are not yet advanced; only meet the demand for treatment of hazardous waste of Vietnam (Van Huu Tap, 2015)
According to the 2011 national environment report, urban centers across the country experience a 10-16% annual increase in daily waste generation, which accounts for 60-70% of total domestic solid waste By 2014, the total domestic waste produced nationwide reached approximately 23 million tons annually, averaging about 63,000 tons per day, with urban areas contributing around 32,000 tons daily.
Inner cities achieve an approximately 85% daily waste collection rate, while suburban areas reach around 60%, indicating higher waste management efficiency in urban centers In contrast, rural areas have a lower collection rate of about 40-55%, reflecting challenges in waste collection infrastructure The primary methods for solid waste disposal include landfilling, organic fertilizer production, and burning, highlighting the need for sustainable waste management practices.
2014, 26 solid waste treatment facilities have been built under the solid waste treatment program for the period 2011-2020 (Van Huu Tap, 2015)
According to a survey by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the total amount of industrial solid waste generated from industrial zones is about 7 million tons / year
The industrial solid waste collection rate exceeds 90%, with waste management registered by source owners through the industrial park management board Most industrial establishments have contracted waste collection and transportation services or sell economic wastes, while some produce crushed waste for boiler feed However, industrial solid waste treatment is primarily conducted in small units, leading to a nationwide shortage of large-scale treatment facilities Recycling and reuse of industrial solid waste are common practices, often carried out spontaneously within industrial facilities, with reusable wastes either processed locally or sold to recycling units.
2.2.2 Situation of solid waste management in Thai Nguyen
Thai Nguyen province is a leading hub for mineral exploitation and processing technology, featuring large-scale factories like Nui Phao Mining Company Limited that utilize advanced industry-leading techniques The region leverages its abundant resources to develop multiple industrial clusters and parks, including renowned factories such as Samsung, as well as cement production, hydroelectric, and thermal power plants, effectively meeting local production and consumption demands Socio-economic growth in Thai Nguyen is closely linked to environmentally sustainable practices, ensuring responsible development for long-term prosperity.
Thai Nguyen province has always been committed to environmental protection, with provincial authorities proactively overseeing and managing environmental standards The local government consistently advises on effective strategies to enhance environmental conservation efforts, ensuring sustainable development in the region.
In 2011, the province generated an average of 720 tons of solid waste daily, with domestic waste accounting for 82%, primarily in Thai Nguyen city at 215 tons per day Disposal and collection rates vary significantly across districts and towns, with Thai Nguyen city and Song Cong town achieving 70-80% collection effectiveness, while other towns lag behind at merely 20-30% The province operates two main solid waste treatment complexes located in Song Cong town and Thai Nguyen city However, the waste management system is underdeveloped, lacking widespread social participation and failing to meet treatment requirements The capacity of waste collection and treatment units is insufficient due to limited funding, and treatment facilities do not operate according to hygienic standards Additionally, technology selection and waste treatment planning remain inadequate, with projects still in pilot stages, and private sector involvement is minimal Rural waste management projects and public environmental awareness initiatives are also underfunded and underdeveloped, hindering overall progress in sustainable waste management (Department of Environment, 2011).
Since the implementation of the provincial Party Congress Resolution, Thai Nguyen province has integrated comprehensive economic development with robust environmental protection, supporting sustainable socio-economic growth The Department of Natural Resources and Environment has actively expanded pollution prevention and control measures, increasing their scope and scale to ensure lasting environmental sustainability.
Efficient inspection and control efforts target 16 key areas of environmental pollution, ensuring the prompt detection and strict enforcement of violations As a result, 75% of establishments causing severe environmental pollution have been addressed, exceeding the provincial resolution’s targets Additionally, 50% of industrial parks are equipped with concentrated wastewater treatment systems, and urban areas achieve a 93% rate of solid waste collection and treatment Rural areas have a 70% processing rate, fully meeting the annual plan (Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen Province, 2018).
The Natural Resources and Environment Department of Thai Nguyen Province has played a vital role in the region's development, making significant contributions to its integration and progress Their dedicated efforts have substantially supported the overall growth and sustainable development of Thai Nguyen, showcasing the importance of environmental management in regional success.
ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NUI PHAO
Object and scope of the study
Solid waste in Nui Phao Mining Company Limited, Ha Thuong Commune, Dai
Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province and some sources of solid waste
The situation of solid waste management of Nui Phao Mining Company
Limited, Ha Thuong Commune, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province.
Location and time conduct
Nui Phao Mining Company Limited, Ha Thuong Commune, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province
Research contents
3.3.1 The origin of solid waste
Frequent areas of hazardous waste and conventional waste: The areas within Nui Phao Minerals Exploitation and Processing Company Limited (hereinafter referred to as Nui Phao Company) include:
- Maintenance workshop, motorbike repair shop
- The medical department of the company
- TSF tailings area (Ore tailings and Sun-tail tail)
- Repairing workshops of ore builders and operators
Hazardous wastes are classified at source and each type is contained in a separate box labeled with hazardous waste warning signs and classification, including the following:
-Absorbent substances, filter materials, wipes contaminated with hazardous components (oil mop, filter membrane ), oil contaminated soil These types of waste are mainly generated by maintenance activities, engine repairs, equipment at Thinh Cuong contractor's workshop, Licogi 13, maintenance workshop of Nui Phao
-Soil rocks are contaminated with hazardous components (oil, chemicals, etc.) in oil and chemical reservoirs
-Print cartridges, batteries, batteries, fluorescent lamps emitted from the office and maintenance
-Chemical packaging including soft packaging, metal containers, plastic chemical containers from the Nui Phao Chemical Company
-Hard packaging from other materials, and chemical contaminated waste from the SGS laboratory
-Medical waste from the medical department of the company
-Waste oil, lubricants, other waste oils, and oil contaminated wastewater arising from maintenance activities, machinery and equipment in Nui Phao
-Other solvents and solvent mixtures from refined ore processing plants
Conventional waste is classified at source and is divided into separate groups including domestic waste, conventional industrial waste, recycled waste, waste rock, OTC and STC and industrial wastewater
3.3.2 Classification and volume of solid waste
Nui Phao Mining Company Limited classifies solid waste in two categories: Group 1: According to the mining process
- Recycled waste (wood, metal, paper….)
- Electronic components for waste disposal
- Heavy metal waste packaging including pressure vessels ensures complete emptying
- Hard packing of other materials (composite )
- General industrial waste (wood, plastic, plastic, etc.) can’t be recycled
Group 2: Classified by hazardous properties
- Waste rock has hazardous components
- Waste wood contains hazardous ingredients
- Electronic components for waste disposal
- Wastewater, oil or hazardous ingredients
- Other solvents and solvent mixtures
- Heavy metal waste packaging including pressure vessels ensures complete emptying
- Hard packing of other materials (composite )
- Absorbent materials, filter cloths, mops, protective cloths contaminated with hazardous components (oil mop, filter membrane)
- Other wastes containing inorganic and organic hazardous substances
- Sludge contains hazardous components from biological treatment of industrial wastewater
- Recycled waste (including metal, paper, wood )
- General industrial waste (wood, plastic, plastic, etc.) can’t be recycled
- Waste sludge (Sulfide tailings and oxide tailings)
Table 3.1: Statistics of conventional waste in 2017
Method of treatment or reuse Unit of treatment or reuse
Transportation to landfill / incinerator in Dai Tu district
Sale to scrap collectors and purchasers
General industrial waste (wood, plastic, plastic, etc.) can’t be recycled
Treatment by incineration / burial at the treatment area
Hoa Binh Industrial Waste Processing Joint Stock
Industrial Environment Joint Stock Company No 10 - URENCO 10
Take advantage of the construction (dam, mine road) and transport to the waste disposal site of the Company
Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
Industrial wastewater 5.057.099 kg Treatment at wastewater treatment facilities
Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
Septic tank sludge 1.061 kg Treatment of septic tanks and renting of septic tanks
Construction and Works Joint Stock Company
(Sulfide tailings and oxide tailings)
3.607.304 tons (solid) Self-treatment: isolation in sulfide and oxide ore tail
Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
(Total volume of waste is calculated from 01/01/2017 to 31/12/2017)
Table 3.2: Statistics on hazardous wastes (including regular and irregular occurrences)
Name of hazardous waste Hazardous waste code
Organizations and individuals receiving hazardous wastes
Waste rock has hazardous components 11 05 01 29.600
Urban and Industrial Environment Joint Stock Company No 10
Hoa Binh Industrial Waste Processing Joint Stock Company
Phu Ha Environmental Company Limited
Waste wood contains hazardous ingredients 12 08 01 35.340
Electronic components for waste disposal
Wastewater, oil or hazardous ingredients 15 02 12 1.260
Other solvents and solvent mixtures
Heavy metal waste packaging including pressure vessels ensures
Hard packing of other materials (composite )
Absorbent materials, filter cloths, mops, protective cloths contaminated with hazardous components (oil mop, filter membrane)
Other wastes containing inorganic and organic hazardous substances
Sludge contains hazardous components from biological treatment of industrial wastewater
(Total volume of waste is calculated from 01/01/2017 to 31/12/2017)
3.3.3 The status of solid waste management at the Nui Phao Company
Management of industrial solid waste is the classification, collection, transportation, reduction, reuse, recycling and treatment and destruction of rejection of industrial solid wastes
Solid waste management encompasses planning, the development of management facilities, sorting, collection, storage, transportation, reuse, recycling, and disposal activities These processes aim to prevent and minimize adverse impacts on the environment and human health, ensuring sustainable waste management practices.
Under Decree No 38/2015/ND-CP, organizations and individuals responsible for waste generation must pay applicable charges for waste collection and disposal services, adhering to legal regulations They are required to classify waste at the source to facilitate reuse, recycling, co-processing, treatment, and energy recovery, promoting sustainable waste management practices The decree also encourages the adoption of environmentally friendly waste treatment technologies, including the use of biological products, which must comply with relevant legal provisions to ensure environmental safety.
3.3.3.2 Storage and management of hazardous waste, ordinary waste at the Company
-Hazardous waste of the Company exists in the main forms are solid, sludge and liquid
Hazardous solid wastes are stored in clearly labeled, yellow mobile containers with wheels available in sizes of 1, 4, and 240 liters, positioned at designated collection points near waste sites within covered areas Larger containers (over 2 liters) may be stored outdoors in compliance with safety regulations These containers facilitate safe collection and are then moved to a centralized storage area prior to pickup and transportation by the designated contractor, ensuring proper waste management and environmental safety.
-For waste is soft waste (mainly in chemical warehouse) is contained in the container with a capacity of 13.4 This is a special bin that comes with the pickup
27 truck, which limits the use of workers for collection, the risk of direct contact with residual chemicals
Hazardous liquid wastes, such as waste oil, lubricants, oily water, and waste solvents, are stored in designated areas using barrels and specialized chemical containers These storage areas are equipped with containment walls to prevent spills, oil collection systems, and safety equipment to prevent fires and explosions, along with warning systems to ensure safety and environmental protection.
-Domestic waste is contained in green, wheeled, wheeled containers of 240 liters, which are located at the collection points near each source
-Industrial wastes are normally stored in 1 buckets located at the waste transfer station
-Recycled wastes are stored in wheeled orange mobile containers, labeled 240 liters or in 1 buckets, which are located at the point of collection near the site (Figure 2)
-The waste rock from mining activities is transported to the disposal sites in the Company's premises
-OTC and STC ore residues are stored in the TSF tailings reservoir (Figure 3)
-Industrial wastewater is collected and treated at treatment facilities within the mine
-Domestic waste is collected and transported by the Urban Environmental Sanitation Management Board Dai Tu
-Industrial waste is collected, transported and processed by URENCO 10 and Hoa Binh Industrial Waste Processing Joint Stock Company
Recycled waste is systematically collected and transported to specialized recycling facilities Our company has partnered with Minh Hung Investment and Trading Co., Ltd., and Long Nhat Trading Development Investment Co., Ltd., to serve as our dedicated waste collection and recycling partners (see Figure 4).
In the reporting period of 2017, Nui Phao Company signed a contract to collect hazardous waste and industrial waste from the following units:
-Urban and Industrial Environment Joint Stock Company 10 (URENCO 10) The unit has been licensed to manage hazardous waste No 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8.051.VX
-Hoa Binh Industrial Waste Processing Joint Stock Company The unit has been licensed to manage hazardous waste No 1-2-3-4-5-6.014.VX
-Phu Ha Environmental Company Limited The unit has been granted the hazardous waste management license No 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8.016.VX
The hazardous waste collection unit regularly visits the waste storage facility to gather and transport hazardous waste from the construction site, ensuring compliance with disposal regulations Before shipment, the waste is weighed at the Company’s electronic weighing station, and the volume is documented in the Hazardous Waste declaration.
Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
3.4.1 Classification and collection of waste
Currently, the Company demonstrates excellent waste management practices by efficiently collecting and properly storing waste in designated areas Hazardous wastes are carefully separated, stored in compliance with legal requirements, and secured in the designated hazardous waste storage facility Established in August 2017 following Inspectorate Conclusion No 2065/KL-BTNM dated April 27, the 138m² storage facility features five separate tanks to safely contain hazardous waste before disposal or transfer to authorized contractors This comprehensive waste management system underscores the Company’s commitment to environmental safety and regulatory compliance.
The company has recently enhanced its environmental management by adding a spill kit to the hazardous waste storage facility and organizing a dedicated prevention training class This marks a significant improvement, as prior to this, there were no educational programs covering disaster response or spill kit usage related to hazardous waste These updates demonstrate the company's commitment to safeguarding the environment and ensuring staff are well-prepared for potential emergencies (see Figure 5).
Due to the large amount of waste, there is limited waste classification in some factory areas
The Company collaborates with legally registered waste treatment organizations to ensure proper waste management Regular waste collection is conducted by authorized waste collectors who visit the company's construction site and waste storage facilities The collected waste is then transported to designated treatment facilities in accordance with legal regulations, promoting environmentally responsible waste disposal.
The Company continues to cooperate with fully functional units and legal basis for collecting and transporting hazardous wastes, ordinary industrial waste and handling according to regulations
The company actively monitors hazardous waste storage areas to ensure safe and compliant handling It also maintains a comprehensive waste management training program for all employees to promote awareness and adherence to environmental standards Additionally, the company conducts periodic inspections and evaluations of contractors to guarantee that waste collection, transportation, and treatment meet legal requirements and industry regulations.
Some models and methods of treatment and reduction of solid waste is applied at the Nui
Many developed countries are adopting the 3RVE strategy—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Validate, and Eliminate—in solid waste management to promote sustainability This model emphasizes prioritizing management and process technologies that minimize waste and enhance resource recovery, including the potential to recover gas from landfills for energy The 3RVE approach guides the selection of waste treatment options, with a focus on waste minimization, reuse, recycling, and responsible disposal, ensuring environmentally sustainable practices.
Incineration is a high-temperature waste treatment process that effectively reduces waste volume by 90-95% and ensures the complete destruction of disease-causing bacteria This method provides thorough waste management, eliminates toxicity, and meets safety standards, although attention should be given to exhaust emissions.
31 gases needs to be treated, which can be considered as the most radical treatment compared to waste treatment methods other solid waste
Oxidizing hazardous waste with air transforms harmful components into waste gases and produces non-combustible ash This highly effective treatment method is widely used globally for managing solid waste, particularly industrial and health-related hazardous waste.
Research methodology
-Investigating, surveying and gathering available data, geographical position, natural and socio-economic conditions in the study area, in order to know the volume, composition and current situation of management of solid waste in the study area
-Observing the place of waste storage, the situation of collection and classification of waste, then compare with Decree 38/2015 / ND-CP
3.6.2 Method of secondary data collection
-Data collection related to topics in books, newspapers, internet, scientific research, etc
-Collection of documents and data on solid waste management of Nui Phao Mining Company Limited, Ha Thuong Commune, Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province
-Learn about the composition and properties of solid waste generated in Nui Phao Mining Company Limited based on study the collected documents
-Collect documents such as: Company policy on industrial solid waste management, solid waste management measures in Vietnam and around the world
-Collecting expert opinions on solid waste management, and then applying the solution to manage the solid waste at Nui Phao Mining Company Limited
The study results were compared with:
-Decree No 38/2015 / ND-CP: On the management of waste and scrap
-Circular No 36/2015 / TT-BTNMT: On hazardous waste management
-Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP dated 09 April 2007 of the Government on solid waste management
-TCVN 6705: 2009 on ordinary solid waste - classification (updated on 15/04/2014)
AND LESSON LEARNDED
Discussion
4.1.1 Waste treatment solutions in the world
The global waste crisis is becoming increasingly urgent, posing significant environmental and financial challenges for governments worldwide In response, major countries have implemented various waste management and treatment strategies tailored to their specific circumstances, aiming to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability.
Japan generates approximately 45.36 million tons of waste annually, ranking 8th globally according to the Waste Atlas Due to limited land availability for landfilling compared to countries like the United States and China, Japan relies heavily on waste incineration as an alternative disposal method The country employs advanced technologies such as fluidized bed combustion, an efficient process for burning tough-to-combust materials, to manage its waste sustainably.
- Far more efficient use of space:
After incineration, the remaining waste mass is reduced by 85%, and its volume can decrease by up to 95%, significantly decreasing landfill space requirements This substantial reduction is especially beneficial for small countries and municipalities with limited landfill capacity, providing an effective solution to manage waste when space is scarce (Greentumble.com, 2018).
As of 2016, approximately 2,200 waste-to-energy power plants worldwide were actively converting municipal waste into clean electricity These facilities utilize high-temperature combustion to boil water, generating steam that drives turbines to produce power for the grid On average, each plant can process up to 300 million tons of garbage annually, effectively reducing reliance on coal-fired power plants and supporting sustainable waste management solutions (Greentumble.com, 2018).
When organic matter biodegrades in landfills, it releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere more effectively than carbon dioxide Studies indicate that allowing organic waste to decompose in landfills contributes approximately 30% more to global warming compared to incinerating the same material Reducing landfill methane emissions through waste management strategies is essential for mitigating climate change.
Additional benefit is that waste incineration plants can be located near where waste is generated, which decreases the costs, energy and emissions associated with transporting waste (Greentumble.com, 2018)
* The disadvantages of solution (Greentumble.com, 2018)
Burning facilities accrue significant costs for site studies, permits, construction materials, labor, and local infrastructure modification (providing water, power, road access, etc.)
- Continued emission of toxic or otherwise hazardous pollutants:
Modern waste incineration plants have significantly reduced their emissions of heavy metals and toxic substances such as dioxins, mercury, and arsenic However, some releases still occur, and these hazardous pollutants remain unsafe for both humans and animals at any level of exposure (Greentumble.com, 2018).
And even when using the best technologies, burning plants remain prodigious emitters of carbon dioxide, the gas that is most responsible for anthropogenic climate change (Greentumble.com, 2018)
This method is low cost and widely applicable in the developing countries
* The advantages of solution (Greengarageblog.org)
- Landfills are convenient to use:
Transporting waste over long distances from urban centers to remote disposal sites incurs significant costs, often running into millions of dollars annually Since peripheral areas of major cities and suburbs are increasingly developed and unsuitable for landfills, waste management becomes more complex Therefore, reducing the need for waste transfer and promoting local waste solutions are essential for cost-effective and sustainable disposal strategies (Greengarageblog.org).
- Landfills can use the waste generated in a city, town or district and produce energy:
There can be confined landfills next to human habitation or farmland and can be safely used in an eco-friendly way to generate energy that can power the needs of the facility and the locals The carbon dioxide and methane exuding from landfills can
36 be exploited to generate power This also reduces the quantum of the waste present in landfills (Greengarageblog.org)
- Landfills are relatively safer than other waste management and disposal techniques:
Incinerators in particular are hazardous for their toxic byproducts Landfills have their share of risks but not as major ones as other options (Greengarageblog.org)
* The disadvantages of solution (Greengarageblog.org)
- Toxic waste continues to pileup:
Toxic waste from landfills can leach into water sources when it rains or snows, contaminating groundwater and posing serious health risks This hazardous runoff can also damage crops and harm the environment Proper waste management is essential to prevent these dangerous contaminants from spreading and impacting public health.
Methane poses serious threats to human health and the environment, leading to chronic and terminal diseases in individuals Additionally, it can cause catastrophic fires in landfills within a short period, further damaging ecosystems (Greengarageblog.org).
- Dust, pollution and particulate matter would emanate from landfills:
Most landfills are open area The hazardous waste would discharge gases It includes dust and all kinds of microbes as well as heavy metals (Greengarageblog.org)
This Nordic country has become the world leader in recycling, with up to 96% of waste being recycled and only 4% buried, showcasing its high efficiency in waste management Japan recycles approximately 20.8% of its annual waste, notably focusing on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, which are widely used for beverages in vending machines and grocery stores Many Japanese companies are now increasingly repurposing old PET bottles for new products, including clothing fibers, bags, carpets, and raincoats, especially when the bottles have not undergone filtering This sustainable approach highlights the potential of PET recycling in creating eco-friendly products and reducing plastic waste.
• The advantages of solution (www.conserve-energy-future.com)
Recycling waste material significantly contributes to environmental protection by reducing deforestation and conserving natural resources Using recycled paper, which is made from specific trees, helps minimize the need for cutting down more trees daily, supporting sustainable forest management This approach exemplifies how recycling other natural resources can effectively preserve the environment and promote ecological balance (www.conserve-energy-future.com).
Modern pollution primarily stems from industrial waste, which includes plastics, cans, and chemicals Recycling these waste materials significantly reduces pollution levels, contributing to a cleaner environment and promoting sustainable practices Effective waste management through recycling is essential in minimizing the environmental impact of industrial activities.
38 reused rather than just being thrown away recklessly (www.conserve-energy- future.com)
Recycling helps conserve existing raw materials, reducing the need for new product manufacturing through mining and extraction This process preserves valuable resources such as minerals, water, and wood, ensuring their availability for future generations Implementing recycling practices is essential for sustainable resource management and environmental protection (www.conserve-energy-future.com).
- Recycling reduces amount of waste in landfill sites:
Recycling old and used materials into reusable products significantly reduces the risk of landfill site congestion, helping to alleviate environmental impact This practice minimizes land and water pollution, as landfills are major contributors to environmental degradation Emphasizing the importance of recycling is essential for sustainable waste management and protecting natural ecosystems.
Lesson learned
During my internship at Nui Phao Mining Company's Environment Division, I gained valuable practical experience by participating in fieldwork at various plants and waste disposal sites I learned essential environmental monitoring and problem-solving skills while collaborating with dedicated staff who were open and enthusiastic in sharing their expertise This experience enhanced my communication skills and provided me with a deeper understanding of environmental management and sustainable practices within the mining industry, making it a highly educational and impactful opportunity.
During my internship, I successfully applied my academic knowledge to gain practical experience, enhancing my understanding of the Environmental Science and Management field I developed a professional office work style, boosted my confidence, and overcame past timidity The experience also improved my communication skills, enabling me to confidently share opinions in front of others Additionally, it fostered a sense of responsibility and deepened my passion and respect for my major, preparing me for a future career in environmental management.
Effective planning, scientific work methods, and applying learned skills are crucial during practical training Lessons beyond the classroom have enhanced my maturity in recognizing, reviewing, and solving real-world problems Gaining experience in a professional environment has allowed me to apply my knowledge directly to work tasks, helping identify personal vulnerabilities for continuous improvement Additionally, guidance from experienced trainees provides valuable insights to avoid common mistakes and succeed in future work scenarios.
CONCLUSION
Urbanization and population growth have significantly intensified the global garbage problem, making effective solid waste management essential Proper waste management is crucial to minimize environmental harm and ensure sustainable development, as countries cannot progress without protecting natural habitats Environmental protection is a collective responsibility, requiring awareness and active participation from individuals and society alike By promoting responsible waste management, we can foster positive environmental changes, prevent pollution, and improve overall environmental quality step by step.
Effective management of solid and hazardous waste in mining and processing mountainous mines is crucial for environmental sustainability Nui Phao, under the supervision of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Thai Nguyen province, implements strict policies to enhance waste management practices These initiatives aim to minimize the environmental impact of solid waste generated by the company, promoting eco-friendly mining operations in the region.
Assoc Dang Kim Chi from the Association for the Protection of Nature and Environment of Vietnam (2018) highlights the challenges of solid waste management across rural areas, towns, district towns, and communes, emphasizing the importance of waste collection and transfer systems tailored to Vietnam’s living conditions Effective waste management practices are crucial for environmental protection and public health, requiring region-specific solutions that address the diverse infrastructure and socio-economic factors present in different localities Implementing sustainable waste transfer strategies aligned with Vietnam’s development goals can significantly improve environmental cleanliness and community well-being.
Decree No 59/2007 / ND-CP of the Government on Solid Waste Management
Nguyen Chinh (2012) Status of Solid Waste in Viet Nam
Nguyen Thi Loan (1999) Solid Waste Recovery and Recycling in Hanoi, Vietnam and
Pham Thi Thuy (2015) Assessment of patterns and solutions for Solid Waste
Management in Phu Yen, Phan Me Commune, Phu Luong District, Thai Nguyen Province
The Nui Phao Mining Joint Venture Company Ltd has completed its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report, which was revised based on the conclusions from the Appraisal Council Meeting held on December 26th, 2004, and official correspondence (Letter No 66TD dated January 19th, 2005) from the Appraisal Department This comprehensive EIA report evaluates the potential environmental effects of the mining project and ensures compliance with regulatory standards.
The Nui Phao Mining Joint Venture Company LTD has updated its Environmental Impact Assessment Report, as revised according to letter No 5209/BTNMT-TĐ dated December 31, 2007 The report covers the company's activities and environmental considerations for the period from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017 Additionally, the company has submitted its final 2017 Hazardous Waste Management Report, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and demonstrating responsible waste management practices. -**Sponsor**Struggling to rewrite your article while keeping its core meaning and SEO-friendly? It can be tough! With [Article Generation](https://pollinations.ai/redirect-nexad/MsckWDYs), you can instantly create 2,000-word SEO-optimized articles, saving you time and money Imagine having a content team without the usual hassles! No more struggling to rephrase paragraphs while maintaining SEO rules – get coherent, engaging content effortlessly.
Thu Huong (2014) Solid Waste Treatment in Thai Nguyen to 2015
Van Huu Tap (2016) Methods of solid waste treatment
Department of Environment website (2013) Situation of solid waste management in urban areas in Vietnam and solutions
Embassy of Denmark, Vietnam (2013) Vietnam - Waste Management
National Environment Conference IV, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi (2015) Situation of solid waste management in Vietnam Suggest solutions to improve the efficiency of solid waste management
The World Bank (2018) Solid Waste Management
Urban Development Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region (1999) What a Waste:
Solid Waste Management in Asia
Bernache-Perez, G., S Sánchez-Colón, A.M Garmendia, A Dávila-Villarreal, and M.E Sánchez-Salazar (2001) Solid waste characterization study in Guadalajara Metropolitan Zone, Mexico Waste Management & Research
Binner, E (2002) The impact of mechanical-biological pretreatment on the landfill behaviour of solid wastes
CalRecovery, Inc (2005) Solid waste management Report to Division of Technology,
Industry, and Economics, International Environmental Technology Centre, UNEP, Japan
Cointreau, S (2001) Declaration of principles for sustainable and integrated solid waste management, World Bank, Washington, D.C
Kawempe Division, Study in Bwaise II Parish, Final Report (2011) Solid Waste Management
Figure 1: Hazardous waste containers include: yellow mobile containers, barrels and container