Assessing the regeneration of native species on cleared pine plantations survey areas of pine plantations which were cleared in the last 10 years by establishing plots and recor

From that fact, with the consent of the Executive Board of the Advanced Program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the School Board, I conducted a research project: A

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGO DUC ANH

ASSESSING THE REGENERATION OF NATIVE SPECIES ON CLEARED PINE PLANTATIONS SURVEY AREAS OF PINE PLANTATIONS WHICH WERE CLEARED IN THE LAST 10 YEARS BY ESTABLISHING PLOTS AND RECORDING COVER AND DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES PRESENT

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : Advance Education Program

Batch : 2015 - 2019

Thai Nguyen, 2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student name Ngo Duc Anh

Student ID DTN1454120011

Thesis Title Assessing the regeneration of native species on cleared pine

plantations Survey areas of pine plantations which were cleared in the last 10 years by establishing plots and recording cover and density of plant species present

Supervisor (s) Dr Nguyen Van Hieu

no model of aggression Wildlings are found randomly scattered on all selected sites Both the resistance to invasion of the jungle can be related to dense ecosystems and vegetation (no disturbance), thus not providing an invasive window for P wildaster wildlings The random pines found in both forested areas may be due to Carnaby black parrots, which tend to transport and disperse

P pinaster seeds from plantations as part of their eating habits Considering the relationship of the fire history to the P pinaster invasion, the findings show that the burning locations have more pine trees than the non-burnt areas

Keywords Pinus pinaster, pine plantations, invasion pattern

Number of pages 51

Date of submission 20/11/2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In order to complete the training program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, graduation training is essential for every student The graduation practice is an environment for each student to assert their knowledge,

at the same time contact with production practices and help students have a scientific research method before graduation

From that fact, with the consent of the Executive Board of the Advanced Program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, the School Board, I conducted a research project: Assessing the regeneration of indigenous species on cleared pine plantations over the last 10 years by establishing plots and recording and density of plants At The Gnangara Mound, Western Australia Having achieved the results of this topic, I would like to express my sincere and profound gratitude to you that you have been dedicated to imparting knowledge throughout the learning process Especially the instructor, Dr Nguyen Van Hieu and TS Eddie van Etten has kindly guided and helped me complete this graduation thesis

Due to the limited level of experience and practical work, the lack of information and materials, this thesis does not avoid initiating shortcomings in both content and form Contribution of teachers to complete the thesis

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES 1

LIST OF TABLES 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Research Rationale 4

1.2 Research objectives 5

1.3 Research questions 6

1.4 Limitations 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Conception of restoration of native species in the forest 7

2.2 Achievements in recovery of native plants 7

2.2.1 Regeneration and recovery 7

2.2.2 Forest classification, native species 8

2.2.3 Classification of affected objects 9

2.2.4 Silvicultural practices applied to burnt forests 9

2.3 Research results on regeneration 10

2.3.1 Effect of some regenerating factors on native species 10

2.3.2 Regenerating native trees in tropical forests 11

2.4 Pine trees and native plants 12

2.4.1 Invasion of wild plants 12

2.4.2 Impact of wild plants 13

2.5 Factors affecting plant growth 14

2.5.1 Climate change 14

2.5.2 Characteristics of species development 15

2.5.3 Environmental factors 16

PART III METHODS 19

3.1 Object and scope of the study 19

3.1.1 Research object of the topic 19

3.1.2 Research scope 19

3.2 Research time 20

3.3 Research content 20

3.4 Research Methods 21

3.4.1 Geographic Information System (GIS) 21

3.4.2 Location 24

3.4.3 Sampling and data collection 24

PART IV RESULTS 28

4.1 Species richness 28

4.2 Composition and density of species 30

4.3 The difference of regeneration between regenerated vegetation 32

PART V CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 34

5.1 Discussion 34

5.1.1 Regeneration of plants 34

5.1.2 Fire in Gnangara Mound 34

5.2 Conclusion 35

REFERENCES 37

APPENDICES 39

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Number of native species plantations in Gnangara Mound 30

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FR Forest restoration

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature

UNDP The United Nations Development Programme

QPN-14-92 Rules of silvicultural technical solutions applied to tropical forests QPN -16-92 Code of forest restoration by livestock

SS

GIS

Standard site Geographic Information Systems

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale

Gnangara Mound is considered to be one of the largest plantations in Western Australia It is located north of the Perth metropolitan area on the Swan coastal plain and is an unrestricted groundwater system with an area of 2200 km2

(Stock et al., 2013) It includes various sand dune systems, which also act as

superficial aquifers that provide drinking water throughout Perth In general, Gnangara Mound consists of three different indigenous types: the vegetation surrounding pine plantations Banksia woodland (usually a blend of Banksia menziesii and B attothyata) can be found in the Bassendean sand dunes (up to 2 million years old), the Eucalyptus-Banksia forest in Spearwood dunes (~ 0.8 million years old) and Melaleuca vegetation found in low-lying areas of groundwater that reach near or above the surface in winter (commonly known as

wetlands) in pine plantations (Stock et al., 2013) Specifically, Spearwood

alcohol can be divided into two subsystems: the Karrakatta complex with limestone near the surface and the tuart (E gomphocephala), and the Cottlesloe complex with Jarrah (E marginata) - ERIC (Corymbia calophylla) - Banksia forest area Because P pinaster has the ability to regenerate outside of its plantation, it is likely to spread into the native vegetation mentioned above

In Western Australia, Western bush fires still occur every year, affecting many people's lives and the socio-economic development of the country

Over the past few years Western Australia has made an effort to restore natural forests after a fire, through many national key project programs, and the outstanding achievements of these programs and projects have increased forest

cover (from 28.2% in 1965, to 33.2% in 2010, and 39.5% in 2015) during these times, the increase in natural forest area by 1.2 million hectares was a major effort of the agricultural sector industry confirms the correctness of forest restoration solutions including solutions to recover fishing species in the forest after the forest is burned, zoning off to promote natural regeneration, etc

The effectiveness of post-forest tree restoration project programs in Western Australia is low The main cause of the above situation is the lack of synchronous solutions for forest restoration and development activities; we have not built a complete system of technical measures; highly effective technical procedures for forest regeneration and development activities in specific conditions; The group of suitable trees and forest development have not yet been determined in each specific condition Highly effective technological processes for forest restoration and development activities lack the necessary support to put the process into practice

Although there have been many studies conducted on different vegetation components in Gnangara Mound, there is still a lack of studies related to the regeneration of native species after wildfires Stemming from practical needs as above, I conducted research on the topic: Evaluation of regeneration of native species on pine plantations in The Gnangara Mound, Western Australia

1.2 Research objectives

Based on the current status of native plant species at Gnangara Mound Plantations, determine the resilience of post-fire tree species From there, propose scientific bases to help managers improve the resilience of tree species

1.3 Research questions

- What are the main characteristics of the plantation in Gnangara Mound?

- Which native species disappeared after wildfire in Gnangara Mound?

- What is the current status of the plantation in Gnangara Mound?

- Resilience of native species in Gnangara Mound?

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conception of restoration of native species in the forest

Forest restoration is one of the most important issues for tropical countries today, as forest cover falls below the eco-safe water and does not guarantee the country's sustainable development in the sense of conifer it is often the task of restoring forests on deforested areas but ecologically belonging to the forest is a process of re-creating an ecosystem of a population flora and of which Trees Wood is a major constituent that is a complex biophysical process consisting of many stages and ends with the appearance of a tree vegetation that begins to close dozens

Depending on the level of human impact, people divided into 3 solutions

to restore forests and regenerated indigenous trees: natural restoration, natural restoration (promotion, regeneration) and restoration Enter artificial Afforestation, natural regeneration is a term used by scientists to refer to the solution of forest restoration by the natural route, from which zoning is the solution of semi-natural and natural forest rehabilitation No-impact rearing is a natural recovery solution

semi-2.2 Achievements in recovery of native plants

2.2.1 Regeneration and recovery

Many studies have analyzed the causes of the regeneration and recovery

of native plants in the forest and divided them into two groups [7]:

- The group of ecological factors affecting the regeneration and restoration of indigenous plants without human intervention (Baur G.N, 1962; Anden.S, 1981)

- Group of ecological factors affecting the regeneration and restoration of

native plants with human intervention Forestryists such as Gorxenhin (1972, 1976); Beop (1982) has successfully built many methods of regenerating and restoring native plants; It is worth noting that some studies by Maslacop E.L (1981) on "rehabilitation of forests on exploitation areas"; Mekong I.C (1996)

"Influence of forest fire on forest restoration process", Pabedinxkion (1996) on

"research method of forest restoration process"; Myiawaki (1933), Yu et al.,

(1994), Goosem and Tucker (1995) un and Associates (1995), Kooyman (1996) also gave many approaches to recover the ecosystem of native plants In the tropical forests, the initial results of these studies have created structured forests and increased species diversity However, their limitations are not applicable in the regulation Wide scale of labor factors and resources during the research process

2.2.2 Forest classification, native species

There are currently two views on the classification of indigenous plants Highly agreed upon in the international scientific community

- Based on the current status of vegetation cover: typical for this viewpoint

is E.F Bruenig (1898) The author divides burnt forest ecosystems into 5 main categories and silvicultural technical measures to restore them are overexploited mixed forest stands, secondary forest stands in different areas Different stages of development, secondary clumps of trees, grasslands and other types of vegetation

on different types of soil

- Based on the characteristics of the impact of this point of view, it is clearly shown in the forest restoration guidelines of the international tropical timber organization (ITTO, 2002), whereby the forest is divided into three sub-types, namely forest degradation of primary forests, secondary forests and degraded forest land

2.2.3 Classification of affected objects

Classification of secondary forests as a basis for proposing solutions for forest rehabilitation and development is a practical and meaningful work according to IUCN (2011), Du Than Hieu (2001) to divide forest business types secondary should first consider the dominant tree species or some of the main purpose tree species and the site conditions then induct them into the corresponding business measures

2.2.4 Silvicultural practices applied to burnt forests

So far, silvicultural methods for natural forest restoration and development have two main forms:

- One is to maintain the structure of uneven natural forest by taking advantage of the existing natural vegetation cover and the advantages of natural conditions to carry out natural regeneration to promote natural regeneration or overlap, figs In addition, it is also possible to use selective cutting of each tree or groups of methods to improve populations and cut down nourishment to avoid natural forest to guide the structure of forest close to the structure of primary natural forest

- Second, leading the forest towards the age of one or several species of trees by the main method of transforming the nest into a natural forest to create forests of the same age with the same age of natural regeneration as the methods

of cutting down gradually; born under a tropical forest canopy; method of reforestation with white felling and reforestation with agriculture (Taungya)

On the order of handling silvicultural methods can also be divided:

- Silvicultural methods for improvement are immediate objectives as the method of assimilating the upper layer

- Silvicultural methods to create regeneration are the main goal, and improvement is only a part of regeneration methods such as the same age forest method, the method of tropical felling in Nijeria and Trinidat

- Silvicultural approaches to achieve both parallel objectives are to improve and promote regeneration where necessary and its general form is related to the form of the selected harvesting method

2.3 Research results on regeneration

2.3.1 Effect of some regenerating factors on native species

PW Richards (1952) remarked that in the tropical forest the distribution of the number of trees in the forest strata is very different in size, most of the superior trees in the upper layer of the primary forest are usually very few even absent In the lower layers or small diameter, in contrast to the monsoon forests such as Mora gongifi forest in Guana, Mora exelsa forest in Guana and Trinidat, Eusdezoxylon forest in Borneo have a full representation of sizes According

to the author of this distribution Because of the genetic characteristics of the plants expressed in their fertility and behavior during development periods, he thinks that in tropical rainforests there is fear of lack of an influence light Mainly for seedling development, and germination and early childhood development is often unknown

H Lamprecht (1989) Based on the light needs of trees during the process of life to divide tropical trees into light-demanding tree groups of semi-shade tolerant and shade tolerant tree groups in the composition of forest stands affecting the regeneration of native plants I.D Yurkevich (1960) demonstrated that the optimum bamboo residue for normal growth of most tree species is 0.6 to 0.7

The density of canopy directly influences the density and vitality of young trees in the study of the reciprocal relationship between seedlings and the receptor, VGKarpov (1969) showed the complex characteristics in the tree competition system for mineral nutrition of Indian Light soil and heterogeneity of reciprocal relationship between plants Depending on biological characteristics of age and ecological conditions of plant populations I.N.Nakhteenko (1973) suggested that the high coincidence of nutrient uptake between the two species could cause each other to inhibit growth and increase competition pressure between the two species

In the study of regeneration of indigenous trees, it was found that the grass and shrubs through the acquisition of Indian light and the mineral nutrient elements of the topsoil have adversely affected the regenerated seedlings of the species Trees in closed canopy areas with poor soil coverage and poor mineral nutrition so the grass and shrubs grow poorly, so its impact on regenerated timber trees is negligible in contrast to the sparse forest stands that have been exploited lawns have strong conditions under which they are a major obstacle to forest regeneration (Xannikov, 1967; Vipper, 1973)

2.3.2 Regenerating native trees in tropical forests

For tropical forests, the natural regeneration process has many differences Van Steenis (1956) stated two common regeneration characteristics: the continuous dispersal regeneration of shade-tolerant trees and the regeneration of photophilic species, which he called pioneering plants as temporary plants While the later plants are the ones that settle down or fix their position to regenerate the holes in the forest canopy such as the way to heal wounds in humans and the

temporary tree plays the role of white blood coagulates Mangenot referred to those plants as the species that heals the scar

Natural regeneration of forest vegetation after wildfire was studied by some authors Saldarriaga (1991) studied at 24 locations in tropical forests in Colombia and Venezuela commented that after removing the number of plants from the beginning to mature at maturity, the composition of mature trees depends on the ratio Primitive species that have survived from the beginning of the regeneration process vary depending on the frequency of cultivation and the area that results from the author Lambert et al (1989), Warner (1991), Rouw (1991) all show that the process of succession after forest fire is as follows: first, the land will be weeded the formation of small tree species populations creates conditions suitable for the growth of young seedlings Tien Phong trees die after 5

to 10 years and are gradually replaced by slow-growing forest trees estimated that it will take hundreds of years for the plantation land after fruits to change into the forest type close to the original form

Regeneration of native tree species in tropical forests has been an extremely complex problem at the high biodiversity route in the same plant community since the end of the twentieth century when forest resources were gradually exhausted biodiversity of forest ecosystems In general, regenerating vegetation after forest fires in particular

2.4 Pine trees and native plants

2.4.1 Invasion of wild plants

The biological invasion that includes species, such as plants and animals, creates a competitive advantage after the disappearance of limiting factors, both

biological and abiotic, to expand, allow it to disperse at a faster rate and

dominate novel areas (Valéry et al., 2008) Usually, the long-distance

introduction of non-native species into the scope of the novel is due to the direct

or indirect human activity Along with this, socioeconomic factors are often as significant as biological factors in introducing non-native species These trees have been introduced for a variety of purposes including reforestation, erosion control, timber planting, pharmaceutical production and aesthetics (Baker, 1974;

Richardson et al., 2015; New, 1984) Moreover, invasive species can be

accidentally used in the ship ballast, impure crop seeds, stick to domesticated

animals and escape the garden (Ruiz et al., 2000; Baker, 1986) Once these

species have formed in the environment, invasive species can spread from continued long-distance spread from foreign sources and from short-distance spread with lateral expansion of the population Established (Smith, Johnson & Shonkwiler, 1999; Davis & Thompson, 2000) Factors that regulate the distribution of invasive species include factors that affect the number of pillars,

dispersion regime and survival (Sakai et al., 2001)

2.4.2 Impact of wild plants

The serious economic impact of invasive species is obvious in that the estimated costs range from millions to billions of dollars annually (Pimentel, Lach, Zuniga & Morrison, 2000) In addition to economic impacts, species' biological invasions affect biodiversity around the world on many different scales (Hejda, Pyšek & Jarošik, 2009) Biodiversity has implications for ecosystem processes in ways that are not fully understood and are considered

worthy of protection (Schröter et al., 2005) As described by Simberloff et al

(2013), biological invasions are a widespread global change that challenges the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources Moreover, invasive species are considered to be the second most dangerous and endangered species after

habitat destruction (Wilcove et al., 1998) Invasive species also lead to serious

impacts on ecosystem processes that underpin human health such as access to livelihoods, health and security, and include changes in the provision of system

services ecological differences (Schröter et al., 2005; Mooney, 2005)

2.5 Factors affecting plant growth

2.5.1 Climate change

Nowadays, there is ample evidence that climate change is disturbing the geographical distribution of plants and animals across the globe by changing the resources of various ecosystem services such as reducing rainfall and temperature increase, increase the risk of forest fires and change the distribution

of species (Schröter et al., 2005; Parmesan & Yohe, 2003) Like through climate

change Both climate change and biological aggression are components of global change, in which they impose negative threats to ecosystems such as urgent

economic and social issues (Kriticos et al., 2003) Climate change and biological

invasion interact in a positive feedback loop in which climate change creates new habitats for these invasive species and species making ecosystems more

vulnerable to impacts The impact of climate change (Smith et al., 2012) As

these two components increasingly change terrestrial and underwater communities around the world, the loss of biodiversity and species extinction has emerged as a major crisis (Gurevitch & Padilla, 2004) This global change then makes a major impact on the ecosystem due to a minute of change in one component of the ecosystem thus changing others (Krebs, 2008)

2.5.2 Characteristics of species development

Baker (1965) identified a number of weed species traits and proposed that the species have many characteristics such as: (i) intermittent germination and large seed life, (ii) growth fast seedlings, (iii) produce seeds in a very wide range of environments, (iv) regenerate from severed plant parts, (v) sexual and asexual reproduction and, (vi) compete by special methods (phenotypic plasticity), which is more likely to be weed than species that do not have or only some of these features

Extensive analysis of floras has suggested that several types of plant growth and habitat characteristics could be used to predict the success of the invasion A study in the Czech Republic has shown that the success of species

invasion is related to plant height, form of life and competitiveness (Pyšek et al.,

1995) Another study was conducted through a retrospective analysis of the characteristics of introduced woody plants, with a high risk of invasion related to vegetative reproduction, lacking the handling requirements for germinated seeds, dichroic flowers Calculate and extend time on fruit (Reichard & Hamilton, 1997; Daehler, 1998) Selected strategies (using pioneering habits, short regeneration times, high fertility and high growth rates) and the ability to change between r- and K- strategies are common characteristics of successful invasive species (Kolar & Lodge, 2001) [20]

Identifying the specific features of invasive taxis in the context of habitat invasion is also important in determining the success of the invasion Failure to adapt to the new climate, disturbance, competition from native species and disease is often cited as the reason for the failure of invasions (Lodge, 1993; Newsome & Noble, 1986) A study by Crawley (1986) has determined that there are three (3) stages needed for successful introduction and aggression: (i)

introducing the species to a new habitat, (ii) initial invasion and successfully establish a species and, (iii) dispersal and secondary spread to new habitats There is a great potential for genetic changes that occur through drift or selection

in all these stages

2.5.3 Environmental factors

In addition to climate, species characteristics, disturbance and disease, environmental factors also reduce the abundance of invasive species A Marchetti study (1999) illustrated that although Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus)

is threatened by the dominance of an introduced bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), eliminating competing tilapia may never occurs due to fluctuating environmental conditions Davis & Thompson (2000) proposed a classification scheme for colonial terminology based entirely on ecological and geographical concepts The scheme is divided into three (3) special aspects of the species: dispersion distance (short or long), novelty and impact in the new environment

2.5.3.1 Dispersion distance

The dispersion mechanism, defined as the one-way movement of offspring from the mother plant, is a common phenomenon occurring in most organisms (Nathan, 2006; Augspurger, 1984) Natural organisms such as plants have a passive dispersion mode in which particles or other diaspores are transported away from the parent plant by vectors such as wind, water and animals (Ridley, 1930) Species dispersed from neighboring environments are considered short distances (diffuse dispersion) and the movement between distant environments is often separated by a geographical barrier considered to be long distance dispersion (scattering salt) It is hoped that short distance dispersion is more

common than long distance dispersion unless it is facilitated by humans (Davis & Thompson, 2000) A study conducted by Augspurger (1984) found that dispersion is the advantage of nine (9) tropical plants Moreover, the results of the study support the colonial hypothesis in which dispersion increases the probability of some submerged soil or microsites, which enhances seedling formation and survival

groundwater (Mata-González, Martin, McLendon, Trlica & Pearce, 2011) [17]

2.5.3.3 Fire

The reaction of a plant to fire is based on both fire properties such as (i) fire behavioral properties (i.e fire intensity, propagation rate, flame length, etc.), (ii) fire effect immediate (e.g fuel consumption, model heating, total heat release, etc.) and, (iii) fire mode attributes (e.g fire type, frequency, severity, seasonality, etc.) and characteristics of plants for survival and establishment (eg setting up from a seed bank, seed dispersal immediately after burning) Although fire behavior characteristics are often measured and recorded on forest fires, they are not as clearly related to aggression as immediate fire effects and fire mode

attributes Spatial characteristics (size of fire, distribution of unburnt and burnt plaques, and spatial modeling of the severity of fire) often affect the potential base from unburnt areas While eliminating fire, the severity and frequency affect the existence of invasive plant populations and their ability to spread in burned

areas (Zouhar et al., 2008) [14]

PART III METHODS 3.1 Object and scope of the study

3.1.1 Research object of the topic

Study on regeneration of native plants at Gnangara Mound pine plantation

3.1.2 Research scope

Gnangara Mound Pine Plantation

Maps showing year of clearing (with yellow being uncleared as of 2015)

Figure 3.1 Maps showing year of clearing

3.2 Research time

- Time: March 15 - June 15, 2019

3.3 Research content

- Abundance in species

- Fire history related to regeneration

- Composition and density of species

3.4 Research Methods

3.4.1 Geographic Information System (GIS)

- Methods of collecting secondary data on existing information on pine plantations from the Forest Products Commission, Western Australia Land Information Authority (Landgate) (http://firewatch-pro.landgate.wa.gov.au), including:

+ A GIS map layer records the history of establishment and fire of some locations + Range of different sand dune systems

+ Recent aerial imagery from ESRI with GIS

+ Data on the history of fire in Gnangara Mound (jungle lands, wetlands and pine forests)

- Processing secondary data by GIS:

To identify the edges of a pine plantation and classify it based on the land adjacent to it From there determine the length of each side to classify, its distance to adjacent land and fire history Additional data layers have also been created for wetlands located in pine plantations along with area, perimeter and fire history

To create map layers, we need:

Step 1: Download the satellite image from Earth Explorer (ESRI)

Step 2: Analyze satellite images

- Import and merge photo bands in ArcGIS

- Cut photos according to research boundaries

- Building map data layers

- Convert Raster data to vector

- Calculate the area of the type of coating

With the acquired map data layers, the researcher proceeds to separate the layers to get small elements Which focuses on:

- Plant cover

Using the Open Attribute table tool, from the Data Layer properties panel window, select Option / Add field to create a new attribute data field, Fload format To calculate the area automatically for the data layer, right-click the newly created data field and select Calculator Geometry