A study of metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in truyen kieu by nguyen du and the english translational version by michael counsell from the cognitive perspective

UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẰNG A Study of Metonymical Expressions Relating to Human Body Parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du And the English Translation.

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẰNG

A Study of Metonymical Expressions Relating to Human Body Parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du And the English Translational Version by Michael

Counsell from the Cognitive Perspective

MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Da Nang, 2022

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẰNG

A Study of Metonymical Expressions Relating to Human Body Parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du And the English Translational Version by Michael

Counsell from the Cognitive Perspective

Major: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01

MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc Prof Dr PHAN VĂN HOÀ

Da Nang, 2022

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains nomaterial published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which

I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in thethesis

This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma inany other tertiary institution

Da Nang, June 2022

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẰNG

In the process of doing the graduation paper, I have received a lot of help,assistance, guidance and encouragement from my teachers, family and friends First, we would like to convey my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Assoc.Prof Dr Phan Van Hoa, whose encouragement, guidance and support in order tohelp me complete my graduation paper Without his valuable recommendations, Icould not finish this study

Moreover, I am also like to thank all teachers at University of ForeignLanguage Studies- The University of Da Nang Without their help andencouragement, I would not have accomplished my thesis

Finally, I would like to thank my friends in class K39.NNA.DN for aninvaluable source of mental support during the time I conduct my study

This study aims to examine the metonymical expressions relating to humanbody parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du and the English translational version byMichael Counsell from the cognitive perspective Moreover, this thesis was carriedout to investigate the commonly translation procedures used to convey the contentand meaning of metonymical expressions in Truyen Kieu from Vietnamese intoEnglish 93 samples related to these metonymical expressions relating to humanbody parts in Vietnamese and their equivalents in the translational version werecollected from the book to support the investigation Both qualitative andquantitative approaches were applied in order to help the researcher achieve theaims and objectives proposed Furthermore, after studying the finding of the thesis,

it was discovered that the translator employed many different procedures oftranslating suggested by Peter Newmark to translate these metonymical expressionsrelating to human body parts from Vietnamese into English Finally, I hope that theresults of the study could provide teachers and learners of English and Vietnamesewith a better understanding of translation procedures from Vietnamese into English

in terms of metonymical expressions relating to human body parts and give somesuggestions for further research and implications for language teaching and learning

as well

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Statement of authorship i

Acknowledgements ii

Abstract iii

Table of contents iv

Aist of tables ixix

List of figures x

List of image xi

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1.RATIONALE 1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2

1.2.1 Aims 2

1.2.2 Objectives 3

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 3

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 4

CHAPTER TWO 5

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5

2.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES 5

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 7

2.2.1 Definition of Metonymy 7

2.2.2 Conceptual metonymy 9

2.2.3 Classification of Metonymy 11

2.2.4 Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics 12

2.2.5 Metonymy versus Other Ways of Meaning Transference 13

2.2.5.1 Metonymy versus Metaphor 13

2.2.5.2 Metonymy versus Synecdoche 15

2.3 THEORY OF TRANSLATION 16

2.3.1 Definitions of translation 16

2.3.2 Translation methods 17

2.3.3 Translation equivalence 18

2.3.4 Literary translation 19

2.3.5 Translation procedures 19

2.4 PROFILES OF NGUYEN DU WITH TRUYEN KIEU AND TRANSLATOR MICHAEL COUNSEL 22

2.4.1 Nguyen Du’s Life and Career 22

2.4.2 A brief review of Truyen Kieu 23

2.4.3 Michael Counsell’s Life and Career 24

CHAPTER THREE 25

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 25

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 25

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25

3.2.1 Sampling 25

3.3 DATA COLLECTION 26

3.3.1 Instruments 26

3.3.2 Research Procedures 26

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 27

3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 27

3.5.1 Reliability 27

3.5.2 Validity 28

3.6 SUMMARY 28

CHAPTER FOUR 29

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 29

4.1 THE METONYMICAL EXPRESSIONS RELATING TO HUMAN BODY PARTS IN NGUYEN DU’S TRUYEN KIEU 31

4.1.1 The metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Nguyen Du’s Truỵen Kieu realized in terms of linguistic features from cognitive

perspective 31

4.1.2 Summary 43

4.2 HOW ARE THE METONYMICAL EXPRESSIONS RELATING TO HUMAN BODY PARTS IN TRUYEN KIEU BY NGUYEN DU TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY MICHAEL COUNSELL? 44

4.2.1 The Vietnamese metonymical expressions relating to human body parts are translated into English metonymical expressions 44

4.2.1.1 The metonymical expressions in the case of body part used to refer to a related concept 44

4.2.1.2 The metonymical expressions in the case of a part of someone used for the whole 47

4.2.1.3 Frequency of procedures for translating Vietnamese metonymical expressions into English metonymical expressions 48

4.2.1.4 Summary 49

4.2.2 The remaining Vietnamese metonymical expressions and their English equivalents through translation methods 50

4.2.2.1 The Vietnamese metonymical expressions are translated into English through Metaphor 51

4.2.2.2 The translation methods used to translate 79 remaining metonymical expressions in Nguyen Du’s Truyen Kieu into English 52

4.2.2.3 Frequency of other translation methods 72

4.2.2.4 Summary 73

CHAPTER FIVE 75

CONCLUSION 75

5.1 CONCLUSION 75

5.2 IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY 79

5.2.1 Implication for Language Teaching and Learning 79

5.2.2 Implications for Translating 80

5.3 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 81

5.4 SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 81

REFERENCES 1

LIST OF TABLES Number of tables Name of tables Pag

e

Table 4

The total number of times the words referring tohuman body parts appear in Truyen Kieu and thenumber of times the metonymical expressionsrelating to the human body parts

30

LIST OF FIGURES Number of Figures Name of Figures Page

Figure 2.1 Conceptual mapping of Metonymy (Ruiz de

Mendoza, 1997)

10

Figure 2.2 Conceptual mapping of Metaphor (Phan Van

Hoa & Ho Trinh Quynh Thu (2018)

11

LIST OF IMAGE Number of Image Name of Image Page

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE

Nowadays, as the whole globe is coming together based on informationsharing and communicative advances, it is natural that there has been a constantdemand and an unprecedented need for translation of ideas from one language toanother Therefore, Through language, literature is an enormous treasure of anation Literature plays a requisite part in language as well as in life and it helpshumans to recognize see the world in multi-levels of our emotions, especially theemotion that grows from the language in use One of the elements makes thelanguage in literature more lively, imaginable and expressive is rhetorical figure –art of using language effectively and persuasively The more they are used, the moreflexible and diverse the language will be The power they bring is not merely in thewords but the meaning they convey Therefore, rhetorical figures are considered theessential and indispensable phenomenon in literary work

Nguyen Du is a great poet of Vietnam and also an influential poet of worldliterature He is famous for Truyen Kieu - a masterpiece of all eras - one of the mostbeautiful and it has been well-known all over the world for its plot, episodes andoriginal expressions and it comes as no surprise that it has been translated intodifferent languages such as English, German, Chinese, Japanese, Polish and so on

In his work, there is a large of rhetorical styles that were used to describe characters,landscapes or behaviour These words and expressions are so lively and have a greatexpressive value Nguyen Du was very talented when using stylistic devicesperfectly to relate an insight to the reader Metonymy is one of the stylistic deviceswhich is skillfully used through “ Truyen Kieu” and it becomes a powerful tool tointensify the ideas, aspirations and intentions of the author Metonymy in thismasterpiece helps readers to perceive the depth of the meaning and the thickness ofliterary form Metonymy has a lot of uses in language, it does not only create ornate

and flowery words, but also brings the word’s meaning and thanks to that,metonymy contributes to diversity of literature

Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism, meaning itgives more profound meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects Textsexhibit deeper or hidden meanings, thus drawing readers‟ attention Furthermore,like other literary elements, metonymy is employed to add a poetic color to words tomake them come to life Although much has been written and many claims havebeen made about metonymy in Kieu and translational version by Michal Counsell

So far, there are not many research has been done metonymy relating to human

body parts in Kieu story That is the reason why I carry out this thesis: " A study of

metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du and the English translational version by Michael Counsell from the cognitive perspective” with the hope that it will contribute a thorough look at

images that the author used with different purposes, simultaneously, it helpsreaders, writers, teachers and students have deeper understanding about art used thiswork

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Aims

This study is aimed to research the functions of metonymical expressionsrelating to human body parts and how it is used popularly in Truyen Kieu.Furthermore, these expressions will be compared and contrasted to see thesimilarities and differences of metonymical expressions relating to human bodyparts used in both languages

By contrasting the two versions analyzed in the metonymical expressionsrelating to human body parts are a translation in this study, the researcher wouldprovide both English and Vietnamese readers and learners with deeper and newerexplorations of language use in Truyen Kieu Furthermore, by the finding of thisstudy, we can avoid some mistakes when we translate the work into English In

addition, translators and teachers of English can get some benefits in masteringlanguage skills such as translating the expressions of metonymy relating to humanbody parts from Vietnamese into English.

1.2.2 Objectives

To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher tries to reach the followingobjectives intended like finding out the linguistic features of metonymicalexpressions relating to human body parts realized in terms of linguistic featuresfrom cognitive perspective Moreover, to compare and contrast metonymicalexpressions relating to human body parts in English and Vietnamese in Truyen Kieuthrough translation methods

2 How are the metonymical expressions relating to human body parts inTruyen Kieu by Nguyen Du translated into English by Michael Counsell?

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

There are many versions of Truyen Kieu in both original version and itsEnglish version for analysis However, this study focuses on the book Truyen Kieu -bilingual Vietnamese – English, translated by Michael Counsell (2017) the analysis

of the metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu andtheir equivalents in English version based on the theory of translation of PeterNewmark

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in TruyenKieu by Nguyen Du and the English translational version by Michael Counsell fromthe cognitive perspective is significance in some aspects Firstly, the study willprovide valuable information and a better understanding of metonymy used throughhuman body parts in a great literature work in poetry as Truyen Kieu, from whichthe enjoyment for this masterpiece will be deeper and greater by the scientificsupplementation Secondly, the thesis will clarify the ways of translatingmetonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen KieufromVietnamese to English; this will open the potentials for better translation tothose who are concerned Thirdly, the study will make somehow contribution to thelinguistic evaluation of Truyen Kieu in terms of using metonymy as one of thenecessary stylistic devices by Nguyen Du and the successful degree of the translator

in the process of translating metonymic expressions relating to human body partsfrom Vietnamese to English

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The thesis is organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background

Chapter 3: Methods and Procedure

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implication

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES

With literature’s long history, rhetorical figures play an important role andthey are almost indispensible factors in literature Metonymy is one of the rhetoricalfigures and it has been carried out in a large number of researches with differenttheories and views of metonymy by many researchers in Vietnam and all over theworld

Sometimes, it is so ambiguous for us to distinguish between metonymy andmetaphor in some cases, so let take a look at the comparisons of some authorsbetween metonymy and metaphor The famous linguist Jakobson (1956) has pointedout that the basic difference between metaphor and metonymy is that metaphor isbased on similarity or comparison while metonymy is on contiguity However, thedividing line between metaphor and metonymy is by no mean clear cut, with someresearchers (Dirven, 2003) arguing that literal language, metonymy and metaphorare best viewed as sitting along a continuum ranging from literal language through

to metaphor, with metonymy sitting in the middle There is by no means aconsensus regarding the nature of the difference between metaphor and metonymy.Lakoff & Turner (1989, p.103) have pointed out some distinguishing features that inmetaphor there are two conceptual domains, while metonymy involves only oneconceptual domain Besides, Roman Jakobson (1971) was convinced that themetaphoric and the metonymic are the two fundamental poles or manifestations ofhuman behaviour, as he called it Renate Bartsch (1998) showed why metaphor andmetonymy are, on the one hand, two distinct types of generating new meanings forexisting expressions, and why, on the other hand, there are many cases which caneither be viewed as metaphor or as metonymy, without the one way ofunderstanding excluding the other Rene Dirven's (1993) pointed out the result afterhis long time research that whereas metonymy can be either literal, non-literal, or

figurative, metaphor can only be figurative Furthermore, Beatrice Warren's (1999)contribution "An alternative account of referential metonymy and metaphor"concentrates most deliberately on the comparison and contrast between the twoprocesses In fact, she sums up and analyses all the main commonalities anddifferences between metaphor and metonymy Another approach to metonymy,advocated by Peirsaman and Geeraerts (2006), involves the notion of similarityversus contiguity, which constitutes the second way in which metaphor andmetonymy are thought to differ Whereas metaphor involves similarity, metonymyinvolves contiguity Metaphor was the cognitive mechanism whereby oneexperiential domain (Langker, 1987) was partially mapped onto a differentexperiential domain, the second domain being partially understood in term of thefirst one Metonymy is a cognitive mechanism whereby one experiential domain ispartially understood in terms of another experiential domain included in the samecommon experiential domain

The domain that is mapped is called the source or donor domain and thedomain onto which it is mapped, is called the target or recipient domain Bothdomains have to belong to different superordinate domains This is basically thecognitive concept of metaphor profounded by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson andMark Turner (Johnson 1987, Lakoff & Johnson 1980, Lakoff 1987, 1990,1993,Lakoff & Turner 1989, Turner 1987,1991) as well as by Gibbs (1994), Sweetser(1991) and by other cognitive linguists that have been investigating the field for thepast fifteen years Whereas, metonymy is considered that it has not received asmuch attention as metaphor in cognitive linguistics, although it is probably evenmore basic than metaphor in language and cognition Metonymy is a cognitivemechanism whereby one experiential domain is partially understood in terms ofanother experiential domain included in the same common experiential domain

In the researches of Vietnamese works, Nguyen Quang Tuan (1994) discussedthe words used in Kieu, Dinh Trong Lac and Nguyen Thai Hoa (2006) with “Phongcách học Tiếng Việt” focused on rhetorical devices and art language Cu Dinh Tu

(1994) shows the definition, the classification and functions of kinds of linguisticdevices with “Phong cách học và đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt” and comments onwords and phrases used in Truyen Kieu are given and discussed in “Tìm hiểu từ ngữTruyện Kiều” by Le Xuan Lit (2001).

Moreover, Truyen Kieu has captured an existing position in the heart ofreaders due to cognitive linguistics, it is not surprising that the majority of studiesthat attempt to discover the rhetorical methods of this masterpiece such as: Le XuanLit (2007) considers and gave comments on words and phrases used in variousversions of Truyen Kieu Đao Duy Anh (1974) explored and systematized most ofthe words, expressions, phrases, idioms and proverbs used in Truyen Kieu TranDinh Su (2007) criticized literary stylistics of Truyen Kieu in the book “Thi PhápTruyện Kiều” Tra Thi Thuy Dung (2015) investigated into loss and gain inmeaning of classic reference in Truyen Kieu and its English translational version.Pham Thi Ngoc Men (2010) investigated the syntactic, semantic features andstylistic means of euphemisms in Truyen Kieu and their equivalents in the Englishversions

As mentioned above, there is no evidence that any research on themetonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen

Du and English translational version by Michael Counsell from cognitiveperspective In short, metonymy is one of some stylistic devices that is worth to beconsidered in Kieu story of Nguyen Du Especially, making a comparison of themetonymy relating to human body parts expressions between Vietnamese andEnglish equivalents of this study

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.2.1 Definition of Metonymy

Depending on each person’s opinion and conception, metonymy isacknowledged under different angles and it is multi-coloured and alluring

Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech andwriting

In Cognitive Linguistics metonymy has generally been described as one form

of what Lakoff (1987) calls an idealised cognitive model (or ICM) An ICM is anorganised conceptual structure i.e a knowledge domain which results from theactivity of a structuring principle

Kovecses & Radden (1998, p.39) provided the definition of metonymy thatmetonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle,provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the samedomain or ICM The writers give the definition without mention of the referentialuse of metonymy

John Robert Taylor (1989) defines metonymy as a figure of speech wherebythe name of one entity e1 is used to refer to another entity e2, which is contiguous

to e1 This process of transferred reference is possible in virtue of what Nunberg(1978) calls a 'referring function.' There is a referring function which permits thename of a container to refer to the contents of the container, a referring functionpermits the name of a producer to refer to the product, a subcategory of metonymy

is synecdoche; here, reference to the whole is made by reference to a salient part.Alternatively, the name of an institution may stand for an influential person orgroup of influential persons who work in the institution Metonymy also permits thename of a token to refer to the type

Jeannette Littlemore (2015) defined that metonymy is a cognitive andlinguistic process through which we use one thing to refer to another For example,

we might use the word’ Shakespeare’ to refer to plays and poetry by Shakespeare

In these examples, a place and a person are used to refer to things that are stronglyrelated to that particular place and that particular person Metonymy often involvesusing a simple or concrete concept to refer to something that is more complex ormore abstract, or even sensitive, so in American history the term’9/11’ and ‘Pearl

Habour’ are used to refer to the events that took place on that ate and that placerespectively.

In Vietnamese, some researchers have investigated metonymy According to,Dinh Trong Lac (1994), he gave the definition of metonymy in “99 phương tiện vàbiện pháp tu từ định nghĩa”: “Metonymy is the second entity that bases on the actualrelationship between identified entity and entity whose name is transferred to theidentified entity.” (“Hoán dụ là định danh thứ hai dựa trên mối liên hệ hiện thựcgiữa khách thể được định danh với khách thể có tên gọi được chuyển sang dùng chokhách thể được định danh”)

Nguyen Thai Hoa (1995) in “Phong cách học Tiếng Việt” defined: “Metonymy is the style of switching meaning by using a typical characteristic orfeature of an object to name that object.” (“Hoán dụ là phương thức chuyển nghĩabằng cách dùng một đặc điểm hay một nét tiêu biểu nào đó của một đối tượng đểgọi tên chính đối tượng đó”)

Đo Huu Chu (1996) discussed in “Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa Tiếng Việt” that: “Metonymy is the style of using the name A of object X to call Y if X and Y are inthe same category in real life.” (“Hoán dụ là phương thức lấy tên gọi A của X để gọi

Y nếu X và Y đi đôi với nhau trong thực tế”)

From those definitions of metonymy above, this is fairly illuminating to mystudy of metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu

2.2.2 Conceptual metonymy

Conceptual metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category,the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, withinthe same cognitive domain or idealized cognitive model

Lakoff & Turner (1989, p.103) pointed out that conceptual metonymy differsfrom conceptual metaphors In the fact that conceptual metaphor involves amapping across different conceptual/cognitive domains while conceptual metonymy

is also seen as a conceptual mapping which involves only one conceptual domainwhich could be presented in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Conceptual mapping of Metonymy (Ruiz de Mendoza, 1997)

In order to avoid confusion between conceptual metonymy and conceptualmetaphor, the theory and diagram about conceptual metaphor below are alsoprovided for clarification

Lakoff & Johnson (1980), the conceptual metaphor theory argues thatmetaphor operates at the level of thinking The essence of a conceptual metaphor isthe understanding of a concept in terms of another through cross-domain mappings,the principal mechanism of meaning transfers in metaphor These mappings areunderstood as the projections of basic knowledge elements from a source to a targetthrough the structure TARGET DOMAIN IS/ AS SOURCE DOMAIN Mapping issystematic, practical and unidirectional, laid from the source to the target and could

be schematically presented in Figure 2.2

Cognitive category (B)

Cognitive category (A)

Target category Source

category

Figure 2.2 Conceptual mapping of Metaphor (Phan Van Hoa & Ho Trinh Quynh

Thu (2018)

2.2.3 Classification of Metonymy

According to Nunberg (1978), the process of transferred reference is possible

in virtue called a ‘referring function’ and there are some major cases of metonymy”

- Containment: When one thing contain another, it can frequently be used

metonymically, as when ‘dish’ is used to refer not to a plate but to the food itcontains, or as when the name of a building is used to refer to the entity it contains,

as when’ the White House’ or ‘the Pentagon’ are used to refer to the U.S.presidential staff or the military leadership, respectively

- A physical item, place, or body part used to refer to a related concept,

such as’ the bench’ for the judicial profession, ‘stomach’ or ‘ belly’ for appetite orhunger, ‘mouth’ for speech, various terms for the genitalia for sexual desire orsatisfaction of said desire, being ‘in diapers’ for infancy, ‘palate’ for taste, ‘thealtar’ or ‘the aisle’ for marriage, ‘hand’ for someone’s responsibility for something

- Tools/instruments used to signify the job it does or the person who does

the job

- Product for process: This is a type of metonymy where the product of the

activity stands for the activity itself

Target Domain Domain

MAPPING (Conceptual metaphor)

Linguistic

expressions

ns

Metaphorical expressions

- A part of something/someone is often used for the whole or the whole of

something/someone is used for a part.

- A country's capital or some location within the city is frequently used as a metonym for the country's government, other important places are commonly

used to refer to the industries that are located there

2.2.4 Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics

Cognitive linguistics has dealt in depth with conceptual metaphor more thantwo decades, but has only recently started to pay attention to conceptual metonymy.Metonymy, like metaphor and other tropes, is not just a figure of speech, butreflects an important part of the ay people ordinarily conceptualize of themselves,events and the everyday world

According to Lakoff, the cognitive organization underlying metonymy has thefollowing characteristics:

 There is a ‘target’ concept A to be understand foe some purpose in somecontext

 There is a conceptual structure containing both A and another concept B

 B is the either part of A or closely associated with it in that conceptualstructure Typically, a choice of B will uniquely determine A, within that conceptualstructure

 Compared to AB is either easier to understand, easier to remember, easier

to recognize or more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given context

 A metonymic model is a model of how A and B are related in a conceptualstructure, the relationship is specified by a function from B to A

 When such a conventional metonymic modal exists as part of a conceptualsystem, it is claimed, B may be used to stand, metonymically, for A

 Mappings within metonymic models are grounded in direct physical orcausal associations of objects in human experience

Langacker describes the concept as a semantic structure symbolize by a word(Croft, 2003, p.165) Each concept can be divided into a profile and a base Forexample, a concept [ARC] has as its profile a ‘curved line segment’ and for its base

‘a circle’ The concept [CIRCLE] on its own turn has a base ‘shape’ and [SHAPE]

is profiled on the base of ‘space’ So, the base of a concept is the knowledge which

is presupposed in the conceptualization of the profile The base is also called thedomain The notion of domain is based on Langaker’s concept of domain as:

“… any sort of conceptualization: a perceptual experience, a concept, aconceptual concept, an elaborate knowledge system, etc…” [25, p.3]

The main principle that many cognitive linguists support is that metaphoricmapping occurs between two domains, whereas metonymic mapping occurs withinone conceptual domain (Lakoff and Johnon) or within one domain matrix

2.2.5 Metonymy versus Other Ways of Meaning Transference

2.2.5.1 Metonymy versus Metaphor

Metonymy and metaphor are both figures of speech where one word may beused in place of another However, especially in cognitive science and linguistics,the two figures of speech work very differently Roman Kakobson argued that theyrepresent two fundamentally different ways of processing language, he noted thatdifferent forms of aphasia affected the ability to interpret the two figures differently.Metonymy works by the contiguity between two concepts, whereas metaphorworks by the similarity between them When people use metonymy, they do nottypically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do withmetaphor: there is nothing press-like about reporters or crown-like about a monarch,but ‘the press’ and ‘the crown’ are both common metonyms

In cognitive linguistics, metaphor has been studied as a conventionalconceptual mapping from one conceptual domain (called the source) to anotherconceptual domain (called the target) The source usually allows us to understand

and reason about the target in terms of some of the relevant aspects of its conceptualstructure Metonymy is a mapping within a single schema, connecting one element

of a schema to another within the same schema In metonymy, we do not try tounderstand the target by using features or characteristics of the source, as inmetaphor We use the non-literal language to find or identify what is really beingtalked about

Galperin (2006:27-28) assumes metonymy and metaphor differ in the waythey are deciphered In the process of disclosing the meaning implied in a metaphor,one image excludes the other, that is the metaphor lamp in the ‘The sky lamp of thenight’ when deciphered, means that moon There is a definite interplay of meanings,

we perceive only one object, the moon This is not the case with metonymy.Metonymy, while presenting one object to our mind does not exclude the other.Metonymic expressions are mainly noun phrases, while metaphor can benouns, verbs or adjectives Metonyms are most often also single words, whilemetaphor consist of words, sentences or whole discourse The explanation for this isthat metonymic expressions only have one way of connecting to a primary sense,since the secondary sense is a part of, of in reaction to, the basic one Metaphor can

in fact have many different connections to their primary sense

Sometimes, metaphor and metonymy can both be at work in the same figure ofspeech, or one could interpret a phrase metaphorically or metonymically

It is difficult to say which of the above analyses most closely represents thatway a listener interprets the expressions and it is possible that the phrase is analyzed

in different ways by different listeners or even by one and the same listener atdifferent times Regardless, all three analyses yield the same interpretation Thus,metaphor and metonymy, though quite different in their mechanism, can worktogether seamlessly

2.2.5.2 Metonymy versus Synecdoche

Metonymy and Synecdoche are similar figures of speech are similar figures ofspeech used in rhetoric Some theorists identify synecdoche as a separate trope,where a specific part of something is taken of refer to the whole is usuallyunderstood as a specific kind of metonymy Sometimes, others make an absolutedistinction between a metonymy and a synecdoche, treating metonymy as differencefrom rather than inclusive of synecdoche

Synecdoche is used when people speak of a part of something but mean thewhole thing When Patrick O’Brian has Captain Jack Aubrey tell his first lieutenant

to ‘let the hands go to dinner’ he’s employing synecdoche, because he’s using a partfor the whole man We can also mean part of it This often comes up in sport: acommentator might say that ‘The West Indies has lost to England’ when he manesthat the West Indian team has lost to the English one American is often used assynecdoche in this second sense, as the word refers to the whole continent but isfrequently applied to a part of it, The United States of America

Metonymy is similar, but uses something more generally or loosely associatedwith a concept for it When Americans speak of the Oval Office, for example, theyare really referring to the activity within it, the position or function of the President.It’s a linked term and so a metonymy British writers refer similarly to the Crown,when they are really discussing the powers, authority and responsibilities of themonarchy, which is symbolized by the crown

The difference between synecdoche and metonymy is that in metonymy theword you employ is linked to the concept you are really talking about, but is notactually a part of it Another example it the turf for horse racing But the distinction

is not always obvious and often cannot be rigorously applied and many people usemetonymy to mean both

2.3 THEORY OF TRANSLATION

2.3.1 Definitions of translation

Translation is understood as the transfer of meaning from the source language(SL) t the target language (TL) However, there are many different definitions oftranslation exposed by not only many linguists but also translators worldwide

In terms of the definition of translation, John Cunnison "Ian" Catford (1965)defined in the book’ A Linguistic Theory of Translation’ that it is the replacement

of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material

in another language (target language)

Meanwhile, Dr.Dubois et al (1973) atate in ‘Dictionaries de linguistics’ thattranslation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what hasbeen expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylisticequivalences’

Nevertheless, the research based on translation theory of Peter Newmark foranalyzing the translation of metonymic expressions from Vietnamese into English

in this thesis

Particularly, Newmark (1988) believed that ‘Translation is a craft consisting inthe attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by the samemessage or statement in another language’

In conclusion, translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of givenlinguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another The language to betranslated is called the source language (SL), whereas the language to be translatedinto called target language (TL) To have a good translation, the translator needs tohave good knowledge of both the source and the target language Moreover, thetranslated version should keep the writer’s intention, original thoughts and opinions

as precisely and faithfully as possible

2.3.2 Translation methods

There has been a variety of translation methods were mentioned by bothlinguists and translation scholars in the world However, the author considers thepoint of view of Peter Newmark (1982) as a guideline He released eight methodsthat a translator can apply to handle the problem in translating from the SL to the

TL

Word-for-word translation: This is the method of translating in which the

word order of the SL is retained Besides, the words are translated singly by theirmost common meanings, out of context In additions, cultural words are translatedliterally

Literal translation: This method renders from the SL grammatical

constructions to the nearest TL equivalents Nevertheless, the lexical words areagain translated singly, out of context

Faithfull translation: This kind is employed to reproduce the precise

contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammaticalstructures Moreover, it transfers cultural words and preserves the degreegrammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ in the translation

Semantic translation: Unlike’ faithful translation’, this method must take

more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text What’s more, ‘faithful’ differsfrom ‘semantic’ is that the first uncompromising and dogmatic, meanwhile thesecond is more flexible and enable the translator’s intuitive empathy with theoriginal

Adaptation: It is believed that this category is the ’freest’ form of

translation This method id used mainly for plays and poetry While the themes,characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture

Free translation: This purpose of this type is to reproduce the matter

without the manner or the content without the form of the original It is usually aparaphrase much longer than the original, a so-called ‘intralingual translation’ oftenprolix and pretentious and not translation at all

Idiomatic translation: This method is used to reproduce the ‘message’ of

the original However, it tends to change nuances of meaning by preferringcolloquialisms and idioms not existing in the original

Communicative translation: The aim of this translation method is to

convert the exact contextual meaning of the original which are readily acceptableand comprehensible to the readership

2.3.3 Translation equivalence

Peter Newmark (1988) gave his point of view in ‘Textbook of Translation’:

‘translation equivalence is an unwritten rule about translation which people knowand which influences the form of translating exchange’ Translation equivalencewill not be achieved word for word, collocation for collocation, clause for clause,sentence for sentence, but possibly only paragraph for paragraph, or, rarely, text fortext For this reason, translation equivalence, like the term ‘unit for translation’,sometimes a useful operational concept, but it can be only roughly andapproximately indicated for a stretch of language

In fact, translation equivalence occurs when a SL and a TL text or item arerelatable to the same features of substance The greater the number of situationalfeatures common to the contextual meaning of both SL and TL text, the ‘better’ thetranslation is

Catford (1965) also divided translation equivalence into four different types:

Linguistic equivalence: is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both

source language and target language texts, ex Word-for-word translation

Paradigmatic equivalence: refers to implicate and strategies of avoidance

during the translation process, i.e elements of grammar, which he sees as being ahigher category than lexical equivalent

Stylistic equivalence: is functional equivalence of elements in both original

and translation aiming at an expressive identifying with an invariant of identicalmeaning

Textual equivalence: refers to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL

text in terms of thematic and information structure She also adds the discussion inthis section about cohesion, i.e equivalence of form and shape

2.3.4 Literary translation

Literary translation consists of the translation of poetry, plays, literary books,literary texts, as well as songs, rhymes, literary articles, fiction novels, novels, shortstories, poems, etc

Translation of literature id fundamentally different from other categoriesbecause the main principle of literary translation is the dominance of poeticcommunicative function It means that along with rendering information to thereader, literary translation also has aesthetic functions The artistic image created inthe particular literary work will certainly affect to the reader

Therefore, the literary translator should take into account specific features ofthe text It is the poetic focus of the text that makes this type of translation differentfrom texts of an informative type When reading any literary work translated from a

SL to a TL, we perceive the text itself with its meaning, emotions and characters It

is quite a challenging task to achieve the main goal of the translation, that is thecreation of a particular image for the reader As a result, literary translation mightinvolve some deviations from the standard rules A literal translation cannot reflectthe depth and meaning of the literary work A literary translator reproduces a non-literal rendition of the original text It is all about how the translator perceives it He

or She rewrites the text from the beginning to the very and This applies, forexample, when an obvious expression is replaced by synonyms or the structure ofsentences is changed

2.3.5 Translation procedures

Translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of languagewithin that text Translation procedures are methods applied by translators whenthey formulate equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning

from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT) More than one procedure can beseen in one translation and some translations may result from a cluster ofprocedures that is difficult to discern.

Newmark (1988) mention the difference between translation methods and

translation procedures He states that,’ while translation methods relate to whole

texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language’

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988)proposed:

 Literal translation: This is the basic translation procedure, both in

communicative and semantic translation It ranges from one word to one word,through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause and sentence tosentence The smaller the unit is, the commoner the approach is, following the basictranslation procedures (Newmark, 1988b, p.69)

 Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text It

includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000, p.5) named

‘transcription’

 Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation,

then to the normal morphology of the TL (Newmark, 1998b, p.82)

 Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a

TL one However,’ they are not accurate’ (Newmark, 1998b, p.83)

 Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word.

(Newmark, 1998b, p.83)

 Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the culture-bound

term (CBT) is explained in several words (Newmark, 1998b, p.83)

 Componential analysis: it means’ comparing an SL word with a TL word

which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by

demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components’.(Newmark, 1998b, p.114)

 Synonymy: it is a ‘near TL equivalent’ Here economy trumps accuracy.

(Newmark, 1998b, p.84)

 Reduction: Reduction implies’ omission of a word from an expression’

which ‘is not essential for understanding’ (Newmark, 1998b, p.90)

 Expansion: ‘expansion is a rather descriptive way of translating an

expression and involves the use of a greater number of words in TL than in SL’.(Newmark, 1998b, p.90)

 Through- translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations,

manes of organizations and components of compounds It can also be called: calque

or loan translation (Newmark, 1998b, p.84)

 Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to

TL, for example, (i) change rom singular to plural, (ii) the change required when aspecific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TLword, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth (Newmark, 1998b,p.86)

 Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the

original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the

SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective (Newmark, 1998b,p.88)

 Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator’ normally uses the

official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term (Newmark,1998b, p.89)

 Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is

compensated in another part (Newmark, 1998b, p.90)

 Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained Here

the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent.

(Newmark, 1998b, p.91)

 Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two or more different

2.4.1 Nguyen Du’s Life and Career

Kieu is a masterpiece in the classical literature of Vietnam The author of thiswork is Nguyen Du (1765-1820) His other names and pseudonyms include ToNhu, Thanh Hien, Hong Son, Lap Ho and Nam Hai Dieu Do He was born in thevillage of Tien Dien, in Nghi Xuan District of Ha Tinh Province, into a family ofscholar and illustrious mandarins Having successfully passed the provincialexaminations at the age of nineteen, he served as a military mandarin under LeCanh Hung After the downfall of the Le Dynasty, he refused to serve the Tay Sonfamily He was mixed up in several abortive conspiracies and was detained forsome time Then he went to live in the North of the country and in his nativevillage-a particular fecund period where the talent and sensitivity of the poetmatured in contact with the sufferings of the people

After the eclipse of the Tay Son, he grudgingly agreed to serve under GiaLong, founder of Nguyen Dynasty In his heart he always remained faithful to the

Le, the legitimate dynasty according to Confucian ethics He was appointed Lê Hữu

bộ tham tri (Right-hand Deputy Minister at the Ministry of Rites) In 1813 he wassent on a diplomatic mission to China He died in 1820 before leaving for anothermission to China

Nguyen Du wrote many interesting works in Nôm, an early form of theVietnamese language and classical Chiness These include Văn Chiêu Hồn (call towondering souls), sinh tế Trường Lưu Nhị Nữ (Funeral Oration for Two Daughters

of Truong Luu Written in their lifetime), Thác lời trai phường nón (in the style of

the Boys of the Guild of conical hat makers), Thanh hiên thi tập (Poems of ThanhHien), Bắc hành tạp lục (Travels to the North), poems written during a mission toChina (1813), and Nam Trung tạp ngam (various Poems) written at Huế and TháiBình (1805-1812) Perhaps Kieu is the most remarkable work of Nguyen Du and inVietnamese classical literature.

2.4.2 A brief review of Truyen Kieu

Written in Nôm, Kieu, a narrative in 3254 verses, is an adaptation, or rather arecreation of a rather banal Chinese ork of the 16th or 17th century (The GioiPublishers, Kieu/Nguyen Du; Michael Counsell translation, 2017) But Kieu is not afolk-tale; it is a great literary achievement which can be ranked among themasterpieces of world literature Nguyen Du, who had thoroughly assimilated theChinese and Vietnamese classics, succeeded in achieving a harmonious synthesis ofthe popular tongue and classical literary language Kieu marked an important stage

in the history of Vietnamese language The language of Kieu continues the tradition

of folk-song, of which it has kept the flexibility, realism and wealth of images andcolors Kieu contributed to enriching it, making it more flexible and giving itremarkable precision and conciseness It is not by chance that common people knowlong passages of it by heart, and that many of its verse have become popularproverbs and sayings One can understand why the work has remained to this dayand a model which many a poet or writer has tried to imitate, for seldom can befound in any one writer such a wide gamut of emotion and such a rich palette ofexpression

Through the tale of Kieu’s fate, Nguyen Du claimed for women’s rights,which had been flouted by feudal society and simultaneously condemned the dyingfeudalism of his own time The love in Kieu represents a new humanism whichNguyen Du strongly supported in its fight against the human rigor and searingritualism of Confucianism, which dominated the decadent Vietnamese feudalism inthe 18th century

Kieu’s life full of vicissitudes represents the position of Vietnamese women infeudal society and more generally, the destiny of the Vietnamese people under theyoke of foreign domination This feature contributes to the universal value of thisliterary masterpieces.

2.4.3 Michael Counsell’s Life and Career

Michael Counsell is a priest of the Church of England and was in charge of achurch in Singapore in 1968 when he was asked to become British EmbassyChaplain in what was then called Saigon Nervously he accepted the appointment,and with his wife and first child lived there for more than three years He mademany friends among the Vietnamese and expatriate populations and started to learnthe Vietnamese language- he had already started on Chinese in Singapore Hisfriends told him of the great epic poem about the life of Kieu, by Nguyen Du-probably the greatest work in Vietnamese literature He made it his bobby over thenext few years to translate it into English verse, with the same scansion and rhymescheme as the original, in order that English speakers might better understand theculture of the land He revisited Vietnam in 1994, extending his enjoyment of itscharming people and beautiful scenery, when the The Gioi Publishers in Ha Noiashed if they could publish his translation in a bilingual edition, since when it hasbeen very popular They have published this revised edition with beautiful newillustrations in 2017

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research was conducted with the qualitative and quantitative approaches

in order to build up the corpus of the study, the researcher has collected sampleverses that have metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in the bookTruyen Kieu by Nguyen Du and translation by Michael Counsell (2017) to research

To compare and contrast metonymical expressions relating to human bodyparts in English and Vietnamese in Kieu through translation methods

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 Sampling

Sampling and data collection are combined as follows:

The data for analysis is taken from the work Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du andits English version by Michael Counsell published in 2017 Through the reading ofKieu written in Vietnamese and English, the researcher will list lines that havemetonymical expressions relating to human body parts

For one, after deciding the criteria of metonymical expressions relating tohuman body parts used in the Vietnamese version, namely answering the question

"How are the metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in NguyenDu’s Truyen Kieu realized in terms of linguistic features from the cognitiveperspective?" The results are 93 metonymical expressions relating to human bodyparts, For one, after deciding the criteria of metonymical expressions relating tohuman body parts used in the Vietnamese version, namely answering the question

"How are the metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in NguyenDu’s Truyen Kieu realized in terms of linguistic features from the cognitiveperspective?" The results are 93 metonymical expressions relating to human bodyparts, including 35 metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in the

case of a part of someone are used for the whole and 17 metonymical expressions inthe case of body parts are used to refer to a related concept, 41 metonymicalexpressions in the case of body used for the part.

Another is answering the question "How are the metonymical expressionsrelating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du translated into English

by Michael Counsell?" The result is 12 metonymical expressions relating to humanbody parts in original version are translated into metonymical expressions intranslational version and 2 expressed through metaphor and 79 metonymicalexpressions relating to human body parts are translated into translation procedures

3.3 DATA COLLECTION

3.3.1 Instruments

The choice of instruments for collecting the information has been consideredthoroughly since it can affect the validity of the findings The tool used forcollecting data reading documents have been selected as the main instrumentbecause it proves to be the most effective, through the reading of this poem, allmetonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu both inVietnamese and English will be elicited for the study Actually, using readingTruyen Kieu and calculate verses can save a lot of time and have more fully data Inaddition, in order to gain the accuracy of the information and to assure the reliability

of the data before handing out the calculate, the researcher explained the purposes

of the research

3.3.2 Research Procedures

Reviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope.Choosing relevant materials and necessary data from collecting samplesinstance of metonymical expressions relating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu

by Nguyen Du and the English translational version by Michael Counsell from thecognitive perspective

Using two dictionaries about Truyen Kieu of Dao Duy Anh (2000) and LeVan Hoe (1952) to know the full meaning of the word relating to human body partsrelated to metonymical expressions.

Presenting, describing and analyzing the types of metonymical expressionsrelating to human body parts in Truyen Kieu in comparison with those equivalents

- In doing analysis, the researcher has to investigate the work Truyen Kieu byNguyen Du to seek the samples containing related to human body parts ofmetonymy

- Analyzing the samples carefully then descriptive and comparative analysis

of how these metonymical expressions are translated into English in the Englishversion

- To fulfil the aim of the study, the main methods used are qualitative and

quantitative, descriptive and comparative

3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

3.5.1 Reliability

It can be said that this study is reliable because the source of data investigatingmetonymy in Truyen Kieu by Nguyen Du requires collecting data from themasterpiece Since the data selected are derived from literacy books and are

investigated based on linguistic materials, they are reliable Additionally, the study

is carried out on the basic of the theoretical background of experienced linguists andthe procedures of the study, so the consistency of the result of study is guaranteed

3.5.2 Validity

In terms of validity, this study meets all required criteria In order to answerthe two formulated research questions: sampling and data collection from readingKieu of Nguyen Du to find out metonymical expressions relaing to human bodyparts have been used to be the main instruments for data collection The supportinginstruments such as calculation, statistics, tables and numeration are appropriatelyemployed to eliminate irrelevant and unstable data Hence, the degree ofexplicitness is definitely high Moreover, the patterns from the data collection arealways compared with the results from theoretical background to guarantee thequality of the research, the procedures of study which could guarantee theconsistency of the results of a study, for that reason, the validity is also confirmed

3.6 SUMMARY

In short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis arementioned in detail in this chapter Moreover, research procedures, as well asreliability and validity, are also presented specifically Thus, the discussion offindings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to thecareful and reasonable preparation of this chapter