nghiên cứu thời vụ và các biện pháp kỹ thuật trồng bông năng suất cao phù hợp với các vùng đồi núi ở lai châu

Ndi dung nghien ciiu: - Nghien ciiu inh hudng cua cic thdi vu gieo den den sinh trudng phit trien v i ning suit bdng lai VNOl-2.. - Nghien ciiu inh hudng ciia cic bien phip ky thuit: xu

BQ CONG THUDNG

CONG TY CO PHAN BONG MI^N BAG

BAO CAO TOMG K^r

De t a i :

"NGHIEN c t r u THdl VU VA CAC BI$N PHAP KY THUAT

TRONG BONG NANG SUAT CAO PHU HOP V 6 l CAC VUNG

DOI NUI 6 LAI CHAU"

Thuc hien theo Hgp ddng sd 115.09 RD/HD-KHCN ky ngay 04

thing 03 nam 2009 giira Bd Cdng thuong va Cdng ty

Co phan Bdng Miln Bac

Ca quan chO tri: Cong ty Co phan Bong Mien Bac ChO nhiem de tai: KS Phan Quoc Hien

Can bo chinh tham gia thurc hien:

KS Nguyen Chi Thanh KTV Nguyen Van Dinh KTV Nguyen Van Trung

Ha Noi, thing 12 nam 2009

:^^m

MUC LUC

• •

Noi dung Trang Bieu thong tin 1 Phan 1: Dat van de 2

r F y

1.1 Tinh cap thiet cua de tii 2

1.2 Muc tieu ciia de tai 3

1.2.1 Muc tieu khoa hgc cdng nghe 3

1.2.2 Muc tieu kinh te xa hdi 3

1.3 Thdi gian va dia diem nghien cuu 4

Phan 2: Tong quan tai lieu 5

2.1 Nhimg nghien ciiu ve thdi vu gieo bdng 5

2.2 Nhumg nghien ciiu ve mat do gieo trdng 5

2.3 Nhimg nghien cuu ve lieu lugng phin bdn 8

2.4 Nhimg nghien cuu ve bien phip bim nggn tia cinh 9

2.5 Nhiing nghien cuu ve sir dung thudc trir cd tren cay bdng 10

2.6 NC va ap dung cic BP ky thuat tdng hgp trong canh tic bdng 11

Phan 3: Vat lieu, noi dung va phvong phap nghien ciru 13

3.1 Vat lieu nghien ciru 13

3.2 Noi dung nghien ciiu 14

3.3 Phuang phap nghien cuu 14

3.4 Cic chi tieu theo doi 18

3.5 Phuang phip canh tic trong thi nghiem 19

3.6 Phuang phip sii ly sd lieu 20

Phan 4: Ket qua nghien cihi va thao luan 21

4.1 Die diem thdi tiet khi hiu ciia Phong Tho - Lai Chau 21

4.2 NC inh hudng ciia thdi vu gieo din STPT v i ning suit VNO 1 -2 24

4.2.1 NC inh hudng ciia thdi vu gieo din STPT ciia gidng VNO 1 -2 24

4.2.2 Nghien cuu inh hudng ciia thdi vu gieo den siu benh hai 25

4.2.3 Cic yeu td cau thinh nang suit v i ning suat bdng VNO 1-2 26

F

4.3 Sii dung thudc diet cd trudc liic gieo bdng 28

4.4 Nghien ciiu inh hudng miic phin bdn den STPT bdng VNO 1-2 30

4.5 Nghien ciiu anh hudng ciia mat do gieo v i cich gieo 32

4.5.1 Nghien ciiu inh hudng ciia mat do gieo trong dieu kien gieo hing 33

4.5.2 Ngliien ciiu inh hudng ciia mat do gieo trong dieu kien gieo so le 35

4.6 De xuat mot sd bien phip ky thuit bd sung cho quy trinh ky thuit 39

sin xuat bdng nang suit cao tai Phong Thd - Lai Chau

Phan 5 : Ket luan va de nghi 41

5.1 Ket luan 41

5.2 Dl nghi 41

Phan 6: Tai lieu tham khao 42

A Tii lieu Tiing Viet 42

B Tii lieu Tieng nude ngoii 43

Phu luc 1: Mot sd ylu to khi tugng Mudng Lay thing 4-11/2009

BIEU THONG TIN

1 Ten de tii: Nghien cim thdi vu vd cdc bien phdp ky thudt trong

bong ndng sudt cao phii hop viing ddi nid Lai Chau

2 Ma sd:

3 Thdi gian thuc hien dl tai: Tir thing 01/2009 din hit thing 12/2009

4 Hg va ten chii nhiem de tii: Phan Qudc Hien

Hgc ham, hgc vi, chuyen mdn: Ky su ndng hgc

Chiic vu: Phd Tdng Giim doc; Dien thoai: 04.39719514

5 Co quan chii tri: Cdng ty Cd phin Bdng Mien Bic

Dia chi: Sd 6 Nguyen Cdng Tni - H i Ndi; Dien thoai: 04.39722132

6 Kinh phi thuc hien: 250.000.000 ddng (Hai trim nam muai trieu ddng)

7 Danh sich nhiing ngudi thuc hien chinh

Stt Hg v i ten Hgc him, hgc vi chuyen mdn 1- Phan Qudc Hien Ky su Ndng hgc

2- Nguyen Van Trung Ky su Ndng hgc

4- Nguyen Chi Thinh Ky su Ndng hgc

5- Nguyen Van Dinh Ky thuat vien

8 Muc tieu nghien cuu:

Xic dinh mot sd bien phip ky thuit phii hgp trong sin xuat bdng tai viing niii Phong Thd gdp pin hoin thien qui trinh ky thuit tham canh bdng ning suit cao phii hgp vdi dieu kien dat dai v i trinh do canh tic v i tip quin cua ddng bio din tdc Lai Chau

9 Ndi dung nghien ciiu:

- Nghien ciiu inh hudng cua cic thdi vu gieo den den sinh trudng phit trien v i ning suit bdng lai VNOl-2

- Nghien ciiu inh hudng ciia cic bien phip ky thuit: xu ly thudc diet cd trudc khi gieo, mat do gieo, khoang cich gieo; lugng phin bdn den sinh trudng phit trien v i nang suit bdng VNOl-2

PHAN 1 DAT VAN DE

1.1 Tinh cap thiet ciia de tai

Phong Tho l i huyen mien niii nam d phia Tay cua tinh Lai Chau cd tdng

dien tich dat tu nhien l i 825,04 km , trong dd dat sin xuat ndng nghiep

65.119,01 ha chiem 78% dien tich dit tu nhien, cd tdng dan sd l i 62.518 ngudi,

mat do dan 76 ngudi/km (sd lieu nim 2008) Phong Thd la viing cd khi hiu die

trung khd va ndng, cd dat dai phii hgp cho sin xuit ngd, diu do v i cay bdng vii

Phong Thd cd 17 xa 1 thi tran, nai cd cic dan tdc anh em cung chung song la

F F

Thai, Kinh, Kha mii, Dao v i Mdng Trong do ngudi dan tdc Thii chiem da sd,

vdn cd tinh can cu, chiu khd va cd truyen thdng trdng bdng det vii tir lau ddi

Trudc day ddng bio din tdc trdng gidng bdng cd dia phuang de tu tiic vii mac,

\ 7 7 7 S

chan man, quan io, det hing thd cim nhung hien nay do sin pham vii, quin

io, chin min sin xuat nhieu, gii ci re phu hgp vdi tiii tien ciia ngudi ndng din

va dugc van chuyen den bin khip mgi noi nen ngudi dan mua rat thuan tien

Mat khic, dong bao trdng giong bdng cd dia phuang cho ning suit thap 4-5

ta/ha, chit lugng xa khdng dim bio, chieu dii xa ngin (trung bmh chi dat 15-17

mm) khdng dip iing yeu cau cho che bien cdng nghiep, han niia gii ci thap nen

sin xuit bdng dia phuang ngiy bi mai mot, dien tich ngay cing bi thu hep

y F F

Nam 2007, Cdng ty Bdng mien Bac da dua cic gidng bdng lai VNI5,

VNOl-2 trdng thu tai mot sd xa tren dia ban huyen Phong Thd, Than Uyen vdi

dien tich 50 ha Ket qui cay bdng sinh trudng phit trien tdt cho nang suit trung

/ t

binh dat 13-14 ta/ha Cdng ty da thu mua het toin bd sin pham kip thdi cho ba

F F F y

con, bdi vay ndng dan rat phan khdi, mong mudn md rgng dien tich trdng bdng

Ndng dan ndi chung va ngudi trdng bdng ndi rieng ludn mong muon cd

dugc thu nhap cao tir cay trdng ciia minh Trong nhiing nam gin day siic canh

tranh ciia mot sd cay trong cimg thdi vu vdi cay bdng ngay cang manh, nhat la

cay ngd lai Vdi dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet phii hgp cho sinh trudng phit triln

cua ciy bdng v i tiem ning dit dai khi ddi dao c i ve quy md dien tich v i do miu

md (dat sin xuat ndng nghiep 65.119,01 ha), dd li nhimg dilu kien co bin cho

phep md rgng viing sin xuat bdng tai Phong Thd

De sin xuit bdng tai Lai Chau ngiy cing md rgng v i phit trien thi viec

nghien cuu cic bien phip ky thuit (mdi don giin, phii hgp vdi dilu kien, tip

quin cua ddng bio dan tdc) lam cin cii khoa hgc bd sung hoin thien qui trinh

sin xuat bdng cho vimg mien mii l i het siic cin thilt

Xuit phit hi yeu ciu thuc tien tren, chiing tdi tiln hinh thuc hien dl tii

"Nghien ciru thdi vu vd cdc bien phdp ky thudt trdng bdng ndng sudt cao phii

hap vdi viing ddi niii Lai Chdu "

1.2 Muc tieu cua de tai

1.2.1 Muc tieu khoa hpc cong nghe

Xac dinh mot sd bien phip ky thuat phu hgp trong sin xuit bdng tai viing

mil Phong Thd gdp phan hoan thien quy trinh ky thuat tham canh bdng nang

F y F >

suit cao phu hgp vdi dieu kien dit dai, trinh do canh tic v i tip quin cua ddng

bao dan tdc tinh Lai Chiu

1.2.2 Muc tieu kinh te - xd hoi

- Tren ca sd ket qui nghien ciiu cic giii phip ky thuit ap dung vio sin

xuat se gdp phan nang cao ning suit, hieu qui kinh te cua cay bdng, tir dd

khuyen khich ndng din manh dan trdng bdng, thiic day viec md rgng dien tich

F

v i ting sin lugng bdng xo cung cap cho nginh cdng nghiep Det - May trong

nude

- Giiip ndng dan mien niii Phong Thd - Lai Chiu cd ca hdi tiep can vdi

nhimg bien phip ky thuit mdi trong tham canh bdng ndi rieng v i ciy trdng ndng

1.3 Thdi gian va dia diem nghien cihi

- Thdi gian nghien cuu: tir thing 1 den thing 12 nim 2009

7 ^ ^

- Dia diem nghien ciiu: Tai bin Nam Ciy xa Hoang Then, bin Phai Cit

xa Khdng Lao v i ban Hgp I xa Bin Lang, huyen Phong Thd - tinh Lai Chiu

PHAN 2 TONG QUAN TAI LIEU 2.1 Mot so ket qua nghien ciru ve thdi vu gieo bong trong va ngoai nirdc

Thdi vu gieo trdng cd tinh chat quyet dinh tdi nang suit ciy bdng Viec

xac djnh thdi vu an toin, thdi vu gieo bdng thich hgp ciing li mot vin de phiic

tap, chiu su chi phdi cua hing loat cic yeu td nhu dieu kien khi hau thdi tiet, die

tinh gidng, tap quin canh tic, quy luat phit sinh phit trien cic loii sau benh hai

trong nam Tuy nhien, vdi nhiing viing trdng bdng hoan toan dua vio nude trdi

F F F F

thi yeu td chinh quyet dinh thdi vu l i lugng mua v i sir phin bd mua trong nim

O cic viing trdng bdng d vT do cao, miia ddng cd tuyet, phii dgi nhiet do

dat cao tren 1314 C mdi bat dau gieo Ndng dan viing luu vuc song Duong Tir

-F -F -F -F

Trung Qudc gieo bdng vio giura tiet cdc vii den lap ha tir 21/4 - 6/5 Nhung d

cac nude chau Phi, mudn dat nang suit cao phii gieo bdng sdm vio liic cd cic

tran mua dau tien (Le Song Du, 1996)

Ket qua nghien ciiu cua Choi B.H (1973)[13] tai viing Phan Rang, thdi vu

gieo bdng tdi thich thudng li giua thing 8 diu thing 9, tiic khoing 2-3 tuin

trudc khi miia mua bit dau Neu gieo vio thing 6, thing 7, thdi ky thu hoach se

rai vao mua mua, neu gieo vio thing 10 ciy bdng con cd the hi thiet hai bdi

mua Idn v i iing ngap, ciy sinh trudng cdi cgc, rung dai, nu, hoa va qui

Tic gii Dinh Quang Tuyen va ctv (2006) nghien ciiu tai Ninh Thuan, Tay

Nguyen v i Ddng Nam Bd cho thay: trong dieu kien trdng bdng nhd nude trdi,

gieo bdng sdm vao dau thing 7 hoac gieo mudn vao dau thing 8 deu cho nang

suat bdng thip han so vdi chinh vu vio giiia thing 7

Cic nghien cuu gin day nhit cua Phdng khoa hgc& Cdng nghe Cdng ty

bong mien Bic cho thiy thdi vu trdng bdng tai cic tinh phia Bac dao ddng trong

khoang tir 5/5 din 5/6 duang lich, rieng vung mil Tiy Bac gieo bdng tu 5/5 din

25/5 cho nang suit cao

2.2 Mot so nghien cihi ve mat do gieo trong bong

Mat do l i ylu to quan trgng inh hudng rat Idn den cic ylu td cau thinh

nang suit va cic chi tieu sinh ly khic lien quan den ning suit Tuy theo dilu

kien dat dai, khi hau va dieu kien canh tic ciia viing, vdi moi giong muon phit

huy het tiem nang nang suit thi cin phii xic dinh dugc mat do tdi thich Theo

Ly Vin Binh va Phan Dai Luc (1991), d Trung Qudc muon ning cao ning suit

bdng trudc het phii quan tam den dien tich li, phii dieu chinh hoat ddng quang

hgp d cay bdng lien quan den dieu kien ngoai cinh De cd chi sd dien tich li

toi uu, ngudi ta cd the dung cic bien phip ky thuat nhu dilu chinh mat do gieo

trdng, phan bdn, che do nude tudi [2]

F y t F

Tren the gidi, mat do gieo trdng cho bdng thay ddi rat Idn, phu thudc

y F y f%i

nhieu vao gidng, dieu kien sinh thii va canh tic cua mdi vimg Nghien cuu tic

ddng qua lai giira gidng v i mat do d Bet Dagan thudc ddng bing ven bien cua

Israel cho thay, cic gidng bdng cd dang hinh ggn, chin sdm nhu Tamcot SP37

cho nang suit cao nhat d mat do 2,4 van cay/ha trong khi nhiing gidng chin

mugn nhu Acala SJ-2 cho nang suit cao d mat do 8,0 van ciy/ha

Cic thi nghiem tien hinh tren nen dit den d Bijapur-Kamataka, trong dieu

kien nhd nude trdi ngudi ta nhin thiy, ning suit bdng hat khdng bi inh hudng

bdi khoing cich hang Trdng bdng d mat do 1,8 van ciy/ha cho ning suit bdng

hat cao han so vdi mat do 1,2 van ciy/ha, nhung sai khic khdng cd y nghia d

mat do 2,5 van ciy/ha

Gidng bdng DBS 119 trdng trong dieu kien cd tudi v i trdng nhd nude

trdi, nang suit bdng dat cao nhat vdi khoing cich hing 96,5 cm, diy cung l i

F y

khoing each hang thuin Igi cho cdng tic thu hoach Ket qui nghien ciiu ve mat

F y F

do tai Texas ciia Landivar cho thiy, khi ting mat do gieo trdng tu 3,7 den 5,5

cay/foot (tuang duang 12 din 18 ciy/lm^) vdi khoing cich hing li 38 inch

(tuang duang 0,965 m) thi nang suit bdng cd xu hudng giam Ong dua ra

khuyen cao ve mat do gieo trdng cho vimg niy la 30.000 den 60.000 ciy/miu

Anh (hrang duang 74.000 din 128.000 ciy/ha) [18]

Theo Vii Cdng Hau, tai Viet Nam, doi vdi cic giong bdng luoi chi nen

gieo d mat do 4 van cay/ha d nhiing vimg cd nhiet do cao v i do im khdng khi

cao thi khdng nen trdng qui diy Gidng cd cinh qui dii mat do khdng dugc

vugt qui 3 den 4 van ciy/ha Ddi vdi cic gidng cinh ngin cd thi trdng tdi 5 - 7

van cay/ha Theo Nguyen Khac Trung, rugng bdng trdng vdi mat do qui cao,

cic cay mgc gin nhau qui, cinh li dan xen nhau se din den thilu inh sing,

rugng bdng khdng thdng thoing, do dd nan rung dii, nu xiy ra nghiem trgng [7]

> F

Trdng gidng bdng lai LI 8, vdi khoing cich hing cing hep (hay mat do

trdng cing day) dan den ty le qui thudc cinh due cing giim, ty le qui thudc

cinh qua cang tang v i ngugc lai Mat do trdng 2,5 ciy/m (vdi khoing cich Im

X 40 cm x 1 cay) cho nang suit cao, dat 24,32 ta/ha (VG Xuan Long, 2000)

F y ^

Le Quang Quyen v i Trin Thanh Diing khi nghien ciiu tai Quing Nam

F y F

ciing cho thay: khi tang mat do gieo trdng thi thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo den

tin thu ngin lai, sd qui/m v i nang suit ly thuyet cd xu hudng ting[6] Tai vimg

F

Duyen hii Nam Trung Bd nude ta, mat do cua gidng bdng lai VNO 1-2 trong

dieu kien khdng xir ly PIX cho ning suit cao nhit l i 7,5 van ciy/ha

Theo Duong Xuan Dieu (2003) trong pham vi mat do nghien cuu tir 3,7

van ciy/ha den 12,5 van ciy/ha, khi ting mat do gieo trdng, cic chi tieu chieu

cao cay, chi so dien tich li tang theo sir tang cua mat do gieo trdng d mgi giai

doan Sd qui/m^ v i nang suit bdng dat tdi da d mat do 7,5 van ciy/ha, sau do

giim dan Mat do cho ning suit cao nhit niy iing vdi chi sd dien tich li tdi da l i

F F > >

4,12 Khdi lugng qui va sd qui/ciy giim din theo chieu ting mat dd[5] Ciing

theo Duong Xuin Dieu (2003) cho hilt kit qui thuc nghiem ngoii sin xuit d i

khing dinh diing din ciia cic kit qui nghien ciiu thu dugc Mat do gieo trdng

tu 4,2 - 5 van ciy/ha nhu d Tuin Giio 4,2 van ciy/ha, cdn d Dien Bien Ddng

pho biln la 4,7 - 5,1 van ciy/ha (Bio cio dilu tra khio sit cua Phdng KH&CN

Cdng ty cd phin Bdng Mien Bic) Tuy nhien, viec ting mat do gieo trdng ngoii

thuc te rat han che do miic do diu tu tham canh cua ndng din cdn chua tuang

xiing vdi viec ting mat do, nhit l i khi gieo trdng vdi mat do cao hon nira Trong

sin xuit bdng hien nay mat do gieo trdng ciing rit khic nhau tuy theo dieu kien

dat dai, khi hau, trinh do thim canh cua ndng din d mdi viing sin xuit, nhin

chung phd bien gieo vdi mat do tir 4,2- 5 ciy/m^

2.3 Mot so ket qua nghien ciru ve phan bon cho cay bong

ciing tang Cic nghien ciiu cho thiy lugng phin bdn cho bdng dat hieu qui nhit

trong dieu kien trdng bdng thim canh cd phu ming polyethylene li 100kg N +

40kg P2O5 + 50kg K20/ha

Tai An Do, tren cic vimg bdng cd tudi ngudi ta bdn dam vdi lugng hon

100kg N/ha, ddi vdi bdng lai cd the bdn vdi lugng 320kg N/ha, ty le

N:P205:K20 thudng li 2:1:1 hoac 3:1:1 [19] Khi ting lugng phin bdn thi so li,

sd hoa/ciy, chilu cao ciy v i ning suit bdng hat deu tang, tuy nhien khi vugt

qua lugng 135kg N + 45kg P2O5 + 45kg K20/ha thi ning suit bdng ting khdng

ding k e

Cic kit qui nghien ciiu cua Vien Nghien ciru v i Phit trien cay bdng trong

nhirng nim qua da kit luan ty le phan N:P205:K20 cd thi sii dung dk, bdn cho

bdng thich hgp d vimg sinh thii phia Nam l i 2:1:1

Nghien ciiu cua Vii Xuin Long cho thiy muc phin bdn cing cao ty le

thinh qua cing tang Bdn phin vdi miic 240 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 80 kg KjO/ha

cho sinh trudng chilu cao ciy, so lugng hoa qui tren ciy, khdi lugng qui v i

F F

nang suit bdng cao nhat

Lieu lugng phin bdn cing ting thi thdi gian sinh trudng hi gieo den tin

thu cd xu hudng dii han Dong thdi sd qui/ciy, so qui/m^ ning suat ly thuylt

tang Tuy nhien, hieu qui kinh t l dat cao nhat d lilu lugng phin bdn 90 kg N +

45 kg P2O5 -I- 45 kg K20/ha Cic lilu lugng phin bdn khic nhau inh hudng

khdng ding kl den phim chit xo bdng (Le Quang QuyIn, Tran Thanh Diing

2003)

Tai viing Mai Son - Son La, theo tic gii Do Khic Ngii (2002) lugng phin

bdn cho giong bdng lai VN20 d miic 120 kg N -^ 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O (ty le

2:1:1) cho nang suit bdng hat v i hieu qui kinh te cao nhit

^ 1^ F y F

Ket qui nghien ciiu khoa hgc v i thuc tien sin xuit bdng d mien Bac cho

F y F

thay: Tuy theo dieu kien dit dai tung viing v i trinh do thim canh cua ngudi din

de lira chgn miic phin bdn thich hgp trong khoing tu N -i- P2O5 + K2O tir 60 kg

+ 30 kg + 30 kg/ha din 100 kg + 50 kg + 50 kg/ha v i bdn 3 lin/vu cho nang suit

va hieu qui cao

2.4 Mot so ket qua nghien ciru ve bien phap bam ngon tia canh

Bam nggn (hay ngat nggn) li mot bien phip ky thuit rit quan trgng, do nd

anh hudng den tinh hinh sinh trudng v i nang suit cua ciy bdng Bim nggn qui

sdm hay qui mudn deu giy ra hieu qui xiu Vi neu bim nggn qui sdm, sd

lugng cinh qui it v i cinh nich lai phit trien manh Cdn bim nggn mudn qui thi

khdng cd tic dung ting ning suit m i sd cinh qui vd hieu lai tang do nu hoa

rung nhieu

Vien Khao ciiu Ndng Lim da tdng ket, nhirng noi bim nggn sdm, chi de

fv F F F

lai tren cay 5 - 6 canh qui din den ning suit khdng cao Nhirng nai bim nggn

qui mudn, de nhieu cinh qui nen ciy khdng du sue nudi, ddng thdi qui phia

tren thudng bi rung cdn nhiing qui phia dudi nhd v i khd nd Tdm lai, bim nggn

12% [10] Cdn nghien ciiu ciia Khalifa, H v i ctv tai Viet Nam thu dugc kit qui

ddi vdi cay bdng gidng MCU9, viec bim nggn vao giai doan 60 ngiy sau gieo

cd tic dung lim tang ning suit bdng trong c i vu mua va vu khd d miic cd y

nghia so sinh; tuy nhien viec bim nggn mudn d giai doan 80 - 100 ngiy sau

gieo da lim giim nang suat bdng so vdi ddi chiing khdng bim [15]

Kit qui nghien ciiu v l bim nggn tai Ddng Nai nim 1995 v i 1996 cho

F F t ^

thay, viec bam nggn siu (de lai tren ciy 10 cinh qui) se lim giim ning suit

bdng so vdi doi chiing khdng bam Cdn viec bim nggn mudn dl lai tren ciy 15

cinh qui, lim tang sd qui/m^ v i ting nang suat bdng so vdi ddi chiing ve mat sd

tuyet ddi

g,.,r Ket qui nghien ciiu ciia Choi, B.H ve thdi ky ngit nggn cho ciy bdng

gidng CAMD-2-2 cho thiy, viec ngit nggn sdm qui (40 ngiy sau gieo) se lim

^ F F

glim nang suit bdng Ngat nggn vio giai doan 60 ngiy (tuang iing vdi 14 canh

qui/cay) cd tic dung lim ting nang suit bdng 16, 69% so vdi ddi chiing Trii

lai, viec ngat nggn mugn vio giai doan 70 ngiy sau gieo (tuang iing vdi 16 cinh

qui/cay) chi lim ting nang suat 8,36% so vdi khdng ngit [13]

Qua thuc tien sin xuit d cic viing trdng bdng phia Bac cGng di dua ra

khuyen cio chung la nen ip dung bim nggn cho nhung rugng bdng sinh trudng

manh, trdng diy du mat do, chieu cao ciy dat 90 cm v i hing bdng da khep tin

hoac khi cay bdng dat 12 cinh qui cho nang suit bdng hat cao

2.5 Mot so ket qua nghien ciru ve sit dung thuoc trir co tren cay bong

F F y F r

Mot sd ket qui nghien ciiu ve thudc trir cd tren ciy bdng chu yeu dugc

thuc hien d phia Nam, tuy nhien ciing chua nhieu Ket qui nghien ciiu cua Tran

Thanh Diing (2002) cho thay: Thudc trir cd thich hgp nhit li Ametrex 80WP

phun vdi lieu lugng 1,5 - 2,0kg/ha trudc khi gieo bdng 7 - 1 0 ngiy cd hieu luc

phdng trir cd cao, cd uu diem li diet dugc mot sd cd niy mim cham nen cd hieu

luc keo dai den 60 ngay sau phun, v i trong hoin cinh diu tu thip chi cin phun

1 lan trong vu, sau dd lim cd bd sung khi cin thilt Doi vdi bdng cd trong xen

dau tuang, sau khi gieo ciy xen phun loai thuoc tiln mgc mim Ronstar 25 EC

1,5 lit/ha hoac Comman 4 EC 0,5 lit/ha cho hieu qui trir cd cao din cudi vu,

khdng can phii lim cd bd sung [6]

Trong mot vai nim gan diy, Vien Nghien ciiu v i Phit triln ciy bdng da

chgn tao v i dua ra sin xuit mot so gidng bdng lai khing thudc trir cd nhdm

glyphosate nhu giong VN02-2, KN06-8 md ra hudng mdi cho viec viec sii dimg

F F

thudc tru cd cho sin xuit bdng

Viec nghien cuu sir dung thudc trir cd trong sin xuit bdng d phia Bic

dang trien khai nghien ciiu, nhung chii yeu l i sir dung cic loai thudc diet cd d

giai doan chuan hi dit, phun trudc khi gieo bdng 7-10 ngiy

2.6 Mot so ket qua nghien ciru va ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat tong hgp

trong canh tac bong

Viec ip dung tdng hgp cic bien phip ky thuit ddi vdi giong bdng lai

VN20 trong ci hai trudng hgp ting mat do, cd phun chit dieu hoi sinh trudng

X F F F

hoac khdng tang mat do deu lim ting ning suit so vdi ddi chiing tu 24,28% den

37,12% v i mang lai hieu qui kinh te cao, Iii thuin cao han ddi chiing tu 1,1

trieu den 1,9 trieu ddng/ha (Dinh Quang Tuyen, 2004)

Tai cic viing cd tiem ning thim canh bdng ning suit cao nhu Dien Bien,

Dien Bien Ddng, Tuin Giio; tuy nhien viec ip dung cic bien phip ky thuit tong

hgp trong sin xuat cua ndng hd chua cd hieu qui thuyet phuc v i chua nhieu [1]

Do dd, can nghien cuu ip dung tdng hgp cic bien phip ky thuit phu hgp vdi

dieu kien sin xuit ciia ddng bio mien mii

Nghien ciiu ciia cic tic gii tren the gidi v i trong nude da cho thiy tuy

thudc vio gidng bdng, die diem khi hiu, dia hinh, ndng hoi thd nhudng v i trinh

t>i y

do tham canh ciia mdi viing ma can gieo bdng vdi mat do v i cic bien phip ky

thuat thich hgp tic ddng phii hgp vdi dieu kien cua timg viing nhim dem lai hieu

nude trdi Bdng dugc gieo trdng v i sinh trudng phit trien trong miia mua nen

viec xudng gidng diing thdi vu, gieo bdng vdi mat do hgp ly, v i ip dung cic

> F y F

bien phip ky thuat phii hgp vdi dieu kien sin xuit cua ddng bao din tdc l i rit

^ F

can thiet

PHAN 3 VAT LIEU, NOI DUNG VA PHT/ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU

3.1 Doi tu-oTig nghien cihi

* Gidng bdng VNOl-2:

- VNOl-2 l i gidng bdng lai cua Vien nghien ciiu ciy bdng v i ciy

cd sgi, cd ngudn gdc tir td hgp lai CS95/VN36p

- Thdi gian sinh trudng: gieo den 50% ciy nd qui tir 115-120 ngiy

- Die tinh hinh thii: Cd tu 1-2 cinh due, mat do Idng tren li nhieu

- Cd khi ning khing siu xanh v i riy xanh cao

- Gidng cd khi ning thich nghi rgng

- Ning suit bdng hat: tu 20 -30 ta/ha

* Phan bdn:

- Phin dam Ure (chiia46%N)

- PhanNPK (5:10:3) Lam thao

- Thuoc tru cd Ally 20 DF :

+ Hoat chat: Mesulfuron methy Chi phim dang huyen phii khd -I- Do ddc: Thudc nhdm dgc 3

+ Ca che tic ddng:

Thudc xam nhap qua li v i di chuyen khip ciy cd din tin thin,

gdc re

+ Cdng dung : Diet cd hing nim, cd liu nim, cd li rgng Thudc trir cd Bravo 480 SL :

+ Hoat chit: Glyphosate

La thudc trir cd khdng chgn lgc, hiu nay mim, pho tic ddng rgng

' F t>^ F

+ Ca che tic ddng: Ndi hip, luu din, dugc hap thu qua li

+ Cdng dung : Diet cd li rgng, l i hep hing nim v i liu nim

3.2 Noi dung nghien ciru:

a/ Nghien ciiu inh hudng cua thdi vu gieo din sinh trudng phit trien va

F

nang suit bdng lai VNO 1-2

b/ Nghien ciru inh hudng cua cac bien phip ky thuat gieo nhu: mat do gieo, cich gieo, xir ly thudc diet cd trudc khi gieo, lugng phan bdn din sinh trudng, phit trien v i ning suit bdng lai VNOl-2

3.3 Phvong phap nghien ciru

- Phuong phip thi nghiem ddng rugng: Cic cdng thiic thi nghiem dugc

F t F y mj y F /St

bd tri theo kieu khdi diy du ngiu nhien, 3 lan nhic lai, dien tich mdi d tiiy thudc vio timg thi nghiem Cic thi nghiem dugc trien khai thuc hien tai 3 bin thudc 3

xa Khdng lio, Hoang Then v i X i Bin Lang, huyen Phong Thd, tinh Lai Chiu

Thi nghiem 1: Nghien cuu inh hudng cua thdi vu gieo den sinh trudng

phat trien v i nang suit bdng VNOl-2

Thi nghiem gdm 6 thdi vu (Cdng thiic)

Thdi vu T l : Gieo ngiy 20/4; Thdi vu T2: Gieo ngiy 30/4

Thdi vu T3(d/c): Gieo ngiy 10/5; Thdi vu T 4: Gieo ngiy 20/5

Thdi vu T5: Gieo ngiy 30/5; Thdi vu T6: Gieo ngiy 10/6

Thi nghiem bd tri theo khdi diy du ngiu nhien, 3 lin nhac lai, dien tich 170

m lb Dien tich toan thi nghiem 3500 m^ ke c i dien tich bio ve Gidng bdng gieo

VNOl-2 Mat do gieo 5,5 van ciy/ha Khoing cich gieo 40 - 45cm Lugng phin bdn: 100 kg Ure + 300kg NPK /ha Cic bien phip canh tic khic theo qui trinh sin xuat bdng cua nginh

Thi mhiem 2: Nghien cuu inh hudng cua mot sd loai thudc tru cd trudc

gieo

Thi nghiem gdm 4 cdng thiic:

CTl ( D/C) : Lim cd bing tay

F y t F

Phun thudc 1 lin vio ngiy 6/5/2009 (thdi diem phun thudc tru cd 10 ngiy trudc khi gieo bdng, phun 30 binh/ha, mdi binh 12 lit, phun deu true tiep len ciy cd

Mat do gieo bdng 5,5 van cay/ha, khoing cich gieo 40 cm - 45 cm

Lugng phan bdn: 100kg Ure + 300kg NPK /ha Bdn Idt 300kg NPK (5: 10:3) Bdn thiic 2 lan: Lan 1 bdn 25 ngiy sau gieo vdi lugng phin 1/2 Ure ; Lin

2 bdn 55 ngay sau gieo bdn luong phin cdn lai

Lam cd bing tay 2 lin, kit hgp xdi xio va bdn phin thiic

Thi nshiem 3: Nghien cuu inh hudng mot sd miic phin bdn den sinh trudng

phat triln va nang suit bdng VNOl-2

- Thi nghiem gdm 5 cdng thuc (5 mirc phan):

+ PI (D/C): 300kg NPK hiang iing 15N + 3OP2O5 + 9K2O

+ P2: 100 kg Ure + 300kg NPK hrang iing 6IN + 30 P2O5+ 9K2O

+ P3:130kg Ure + 300kg NPK + 25kg KCl tuong img 75N + 3OP2O5 + 24K2O

+ P4: 160kg Ure + 300kg NPK + 50kg KCl tuong iing 88N + 3OP2O5 + 39K2O + P5:190kg Ure + 300kg NPK + 75kg KCl tuang iing 102N + 3OP2O5 + 54K2O

- Thi nghiem bd tri theo kilu khdi diy du ngiu nhien, 3 lin nhac lai, dien

9 9 '

tich 200 m 16 Dien tich toan thi nghiem 3500m ke c i dien tich bio ve

- Thi nghiem gieo ngiy 20/5/2009 Mat do gieo 5,5 van ciy/ha, khoing cich gieo 42cm x 44cm x Iciy

- Cich bdn phin:

Bdn Idt trudc khi gieo lugng 300kg NPK (5:10:3)

Bdn thiic lan 1 sau gieo 25 ngiy: 50% Ure + 50% KCL

Bdn thuc lan 2 sau gieo 50 ngiy: 50% Ure + 50% KCL

- Tia cinh due khi ciy bdng dat 35 ngiy tudi

Thi nghiem 4: Anh hudng ciia mat do trong dieu kien trdng theo hing den

sinh trudng phit trien v i nang suit bdng VNO 1-2:

- Thi nghiem gdm 4 cdng thiic (4 mat do):

CTl (D/C): 4,2 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 80cm x 30cm x Iciy)

CT2: 5,0 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 80cm x 25cm x Iciy) CT3: 5,5 van cay/ha (khoing cich gieo 70cm x 26cm x Iciy)

CT4: 6,0 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 70cm x 24cm x Iciy)

- Thi nghiem bd tri theo kilu khdi day dii ngau nhien, 3 lin nhic lai, dien tich lOOmVd Dien tich toin thi nghiem 1500m^ kl c i dien tich bio ve

- Thi nghiem gieo ngiy 25/5/2009

- Lugng phan bdn: 100kg Ure + 300kg NPK/ha

Thi nshiem 5: Anh hudng ciia mat do trong dieu kien trdng so le den sinh

trudng phit triln v i ning suat bdng VNOl-2:

- Thi nghiem gdm 4 cdng thiic (4 mat do):

CTl (D/C): 4,2 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 48cm x 50cm x Iciy) CT2: 5,0 van cay/ha (khoing cich gieo 45cm x 45cm )

CT3: 5,5 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 40cm - 45cm )

CT4: 6,0 van ciy/ha (khoing cich gieo 40cm x 40cm )

- Thi nghiem bd tri theo kieu khdi diy dii ngiu nhien, 3 lin nhic lai, dien

9 9 '

tich 100m 16 Dien tich toin thi nghiem 1500m ke c i dien tich bio ve

- Thi nghiem gieo ngiy 25/5/2009

- Lugng phan bdn: 100kg Ure + 300kg NPK/ha

A Tia.n) TLBi%) = -xm(%) ; CSB(%)=^ xlOO(o/o)

B B.K

Trong dd: A - Tdng sd miu hi benh

t F fsi y

B - Tdng sd miu dieu tra

a - Sd ciy hi benh d mdi cip

Phin cip benh:

• Cap 0: Ciy khdng hi benh

• Cap 1: 1-5% dien tich li hi benh

F

• Cap 2: >5-15% dien tich li hi benh, hoac <5% dien tich li hi benh

va 5% sd qui thdi do benh

• Cap 3: >15-30% dien tich li bi benh, hoac 5-15% dien tich li hi benh va 10% sd qui thdi do benh

• Cip 4: >30-50% dien tich li bi benh, hoac 15 -30% dien tich li bj benh va 15% sd qua thoi do benh

• Cip 5: >50% dien tich li bi benh, hoac 30-50% dien tich li hi

F F

benh v i 20% sd qui thdi do benh

3.4 Cac chi tieu theo ddi

- Cac chi tieu ve sinh trudng, hinh thii, ning suit v i siu benh hai tren ciy

bdng dugc quan trie theo phuong phip thdng dung theo quy dinh cua nginh

bong

- Thdi gian sinh trudng (ngay): sd ngiy tu khi gieo den tan thu

- Cac chi tieu sd cinh qui, cinh due: mdi d tien hinh theo ddi tren 20 ciy

a f** F F F

CO dinh d 2 hing giira mdi d thi nghiem Dem sd qui vio giai doan 50% sd ciy

cd qua dau tien nd

- Chilu dii cinh qui: Do cic cinh qui thii 3, 4 va 5 d thdi diem 50% so

cay cd qui diu tien nd

- Mat do cay cudi vu: dem sd ciy/m^ vio giai doan trudc khi thu hoach

lan thii nhit

Khoi lugng qui: moi d thu 50 qui dai dien d ting giiia, tren cinh qui 4

-6, phai khd rdi can xic dinh khdi lugng qui

- Benh xanh lim, benh ddm chiy li, benh moc suong: theo ddi d thdi ky

60 ngay sau gieo bdng

- Ray xanh: Theo ddi riy xanh dinh gii cip riy hai d thdi ky 70 ngiy sau

gieo bdng

- Nang suit thuc thu: tdng lugng bdng thu dugc qua cic lin thu hoach

- Hieu qui kinh te cua cic cdng thiic thi nghiem: xic dinh tdng chi phi

dau tu cho thi nghiem bao gdm chi phi vat tu, cdng lao ddng, chi phi phit sinh

khic; tong thu tir mdi d thi nghiem sau dd xic dinh hieu qui kinh te

3.5 Phirong phap canh tac trong cac thi nghiem

- Cic thi nghiem dugc bd tri tren chin dit dai dien cho viing sin xuit v i

trong dieu kien phu thudc nude trdi hoin toin Dit ddi cd dia hinh ddc (do ddc

ft ' ^ X

dudi 20 ), loai dat den thinh phin ca gidi trung binh, ting canh tic tir 30 - 40

cm (dit trdng ngd vu 2008)

- Dit sau khi lim sach cd tien hinh xdi xio nhe, trdi mua du im tien hinh

gieo hat (trir thi nghiem sir dung thudc diet cd trudc liic gieo)

- Bdn Idt bang phin NPK Lim thao (5:10;3 ) Bdn thiic bing phin dam

ure va kali vio giai doan 25-30 ngiy ( 50% Ure + 50% KCl) v i 50 -55 ngiy sau

gieo (50% Ure + 50% KCl)

- Cic bien phip ky thuit canh tic khic deu dugc thuc hien tren co sd tuin

thu nguyen tic sai khic duy nhit cho timg thi nghiem

3.6 Phu-Qfng phap xu* ly so lieu

Sd lieu thi nghiem thu thip dugc tinh toin v i xir ly thong ke tren miy tmh vdi phan mem chuyen dung MSTATC v i chuong trmh Microsoft Exel 5.0

PHAN 4 KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ VA THAO LUAN 4.1 Dac diem thoi tiet khi hau cua huyen Phong Tho - Lai Chau:

Phong Thd cd die diem khi hiu ning ndng l i viing nim giira 2 vung ndng Than Uyen v i Mudng Lay, cd do cao so vdi mat bien va die dilm khi hau tuong duong nhau Do Tai Phong Thd khdng cd tram khi tugng thuy van, bdi vay chiing tdi theo ddi cic yeu td khi tugng cua vimg Than Uyen v i Mudng Lay lim

ca sd cho viec nghien cuu

Bing 1: Mot sd yeu td khi tugng chinh tir thing 1 den thing 12 tai Than Uyen - Lai Chau (tuong duong vdi Phong Thd )

Sd gid ning (gio)

122.6 112.6 112.6 150.6 172.4 113.2 119.2 134.2 162.0 138.8 161.8 129.4

Do im khdng khi

TB (%)

76.6 76.6 78.4 78.8 81.8 85.6 87.4 86.8 81.8 81.0 80.5 74.4

Ngu6n:Cuc thong ke Lai Chdu so lieu trung binh 5 nam 2004 - 2008

Qua nghien ciiu cic sd lugng khi tugng v i die diem sinh trudng phit

• ' ' 7

trien ciia cay bdng cho thiy d diy cd the gieo bdng vio thing 4, thing 5 Giai doan niy lugng mua trung binh thing dat 152 - 239 mm, mua khdng qui nhieu, dii do am trong dit nen gieo trdng khi thuin Igi Ciy bdng ra nu hoa qui trong cic thing 6,7 v i 8 giai doan niy lugng mua dat 293 - 485 mm v i nhiet do trong cac thing dat 25,4° C l i dieu kien thich hgp cho ciy bdng ra hoa, diu qui Bdng chin, nd qui vio cic thing 9, 10, giai doan niy lugng mua giim hin tir 159mm xuong 37mm, ddng thdi nhiet do trung bmh vin dat 23 - 24,5°C thuin Igi cho bdng nd qui va cdng viec thu hoach

Bieu do 1: Bieu do bieu mot sd yeu td khi tugng tir thing Iden thing 12 viing Than Uyen (tuong duong vdi Phong Thd)

Bieu doi: Bieu do bilu diln mot so' yeu to' khi tirgng tiir thang 1-12 viing Than uyen (Tirong dirang vdi Phong Tho)

Phong Tho) thdi tilt it biln ddng Diu vu gieo trdng lugng mua phin bo diu

(lugng mua thing 4 la 212mm v i lugng mua thing 5 li 371mm), nhiet do trung

binh dat 25,2 - 26,4 C nen ty le bdng mgc ngoii dong rugng cao v i ciy bdng

con sinh trudng phit triln nhanh Giira vu, giai doan ciy bdng ra hoa cd mua v i

ning diu, im do 82 - 84% nen bdng smh trudng tdt Vio thing 7 do lugng mua

qui nhieu 559mm, do im cao 86% giy nen hien tugng rung hoa, qui non nhilu

Tir thing 8 trd di thdi tilt thuin Igi, cay bdng dugc phuc hoi v i ty le diu qui liia

nggn cao Cuoi vu giai dgan bdng nd qui thing 9, thing 10 nhiet do trung binh

A > 7

cao dat tu 25,3 - 26,9 C, ddng thdi vio giai doan niy lugng mua giim hin

48mm vio thing 10 (6 ngiy mua) nen bdng nd qui thoit, ty le bdng loai 1 cao,

chat lugng bdng xa tdt

Bing 2: Mot sd yeu to khi tugng chinh tu thing 4 din thing 11 nam 2009

Tram khi tugng Mudng Lay (tuong duong vdi Phong Thd - Lai Chiu)

18,2 20,1 20,9 23,3 22,0 20,2 19,2 13,0

TB

25,2 26,4 27,0 27,5 27,3 26,9 25,3 20,4

Cao nhit

38,4 38,0 37,0 38,3 37,2 36,3 34,2 33,4

M u a

Sd ngiy

m u a (ngiy)

4.2 Nghien cihi anh hvdng cua thdi vu gieo den sinh tru-OTig phat trien, sau benh hai va nang suat bong VNOl-2

4.2.1 Nghien cieu dnh hu&ng ciia th&i vu gieo din sinh tru&ng phdt trien ciia giong bong lai VNOl-2 & cdc th&i vu gieo

So lieu bing 3 cho thiy: 6 6 thdi vu gieo bdng thi d thdi vu gieo 20/4 (do lugng mua trong thing 4 phin bd khdng diu, hr ngiy 21 din ngiy 25/4 khdng

cd mua, do am dat chua dim bio nen ty le mgc chi dat 87%) cd ty le mgc thap hon so vdi ty le mgc d 5 thdi vu gieo cdn lai 30/4, 10/5, 20/5, 30/5 v i 10/6

Thdi vu 20/4 cd thdi gian sinh trudng dii nhat 162,3 ngiy, bdng gieo mugn 10/6 thi thdi gian sinh trudng ngin 156,3 ngiy, cic thdi vu gieo 30/4, 10/5

va 20/5 cd thdi gian sinh trudng sai khic nhau khdng ding ke tir 158,6 - 160,6 ngiy Qua do cho thay khi thdi vu gieo cing mudn thi thdi gian sinh trudng bdng VNOI-2 cd xu hudng ngin lai

F F y

Ket qui theo ddi cho thiy chieu cao ciy ty le thuan vdi thdi gian sinh trudng,

d thdi vu gieo sdm 20/4 chilu cao ciy cao nhit dat 154cm Cic thdi vu gieo 30/4, 10/5 va 20/5 cd chieu cao ciy sai khic nhau khdng ding kl cao hi 147,3 - 150,3

cm Thdi vu gieo bdng mugn 10/6 cd chilu cao ciy thap nhit 147,1cm

6,56 3,14

TGST (ngay) 162,3 160,6 160,6 158,6 156,4 156,3

9,08

4,76

Chieu cao ciy (cm) 154,0 150,3 150,3 147,3 148,0 147,1

12,31 5,98

Sd cinh due (cinh) 2,1 1,8 2,0 1,7 2,2 2,0

2,27 0,51

So cinh qui (cinh) 16,6 16,0 16,3 15,6 15,6 15,3

4,63

1.21

So canh due/ cay ciia gidng VNOl-2 d ci 6 thdi vu gieo bdng cho thay it biln

dgng dat hi 1,7 - 2,2 cinh/ciy v i sai khic khdng cd y nghia vl mat thdng ke So

canh qua/ cay d cic thdi vu gieo dat hi 15,3 - 16,6 cinh/ciy Thdi vu gieo 20/4 cho

F ^

so canh qui/ciy cao nhit 16,6cinh/ciy sai khic cd y nghia so vdi thdi vu 10/6

4.2.2 Nghien ciiru dnh hu&ng cda th&i vu gieo den mirc dp nhiim rdy xanh vd

benh hai cua giong bong VNOl-2

Nam 2009 cd khi hau, thdi tilt tai vimg nghien cuu khi thuin Igi cho sin

xuat bdng Qua dieu tra d 6 thdi vu gieo khdng thiy xuat hien benh xanh liin

trong tat c i cic cdng thiic thi nghiem Benh mdc suong xuit hien d thdi dilm

cay bdng dat 70 ngiy tudi d tat c i cic cdng thiic vdi ty le 100% v i vdi chi sd

benh tu 20,3 - 42% Benh mdc suong d thdi vu gieo sdm 20/4 gay hai vdi chi so

cao nhit 42% Benh ddm chiy l i xuat hien phd bien vdi ty le 100% v i chi sd

benh tir 26 - 45,6%)

Tai Phong tho, giong bdng VNOl-2 gieo sdm 20/4 nhilm benh moc suong

v i ddm chiy l i nhieu hon so vdi cic thdi vu gieo bdng mudn Dieu niy cd the

giai thich l i khi bdng gieo sdm da lim cho tin cay bdng nhanh khep kin, ting li

F ^ F y t F y

gdc bi che khuit nhieu, am do cao v i thieu inh sing nen da tao dieu kien thuin

Igi cho nam benh giy hai v i de liy lan

fv y F

Bing 4: Miic do nhiem ray xanh v i benh hai tren gidng bdng VNOl- 2 qua

cac thdi vu gieo

Ray xanh (cip)

Giii cftu : TLB : Ty le benh ; CSB : Chi so benh ; Rdy xanh dieu tra cr thai ky 60 ngdy sau

gieo;

Benh hai (xanh liin, moc suang,va dm chay Id) dieu tra a thai ky 70 ngdy sau gieo

y F y

- Riy xanh xuit hien trong c i 6 thdi vu gieo bdng, d tit c i cic cdng thiic d

miic hai d cip 2

4.2.3 Cdc yeu to cau thdnh ndng sudt vd ndng sudt cda giong bong lai

VNOl-2 qua 6 th&i vu gieo

Cac sd lieu theo ddi do dem ve cic chi tieu cau thinh nang suit v i nang

F

suit dugc trinh biy d bing 5

F F F F F F

Bang5: Cic yeu td cau thinh ning suit v i nang suit cua gidng bdng lai

VNOl-2 qua 6 thdi vu gieo

Qui thdi/m^

Sd qui (qui)

-Khdi lugng qua (g)

Ghi chii: NSTT: Id ndng sudt thuc thu

Chi tieu cd vai trd quylt dinh din ning suit dd l i sd qui/ml So qui/m ^ cua giong VNOl-2 qua 6 thdi vu gieo biln dgng hi 65 - 72,3 qui/m I Thdi vu gieo 20/5 cd qui/m^ cao nhat 72,3 qui/m^ tilp din thdi vu gieo 10/5 cho 70 qui/m ^ Bdng gieo mudn 10/6 cho so qui it nhit 65 qui/m ^

Thdi vu gieo sdm 20/4 cd so qui hi thdi/m^ d nhilu nhat 11 qui/m^ (chilm

ty le 16,2%) cao hon so vdi 5 thdi vu gieo cdn lai (sd qui thdi hr 3,3 - 5,3 qua/m^, chilm 5 - 8,1%)

F F

Khdi lugng qui cua gidng bdng VNOl-2 d thdi vu gieo mudn 10/6 be hon

so vdi khdi lugng qui d cic thdi vu gieo sdm Thdi vu gieo sdm truac 30/5 qui

cd xu hudng to hon v i dat 4,48 - 4,49 gam/qui

Nang suit bdng thu dugc d thdi vu gieo 25/5 dat cao nhit 17,0 ta/ha Nang suit bdng gieo d thdi vu sdm 20/4 thip nhat chi dat 10,6 ta/ha do sd qui hi thdi nhieu 11 qui/m^ Thdi vu 30/5 v i 10/6 cho It qui 65 - 66 qui/m^ v i khoi lugng qua cd xu hudng giam nen ning suit thuc thu thip dat 13,6 -14,3 ta/ha Qua thi nghiem chiing ta thiy d Phong Thd trdng gidng bdng VNOl-2 d thdi vu 10/5 din 20/5 duong lich cho nang suit cao 16,3 - 17 ta/ha Ning suit bdng d thdi vu gieo 25/5 dat cao nhit 17,0 ta/ha

Bieu do ndng suat giong bong VNOl-2 qua cac thdi vu gieo

4.3 Su" dung thuoc diet co phun trirdc liic gieo bong

Sir dung 3 loai thudc phun Gramoxone 20SL, Ally 20DF v i Bravo 480SL

de diet cd, phun d thdi dilm 10 ngiy trudc liic gieo bdng v i theo ddi thdi gian

cd chet d cdng thiic phun thuoc Gramoxone 20S1 l i nhanh nhat (sau 4,3 ngiy) tuong duong vdi thdi gian cd chit d cdng thiic lim cd bing tay Phun thudc Ally 20DF lim cho cd chet (6,6 ngiy sau phun) cham hon so vdi phun Gramoxone

20 SL va lim cd bing tay Rieng phun thudc Bravo 480SL lim cd chit cham nhat

10 ngay sau phun

Sd lieu bing 6 cho thiy ty le ciy bdng con mgc ngoii ddng mdng dat ty

le cao 90,3 - 9 1 % dieu dd chiing td viec phun thudc tru cd d thdi diem 10 ngiy trudc liic gieo khdng inh hudng den ty le mgc cua ciy bdng con

Bing 6: Anh hudng cua phun thudc tru cd den thdi gian cd chet, thdi gian

cd mgc lai, ty le mgc v i ning suit bdng VNO 1-2

Theo ddi cdng thiic phun thudc Gramoxone 20SL chiing tdi thay thdi gian

cd tii sinh, mgc lai sau 20,6 ngay, nhanh hon 3,4 ngiy so vdi lam cd bing tay

Phun thudc Ally 20DF thi thdi gian cd chit cham (sau phun 6,6 ngiy), nhung

thdi gian cd tii sinh mgc lai 18,3 ngiy nhanh hon so vdi phun Gramoxone 20SL

la 2,3 ngay Doi vdi cdng thiic phun thuoc Bravo 480 SL kha nang diet cd cham

tir tu nhung hieu lire keo dii nen thdi gian cd tii sinh mgc lai cham 22 ngiy,

tuong duong vdi lam cd bing tay Viec phun 2 loai thudc diet cd Bravo 480 SL

va Gramoxone 20SL cho bdng trudc liic gieo so vdi lam cd bing tay cho nang

suit bdng dat 15,6 - 15,7 ta/ha, tuong duong vdi lim cd bang tay 16,0 ta/ha

Phun thuoc Ally hieu lire trir cd kem nhat v i ning suat bdng thu dugc thip nhit

Xet ve chi phi phun thudc tru cd so vdi lim cd bing tay ket qui bing 7

cho thiy: Phun thuoc Ally 20DF cd chi phi thip nhit 394.000 ddng/ha, nhung

hieu luc diet cd thip hon so vdi Gramoxone 20SL v i Bravo 480SL va nang suit

bong chi dat 14 ta/ha Phun thudc Gramoxone 20SL chi phi d miic trung binh

422.500 ddng/ha nhung tic dung diet cd nhanh chet, cho nang suit 15,6 ta/ha

Phun Bravo 480SL cd tic dvmg diet cd tdt nhit nhung chi phi cao 535.000

ddng/ha v i nang suat bdng dat 15,7 ta/ha

Trong dieu kien ngudi dan mien mil ngheo, thieu vdn, miic diu tu thap

nhung can phii dat hieu qua khi Vdi dieu kien qui dit trdng trgt nhieu, 1 hd gia

dinh canh tic tren dien tich 1,5 - 2,5 ha, do dd cdng lao ddng thdi vu vao cic

thdi diem lim dit, gieo trdng, lim cd thieu hut ding ke Vi vay, viec sir dung

thudc cd phun de diet cd trudc khi gieo bdng da gdp phin giim bdt ginh ning

cho ddng bao dan tdc trdng bdng Ket qui nghien ciiu cho thiy sii dung thudc

Gramoxone 20SL phun trir cd trudc khi gieo bdng vdi thdi gian 10 ngay li thich

hgp, cd chi phi thip, hieu luc va ning suat bdng tuong duong vdi phun Bravo

480SL

4.4 Nghien ciru anh hirdng cua mot so mirc phan bon den sinh trirong phat

trien va nang suat cua giong bong VNOl-2

Nghien ciiu tinh hinh sinh trudng phit triln, miic do siu benh hai v i ning

suat cua giong bdng VNOl-2, kit qui theo ddi dugc trinh biy d bing 8:

- Thdi gian sinh trudng cua giong VNOl-2 d cic cdng thiic dao dgng tir

158-163,6 ngay 6 mirc phin bdn PI, P2 thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo din tin

thu la 158 158,3 ngay Bdn phan d miic cao hon P3, P4 thi thdi gian sinh trudng

dat 161,3-161,6 ngiy Lugng phan bdn ting d mirc P5 thi thdi gian sinh trudng

hr gieo din tan thu keo dii 163,6 ngiy, dai hon so vdi bdn phan d miic PI ddi

chirng 5,6 ngiy

- Riy xanh xuit hien tren rugng bdng thi nghiem d mirc trung bmh cip 2

- Benh ddm chay l i xuit hien vdi ty le cay hi benh 100%, nhung ddi vdi

miic phan bdn P4, P5 benh phit triln manh vdi chi sd benh 48,6% nang hon so

vdi muc phan bdn PI v i P2

Bing 8: Anh hudng cua cic miic phan bdn den sinh trudng phit trien, siu benh hai va nang suit ciia gidng bdng lai VNOl-2

-Riy xanh (cip)

-Sd qui/ciy

K lugng qui

NSTT (ta/ha)

- So qui/cay d cic cdng thirc phan bdn P2 cd 12,8 qui/ciy khdng sai khic

khdng cd y nghia so vdi ddi chung 12,4 qui/ciy Cic cdng thiic phin bdn P3, P4

v i P5 cho so qui nhilu 13,8 - 14,7 qui/ciy Mat khic khdi lugng qui d miic diu

tu phin bdn P4 v i P5 Idn nhit dat 4,63 gam/qui Bdn phan d miic PI thi khoi lugng qua nhd nhat 4,46 gam/qui

Tang lugng phan bdn d miic P4 v i P5 cho nang suit cao 17,1 - 18,1 ta/ha Bdn phin d miic P2 v i P3 cho ning suit dat hi 15,6 - 16,2 ta/ha Nang suat dat cao nhat 18,1 ta/ha d miic diu tu phan bdn P5 cao hon hin so vdi ddi chiing 4,4 ta/ha

Trong giong VNOl-2 trong dilu kien dat dai, khi hau tai Phong Tho - Lai Chau vdi miic diu hi phin bdn 190kg Ure + 300kg NPK + 75kg KCL/ha, kit hgp ap dung cic bien phip ky thuit tdng hgp cho ning suit cao nhat 18,1 ta/ha

Bing 9: Hieu qui kinh t l cua cic miic phin bdn dau tu cho bdng VNO 1-2

phan bdn PI thip nhit cho ning suit chi dat 13,7 ta/ha v i Iii thuin 3,124 trieu

dong/ha Nhung khi ting phan bdn len d miic P2 cho nang suit 15,6 ta/ha vi cho

lai thuan cao nhit l i 3,642 trieu ddng/ha v i cao hon so vdi ddi chiing 518.000

ddng/ha d 2 muc phan bdn P4 v i P5 cho nang suit cao hon nhung cho lai thuin

d mirc trung binh 3,2230 - 3,247 trieu dong/ha Xet ve ty suit Igi nhuan thi miic

P2 cho muc sinh Idi cao 140,6% Gang diu tu phin bdn nhilu thi ning suat

bdng ting nhung lai thuin khdng ting m i cd xu hudng giim, ddng thdi ty suat

Igi nhuan ciing giim v i giim manh d mirc diu tu phin bdn P5 dat 32,95

Nhu vay trong dieu kien ngudi din miln mii ngheo, thilu von thi nen diu tu

d muc P2(100 kg Ure + 300kg NPK tuong iing 61N + 3OP2O5 + 9K2O) cho hieu

qua kinh t l cao nhat, lai thuin dat 3,642 trieu dong/ha

4.5 Nghien ciru anh hu-dng cua mat do gieo den sinh tru-dng phat trien va

nang suat bong VNOl-2

4.5.1 Nghien cii-u dnh hu&ng cda mat dp trong diiu kien gieo theo hdng din sinh tru&ng phdt triin vd ndng sudt bong VNOl-2

Bing 10 : Anh hudng cua mat do trong dieu kien gieo theo hing din cic chi tieu sinh trudng phit triln cua gidng bdng VNOl-2

Chieu dii cinh qui (cm)

Khi tang mat do gieo bdng hi 4,2 van ciy/ha den 6 van ciy/ha:

Thdi gian sinh trudng tir gieo din tin thu ciia gidng VNOl-2 it bien ddng dat tir 157,6 - 158,4 ngiy; Chilu cao ciy bdng cd xu hudng giim din d mat do gieo 4,2 van (chilu cao ciy 150,3 cm) din 6 van ciy (chieu cao ciy 145 cm); Sd cinh qui/cay cd xu hudng giim hi 14,6 cinh (d cdng thiic gieo 4,2 van ciy/ha) den

14 canh qui/cay (d cdng thiic gieo 6 van cay/ha); Ve chi tieu chieu dii cinh qui ciing cd xu hudng ngin lai khi trdng bdng ting mat do, d mat do 4,2 van ciy/ha

cd chieu dai cinh qui 35 cm, d mat do gieo 6 van chieu dii cinh qui li 32,6 cm (giam 2,4 cm)

Bing 11 cho thiy: Tai thdi diem 60 ngiy sau gieo benh xanh lim khdng thay xuat hien d tit c i cic cdng thiic thi nghiem

Bing 11: Anh hudng ciia mat do trong dilu kien gieo hing din miic do hai ciia siu, benh tren giong bdng lai VNOl-2

2

2

2

2

Benh mdc suong xuit hien d miic do nhe vdi ty le hi 52,4 - 78,3% vi chi

so benh tu 11- 20% 6 cdng thirc gieo mat do cao 6 van ciy/ha benh phit sinh nhilu v i nang han (TLB: 78,3% va CSB: 20%) so vdi 3 mat do gieo cdn lai

Benh dom chiy l i xuat hien phd biln tren tit c i cic cdng thirc thi nghiem vdi ty le 100%), so vdi benh mdc suong thi benh ddm chiy li phit trien manh hon tuong iing vdi chi so benh hr 40,3 - 47,3%

Riy xanh xuit hien d tren tat c i cic cdng thiic thi nghiem vdi miic do hai cap 2 d cic mat do bdng gieo

Nhm chung khi trong bdng VNOl-2 tang mat do hr 4,2 van ciy/ha din 6 van cay/ha thi c i 2 benh moc suong v i ddm chiy l i cd xu hudng ting ci vl ty le benh ciing nhu chi sd benh

Xet cic yeu to ciu thinh ning suit v i nang suat (bing 12) ciia viec gieo trong bdng tang mat do thi d cic cdng thiic gieo mat do 5 - 5,5 van ciy/ha cho

sd qui cao tir 69,3 - 72,0 qui/ml Gidng VNOl-2 khi gieo d cic mat do khic nhau cd khdi lugng qui 4,54 - 4,56 gam Ning suit bdng thuc thu d 2 cdng thiic gieo mat do 5 - 5,5 van ciy/ha dat hi 16,3 - 16,6 ta/ha Gieo bdng d mat do thip 4,2 van ciy/ha v i d mat do cao 6 van ciy/ha diu cho ning suat thip chi dat 14,8 -15,1 ta/ha

Bing 12: Cic ylu to cau thinh ning suat v i ning suit ciia giong bdng VNOl-2

d 4 mat do trong dieu kien gieo theo hing

K lugng qui (g)

Ning suit TT (ta/ha)

4.5.2 Nghien ciiru dnh hu&ng ciia mat dp trong dieu kien gieo so le den sinh tru&ng phdt trien vd ndng suat bong VNOl-2

Bing 13 cho thiy vdi mat do gieo tir 4,2 van ciy/ha din 6 van ciy/ha thi thdi gian smh trudng tu gieo din tin thu ciia giong VNOl-2 biln ddng hi 156,3 -158,3 ngay

Chilu cao cay bdng d 4 cdng thiic mat do gieo khic nhau dat hi 142,3 146,3 cm Tuy nhien su sai khic vl chilu cao cay giiia cic cdng thiic khdng cd y nghia v l mat thdng ke

-Sd canh qui/ciy cd xu hudng giim khi bdng trdng tang mat do Gieo bdng d

mat do diy 6 van cay/ha cd sd cinh qui thip nhat 14 cinh/ciy Mat do gieo 5

-5,5 van ciy/ha cho so cinh qui hi 14,6-15 cinh/ciy

Chilu dii canh qui d cdng thiic mat do 6 van ciy/ha dii nhat 32 cm 6 mat

do gieo 6 van ciy/ha cd chilu dii cinh qui ngin nhat 29,3 cm, 3 mat do gieo

cdn lai cd chilu dii cinh qui tuong duong nhau 30 - 32 cm Chilu dii cinh qua

cd xu hudng ngin lai khi trdng bdng tang mat do hi 4,2 van din 6 van cay/ha

Bing 13 : Anh hudng ciia mat do trong dilu kien gieo so le din cic chi tieu

sinh trudng phit triln cua giong bdng VNOl-2

-Chieu cao cay (cm)

Sd cinh qui (cinh)

y

Chieu dii cinh qui (cm) 32,0

31,6

30,0

29,3

5,38 2.42

So qua/m2 d cdng thirc gieo 5,5 van ciy/ha cd sd qui nhieu nhat la 75,6

qui/m2 CJ mat do 4,2 van cay/ha cho sd qui it nhat 67qui/m2

Trong dilu kien gieo so le so qui thoi/m^ d cic mat do gieo tuong duong

nhau trung binh tir 4 - 4,4 qui/m2

-15,3% Benh ddm chiy l i xuit hien tren tat c i cic cdng thirc thi nghiem vdi ty le 100%, so vdi benh moc suong thi benh dom chiy l i phit triln manh hon tuong ling vdi chi sd benh tu 36 - 44% Tai phong thd, chi so benh dom chiy li tren gidng VNOl-2 ty le thuan vdi mat do gieo Ray xanh xuat hien d miic do hai 2 d tren c i 4 cdng thiic mat do gieo

Bang 14: Anh hudng ciia mat do trong dilu kien gieo so le din miic do hai ciia sau, benh tren gidng bdng lai VNOl-2

10,06 3,41

Khdi lugng qui

(g)

4,56 4,58 4,58 4,56

3,16 0,23

Ning suit thuc thu (ta/ha)

15,0 16,6 17,0 15,3

5,07 1,29