Sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city = Phát triển bền vững kinh tế biển thành phố Hạ Long

Sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city = Phát triển bền vững kinh tế biển thành phố Hạ Long

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

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NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE

ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY

Master's thesis Major: Vietnamese studies

Ha Noi - 2012

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE

ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY

Master's thesis in Vietnamese studies

Code 60.31.60

Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Truong Quang Hai

Ha Noi - 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 8

1 Reason selected theme 8

2 Literature review 9

3 Research objects, tasks and scopes of thesis 12

4 Methodologies 13

5 Research methods 15

6 The contribution of the thesis 16

7 The structure of the thesis 17

Chapter 1: GENERAL THEORY AND RESOURCES FOR MARINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF HALONG CITY 18

1.1 The general theory of marine economy and sustainable development of marine economy 18

1.1.1 Marine economy 18

1.1.2 Specialization and the synthetic development of marine economy 21

1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy 22

1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong 24

1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam 24

1.2.2 The process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long 29

1.2.3 Policies of economic development and marine economy in Halong city 30

1.2.4 Other factors 32

1.3 Resources for marine economic development in Ha Long 32

1.3.1 Overviews on Ha Long city 32

1.3.2 Potentials of marine fishing and aquaculture 33

1.3.3 Natural tourism resources and humanities 35

1.3.4 Potentials development of marine transport 39

1.3.5 Other resources 40

Chapter 2: STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY 44

2.1 State of socio-economic development in Halong city 44

2.2 State of development of fisheries sector 46

2.2.1 Aquaculture 46

2.2.2 Seafood exploitation 52

2.2.3 Seafood processing 54

2.2.4 Fishery logistic services 55

2.2.5 Labour in the fisheries sector 57

2.3 State of coastal and marine tourism development 58

2.3.1 Current status of marine tourism resources exploitation 58

2.3.2 Current status of infrastructure, technical facilities and investment in tourism 59

2.3.3 State of tourists and tourism revenue 61

2.3.4 Development status of tourism products 65

2.3.5 Labour in the tourism sector 70

2.4 Development situation of marine traffic- transport 70

2.4.1 Port systems 70

2.4.2 Traffic routes on the sea 74

2.4.3 Mechanics serve marine economy 75

2.5 Situation development of support services for marine economy 76

2.5.1 Bank and finance services 76

2.5.2 Maritime services, communication 77

2.6 Development situation of floating houses on the Halong Bay 79

2.6.1 The number of floating house and anchorage points 79

2.6.2 Changes, development trends of floating house 79

2.7 Effects of marine economic activities for natural resources and environment at Halong city 80

2.8 General assessment on the marine economic development in Halong city based on SWOT analysis 81

2.8.1 Strengths 81

2.8.2 Weaknesses 83

2.8.3 Opportunities 86

2.8.4 Challenges 86

Chapter 3: ORIENTATION AND SOME SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG

CITY TO 2020 89

3.1 Orientation for sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city to 2020 89

3.1.1 Development perspectives and targets 89

3.1.2 Full exploitation of the special advantages of the sea area and coastal 90

3.1.3 Transforming Halong city into a dynamic marine economy center 91

3.1.4 Development orientation of the fisheries sector 92

3.1.5 Development orientation of coastal and marine tourism 96

3.1.6 Development orientation of marine traffic- transport 99

3.1.7 Development orientation of port-related industries 99

3.1.8 Development orientation of services associated with marine economy 99

3.2 Solutions to promoting sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city 101

3.2.1 Mechanism and policy solutions 101

3.2.2 Organization and management solutions 103

3.2.3 Mobilize funds for development of marine economy 103

3.2.4 Training and development of human resources 104

3.2.5 E-commerce applications in the development of some sectors of marine economy 105

3.2.6 Implementation of marine economy planning 108

3.2.7 Promoting inter-regional cooperation 109

3.2.8 Rational use of natural resources and protection of the marine environment, coastal 110

3.2.9 Establishment and implementation of key programs towards environmental resources protection and sustainable development of the seas111 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114

REFERENCES 117

LIST OF APPENDICES 124

INTRODUCTION

1 Reason selected theme

The sea contains extremely valuable resources for the survival and development of human While resources of mainland are more and more exhausted, the development of marine economy is considered as one of the national strategic issues in the world With advantages of 3260 km coastline, along with sea areas of about 1 million km2, Vietnam has been trying to take advantage of all available resources to become one of the competitive nations in marine economy towards environmental protection and sustainable development of coastal areas

In addition, nowadays the South China Sea issue is also becoming a hot issue in the Asia Pacific region The advantages from the sea is main cause of all tensionsbetween countries in this region In Vietnam, the sea area covers have more than 4000 islands in large and small sizes are distributed mainly in the Northeast sea and Southwest The islands are well-known for beautiful landscape and have important strategic position such as: Bach Long Vi island, Phu Quoc island Tho Chu island, Con Son island, Con Co island, Phu Quy island, Cat Ba island, and island systems in the Spratly islands In particular, the sea area and coastal of Vietnam are located on the vital maritime trade route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, between Europe and the Middle East to China, Japan and other countries in the region This is both an opportunity and a challenge for Vietnam regarding socio-economic development and national security Because marine economic development must be associated with the protection of national territory So, striving to become a “sea powers” does not only makes sense in economic terms, but also help Vietnam affirm sovereignty of the national territory

In Northern Vietnam, Ha Long is one of the coastal cities dynamic in economic development The city is located in the coastal corridor of the Gulf of Tonkin, which is a critical point in the growth triangle Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh In recent years, Halong plays an important role in socio-development of the region With comparative advantages of deep water port development, tourism, marine services, minerals, together with a convenient transportation system, Halong has many favorable conditions towards comprehensive development of the marine economy However, the sector’s growth rate is not quite compensurate with the potentials, posing urgent needs for specific orientations in sustainable development

Aware of the importance of the seas in economic development, I

conducted the research on the following theme: “Sustainable development of

marine economy in Halong city” The study provides a panoramic view on the

marine economy in Halong, particularly, the advantages, difficulties, problems, while offers suggestions on directions and solutions to sustainable development

of Halong’s marine economy It could also be the foundation for more in-depth research on the North Sea economy of Vietnam

- Objectives of theme

Research objectives of the thesis is to clarify the potential, actual development of marine economy in Halong city Based on that evaluation to the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, challenges and give orientations and measures to promote the sustainable development of marine economy Halong

- Scope of research

+ Range of content: Thesis only focuses on marine economy and coastal

of Halong city

+ Space: sea area and coastal of Ha Long city

+ About time: dissertation data collection, and research papers from 2000

5 Research methods

- Actual survey methods and interview

- Method diagrams, maps

- SWOT analysis method

- Method comparison and analysis - synthesis

6 The contribution of thesis

Through theoretical and practical studies, thesis showed that the difference between the potential and the situation development of marine economy in Ha Long city Then making orientation and optimal solution to develop effective and sustainable marine economy in Halong

This thesis is the basis for the policy makers, managers can give orientation, direction, strategies to towards sustainable development of marine economy in Halong

The results of the thesis research will contribute to the construction of scientific evidence on the development of marine economy in a locality, is the basis for the experts and scholars research analysis, recommend policies sustainable development of marine economy in the context of international economic integration of Vietnam

7 The structure of thesis

In addition to an introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: The basis of general theory and marine economic development resources of Halong city

Chapter 2: Situation development of marine economy in Ha Long city Chapter 3: Orientation and some solutions promote sustainable development of marine economy in Ha Long city to 2020

CONTENTS Chapter 1 GENERAL THEORY AND RESOURCES FOR MARINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF HALONG CITY

1.1 The general theory of marine economy and sustainable development of marine economy

1.1.1 Marine economy

Marine economy is an integrated economic field, including the following sectors:

- Fisheries economy including: aquaculture, seafood exploitation;

- Tourism of sea and island

- Exploitation and mineral processing of sea: exploitation and oil filters, marine minerals, sand, glass, jewelry, salt,

- Maritime economy include: shipping and port services; building and repairing ships

- Operation rescue, rescue, maritime security island

- The scientific research and personnel training for the areas in the field of marine economy

- The operations and support services to the marine economy: business travel, trading and export of aquatic products; banking services; insurance services; communication

In the branches above, four sectors are considered key of marine economy as: seafood economy, tourism of marine and island, exploitation and mineral processing of sea, and maritime economy The other sectors has effect to support for marine economy

1.1.2 Specialization and the synthetic development of marine economy

Marine economic specialization focuses on specific sectors of the marine economy And in the specialized functions of each branch is further split into specific activities For example: specialization of marine transportation has deeper specialization about fleet, specialized handling capacity of the port specialization promote the industries to thrive, improve productivity labor

Integrated development of marine economy will help the marine-related industries such as exploitation of seafood, aquaculture and seafood processing; island sea travel; marine exploitation and mineral processing; marine transportation, long-term development, to bring big profits and do not affect each other, and protect marine resources, does not pollute the environment

1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy

Marine economy is part of the economy, so the maritime economy also operate on the principle of sustainable development of the economy in general For sustainable development of marine economy, the need to ensure the following factors:

- Development of effective economic sea (sea economic growth, economic efficiency, saving resources);

- Development of social harmony (raising the standard of living and level

of the strata of the population lives in the sea and coastal areas, to ensure social justice, solidarity, friendly);

- Improve the marine ecological environment to ensure long-term development for present and future generations (rational exploitation and use of marine resources, protection of the marine environment Apply science and

technology to promote the production production in order to improve productivity and output Simultaneously farming, renewable new marine resources to replace, )

1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong

1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objective and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam

1.2.1.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world

Strategists spoke that 21st century is “the century of ocean and sea” Therefore, most countries want toward of the sea too, build sea strategy, and enhancing the potential to maximize the resources from the sea Particularly in resource exploitation activities, the countries in the world tend to conservation

on land and sea Besides, the countries trying to take advantage of his influence and prestige to reach out beyond the exploitation of ocean resources So the ocean will become a promising field for economic activity, and is the most important factor in the field of geopolitics So, the oceans will become areas of intense competition for division of spheres of influence in the future between nations

1.2.1.2 Objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam

Objectives, strategy sea were full set, systems in the “Resolution conference of Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam the 4th, Xth about Vietnam's sea strategy to 2020” (called off is the central resolution 4, about marine economy) The policy strives to 2020 will become a strong national marine economy, enriched from sea, ensure strong national sovereignty

on the sea - island, contributing to the industrialization and modernization of the country make the country rich and strong

1.2.2 The process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long

After 1990, along with the positive changes in socio-economic terms, Halong city has the speed of urbanization and rapid industrialization The city is recognized as grade II in 2003 And proceed to the project upgraded to grade I

in 2013

Table 1.1: Table 1.1: Rate of urban population in Halong city

Population (people) 185.229 192.870 200.000 213.547 Rate of urban

population (%)

(Source: Compiled from Statistical Yearbook of Ha Long 2005 – 2009)

Strong industrialization took place to meet the conditions of economic development, take on the role is central to the development of industry-handicraft, thriving center of marine economy

socio-1.2.3 Policies of economic development and marine economy in Halong city

The policies of the Party, State of Vietnam, Halong city direct impact on the operation and development of the economic fields, creating momentum for marine economy of Halong city many flourishes

1.3 Resources for marine economic development in Ha Long

1.3.1 Overviews on Ha Long city

Halong city is the center of economy, politic, industry of Quang Ninh Province Halong has a long history of development The condition of the forest, land, coastline with large fishing grounds allows cities synchronous development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and services In it, the sea is a particular strength of Halong Bay, along with the preference of natural conditions, socio-economic development can create momentum for Halong specialization and synthetic development of marine economy The future will form a special economic zone at Halong which can be comparable to special marine economic zone in the world

1.3.2 Potentials of marine fishing and aquaculture

1.3.2.1 Water resources for aquaculture

Halong Bay has a lot of airtight areas, with tens of thousands of hectares

of water surface of Tungs, Vungs, Angs depth and appropriate environment for the development of aquaculture saltwater, brackish

Besides, the network of rivers, ponds and lakes is thick favorable conditions for the development of freshwater aquaculture

1.3.2.2 Potentials of marine fishing

The sea area of Ha Long - Quang Ninh is one of the four largest fishing grounds, which is Hai Phong - Quang Ninh Inshore, exploitation reserves of about 30.000 tons Offshore exploitation reserves of marine resources estimated

at 40.000 tons and the ability to exploit 19.562 tons

1.3.3 Natural tourism resources and humanities

1.3.3.1 Natural tourism resources

- Topography: karst landscape can be seen as a wonderful gift that the Creator gave to Ha Long Submerged karst landscapes mainly islands, bays of Halong Bay twice recognized by UNESCO as a natural heritage and geology of the world

- Ha Long Bay is located in the coastal climate, the average temperature

of 23.7 oC Climate is quite suitable for the tourist resort activities, swimming, tourism, etc However, summer is often affected by the floods, winter is the cold winds So, has created a climate in Ha Long tourist season

- Halong Regional focus most of the ecology of a tropical sea, including: mangrove ecosystems, tropical rain forest ecosystems, coral reef ecosystems, Tung - Ang ecosystem, wetland ecosystems Tung - Ang ecosystem is a very special ecosystem at Halong Ecosystems play a huge role in protecting the environment, and it's also a attractive tourist resources

- The landscape of Ha Long Bay to the cave: Sung Sot cave, Bo Nau cave, Hang Trinh Nu , together with the urban landscape of Ha Long has many historical monuments is a valuable tourism resource

1.3.3.2 Humanistic tourism resources

- Ha Long has many historical legends: legend “lowering Dragon”, the tale of Virgin cave and it has many archaeological sites of Halong culture These are the cultural and historical value is very precious, is a great potential

in promoting the brand, and pictures for Ha Long tourism in particular and Vietnam in general

- Halong culinary background with bold nature of the sea, the famous dish like: fried squid, steamed clam, jellyfish mannequins are produce from the seafood

- Occupation handicrafts coal contributed to the attractive souvenir products with tourism

- 2 times the title was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and become one of the new 7 wonders of the world is prerequisite for the development of tourism, attracting international visitors

1.3.4 Potentials development of marine transport

1.3.4.1 Topography

Halong mainly low hilly and divided by mountains pierced close to the sea, forming the waist, coastal inlets The sheltered coastal bays relatively small waves, with more favorable deep channel for the port construction, transportation, water and anchorage for ships

1.3.4.2 Potential to build ports

Coast of Ha Long is quite term, there are many airtight areas, the natural canals system of dense and estuaries less sediment This condition is very

convenient transport system for building strong seaport

1.3.4.3 Potential development of sea traffic routes

Halong city is surrounded by the Halong Bay.The city focus on many important ports such as: Cai Lan, Bai Chay tourist wharf, Hon Gai international passenger ship port, facilitate the development of water transport to the provinces in the country and other countries the region and the world

1.3.5 Other resources

1.3.5.1 Human resources

Halong city average population in 2011 is 244.550 people In 2011 the number of people in working age is 129.000, accounting for 52.7% of the average population of the city Abundant labor force to meet the requirements

of socio-economic development

Aware of the important role of science and technology is a motivating factor rapid economic development, the city was interested in a great

investment According to the “Report on the performance of science &

technology in period 2006 – 2011” by the Department of Science and

Technology: Investment funding for the operation of science & technology for 2006-2010 was 137.172 million VND, increased 5 times compared to the period 2001-2005; Investment funding for science and technology activities in

2011 is 57.800 million VND, equal to 112% of the budget in 2010

Chapter 2 STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE

ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY

2.1 State of socio-economic development in Halong city

Halong city is the economic and administrative center of the province of Quang Ninh Annual economic growth of the city is constantly and relatively stable Average GDP growth rate in the city increased from 12,88% in the period 2000 - 2005 to 14,49% in the period 2005 – 2008 Social life is enhanced Infrastructure development and improvement of a step the type of medical services, education and training, banking and insurance The economic structure has shifted significantly towards increasing the share of industry and

services Industrial structure and construction accounted for 45% in 2007 Service sector accounts for a very high proportion and maintained at 54% Agriculture significantly reduced the proportion of only 1,1% in 2008 The economic restructuring of the city is consistent with the general trend of the province and other cities in the country

2.2 State of development of fisheries sector

(Source: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Quang Ninh)

In fact, freshwater aquaculture in Halong city still face many difficulties:

- Infrastructure for aquaculture is poor, due to farmers' lack of capital for production

Furthermore, most of the area of freshwater aquaculture in the city are not

in aquaculture planning

- In addition, diseases seafood objects tend to develop due to climate change, weather

2.2.1.2 Aquaculture of saltwater and brackish water

Saltwater aquaculture, brackish water is considered to be a growing field advantage than freshwater aquaculture in Halong However, the state of saltwater aquaculture, brackish water has some significant problems That is an area of saltwater aquaculture, brackish water of Halong city greatly reduced by planning

to switch to other uses Typically, urban planning and ecological tourist area of Halong Bay to took the entire area of aquaculture in 2 communes; Dai Yen, Viet Hung Besides, the change of weather, climate and environmental pollution also significantly reduce productivity and aquaculture output

2.2.2 Seafood exploitation

2.2.2.1 Total output of seafood exploitation

According to statistics of Chamber of Economic Ha Long, in 2011 the total output of seafood exploitation over 2000 tons , equal to 100% of the plan year