Kim Lu: from village to ward = Kim Lũ: từ làng đến phố

Kim Lu: from village to ward = Kim Lũ: từ làng đến phố

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

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NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN

KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD

MASTER THESIS Major: Vietnamese studies

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN

KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD

Master thesis major: Vietnamese studies

Code: 60 22 01 13

Supervisor: Dr Dang Thi Van Chi

Hanoi - 2012

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 8

1 Rationale 8

2 Literature Review 9

4 Existing materials and research methodology 16

5 Thesis's contribution 17

6 Thesis structure 17

CHAPTER I.NATURAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF KIM LU VILLAGE 20

1.1 Geographical position and natural conditions 20

1.1.1 Geographical position 20

1.1.2 Natural conditions 20

1.2 Development history 22

1.2.1 Village name and changes in administration 22

1.2.2 Kim Lu inhabitants 24

Sub-conclusion 28

CHAPTER II.THE TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF KIM LU 30

2.1 Economic life 30

2.1.1 The situation of Agricultural land and economy 30

2.1.1.1 The situation of land 30

2.1.1.2 The situation of agricultural production 35

2.1.2 Agricultural product processing 36

2.1.3 Lu fan production 39

2.1.4 Trade and village market 40

2.2 Social organization and village management 43

2.2.1 Village management organization 43

2.2.2 Household and family 47

2.2.3 Some other organizations and unions 48

2.2.4 Arrangement of residential areas 49

2.3.1 The tradition of competition-examinations 51

2.3.2 Buildings of culture, religion and belief 54

2.3.2.1 The village gate 54

2.3.2.2 Lu Pagoda 55

2.3.2.3 The communal house 56

2.3.2.4 Temple of Mother 60

2.3.2.5 Some other monuments 61

2.3.3 Festivals 62

2.3.4 Habits and customs 65

2.3.3.1 Habits and customs in a life cycle 65

2.3.3.2 Other habits and customs 67

Sub-conclusion 69

CHAPTER III.THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FROM KIM LU VILLAGE INTO DAI KIM WARD, HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HANOI 71

3.1 Kim Lu before 1998 71

3.1.1 The period of agricultural cooperatives (1954-1980) 71

3.1.1.1 Socio-economic life 71

3.1.1.2 Cultural life 74

3.1.2 Contract Farming and Initial Innovation Age (1981-1998) 75

3.2 Urbanization of Kim Lu from 1998 to 2003 78

3.2.1 Advocated expanding the capital plan and the land use purpose change in Kim Lu 78

3.2.2.Career transition of people from farming is mainly to non-farm jobs 80

3.2.3 Immigrants and the mechanical status of population growth 81

3.2.4.The changing landscape of villages and people's life Kim Lu 82

3.3 Dai Kim ward from 2003 to date 85

3.3.1 Administrative management system 86

3.3.2 Completion of land conversion 89

3.3.3 The situation of the population and population change components 93

3.3.6 Tradition, lifestyle and social order and security 103

Sub-conclusion: 106

CONCLUSION 109

REFERENCES 113

APPENDIX 120

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

In our country, this process is occurring strongly, especially in the suburban areas Kim Lu is an ancient village with a long historical and cultural tradition is also integrating into the urbanization trend Therefore, this village has been going

on with a lot of changes in all aspects from economic, social to cultural one both positively and negatively

In learning about the process of changing from village to urban area in Kim Lu, the research aims at clarifying changes in socio - economic aspects, especially its impact on people living in this area It is hoped that this research can provide a comprehensive, in-depth look on the process of urbanization in the suburban village

of our country nowadays From which, it is targeted to offer more information for administrators while making polices so that proper and practical suggestions for the sustainable development in suburban areas can be given contributing to the development of the country today

2 Literature Review

There has been not any specific research on the process of urbanization in Kim

Lu Village as well as the transformation from commune to ward Kim Lu village

has rarely been mentioned Some studies worth mentioning include History, culture

and revolution tradition in Thanh Tri district complied by the District Party

Committee, People's Committee of Thanh Tri district in 2007 Or in villages in the

outskirts of Hanoi by Bui Thiet and geography of Thang Long's suburban: village -

monuments - material values of Do Thinh (2000) also have a few pages to introduce

Dai Kim village in Thanh Tri district The fond of learning villages of Thang Long

Hanoi by Bui Xuan Dinh and Nguyen Viet Chuc (co-editor) (2010) gave the

description of the fond of learning village of Thang Long - Ha Noi such as Ha Dinh, Dinh Cong, Vu Ang, etc which also one article about Kim Lu village about 15 pages long The author introduces the history of the village of Kim Lu, about the

Confucians have passed the village ever But this article is written survey of rural China by Kim Lu, and going into business analysis life who passed the high regard here Posts in this book but also briefly presented the history of the village, the cultural life and traditions of hospitality but still very sketchy, cursory There is also a doctoral thesis Dinh Thi Bao Hoa (2007) study the rational use of land suburbs - Thanh Tri district, Hanoi with the support of remote sensing technology and geographic systems studied very specific details about the land, soil, land use of the area including Dai Kim Thanh Tri in the period 1985-2003 Write about Kim Lu village can own as to book prime minister Nguyen The Thai and Nguyen village of Kim Lu - Hanoi's Hoang Giap Nguyen Duc Thai published in 2010, although this book is written about the village of Kim Lu, but they are sketchy, mostly made of Han Nom material from beer, sentences in their churches celebrity Nguyen and not

to drill describes the customs or cultural life of Kim Lu village Thus, we can see that the study of village Kim Lu, especially Kim Lu in the current stage of urbanization still do not have a specific research project, the works mentioned or is write a review very sketchy or is more of a sense of the village or of the Dai Kim; especially no work study Kim Lu village after have become wards the end of 2003 This is an issue left open which we refer to in this thesis

3 Objects and scope

Research objects: the process of transformation from village to ward of Kim Lu currently a part of Dai Kim Ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi

Reseach scope: Kim Lu village in the history and the process of transforming from Kim Lu village to Dai Kim ward in all socio-economic and cultural areas

4 Existing materials and research methodology

Material resource: We have used a number of urban geography book Pham Thi Xuan Tho (2008) and urban sociology book of Trinh Duy Luan (2005) as a theoretical background for the research process Besides the ancient sources such as: the land register, the gods of identity, epitaphs, genealogy ; material resources such as houses, temples, pagodas; books and research monographs ; the report

summarizes the socio-economic situation of local and oral literature as source

material for the thesis

Research Methodology: Buildings used primarily historical sociological methods, methods of collecting and analyzing survey data and methodology, fieldwork, logical method

5 Thesis's contribution

First, giving a comprehensive description of all aspects of economic life, society and culture Kim Lu traditional village which can help to give the general and particular characteristics of the village compared to other northern villages

Second, giving the description from village to ward of Kim Lu in the process of urbanization and capital expansion This process is affected by two aspects: Urbanization as a process in itself of a suburban village by the economic development needs of the society and at the same time also to the direct impact of government through the policy of urban expansion in Hanoi

Third, this is a typical example for the effect of peri-urbanization process of Hanoi From the state of Kim Lu, we draw the impacts and changes in the village, the people have received the change, how it has created positive and negative impacts, recommendations to solve the issues, lessons for managers and policymakers

6 Thesis structure

The thesis consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: Natural conditions and development history of Kim Lu Village Chapter 2: The traditional village of Kim Lu

Chapter 3: The process of transformation from Kim Lu village into Dai Kim

ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi

be “a land of supernatural power, preeminent inhabitants”

1.1.2 Natural conditions

With regard to terrain, the village is relatively flat With regard to soil, the village land is alluvial soil formed since ancient river beds have consolidated gradually, so there are deep depressions creating lakes Kim Lu village is situated near To Lich river bank To Lich river runs along the village from the North to the South, which is the natural boundary in the East dividing Kim Lu village and Dinh Cong village, Dai Tu village The river section through the village long about 1500m

Kim Lu is situated in the delta of North Vietnam, climatic conditions have features of the climate in the delta of Red river delta, that is, wet tropical climate, monsoon, and cold winter

1.2 Development history

1.2.1 Village name and changes in administration

In the old days, Kim Lu is a commune consisting of 3 hamlets: Cau hamlet (or Kim Giang hamlet since 1945); Trung hamlet (or Kim Lu); Van hamlet (or Kim Van) According to the family annals of families, Kim Lu village was established more than 500 years ago, in Le Thanh Tong reign (1460 – 1497), another name is ancient Thanh Dam hamlet However, according to some researchers, Lu village was established along with the foundation of the country of Vietnamese inhabitants since Hung kings, about 2500 years ago [9, tr.336]

In Minh Mang reign in Nguyen dynasty (1831-1832), Kim Lu belonged to Hanoi province According to Hanoi‟s land register on the 1st

September the 19th Tu Duc year (1866) [30, tr232] Kim Lu belonged to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Thuong Tin town By 1890, Thanh Thai reign, Kim Lu commune belonged

to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Ha Dong province [20, tr.944] After the

31st December 1942, French colonists founded “Hanoi special agent” which consisted

of 9 cantons with 60 communes and hamlets; at that time, Kim Lu belonged to Hoan Long agent, Hanoi province [9, tr337] From the August Revolution in 1945 to the independence day (1954), Kim Lu was named Tam Kim communed In 1949, 2 more villages Thuong Dinh and Ha Dinh were merged into Tam Kim commune in district 6, Hanoi In 1955, Thuong Dinh and Ha Dinh were moved to Nhan Chinh, Tam Kim was merged into Dai Tu hamlet to become Dai Kim commune, in district

7 of Hanoi city In 1961, Dai Kim commune was a commune in Thanh Tri district, Hanoi city By 2003, according to Decree No 132/2003/NĐ-CP of the Government dated 6/11/2003 Dai Kim became Dai Kim ward in Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city

1.2.2 Kim Lu inhabitants

According to family annals and elderly people in the village, the first inhabitants

to come to Kim Lu village 500 years ago were great grandparents of 3 families: Hong, Nguyen and Hoang After those 3 families of creators many other families also came here such as Nguyen Nhan, Nguyen Xuan, Pham, etc

1.2.2.1 Hong (Cung) family

According to the family annals of Hong family who settled in the 24th Hong Duc year (1493) According to the head of Cung (Hong) family, their creator was Dau and Dau great grandfathers, but it is not known where they came from to reclaim virgin soil and founded the hamlet By Tu Duc reign, because of profaning tabooed names, Hong family was changed into Cung family1 This family had the biggest number of Able-bodied young men, accounting for nearly 50%, Cung family concentrated mostly in Kim Giang and Kim Lu hamlets By now, Cung family has

19 generations

1.2.2.2 Nguyen family

According to the family annals of Nguyen family which came from upper Son Nam (this area was from Thuong Tin to Ha Nam) to settle in Nguyen Hoa year (1543), their creator was Nguyen Phuc Tam great grandfather, with 18 generations

by now Nguyen family was also a famous family in the village for the number of people who pass examinations at high ranks and became mandarins in the reign Lu village had 5 people who were graduates of a pre-court competition-examination; 4

of whom were from Nguyen family

1.2.2.3 Hoang family

This family was considered to come to the village first, but the smallest family compared to the first 2 families, accounting for about 10% of the village population; this family also did not have lots of people who passed at high ranks, so compared

to the other families, this family did not play an important role in the village By now Hoang family has 21 generations

CHAPTER II

THE TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF KIM LU

2.1 Economic life

2.1.1 The situation of Agricultural land and economy

2.1.1.1 The situation of land

1

Kim Lu is a commune including 3 hamlets of Cau, Trung and Van According to the land register made in the fourth year of Gia Long Era (1805) (kept in National Archives Center I), the total area of Kim Lu commune was 488 hectares 7 poles and

9 metres (equal to 1,615,536 m2) Land of the commune is

Table 1 Summary of types of land in the land register

Such land and rice-fields were allotted in 42 wards such as Diem Xa, Luy Vinh, Tieu Khe, Gac Chan, Doc Nui, etc

ownership

rice-field

Table 2 Summary of types of rice-field and form of ownership by hamlet

According to the land register there were 101 households owning private

rice-village less than 1 hectare The household of Mr Nguyen So Dinh owned the biggest rice-field of 8 hectares and 1 pole People from other places also came to farm in the rive-field of the village, which meant such farmers bought rice-fields of Kim Lu people In summary, Kim Lu was a village of respectively large area of land and rice-field but the quality was not good since most of it was type 3 The proportion of private rice-field was quite high (about 90%) in comparison to the common proportion of the whole country at that time (public: 17%, private: 83%), which meant private ownership of land was much more popular here Residential area was quite large also but not fully used when there were a lot of blind land and ponds

2.1.1.3 The situation of agricultural production

In ancient time the main industry in Kim Lu was agriculture People majorly planted wet rice, and other subsidiary crops such as sweet potatoes, corns, vegetables, etc Owing to fat soil of alluvium from Hong river and limpid water from To Lich river, Kim Lu had many regionally famous agricultural products such

as sweet-smelling and glutinous Re Hoa rice, Lim sweet potatoes, Dam corns That was why such products of Lu village were put into the following folk-song:

“ Làng Lủ gạo trắng nước trong

Ai về kẻ Lủ thong dong con người”

(In Lu village, rice is white and water is pure People coming to Lu become more carefree)

Like in many other Northern villages, people in Kim Lu village grew 2 rice crops a year in the first month and the sixth or seventh month of lunar calendar Besides, they also grew other crops in the eleventh and twelfth months

2.1.2 Agricultural product processing

“Làng Lủ nổi tiếng bỏng rang Kẹo vừng bỏng cốm lắm hàng nhiều thay”

(Lu village is famous for parch Sesame candy, rice crispies and many other products)

According to old people, the industry of candy and parch production was

established in the Later Le Dynasty Lu Parch included: popcorn; parched maize mixed with honey; „bop‟ parch, rice crispies Lu Candy also included various kinds

of flour candy, sesame candy, peanut candy, etc, which were often made in a seasonal basis, while „doi‟ candy was made and sole during the year

Sugar cube as stuffing of marble dumpling would even be fine if the whole

basket was exposed to the sun in humid, hot, moist weather

Lu Green Rice Flake was different from green rice flake of Vong village

because it was produced during the year Lu green rice flake was the main material during the year of green rice flake cake shops in Hang Than street

Lu Lam „Che‟ was a famous unique product of Kim Lu in the Capital city for a

long time Lu Lam che were often evenly cut as a candy, well kept or packed in bag

to be kept for months without degeneration to keep the nature of being crispy but glutinous, not dry and hard like Lam che from some other areas

In the late 19th century, there was a new industry in Kim Lu, which was making

Sweet potato dry pancake It was said to be taught by an old man named Do Dinh

It had the sweetness of sweet potato, not as tasteless as rice dry pancake, which made it become popular to everyone

2.1.4 Trade and village market

 Trade:

People of ancient times had an saying of “Nhất cận thị, nhị cận giang, tam cận