Comparing Len Dong ritual of Vietnamese and Gut of Korean (the case study in Hanoi and Seoul) = So sánh nghi lễ lên đồng của người Việt Nam và Gut của người Hàn Quốc (Trường hợp ở Hà Nội và Seoul)

Comparing Len Dong ritual of Vietnamese and Gut of Korean (the case study in Hanoi and Seoul) = So sánh nghi lễ lên đồng của người Việt Nam và Gut của người Hàn Quốc (Trường hợp ở Hà Nội và Seoul)

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

BUI LE KHANH CHI

COMPARING LEN DONG RITUAL OF VIETNAMESE AND GUT OF KOREAN

(THE CASE STUDY IN HANOI AND SEOUL)

MASTER’S THESIS Major: Vietnamese Studies

Hanoi-2013

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

BUI LE KHANH CHI

COMPARING LEN DONG RITUAL OF VIETNAM AND GUT OF KOREA

(THE CASE STUDY IN HANOI AND SEOUL)

MASTER’S THESIS

Major: Vietnamese Studies

Code: 60 31 60

Supervisor: Prof Dr Ngo Duc Thinh

Hanoi - 2013

1

A INTRODUCTION 4

1 The rationale, significances of the study 4

2 Literature review 5

3 Study subjects, scopes and goals 7

3.1 Study subjects 7

3.2 Study scopes 7

3.3 Study goals 7

4 Study methods 7

5 Thesis structure 8

B CONTENTS 9

CHAPTER 1: INDIVIDUAL GUT OF KOREA FOUNDATION, THE HOLY MOTHER IN VIETNAM AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF GUT AND LEN DONG 9

1.1 Foundation of individual Gut in Korea and Holy Mother in VietNam 9

1.1.1 Shamanism of Korea 9

1.1.1.1 Worship the gods in the house 10

1.1.1.2 Ancestors worship 12

1.1.1.3 Worship of the village 14

1.1.2 The Mother Goddess religion (Dao Mau) in Vietnam 15

1.1.2.1 Goddess worship 16

1.1.2.2 The cult of Mother Goddess Custom 18

1.1.2.3 The Pantheon of the Mother Goddess Religion 19

1.2.1 Classification of Len dong 20

2

1.2.1.1 Thanh Dong 21

1.2.1.2 Dong Co 23

1.2.2 Gut classification of Korea 25

1.2.2.1 National Gut 27

1.2.2.2 Village Gut 28

1.2.2.3 Individuals Gut and SenamGut 31

CHAPTER 2: THE DIFFERENT AND SIMILAR BETWEEEN THE RITUAL OF LEN DONG AND GUT (THE CASE IN SEOUL AND HANOI) 34

2.1 The way and purposes of the "ra Dong”, “moi Dong”, “di Gut” and “moi Gut” 34

2.1.1 The way and purposes of the "ra Dong" and "di Gut" 34

2.1.1.1 In Vietnam 34

2.1.1.2 In Korea 35

2.1.2 The purpose of the "moi Dong" and "Moi Gut" 38

2.2 Worship objects, the “gia” for incarnating and the basic functions of incarnation ritual 39

2.2.1 Objects of worship 39

2.2.2 The incarnations and the basic functions of incarnation ritual 42

2.2.2.1 The incarnations 42

2.2.2.2 The basic functions of incarnation ritual 44

2.3 The role of the Mediums, Mutang, Can dong, and Liturgical Singers (Ban Cung van) 46

2.3.1 The role of the Mediums and Mutang 46

3

2.3.2 The role of Can dong 48

2.3.3 The role of the liturgical singers (Ban cung van) 49

2.4.1 The basic elements of the ritual 51

2.4.1.1 Clothes and tools 51

2.4.1.2 Dance and music 53

2.4.1.3 Offerings and how to display offerings 55

2.4.2 Time and space of ritual 62

2.4.2.1 Time of ritual 62

2.4.2.2 Space 63

2.4.3 The process of the len dong ritual and Gut ritual 65

CHAPTER 3: SOME ISSUES EMERGED AND FURTHER RESEARCH 76

3.1 Len Dong and Gut – way to releasing for "tie" of modern society 76

3.2 The market trend in the ritual of len dong and Gut 81

3.3 Gender equality and women's rights issues is reflected in the phenomenon of len Dong 88

LIST OF REFERENCES 100

WORKS LIST OF AUTHOR 104

A INTRODUCTION

1 The rationale, significances of the study

Religious beliefs is a very important field in every culture, in relation to the spiritual elements, reflecting the values inherited from one generation to another generation, represents a part of the human worldview In the morphological expression of religious beliefs, Shamanism is a special form of religious, its formation associated with the tribal mode

Len dong is the most characteristic practice of the Holy Mother and Gut is Korean

Shaman's ritual In both countries, we see many similarities in the two rites, it creates unique features in common denominator Shamanism In the process of learning about the religion of the two countries in general and the Holy Mother of Vietnam, Korean Shamanism in particular, we find that there are many similarities and differences of these

two types of religion I chose the topic “Len Dong Ritual of Vietnamese and Gut of Korean (the case study in Hanoi and Seoul)" to study this issue in completing and

detailing the comparison between the level of this important religious ritual This study

hopes to contribute to provide clearer information about the len dong of Vietnamese and Gut of Korea

2 Literature review

There have been many studies on the Vietnamese Holy Mother and Korean Shamanism In Vietnam, the study of Vietnamese Holy Mother may include two

collective works "Dao Mau Vietnam" by Ngo Duc Thinh Besides, "Len dong Journeys

of spirits, and destinies", this work is replayed one hau dong mixed reviews of the

author, and new issues are mentioned There are also researchers such as Nguyen Kim Hien, Nguyen Thi Hien, Le Hong Ly…

Comparing issue len dong of Vietnam and Gut of Korea in particular was

mentioned in the following three researches: Firstly, works “Khi nào Gut giống Lên đồng vài điểm tương đồng giữa Hàn Quốc và Việt Nam” by Laurel Kendall Secondly is the

work of Bui Thi Hoa, "Những tương đồng và khác biệt trong “Lên đồng” của người Việt

và “Gut” của người Hàn " in Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, No 6 (112), 2010

3 Study subjects, scopes and goals

3.1 Study subjects

- Len dong ritual and Gut;

- Practitioners of Holy Mother in Vietnam (mediums and their disciples)

3.2 Study scopes

- Len dong ritual in Hanoi (Vietnam): Focus research resources have been

published, especially the work of Prof Ngo Duc Thinh In addition, the survey mainly

Len dong based in Hanoi and some its adjacent provinces;

- SenamGut ritual of Seoul (Korea): Due to funding limitations, the survey is

based on a Korean documents is mainly

3.3 Study goals

Learn about Korean Gut platform, Holy Mother in Vietnam and the classification

of Gut and len dong

The study focused on comparing the similarities and differences in classification,

the basic element in ceremonies and events, how the len dong and Gut Through this

results proposed a number of issues that need further research

4 Study methods

 Retrospective method and document analysis and synthesis:

 Methods of observation, survey fact:

 Method comparison

5 Thesis structure

A Introduction

B Contents

Chapter 1: Individual Gut of Korea Foundation and the Holy Mother in Vietnam and the classification of Gut and len dong

Chapter 2: The different and similar between the ritual of len dong and Gut (The case in Seoul and Hanoi)

Chapter 3: Some issues emerged and further research

C Conclusions

B CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INDIVIDUAL GUT OF KOREA FOUNDATION, THE HOLY MOTHER IN

VIETNAM AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF GUT AND LEN DONG

1.1 Foundation of individual Gut in Korea and Holy Mother in VietNam

1.1.1 Shamanism of Korea

Shamanism dominated the Korean peninsula and is considered to be the state religion until about the year 372, when Buddhism was introduced from Jin to Koguryo and in Paekche about 384 But not when Buddhism was introduced to its heyday (in the period after reaching three kingdom of Paekche, Koguryo, Shilla) Shamanism lost his role in the spiritual life of the people Nowadays, Shamanism continues to develop and even at this stage it becomes popular with art divination Three kingdom united, land was opened, the temple was restored and new construction Court and his people must consult Shamanic practitioners about land issue Not only have people follow Shamanism but also members of the royal family and nobility Shamanism still exist in parallel with the rise of Buddhism in the sixth century Until sixteenth century Yi Hwang and Yi I have created two New Confucian opposition in the Korean Peninsula When New Confucian accepted as a religious Buddhist country, at this and other religions are overlooked court However the Shaman still reigns in the religious consciousness of the Korean people until today

1.1.1.1 Worship the gods in the house

Like the Vietnamese, Koreans believe that every family has the gods, the gods are not the same in every house Spirit may dwell everywhere, at home, garden, house, roof, kitchen, toilet, barn even gods may dwell in a jar of rice, jars containers water

Although there are many gods in the house but Koreans usually conducted

worship important gods that is Chosang, Songji, Chowang, Toju, and Up All worship the gods of the people called Kosa In families, mostly “Yin” gods, known as "Madam" whose gentleness, kindness One of the purposes of conducting the Gut ritual is for good

luck and prosperity for the family Some gods reigned in the house owners also were

awe-inspiringly powerful by Mutang body The gods often chosen to worship in Gut ritual is the household god and god of fire Unlike len dong ritual of Vietnam, Gut ritual takes place not by Mutang organize up to an invitation from the family Mutang conducts

for the landlord so the goddess seated in the family to pray to the gods to bring good luck

to the owner

1.1.1.2 Ancestors worship

To commemorate ancestors Korean made three basic ritual called the Kije, Ch'arye and Myoje Three rituals are three types of Jesa (ancestor worship) Vietnamese people remember their ancestors and monthly special events They burn the followers or

offerings of food, fruit on the 1st and 15th lunar month, major holidays such as New Year Holiday, anniversaries, or the special days Their place of worship is not specified any

time, depending on each family is different

With the same concept as the Vietnamese ancestors always epiphany to bless the children in the family so the family daily life activities such as how, when offering to ancestors as well as those things In some big holidays such as ancestor’s death anniversary, New Year

1.1.1.3 Worship of the village

According to Hwang Gwi Yeon and Trinh Cam Lan (2002), from the ancient worship of the village very much influenced by environmental factors, it dominates at the livelihood of the villagers Like Vietnam, people living where the worship of the village there Such as those who live in the mountains and prairies, tend to worship the mountains, the coast, fishermen worship and sacrifice the dragon Spirit dragon god brings cooling rains for land plants in times of drought in years At this time, it held special ceremonies to worship the dragon god, the god of rain, may have a bumper crop

of affluence

Village festival is usually held in the morning dawn the day in January (according to Lunar Calendar), depending on the selected villages given to the organization Perform the ritual cult of the village is a special implementation of official activities related to the village festival These people must have the parts, and as a perfect reputation The gods not only protect the village bring prosperous life for people living, but also to protect the dead in the village there Hierarchical relationship between the gods, from the village to the gods in the house, to the ancestors are arranged orderly in individual Gut ritual of Korea

1.1.2 The Mother Goddess religion (Dao Mau) in Vietnam

1.1.2.1 Goddess worship

In cosmological terms the ancient Orient, "yin-yang" is used to to describe how polar opposites or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn in relation to each other The

Vietnamese regarded gods: Land, Water, Mountain, Fire as Yin and with female nature,

or Mother nature

Across the country almost anywhere has the relic worship Goddess There are many different goddesses with each role The formation of Goddess worship is based on the agricultural economy, residual social network model with a large role of the woman

in labor and production, cultural and creative combat Goddess worship is natural forms

of human spirit Elements in nature has an important role related, directly affect human life, especially for the agricultural population was human mind into the "Mother" to express the reverence , the respect of the people

1.1.2.2 The cult of Mother Goddess Custom

The concept itself "the cult of Holy Mother " is still more heterogeneous perspective "Mother" is understood in a broader sense it is an honor, honored a female character like: Au Co Mother, Lieu Hanh Mother, Mother of people Mother also refers

to proliferate, biochemical constantly of things (especially the factors that multiply its intimately affect the lives of people) as profess Name: Mother of Land, Mother of Water, Mother of Rice, Mother of the tree …With spiritual faith in the power of Mother - the Creator, sponsor for the survival and growth of the universe, human nature and worship Mother belief is seen as a template layer to The Holy of Mother and development

1.1.2.3 The Pantheon of the Mother Goddess Religion

It might be called the dawn of the Holy of Mother is separate natural worship Goddess The goddesses is the god of nature and no human characteristics of particular characteristics of the Mother The characteristics of the Mother is manifest in grades god, as the Au Co Mother of the Vietnamese, the Trung sisters, Y Lan Under the background of Goddess worship and Mother Goddess, the four realms or “places”

(Tu Phu) developed Three or four “places” here is not the number of units of the temple, covered but three or four elements of the universe Three realms including Heaven (thien phu), Earth (dia phu), Water (thoai phu), the four realms include Forest and Mountain (nhac phu)

In the Three “places” of Mother Goddess, Lieu Hanh Mother is the saint appeared late but became the dominant deity of the Holy of Mother She became the most major and the most venerated figure in the pantheon and as a model for Vietnamese women She is considered to be the most generous sympathy gods So she raised the most important position, governing the gods below and the human world

1.2 The classification of Len dong and Gut

1.2.1 Classification of Len dong

-Thanh Dong

- Dong Co

1.2.2 Gut classification of Korea

- National Gut

- Village Gut

- Individuals Gut and SenamGut