17 June 2005 Vol. 308 No. 5729 Pages 1697-1824 $10 Need More Information? Give Us A Call: #/2.+(+%#6+10 %' $+1.1); %.10+0) /+%41#44#;5 07%.'+%#%+& #0#.;5+5 2416'+0(70%6+10 #0#.;5+5 37#06+6#6+8' 2%4 51(69#4' 51.76+105 YYYUVTCVCIGPGEQO Stratagene Europe Order: 00800-7000-7000 Technical Services: 00800-7400-7400 GeneMorph ® random mutagenesis kits * feature our patented Mutazyme ® II DNA polymerase, which delivers a balanced mutational spectrum with more robust yields than Taq polymerase under error-prone PCR conditions. This allows you to discover more key residues responsible for protein function easier and faster than before, thus enhancing the evolution of your protein. • Simple protocol to control mutation frequency • Efficient mutagenesis rates of 1 to 16 bases per kb • Overcome poor PCR yield and mutational bias of Taq polymerase The perfect assortment. With GeneMorph ® mutagenesis kits, a balanced spectrum of mutations is right at your fingertips. 10%Value 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Mutazyme ® II DNA Polymerase Mutazyme ® I DNA Polymerase Taq DNA Polymerase AT to N GC to N Our GeneMorph ® II Kits include Mutazyme ® II Polymerase, which delivers a balanced mutational spectrum. Ask us about these great products: GeneMorph ® II Random Mutagenesis kit 30 rxns 200550 GeneMorph ® II EZClone Domain Mutagenesis kit 10 rxns 200552 Purchase of these products is accompanied by a license to use them in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process in conjunction with a thermal cycler whose use in the automated performance of the PCR process is covered by the up-front license fee, either by payment to Applied Biosystems or as purchased, i.e., an authorized thermal cycler. Stratagene USA and Canada Order: (800) 424-5444 x3 Technical Services: (800) 894-1304 Stratagene Japan K.K. Order: 03-5159-2060 Technical Services: 03-5159-2070 * U.S. Patent No. 6,803,216 and patent pending                                                              Ni Sepharose ™ products from GE Healthcare give you the highest binding capacity available for histidine-tagged protein purification. With up to four times the binding capacity, it’s no longer pure imagination to dramatically increase your yield, while saving time and costs. Maximum target protein activity is assured, thanks to tolerance of a wide range of additives and negligible nickel ion leakage. The flexibility to use a variety of protocols ensures the highest possible purity. Ni Sepharose 6 FF is excellent for manual procedures such as gravity/batch and easy scale-up, while the HP version is designed for high-performance in automated purification systems – both are available in different formats, including prepacked columns. Outstanding performance has never been easier to achieve. www .amershambiosciences.com/his 4x greater binding capacity in histidine-tagged protein purification GE Healthcare © 2005 General Electric Company - All rights reserved. Amersham Biosciences AB, a General Electric company going to market as GE Healthcare. GE10-05 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 17 JUNE 2005 1701 DEPARTMENTS 1707 SCIENCE ONLINE 1709 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 1713 EDITORIAL by Donald Kennedy The Fight of the Decade 1715 EDITORS’CHOICE 1720 CONTACT SCIENCE 1721 NETWATCH 1805 NEW PRODUCTS 1806 SCIENCE CAREERS NEWS OF THE WEEK 1722 ITALIAN SCIENCE Abstentions Scuttle Drive to Liberalize Italy’s Embryo Laws 1722 SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING Society Bars Papers From Iranian Authors 1723 G EOCHEMISTRY New Geochemical Benchmark Changes Everything on Earth related Science Express Research Article by M. Boyet and R. W. Carlson 1724 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Nucleosomes Help Guide Yeast Gene Activity related Science Express Report by G C.Yuan et al. 1725 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY U.S. Patent Reform Begins Long Journey Through Congress 1725 SCIENCESCOPE 1726 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Turf War Halts Spain’s Foot-and-Mouth Disease Studies 1727 ASTRONOMY Extrasolar Planets Get Smaller and (Possibly) Harder 1729 GENETICS Jumping DNA Mixes It Up in the Developing Brain 1729 BIOMEDICAL POLICY House Approves 0.5% Raise for NIH, Comments on Database NEWS FOCUS 1730 EARTH SCIENCE The Story of O 2 A Better Atmosphere for Life 1733 MEETING American Astronomical Society A Sprawling Andromeda Galaxy Startles and Puzzles Observers A Rocky Landing for Deep Impact? Snapshots From the Meeting 1735 MEETING American Society of Gene Therapy Retroviral Vectors: A Double-Edged Sword Smart Vector Restores Liver Enzyme 1737 SPACE EXPLORATION Private Mission Aims to Give Solar Sails Their Day in the Sun 1738 R ANDOM SAMPLES LETTERS 1740 Retraction P. K. Cooper et al. Reassessing U.S. Coral Reefs R.W. Grigg and S. J. Dollar;A. Huppert; B. D. Causey and K. Andrews;W. L. Kruczynski;W. F. Precht et al. Response J. B. C. Jackson et al. Written in Our Genes? J. Nathans 1742 Corrections and Clarifications BOOKS ET AL. 1744 MEDICINE Polio An American Story D. M. Oshinsky; Splendid Solution Jonas Salk and the Conquest of Polio J. Kluger; Living with Polio The Epidemic and Its Survivors D. J.Wilson, reviewed by M. Pallansch 1746 FILM:HISTORY OF SCIENCE Proteus A Nineteenth Century Vision D. Lebrun, reviewed by M. Laubichler POLICY FORUM 1747 ETHICS Issues in Oocyte Donation for Stem Cell Research D. Magnus and M. K. Cho PERSPECTIVES 1749 PLANT SCIENCE GRAS Genes and the Symbiotic Green Revolution M. K. Udvardi and W R. Scheible related Reports pages 1786 and 1789 1750 ARCHAEOLOGY Glassmaking in Bronze-Age Egypt C. M. Jackson related Research Article page 1756 1752 MACROEVOLUTION Seeds of Diversity D. H. Erwin 1753 CLIMATE Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming K. Trenberth Contents continued COVER Human embryonic stem cells derived by nuclear transfer (green moon) match the donor cells genetically and immunologically (human leukocyte antigen data sets represent bamboo), regardless of the age, sex, or disease status of the donor of the nucleus. The patient-specific cell lines described on page 1777 may aid in the discovery of complex disease mechanisms and human developmental processes. [Image: H. Qidwai] 1753 1744 Volume 308 17 June 2005 Number 5729 1730 NASA/GSFC, MODIS Rapid Response Team. New genomewide solutions from QIAGEN provide potent, specific siRNAs and matching, ready-to-use, validated primer sets for SYBR ® Green based real-time RT-PCR assays. ■ One database — easy online access to RNAi and gene expression solutions at the GeneGlobe ™ Web portal ■ Two matching solutions — siRNAs and matching real-time RT-PCR assays you can rely on ■ Three complete genomes — siRNAs and RT-PCR assays are available for the entire human, mouse, and rat genomes Trademarks: QIAGEN ® , GeneGlobe ™ (QIAGEN Group); SYBR ® (Molecular Probes, Inc.). siRNA technology licensed to QIAGEN is covered by various patent applications, owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA and others. QuantiTect Primer Assays are optimized for use in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) covered by patents owned by Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd. No license under these patents to use the PCR process is conveyed expressly or by implication to the purchaser by the purchase of this product. A license to use the PCR process for certain research and development activities accompanies the purchase of certain reagents from licensed suppliers such as QIAGEN, when used in conjunction with an Authorized Thermal Cycler, or is available from Applied Biosystems. Further information on purchasing licenses to practice the PCR process may be obtained by contacting the Director of Licensing, Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, California 94404 or at Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, California 94501. RNAiGEXGeneGlobe0605S1WW © 2005 QIAGEN, all rights reserved. Systems Biology — RNAi and Gene Expression Analysis GeneGlobe — the world’s largest database of matching siRNAs and RT-PCR assays WWW.QIAGEN.COM For matched siRNAs and real-time RT-PCR assays, go to www.qiagen.com/GeneGlobe ! New 1000 E+1 Cycle 15 20 25 35 1000 30 1000 E–1 Untransfected Transfected with PRKCA siRNA Reliable quantification after knockdown. Visit www .qiagen.com/GeneGlobe . www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 17 JUNE 2005 1703 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During the Paleogene M. Pagani, J. C. Zachos, K. H. Freeman, B. Tipple, S. Bohaty Atmospheric CO 2 levels fell from 1500 parts per million to modern levels of 300 parts per million from 35 to 25 million years ago, coincident with the buildup of ice in Antarctica. GEOCHEMISTRY: 142 Nd Evidence for Early (>4.53 Ga) Global Differentiation of the Silicate Earth M. Boyet and R.W. Carlson A difference in the relative abundance of neodymium-142 in chondrite meteorites and sampled rocks on Earth imply that Earth’s mantle rapidly separated into two reservoirs. related News story page 1723 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Crystal Structure of Human Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Ectodomain J. Choe, M. S. Kelker, I.A.Wilson A Toll-like receptor, which helps the immune system sense microbes, is a large horseshoe-shaped glycoprotein that may be activated when double-stranded RNA binds to its side. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Genome-Scale Identification of Nucleosome Positions in S. Cerevisiae G C. Yuan,Y J. Liu, M. F. Dion, M. D. Slack, L. F. Wu, S. J. Altschuler, O. J. Rando The proteins that pack DNA into the yeast nucleus are usually found next to genes, whereas large regulatory regions, which have evolved little, are left exposed. related News story page 1724 TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS 1743 MEDICINE Comment on “Inflammatory Exposure and Historical Changes in Human Life-Spans” E. Barbi and J.W.Vaupel full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5729/1743a Response to Comment on “Inflammatory Exposure and Historical Changes in Human Life-Spans” C. E. Finch and E. M. Crimmins full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5729/1743b 1743 OCEAN SCIENCE Comment on “The Ocean Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2 ” R. F. Keeling full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5729/1743c Response to Comment on “The Ocean Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2 ” C. Sabine and N. Gruber full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5729/1743d BREVIA 1755 PHYSIOLOGY: Energetics of Load Carrying in Nepalese Porters G. J. Bastien, B. Schepens, P. A. Willems, N. C. Heglund Nepalese porters pay a relatively small metabolic price for carrying enormously heavy loads. RESEARCH ARTICLES 1756 ARCHAEOLOGY: Late Bronze Age Glass Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt T. Rehren and E. B. Pusch Glass slag and glass-coated ceramic vessels from the eastern Nile Delta imply that widely distributed glass artifacts dating to 1500 B.C. were produced primarily in Egypt. related Perspective page 1750 1758 BIOCHEMISTRY: Tubulin Polyglutamylase Enzymes Are Members of the TTL Domain Protein Family C. Janke et al. An amino acid ligase, the first of a newly described family of enzymes, adds polyglutamyl groups to tubulin to help regulate the cytoskeleton. REPORTS 1762 APPLIED PHYSICS: Quantum Interference Device Made by DNA Templating of Superconducting Nanowires D. S. Hopkins, D. Pekker, P. M. Goldbart, A. Bezryadin Two strands of DNA are used as a template to deposit two thin superconducting nanowires, which produce novel interference effects. 1765 CHEMISTRY: Spectral Signatures of Hydrated Proton Vibrations in Water Clusters J. M. Headrick et al. The extra proton in an acidic water shell is bound to either one or two water molecules, or partially to both, depending on the size of the shell. 1762 Contents continued 1750 & 1756 NeutrAvidin ™ Protein offers the highest possible specificity for biotin, yielding the lowest nonspecific binding. NeutrAvidin ™ Protein provides exceptional performance for both purification and detection of biotin-labeled proteins. If you’re still using Streptavidin, it’s time to discover the advantages of NeutrAvidin ™ Tools. Advantages over streptavidin: • Highest specificity for biotin binding • No nonspecific binding to cell-surface proteins • High signal-to-noise ratio in detection systems • Saves money without sacrificing quality Still using Streptavidin? NeutrAvidin ™ Protein offers ultra-low nonspecific binding at an unbelievably low price Protein Purification/Detection Properties of biotin-binding proteins www.piercenet.com/neu22d Grasp the Proteome ™ FREE Avidin-Biotin Handbook from Pierce, the leader in avidin-biotin products! Visit the Pierce web site at www.piercenet.com/ab95d or call 800-874-3723 to request your copy today. Tel: 815-968-0747 or 800-874-3723 • Fax: 815-968-7316 Technical Assistance E-mail: TA@piercenet.com • Customer Assistance E-mail: CS@piercenet.com Outside the United States, visit our web site or call 815-968-0747 to locate your local Perbio Science branch office (below) or distributor © Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., 2005. Pierce products are supplied for laboratory or manufacturing applications only. NeutrAvidin ™ and UltraLink ® are trademarks of Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. Belgium & Dist.: Tel +32 53 85 71 84 euromarketing@perbio.com China: Tel +86 10 8049 9033 support@perbio.com.cn France: Tel 0800 50 82 15 euromarketing@perbio.com Germany: Tel 0228 9125650 de.info@perbio.com Hong Kong: Tel 852 2753 0686 SalesHK@perbio.com The Netherlands: Tel 076 50 31 880 euromarketing@perbio.com United Kingdom: Tel 0800 252185 uk.info@perbio.com Switzerland: Tel 0800 56 31 40 euromarketing@perbio.com Available in bulk quantities and in the following convenient formats: • Immobilized NeutrAvidin ™ Protein on Agarose • UltraLink ® Immobilized NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Soluble NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • HRP- and Alkaline Phosphatase-labeled NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Fluorescein-labeled NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • Maleimide-activated NeutrAvidin ™ Protein • 96- and 384-well NeutrAvidin ™ Plates NeutrAvidin ™ Avidin Streptavidin Protein Molecular Weight 67K 53K 60K Biotin-binding 444 Sites Isoelectric 10 6.8-7.5 6.3 Point (pI) Specificity Low High Highest Affinity for 10 -15 M10 -15 M10 -15 M Biotin (K d ) Nonspecific High Low Lowest Binding . going to market as GE Healthcare. GE10-05 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 17 JUNE 2005 1701 DEPARTMENTS 1707 SCIENCE ONLINE 1709 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 1713 EDITORIAL by Donald Kennedy The Fight. after knockdown. Visit www .qiagen.com/GeneGlobe . www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 308 17 JUNE 2005 1703 S CIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon. www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308 /5729/ 1743b 1743 OCEAN SCIENCE Comment on “The Ocean Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2 ” R. F. Keeling full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308 /5729/ 1743c Response to