Report lab 4 seperation method

Experiment 1: Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method.. Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method .... Essential oil extractio

SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Chemistry for BME Laboratory

BM098IU

REPORT LAB 4: SEPERATION METHOD

Submitted by

Hồ Anh Khoa BEBEIU20168 –

Date Submitted: 09 2/2022 /1

Date Performed: 02 2/2022 /1

Lab Section: Friday Morning

Course Instructor: Truong Phuoc Long, PhD

Dao Ngoc Yen Khoa Nguyen Manh Khang

International University i BM098IU

GRADING GUIDELINE FOR LAB REPORT

1

Format (max 10%)

- Table of contents Yes No

- List of figures (if exists) Yes No

- List of tables (if exists) Yes No

- Lab report structure Yes No

2

English Grammar and Spelling (max 5%)

(Max 0% if references = 0%)

3 Data and Result Analysis (max 85%)

05 parts, 17% for each

Introduction:

Experimental procedure:

Results & Discussion:

Assignment:

Conclusion:

Total Score

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1 What is Separation? 1

a) Separation by distillation 1

b) Separation by extraction 2

2 Essential oil of Pomelo peel 2

3 Tannin 3

II.Experimental procedures 4

1 Materials and equipment 4

a Materials 4

b Equipment 4

2 Experimental procedures 5

a Experiment 1: Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method 5

b Experiment 2: Tannins extraction of tea leaves 6

III.Results and discussion 8

1 Results 8

a Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method 8

b Tannins extraction from tea leaves 9

2 Discussion 9

a Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method 9

b Tannins extraction from tea leaves 9

IV.Assignment 10

V.Conclusion… 12

VI.References 12

International University iii BM098IU

List of Figures

Figure 1 Distillation method 1

Figure 2 Pomelo peel 3

Figure 3 Epigallocatechin gallate 4

Figure 4 Ultrasonic P Elma 5

Figure 5 Water bath 5

Figure 6 Set up for experiment 1 6

Figure 7 Tannins after the filtration contained in the beaker 7

Figure 8 Filter the mixture 7

Figure 9 Filter paper folding technique 8

Figure 10 Extracting essential oil from pomelo peel is contained in amber glass bottles 8

Figure 11 Filtered tannins contained in test tubes 9

Figure 12 Tannins extraction from tea leaves 9

I Introduction

In this lab we learn about three separation methods based on boiling point, density and solubility as well as the equipment used in separation After that, I was also guided in practical experiments related to each process: Using the hydro-distillation method to extract essential oil from pomelo peel, tannins extraction of tea leaves

Background information:

1 What Separation? is

A separation is a technique that divides a chemical combination or solution into two or more different product mixes At least one of the separation products is a supplement in one or more of the elements of the source mixture A separation technique may separate a mixture into its pure ingredients in some situations Separations take use of variations in chemical or physical characteristics Separation: Definition, methods, complete and incomplete - (

TOPPR-guides)

a) Separation by distillation

Distillation is a separation process used to separate a solid from a liquid mixture It is essentially the process of heating a liquid to produce vapors and then condensing the vapors

to recover the liquid The liquid obtained by undergoing vapor condensation is known as distillate Miscible liquids combine to produce a solution (Separation by distillation 2021)

Figure 1 Distillation method

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b) Separation by extraction

The transferring of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different solvent or phase is referred to as extraction The most typical method in the chemical lab is liquid-liquid extraction, which takes place in a separatory funnel In the funnel, a dissolved component solution is put, and an immiscible solvent is added, resulting in two layers that are shaken together It is usual for one layer to be aqueous and the other to be organic Components are

"extracted" when they are moved from one layer to the next

Extraction is used in the chemical lab for a variety of reasons It is the most often used method for separating chemicals from plant sources Extraction is the process of transferring chemicals from one liquid to another so that they can be more readily controlled or

concentrated It also allows for the selective elimination of mixed components (Libretexts, 4: Extraction 2020)

2 Essential oil of Pomelo peel

Essential oils derived from pomelo peels are widely used in a variety of applications and have been identified as antibacterial and antioxidant alternatives It has been demonstrated that the bioactivity of essential oils is determined by their chemical makeup

Pomelo peel contains a significant quantity of essential oil, around 0.4-1% of the peel's weight; this essential oil comprises a variety of volatile aromatics Pomelo essential oil is often composed of limonene (8088%), Pinene (0.81.2%), linalool (1.1.0.7%), and -terpinene (0.7-1.0%) Pomelo essential oil exhibits antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteus vulgaris, according to research

Essential oils are popular due to their health, beauty, and relaxation advantages They not only deliver a nice perfume but also assist decrease tension exceptionally efficiently by dispersing the aroma of essential oils to the outside, producing a fresh, clean area free of bacteria and germs Furthermore, the use of essential oils in aromatherapy reduces the usage

of chemicals that can harm human health (Ngan et al., 2021)

Figure 2 Pomelo peel

3 Tannin

Tannins are a type of chemical compound that is part of a wider group of chemicals known as polyphenols Tannin particles are usually bigger than other groups of polyphenol chemicals Tannins may readily interact with other molecules such as proteins and minerals Tannins are naturally present in a variety of food and non-edible plants, including bark, leaves, spices, nuts, fruits, and legumes Tannins are chemicals found in plants that aid in insect control Tannins also add color and taste to a variety of plant meals Tea, coffee, wine, and chocolate are some of the richest and most prevalent sources of tannins The bitter flavor of these meals and beverages is generally attributable

to their high tannin content

Although tea is commonly thought to be a high-tannin source, the amount of tannins in tea varies depending on a variety of circumstances The four basic varieties of tea are white, black, green, and oolong, and they are all brewed from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant Tannins are present in all teas, although the concentration is heavily controlled by how and for how long the tea leaves are processed According to some sources, black tea contains the greatest concentration of tannins of any tea variety, whereas green tea has the lowest Tannin levels in white and oolong teas are typically

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medium, although the quantity in each can vary significantly depending on how the tea

is manufactured

Epigallocatechin gallate is one of the primary tannins present in green tea (EGCG) EGCG belongs to a class of chemicals known as catechins, which are thought to be one

of the causes behind green tea's numerous health advantages (What are the tannins in tea and what are their benefits?)

Figure 3 Epigallocatechin gallate

II Experimental procedures

1 Materials and equipment

a Materials

••••• Pomelo peels

••••• Tea leaves

••••• Distilled water

••••• Na2SO4

••••• 70 Ethanol

••••• FeCl3

b Equipment

• Test tube

• Round-bottom flask

• Beaker

• Micropipette

• Mortar and pestle

• Heating mantle

• Analytical balance

• Ultrasonic P Elma

• Water bath

• Filter paper and funnel

• Volumetric pipette

• Cylinder

Figure 4 Ultrasonic P Elma Figure 5 Water bath

2 Experimental procedures

a Experiment 1: Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method

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Step 1: Weigh and cut 250 g of pomelo peel, then transfer to a 1 L round-bottom flask with

500 mL of distilled water

Step 2: Place the flask on a heating mantle then connect the still column and conde nser to

the round bottom flask

Step 3: Turn on the heating mantle and set the appropriate boiling point Once it starts to

boil, turn the heat down

Step 4: After completing the process of water-bath distillation, the essential oil is obtained,

separated and anhydrous with Na2SO4

Step 5: Calculate the Yield of pomelo peels oil (Y) using the formula below:

Y (%) = Volume of essential oil (mL)

Amount of raw material (g) × 100

Step 6: Store essential oils in amber glass bottles and store at 4°C for further experiments

b Experiment 2: Tannins extraction of tea leaves

Step 1: Preparation of tea leaves Cut the tea leaves into small pieces Then put the chopped

tea leaves on the mortar and pound with a pestle The experimenter must prepare 5g of small

Figure 6 Set up for experiment 1

tea leaves divided equally into 4 beakers by analytical balance and label beakers from 1 to

4

Step 2: For the first 3 beakers, add 100 mL of distilled water For the last beaker, add 100mL

of 70 ethanol

Step 3: Divided into 4 cases:

Place the first beaker in water bath at 100°C, the second and fourth at room temperature and the third beaker in ultrasonic cleaner for 40 minutes

Figure 7 Tannins after the filtration contained in the beaker

Step 4: After 40 minutes, use a funnel and filter paper to filter the mixture in each beaker

Figure 8 Filter the mixture

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Figure 9 Filter paper folding technique

Note:

• Make sure you use the right size filter paper

• The size of the paper should be less than that of the bottom of the funnel (It must cover all the holes)

• Filter paper must have no creases or folds

Step 5: Use a volumetric pipette to draw 1 mL of the tannin solution and add 1 to 4 test

tubes Then add 1 mL FeCl3 to each test tube Observe the result in each test tube The color turns blackish or bluish, it indicates the presence of tannin

III Results and discussion

1 Results

a Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method

Figure 10 Extracting essential oil from pomelo peel is contained in amber glass bottles

b Tannins extraction from tea leaves

Figure 11 Filtered tannins contained in test tubes

Figure 12. Tannins extraction from tea leaves

2 Discussion

a Essential oil extraction from pomelo peel by hydro-distillation method

In the experiment, we obtained about 2 mL in 100g of tea leaves The Yield of pomelo peels oil:

Y (%) = 2 mL

100 g × 100 = 2%

b Tannins extraction from tea leaves

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In this experiment, a distinct difference in the color of tannin extracted from tea leaves could

be observed in each test tube For test tube 1, the color changed from green to light black indicating the presence of tannin but very little For the remaining three test tubes, the color turned black clearly indicating that the tannin content contained in the test tubes was very high

IV Assignment

1 What is the principle of distillation? What are the applications of distillation?

• Principle of distillation:

The distillation process is based on the fact that different liquids boil at different temperatures When a combination is heated, the material with the lower boiling point begins

to boil first, converting into vapors that may then be collected separately

• Applications of distillation:

- Recovery of Solvents

- Extraction of the Volatile Oils

- Manufacturing of official preparations

- Purification

2 What is the difference between distillation and fractional distillation?

Boiling Point

Fractional Distillation: Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with similar boiling

points

Simple Distillation: This method is used to separate liquids having boiling point differences

of at least 50 degrees

• Apparatus

Fractional Distillation: A complicated apparatus with a fractionating column is used in

fractional distillation

Simple Distillation: A simple apparatus is employed, consisting of a flask to retain the

mixture, a condenser, and a flask to collect the purified components

• Repetition

Fractional Distillation: The procedure must be performed multiple times to obtain the pure

components

Simple distillation is a one-time procedure

• Solvent separation from a Solute

Fractional distillation is ineffective for separating a solvent from a solute

Simple distillation is a method for separating a solvent from a solute (Pabasara, 2017)

3 Which factors affect the rate of sedimentation of a particle during centrifugation? Please explain the reasons

The centrifugal sedimentation method determines particle size by changing the speed of particles moving due to centrifugal force When a rotational force is applied to particles, bigger particles settle quicker and smaller particles settle slower

- Factors affect the rate of sedimentation of a particle during centrifugation

edge

temperature within the centrifuge

• Distance of particles displacement: As the particles' distance from the center of

rotation rises, so does their relative centrifugal force

• Speed: As the particles in the band travel through the density medium, zones of equal

size emerge as the quicker sedimenting particles move ahead of the slower ones

4 When extracting, using dry leaves or fresh leaves can get more essential oil? Please explain the reasons

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In the drug product cell is semi-permeable, so when the leaf is fresh, due to the action of the protoplast, only the solvent is permeated into the cell, causing the drug product to expand, and the solute in the cell cannot diffuse out Therefore, for fresh leaves, in the extract, one must find a way to destroy the primary material of fresh medicinal materials that need to be dipped in alcohol at high temperature or high alcohol content, the primary membrane is broken, facilitating the passage of solutes through the cell membrane

5 How can different gases be separated from the atmosphere?

Fractional distillation:

Fractional distillation is a kind of distillation that involves the separation of liquid phases This procedure requires numerous distillations and condensations, and the mixture is typically separated into its constituent elements The separation occurs when the mixture is

heated to a temperature where portions of the mixture begin to evaporate (How can we obtain different gases from air? - byju's)

V Conclusion

In this lab, I got a clear and detailed understanding of three different separation methods based on boiling point, density, and solubility as well as the equipment used in separation I then ran them through real-world experiments involving each process: A hydro-distillation process is used to extract essential oils from pomelo peel and tannins from tea leaves

VI References

Ngan, T T K., Tran, T H., Minh, L T N., Long, H B., & Le, X T (2021) Application

of pomelo essential oil ( Citrus Grandis L ) in effective scenting of diffused products E3S Web of Conferences, 306, 04020 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604020 Separation: Definition, methods, complete and incomplete - TOPPR-guides (n.d.) Retrieved December 15, 2022, from https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/is-matter -around-us-pure/separation/