Báo cáo "A study on the Chinese - Origin words in the Hmong language in Vietnam (a Synchronic point of view) " ppt

Jung, Jae-Seo Department of Chinese Language & Literature, Ewha Women’s University} Prof.. - Central Asian university students’ educational environment and their need for study in Korea

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SESSION II_ ACADEMIC CONFERENCE -:

DIVISION 1 [LITERATURE, HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY]

: Yang, Min-Jong (Pusan National University, Korea)

- The comparative study of East Asia Literature Under the Japanese

Occupation

: Kim, Jae-Yong (Wonkang University, Korea)

«Identity in Context: Literary and Cultural Studies in Malaysia and Singapore

: Mary Susan Phillip (University of Malaya, Malaysia)

Coffee break

- The Memories of War and Peace During the Between-War Period: A Study

on the ‘Pacific Conference’ and the Role of Intellectuals in Three East Asian Countries

: Ko, Jung-Hyoo (POSTECH, Korea)

- Liberalism and Religious Pluralism in Indonesian Islam

: Kim, Hyung-Jun (Kangwon National University, Korea)

Prof Choi, Won-Shik

(Deparment of Korean Language & Literature, Inha University) Prof Yu, In Sun

(Department of Oriental History, Seoul National University)

Prof Jung, Jae-Seo

(Department of Chinese Language & Literature, Ewha Women’s University} Prof Kim, Chea-Soo

(Department of Japanese Language & Literature, Korea University) Prof Koh, Young-Hun

(Department of Malay-Indonesian Language, Hankuk University of Forein Studies)

Prof Park, Jeong-Hyun

(Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University)

Prof Cho, Seong-Taek (Department of Philosophy, Korea University)

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: Hieu Nguyen Van (Vietnam National University, Vietnam)

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- Central Asian university students’ educational environment and their need

for study in Korea : Kim, Sung-Hoon (Dongguk University, Korea)

- The Evolution and Policy Context of Youth Policy in the Republic of Korea

: Bambang Shergi Laksmono (University of Indonesia, Indonesia)

- A Comparative Study of the Learning-style preferences Among Asian Students

; Wenfang Fan (Tsinghua University, China)

- A study on the Chinese-origin Words in the Hmong Language in Vietnam

: Hiew Nguyen Van (Vietnam National University, Viemam)

Coffee break

- Á Comparative Study on Sustainable Development: South Korea and

: Jeong, Dai-Yeun (Cheju National University, Korea) /

- Geography of Foreign Direct Investment and Institutional Dynamics in Transitional Economies; Korean Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam

: Lee, Sung-Cheol (Dongeuk University, Korea)

Prof Kim, Min Nam

(Deparment of Education, Kyungpook National University)

Prof You, Seok-Hoon

(Department of Linguistics, Korea University) Prof Yang, Seung- Yoon

(Department of Malay-Indonesian Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Pref Ro, Jong Hee

(Department of Education, Hanyang University)

Prof Song, Byeong-Kug

(Department of Youth Education & Counseling, Soonchunhyang University) Prof Shim, Young-Sock :

(Department of Foreign Languages & Cultures, The Catholic University of Korea) Prof Kim, Eon-Jong

(Department of Korean Literature in Classical Chinese, Korea University)

Prof Kim, Hong-Ku

(Department of Thai, Pusan University of Foreign Studies)

Prof Kim, Seong-Ju

(Department of Political Science and Diplomacy, Sungkyunkwan University)

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: Huong Pham The (Foreign Trade University, Vietnam)

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: Eduardus Tandelilin (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia)

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DIVISION 3 [ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT]

- Social Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Performance

: Kim, Byung- Yeon (Seoul National University, Korea)

- Determinants of FDI Flows into Major Countries in ASEAN

: Mah, Jai S (Ewha Women’s University, Korea)

+ Product positioning of Korean against Japanese Consumer goods in Vietnam’s market

: Huong Pham Thu (Foreign Trade University, Vietnam)

- Ownership Structure to Dividend Policy on Stock Price Premium (Discount)

Conditions: Indonesia Evidence for Agency Problem

: Eduardus Tandelilin (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) _

: Management of Expatriation to Indian Emerging Market: Cultural Interface

and Cross-Cultural Training

: Choi, Dong-Ju (Sookmyung Women’s University, Korea)

- Antidumping and FDI Inflows: Are Developing Countries Different?

: Yoo, Tae-Hwan (Mokpo National University, Korea)

- Effect of POSCO India Project on Indian Economy and Development of Ancillary Industries

: Pravat Kumar Monhanty (UTKAL University, India)

Prof Kim, Si-Joong

(GraduateSchool of International Studies, Sogang University) Prof Park, Ki-An

(School of Business Administration, Kyung Hee University)

Prof Jung, Dong-Hyeon

(Department of Economics, Pusan National University)

Prof Kim, Jong-Kil

(College of Economics & Trade, Inha University)

Dr Hong, Beom-Gyo

(Senior Fellow, Korea Institute of Public Finance)

Prof Han, Choong-Min

(Division of Business Adiministration, Hanyang University)

Prof Song, Kyo-Jik

(School of Business Administration, Sugkyunkwan University)

Prof Lee, Woon-Yong

Unstitute of Indian Studies, Youngsan University)

Dr Lee, Soon-Cheol

(Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)

Dr Cho, Choong-Jae (Senior Researcher, Lotte Economic Research Institute)

DIVISION 2

“A STUDY ON THE CHINESE-ORIGIN WORDS IN THE HMONG

LANGUAGE IN VIETNAM”

HIEU NGUYEN VAN

- VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM -

Sn c AAG

Lecturer, Dept of Linguistics, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi National University,

336 Nguyen Trai street - Thanh Xuan district - Hanoi - Vietnam

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE HMONG ETHNIC GROUP IN VIETNAM

In the multi-ethnic context, Hmong has been considered as an important member in Vietnam

community, With the population of nearly 800,000, Hmong is ranked 8" in the list of Vietnam ethnic

groups They settle in vast region in almost mountainous provinces, in the North (in high places of 800

~ 1500m above the sea level) along the borders of Vietnam with China and Laos, from Lang Son to Nghe An provinces, in which they concentrate in the East and Northwest provinces such as Ha Giang,

Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Son La, Nghe An, etc

The name Hmong is a self-called name, mean “People, man” Other ethnic groups call Hmong Micu, Meo and Meo It divide Hmong, on the basis of ethnological and linguistic characteristics, has been divided into the following branches: White Hmong (Hmongz Pou), Flower Hmong (Hmong Lénhl), Red Hmong (Hmong Siz), Black Hmong (Hmongz Buz), Green Hmong (Hmongz Njuéz), Na Mieu (Water Miao) (Doi Tran Tri, 1999), there is also one viewpoint said that Flower Hmong and Red ' Hmong is only one (Van Cu Van & Nam Hoang, 1994)

Moreover, Hmong residents also live in the wide area in South China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and especially after 1975, thousands of Hmong people moved to live in America, France, Australia (to which they mainly emigrated from Laos) In the countries mentioned above, Hmong people live

largely in China with more than 7 millions (according to the statistics in 1990) Among the 56 ethnic communities in China, Hmong population is smaller than Han (Chinese), Zhuang, Man, Hui (Xinfu

Wu &Long Bo A, 1992) In fact, It has been showed that Hmong people in Vietnam has the original

relationships with the same communities in other countries, especially with whom live near the

borders between Vietnam, China, and Laos

Today, almost every scholar agree that Hmong language is an isolated one, belonging to the Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien) languages family However, there is a large number of different opinions

on kinship classification of this language Some linguists said that the Hmong language belongs to Miao-Yao branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages family Chinese scholars consistently followed this viewpoint with main evidences being structural similarities between Hmong and Chinese (Sino)

Therefore, Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien) language family in Vietnam could be diagrammed with its members as follows:

2.HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND LIMITATION OF THE ARTICLE

materials collected from some Hmong dialects in China And he thought that the loanwords are mainly modem ones (most of them were borrowed in 20" century) and partly older archaic ones Considering his particular remarks on phonological correspondences, he himself realized that the current loanwords

in Hmong are mostly from Mandarin dialects

Relying upon Hmong dialects in Southeast Asia (largely in Laos and Thailand), while compiling Hmong — English dictionaries, Heimbach (1969), and Lyman (1974) while compiling Hmong — English dictionaries they showed a large number of Chinese loanwords in Hmong But these scholars were interested mainly in a lexical aspect In the researches made by Ballard (1986), Sagart (1995), the Chinese loanwords in Hmong were more or less referred and acknowledged historically However, the comprehension, especially conceming the particular stages of borrowing with individual phonetic changes of Chinese-origin words in Hmong, were not systematically pointed out

Mortensen (2000) had a research which decribed relatively sufficiently the Chinese loanwords

in Hmong language in Southeast Asia (based on the data from two big dialects: Hmong Leng and Hmong Douz “White Hmong”) He specified a number of loanwords and compared them with Old

Mandarin’ and variants of the Modern Southwest Mandarin’, and from these he indicated the phonetic '

similarities of the Pre - Modern and Modem Chinese Mandarin loanwords

In short, it is necessary to study the class of Chinese loan-words in Hmong in respect of its

phonetic dimension, structure and meaning comprehensively

Hmong’s migration from Southwest China to Southeast Asian countries (including Vietnam) took place around 300 years ago For the previous time, the Hmong’s language had long made contacts with the Chinese To the part of the Hmong people in Vietnam, these contacts have not stopped because of their residing and communicating features in a space near the Viemam-China border These contacts have given birth to a system of the Chinese words borrowed to the Hmong’s language In comparison with some contemporary Chinese dialects, it is easy to recognise a rather common presence of the Chinese words in the Hmong language We call these words as the Chinese-origin

words (the Sina-Hmong wards) which are the target of the project’s research In other words, the concept Chinese-origin words in this study is used to refer to Chinese loanwords in Hmong language’s

vocabulary at different historical stages

As mentioned above, in Vietnam there are many Hmong language branches Among these the

most popular are Hmong Leng and Hmong Daw-White Hmong branches Thus, in this study, our

research is based on the data collected from Hmong Leng in Vietnam

The Chinese-origin words in the Hmong language is a broad topic Therefore, in our initial article, we limit our research scope within two aspects:

a/ Investigating the phonetic (initial consonants & rhymes) correspondences between the Chinese-origin words in the Hmong language and the Southwest Mandarin Chinese from a synchronic

? Mortensen (2000) defined old Madarin base on the material title: zhong Yuan Yipun

> Southwest Madarin dialect is widespreadly in 3 provinces: Yunnan (4B), Sichuan ((9)), Guizhou

(MU

AIA

contact with Chinese make diachronic

That is the reason why we do not consider the task of determining

the time of borrowing the

Pingbian; Méngzi’ ) In case

to specify the time of possible borrowing cases

rhymes with nasal finals Taking

(2004) which also based on

Hmong Leng dialect, Ratliff (1992) with a description of the phonetics

of White Hmong and Wangfu

though there are some different phonemes, i.c., in the Hmong Leng

system of initial consonants where/d/ and /db/ exist while they do not appear in Lyman’ s description

(1974), but do in Ratliff’s

one (1992)

Hmong Leng Ratliff (1992)

vowels, however, has one

mote /ia/ and nasal finals as well as in Hmong Leng in Vietnam

rhymes are quite similar to

Vietnam) with exception that

Leng, White Hmong, and Dananshan - are quite similar

:

chinese) presented here

provide basis to compare the phonetic of Chinese-origin words

in Hmong Leng with those of Mandarin Chinese in Southwest In general, it is evident that similar phonetic

are correspondences in these two languages In addition, however, different phonetic also existed in these two languages and

when the borrowing occurred, the borrower would use the

alternative sound to intemalize the

`g Zhongyuan CPR (quoted: James Campbell) hitp:/Awww,glossika.com/en/die!

pttp://starling.rinel.rulegi-

bin/main.cgi2fags=eygtnnl

Madarin Chinese dialect;

Xiang dialect; Wenzhou (#aJ#)

~ Wu dialect; Guangzhou CUR} Yue dialect ( hitp://www.glossika.com/en/dicv/)

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3.2.1 The correspondence of labial consonants in Chinese to those in Hmong Leng®

There are labial consonants in Chinese-origin words in Hmong Leng, namely /p, p", f, v, m/ In nature, these labial consonants are similar to those in Modern Mandarin Chinese That is a reason why the

Chinese-origin words integrating in the Hmong language have maintained all of the labial consonants

Mandarin | Southwest Old Hmong’ Hy

(SMO) | (HML) (9 (SMC) | (OMC) (AML)

® (pan/ /pau( fpay/ Pangz /pan/ | Bang (to help) ipl ip! Aki pei/ ipe/ /pei/ Pêx /pe/ Bắc (north)

ip’ |¡p ĐÑ/phaU íp°ai/ /phai/ Fav /pha/ Phi (to send one's)

Ml Mf 30 /fan/ /fan/ /fan/ -| Phangv/an/ | Pham (to perpetrate)

#l/fan/ /fon/ /fun/ Phéngz/fon/ | Phong (seals)

hel Biwan/ way! /van/ Vangv /van/ | Vong (to hope)

= /mo/ /me/ /mei/ Mév /me/ Mac (ink)

3.2:2 Dental consonants correspondences

In Chinese, dental consonants are /t, th, ts, tsh, n, s, 2/ and these phonemes correspond to those in

Chinese origin words in Hmong as follows:

5 in this part, we use IPA system Because we are only concemed with consonants, we did not insert the

tones system in examples

° The Hmong Leng including the written language and the international phonetic alphabet under the IPA standard, As of the written language, we use the Latinisation system issued by the Vietnamese government in

1961

‘° Phoneme /w/ is not considered as an initial consonant, but in this article we consider it as one phoneme

because of systematic reason, in the same rank with /v/ of Southwest Mandarin Chinese, Wenzi Gaige

Chubanshe (1982, p.25)

fa2

l ụ tế/tan/ /tan/ - Tinhz /ten/ Dang (damp)

Biftun/ fton/ /tun/ Téngz ‘tun! Déng (east)

tậ/hou/ Pau! L2 ou/ | Thâu/Pau/ Thau (10 take)

1 ay B/ tou! — | /Pou/ Mou! | Thơu/Pau/ | Thấu (understand)

te, 1E/tsan/ Asan! /tjia›p/ | Txênhr/isen/ Chính (silt)

R/Gan/ /tsan/ - TxăngZ/tsan/ Tang (exhibit) Asi ri §/tạun/ | Atson/ /tfiun/ | Tsôngz/tjon/ | Chung (clock)

3/tgu/ đsu/ - Tour / tfi/ Chu (master)

##/tsan/ | /tsan/ /tfian/ | Trangr/ {an/ Chuéng (to drive)

"/ ñ/tgan/ | đs°an/ APiané | Yénhx/t{hey/ | Thanh (to become) tts"? #4/tgPa/ | /ts"a/ /t§a/ | Yuôx/tfhua/ | Tra (medicine)

RẦ/ts°ai/ /tshai/ - Cxax/tsha/ Tai (Fortune)

in WV #f/nan/ /nan/ /nan/ | Lăngx /lan/ Nan (difficult)

isl Bu su/ /su/ iful |Xuv/sư Sé (number)

Ni /san/ /san/ - | Sangy /San/ Thuong (above)

#2/sou/ /sau/ /sou/ Sau /fau/ Suu (10 collect)

fal /3/ š# /ran/ /zan/ /sian/ | Jangv/3an/ Nhuong (fo avoid)

W/ran/ /zaUJ ` |- Jênhv⁄4epJ/ Nhan (to realize)

According to the above table, there are three cases different from those based on materials of Hmong language collected in America as Mortensen represented In the dialects of Southwest Mandarin Chinese whose representative is Chéngda dialect, there is mispronunciation between /I/ and /n/ Thus, in its system of phonemes there is only one phoneme /n/ On integrating in the Hmong language, almost all of these cases were changed into /l/ phoneme Some words, however, have maintained the original value of /n/ such as the word PA /nan/ (in Chinese) > nangx /nan/ (in Hmong Leng) Thus, we currently accept the two correspondences of /n/ (in Chinese) to be /n,V/ (in Hmong)

In case of the Chinese /z/, its correspondence is only /3/ in Chinese-origin words in Hmong

Mortensen, however, confirmed one more correspondence /n/ in this case He cited two examples A

/zan/ (Chinese) —> /len/ (Hmong) (man, human) and #8 /zen/ (Chinese) —> (Hmong) /len/ (to receive)

to show their correspondences but he almost did not have any accounts for these cases In our material, the Chinese word #2 /zan/ borrowed in Hmong Leng changed to be Jénhv /3en/ (meaning: to receive) ˆ

Ape

it is quite easy to conclude it was borrowed in the contemporary times The case (b) in Mortensen’s

opinion, it was borrowed in the Middle Age on the way of /nen/ —> /*pin/ For the third one (c) we think that it is more logical to explain that it is a variant borrowed in the same time with ‘nen/, From

the Middle Age, occurrences developed towards this direction in some dialects (see the Table) This

has further supported our conclusion

| HM | Chéngdi | Pingbian | Changsha | Wenzhou | Yangzhou — Mc" | Mien"? |

| đen/ | ÀJzan/ /zam/ /zan/ ` 7zani ¡— đan/ ‘zion! | /“nin/ | miaw/

3.2.3 Palatal consonants correspondences

đại fc | eu ñủ, — | Chvfgi Ky(so remember)

BE/ tgia/ ftgia/ - Txudv/tsua/ Giap (to interpose)

/te #8/ te"iaw/ | #e°iau/ (kỀlau/ | Qaox /tghau/ | Kiéu (bridge)

‘gly Brin’ | &e h/ Ashian/ | Qinhz.&chep/ | Thanh @yormgif)

ist ŸÑ/tehn/ | đe m/ itstion’ | Cxénhritshen/ | Thinh (to invite)

Fitetian/ | “te°ian/ /“s"len/ | Cxinhz/shen/ | Thién (thousand)

lại JlMeiau |/elau fsiau/ | Shaorfcau/ Tidu (small)

#8 /cian/ /gian/ fsian/ | Xangr /san/ Tưởng (0o think)

EF /jan/ Ajay! đan Zangx /jan/ Duong (sheep)

4B /nian/ | đman/ - ‘Nhangx /nan/ | Nuong (bride)

"' Our materials of The Middle Chinese were cited from Baxter, William H (1992)

"? Our materials of the Mien language were cited from Downer, G.B (1973)

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