Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng tri chuyen che cua vua Louis XVI, thdng nhat thj trudng dan tdc, thiet lap nen cdng nam 1789 da chdng lai sir can thiep ciia lien minh phong kicn chau
Trang 1NHI€/V\ VU D A N TOC TRONG cACH MRNG TUT SRN P H A P 1789
Nguyen Tuan Anh
Dai hgc Supham Hui
C-ach mang tu san Phap ndm 1789 la
cudc each mang tu san dien binh va trift dc
nbat trong cac cudc each mang tu san thai
can dai Cudc each mang da lat dd nen thdng
tri chuyen che cua vua Louis XVI, thdng
nhat thj trudng dan tdc, thiet lap nen cdng
nam 1789 da chdng lai sir can thiep ciia lien
minh phong kicn chau Au, diimg dau la nudc
Anh tu ban, qua dd chirng td rang: Trong
cudc each mang tu san Phap 1789, nhiem vu
dan tdc da dugc dat ra va giai quyet mdt cdch
triet de
y f -y
\ Ly luan chung ve van de dan toe va
nhiem vu dan toe dat ra trong cuoc each
• • • • o •
mang tu san phap 1789
\ F y,
1 Ly lugn chung ve vdn de ddn tgc
Van de dan tdc la van de ve sy giai
phdng vd nhiing dieu kien phdt trien ty do
cua cac dan tdc Vi vay, can phai cd each
xem xet van de dan tdc theo quan diem Ijch
sir, bdi ndi dung vd y nghTa cua van de nay
khdng gidng nhau trong nhiing thai dai khde
nhau Dan tdc Id mdt pham trii Iieh sir, la sdn
pham ciia qud trinh phdt trien Idu ddi cua ljch
sir xa bdi loai ngudi Hifn nay, khdi niem
7 y
dan tdc dugc hieu theo nhieu nghTa, trong dd
cd hai nghTa dugc dung phd bien nhat: Thir
f *
nhdt: Dan tdc la mdt bd phdn cua qudc gia;
Thir hai: Dan tdc la toan bd nban dan ciia
qudc gia dd
Kbi ban ve khdi niem dan tdc gan lien vdi sy ra ddi ciia cbii nghTa tu bdn d phuong Tay, Stalin lan dau tien neu ra djnh nghTa
day dil ve dan tdc: "Ddn tgc Id mot khdi
cdng ddng ngu&i dn dinh Ihdnh lap Irong lich sir, dua Iren ea sa cgng ddng ve liidng ndi, ve ldnh thd ve sinh hogt kinh le vd ve hinh thdnh tdm ly, bieu hien trong cgng ddng vdn hod"
Trong khi pban tich xa bdi tu ban Lenin
da neu ra nguyen ly ndi tieng ve hai khuynh hudmg khdch quan ciia chii nghTa tu ban
trong van de dan tdc: "Trong qud trinh phdi
trien ciia chu nghia lu bdn, cd hai xu hudng lieh sir trong vdn de ddn lgc Xu hudng thir nhdt the hien trong sir thire tinh cua y ihirc ddn lgc vd eiia phong trdo ddn tgc Irong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp birc hoc ldi trong cugc ddu Iranh chdng deh dp hire ddn tgc trong viee thdnh lap cdc qudc gia ddn lgc Xu hu&ng thir hai the hien trong viec phdt trien vd tdng cu&ng mdi quan he giita cdc ddn tgc, trong viee xod bd nhirng hdng rdo ngdn cdch cdc ddn tgc vd trong viec thiel lap su thdng nhdt qudc ti ciia tu bdn, cua
' Stalin (1962), Van di ddn toe vd thuoc dia, NXB Sir
that Ha Npi, tr 43
Trang 2QUtietn lui đu tệ 57
f f
dai song kinh te ndi chung, eua chinh tri, cua
khoa hgẹ Xu hu&ng thu nhdt chiim uu thi
trong lue chit nghia tu bdn m&i bdt đu phdt
trien, xu hu&ng thir hai Id đc trung eua chu
nghia tu bdn da gid cdi vd sdp chuyen thdnh
mdt xd hgi xd hdi chu nghia"'^
Pham vi bdi viet nay ebu yeu de cap tdi
nhiing bieu bien trong xu hudmg tbii nbat,
kbi chil nghTa tu ban (CNTB) mdi bdt dau
phdt trien
2 Nhiem vu đn toe dgt ra trong cugc
Cdch mgng tie sdn Phdp 1789
0 nudc Phap, nen quan chu, vuomg
quyen Id dinh ciia lau đi phong kien vd
chuyen cbẹ Nba vua cd quyen quyet djnh
mpi cdng vifc đi ndi vd đi ngoai cua qudc
giạ Vua chi dinh va bai chirc cdc bd trudmg
vd cdc quan cbiic, ban bd vd bai bd phdp
luat, trimg phat vd dn xd Bd mdy quan lieu
cdng kenh, phirc tap ciia nen quan chii
chuyen cbe ndm chat mpi sinh boat xa bdi vd
duy tri cd mdt bf thdng phdp luat, quy tdc,
tap qudn phong kien tich luy bang the kỵ
Ca edu hdnh chinh cua nu&c Phdp hodn
todn khdng đng nhdt Ca nudc dugc chia ra
thanb rit nhilu tinh, tinh lai chia thdnh
nhiing don vi banh cbinh nhd bom vd mang
ban cbit khde nhau: khu tu phdp, khu hdnh
chinh Cdc dom vi hanh cbinh dy khdng đp
ling nhung dilu kifn kinh tl dia phuang, ma
dugc đt ra do nhiing nguyen nhdn khd ngau
nhien: phin ldn nguyen la nhiing lanh dia
phong kiln đc lap, sap nhap vdo vuomg
trieu Phdp d nhiing thdi ky khde nhaụ
Nhiing tinh ay duy tri Idu đi tinh chat bift lap pbong kiln cd xua ciia minh Cd tinh nhu Phrdngsocdngte, cd quyen bdnh va the che bdnh cbinh rieng ciia minh, tbam chi cdn
"dugc coi nhu ngoai bang" Cd nhirng linh khde nhu Anđt dugc xem nhu "nudc ngoai thyc sy" cd the che vd quyen hanh rieng
Viee cai tri & cdc tinh ciing khdng Ihdng nhdt Mac dii da cd sy thdng nhat dat nudc
ve ehinb trj, nhung tinh trang pban cat ve kinb te cua dat nudc chua bi tbii tieu hoan todn da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng thuomg nghifp Mdi tinh cd mdt che dp bdnh
f f
chinh vd tu phdp rieng, thue khod, he thdng
do ludng ciing khde nhaụ Dac biet, che dp thue quan ndi dja rat nhieu tang
Vao the ky XVIII, Phdp cd mdt nen ngoai thuomg manh Nudc Phap xuat khau lua mi, len, gia sue, rugu vang, cac bang xa
xi sang cdc nudc chau Au, phuomg Ddng va cdc thudc dia d chau Mỵ Nbung chinh cbe
dp thue quan trong nudc da ngdn can budc tien cua thuomg nghiep, ndi thuomg chiu nhieu sy rdng budẹ Nha nudc, cdc lanh chiia phong kien, gidm muc, tu vifn deu đt cdc
tram tbu thue van chuyen "O trong nude cd
den 50.000 linh kiem sodt cdc hdng rdo thue quan Ngudi ta ndi rdng, van chuyen lita mi tir Trung Qudc sang Phdp cdn it tdn kem han
la van chuyen tir mien Nam len mien Bdc nude Phdp "^
^ V.Ị Lenin (1974), Vi quyin đn toe tu quyit, NXB
Tiln bo, Matxcova, tr 20
^ Ephimlp (1963), Thi giai can dgi, NXB Sir that, Ha
Npi, tr 67
Trang 358 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011
Trong ITnh vyc cdng nghifp, trudc khi
each mang nd ra, da dat dugc nhiing thdnh
tyu Idn Tuy nhien nen cdng nghiep non tre
ciia Phap vap pbdi nhirng trd ngai ldn Che
dp pbudng bdi ngudn thu nbap quan trpng
cua chl dp chuyen che vdi nhirng quy djnh
ngat ngheo vc sd lugng, mau bang bod, gid
ca, thi trudng da kim bam viec ty do kinb
doanh \a cai tien ky thuat, can trd viec md
rpng va phat trien ciia cdng nghiep Sy dp
birc, bdc lot tan khde ciia cbe dp pbong kien
lam cudc sdng ciia ndng dan bet sire khdn
khd, san xuat ndng nghiep giam sut, sire mua
thap lam thi trudng trong nudc bj tbu hep lai,
hdng rao thue quan ddi vdi hang bod luu
thdng da kim ham sy phdt trien ciia cdng
nghiep Phap
Nhu vay, che dp hdnh cbinh phiic tap,
bii lau, vd ly vd sy cdcb bift giiia cdc viing la
nhumg trd ngai ldm cho sy phdt trien cdng
thuomg nghiep tu bdn chii nghTa liic dd ciing
nhu ddi vdi sy binh thanb dan tdc tu san d
Phap Tinh hinh dd ddt ra cho cudc Cdcb
mang tu sdn Phdp nam 1789 (ve khia canh
nhiem vu dan tdc) la "phai tieu diet, virt bd,
phd vd" mpi xieng xich ciia xd hdi cii, thdng
nbat lanh thd, thdng nhat thj trudmg dan tdc,
tao dieu kifn cho CNTB phdt trien Ngoai ra,
vifc thyc hien nhifm vy dan tdc trong cdch
mang tu san Phdp cdn the hifn d cudc dau
tranh chdng lai sy tan cdng ciia lien minh
phong kien chau Au vd nudc Anh tu sdn de
bdo vf nhirng thanh qua cua cudc each m.ang
dien ra trong tien trinh cdch mang
IL Viec giai quyet nhiem vu dan toe
trong Cach mang tu san Phap nam 1789
y Tlwng nhdt ldnh thd, liinh thdnh thi
tru&ng ddn tgc
Ngdy 14-7-1789, Cdch mang biing nd va thing lgi d Paris, phdi dai tu sdn Lap hien len nim cbinh quyen Ngdy 26-8-1789, Qudc hoi
Lap hiln thdng qua ban "Tuyen ngdn nhdn
quyin vd ddn quyen " mdt cuang ITnh tuyen
bd nhirng nguyen tic co ban ciia xd bdi mdi Tuyen ngdn da vach rd nhirng quyen tu nhien bat di bat dich va tbicng lieng ciia con ngudi vd ciia cdng dan Trong the ky ma che
dp phong kien chuyen cbc cdn thdng tri khap luc dia chau Au dudi nhirng hinh thirc da man vd tan bao nbat ban TuNcn ngdn tao bao ay ciia giai cap tu san each mang tuyen
bd quyen binb ddng ve phdp Iy cua moi ngudi, quyen ty do ca nhan va quyen chdng
dp biic cd mdt y nghTa tien bd Tu\cn ngdn
da thuc day manh me quan chiing nhan dan diing len ddu tranh ty giai phdng khdi sy ap birc ciia cbe dp phong kien dua Cach mang phat trien theo con dudng di len
Trong thdng 8-1789 Qudc hdi Lap hien
da thdng qua nhieu dao luat cd y nghTa tien
bd Qudc bdi da xod bd che dp dang cap bat binh dang, bai bd thanh phan quy tdc the tap
va mpi tudc vj gdn vao dd Dac biet, de to chirc lai dat nudc tren ca sd nin dan chii tu sdn, Qudc hgi Lap hien xod bd nhirng dac quyen cii cua cdc tinh, phd buy toan bd su phan chia cu cua nudc Phdp cd tir thdi Trung
cd
Tiep theo, ngdy 15-1-1790, Qudc hoi Lap hien ban hanh dao luat mdi vl td chiic hanh cbinh ciia nudc Phdp Ca nudc chia lam
Trang 4QUiieuL Oil iLdn ttki
59
83 quan, cd difn tich gan bdng nhau, gidng
nhau ve mat bdnh ehinb Qudn dugc chia
thanb khu, tdng, xa To chiic hdnh cbinh nay
thil tieu sy phan cdt phong kien cii, vdi
nhiing tan tich cd xua trong co cau kinb tl
cbinh tri nhu thue quan ndi dja, tod dn lanh
cbiia, thue dja phuomg, hf thdng do ludng ,
bao dam sy thdng nhat qudc gia va sy ddng
nhat hdnh cbinh
Trong ITnh vyc phdp cbe cdng thuomg
nghiep, de bao vf quyen lgi kinh te ciia giai
cap tu sdn, thdng 2-1791, Qudc hdi Lap hien
bai bd phudng bdi phong kien vd cdc ddc
quyen ciia nd Do dd nhiing hang rdo can trd
sy phdt trien ciia mau dich vd kinh doanh san
/ f r \
xuat da bien mat, tao dieu kien thudn Igi cbo
sy phdt trien cdng thuang nghiep
Tat cd cdc dao luat ndi tren dugc dua
vdo ndi dung bdn Hien phdp dau tien cua nhd
nudc tu sdn, dugc thdng qua thdng 9-1791 va
cd bifu lyc tir thdng 10-1791 Mac dii cdn cd
nhiing ban che, nhumg Hien phdp 1791 cd
mdt gid tri tien bd vi tuyen bd nguyen tdc
chil quyen ciia qudc dan vd xdc lap nen thdng
trj ciia giai cip tu sdn dudi binb thire Quan
chil Lap biln Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian ndm
quyin, phdi Lap biln da Idm quin ehiing
nhan dan thit vpng vi quyin lgi ciia bg
khdng dugc gidi quylt, sd phdn eiia dat nudc
dang bi de doa bdi sy tin cdng ciia phong
kiln chau Au Dilu nay da lam cbo tu tudng
ddi bai bd nin Quan chu ngdy edng cd nhieu
ngudi hudng img
Ngdy 10-8-1792, quin chiing nhan dan
khdi nghTa tiln din Cung difn Tuylori, bit
giam nhd vua vd hoang hau, nen quan chii bi sup dd Qudc bdi Lap phdp trieu tap mdt Qudc bdi mdi tuyen cir theo phd thdng dau phieu, gpi la Qudc udc, trong dd phai Girdngdanh chiem da sd Nhung kbi da nam dugc cbinh quyen, phdi Girdngdanh tim mpi cdch de kim ham Cdch mang, trd thdnh mdt lyc lugng bdo thu Trudc nhirng khd khan ve ddi ndi va ddi ngoai, bp td ra bat lyc va kbiep nhugc Cudi ciing cupc khdi nghTa ngay 31-5 va 2-6-1793 da lat dd nen thdng trj ciia phdi Girdngdanh vd dua phai Giacdbanh len ndm ehinh quyen, thiet lap sy thdng tri cua quan chiing vd ciia tu sdn vira va nhd
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam quyen vao liic nudc cdng boa dang trai qua chang dudng nguy hiem nhat do ndi phdn vd ngoai xam
De Idi cudn dugc da sd quan chiing nhan dan lao ddng trong nudc ve phia minh, phdi
f f y '
Giacdbanh thay trudc bet can pbdi giai quyet cdc yeu cau ciia quan chiing, phdi xay dyng ban Hien phdp dan chu nhdm ddt mdt co sd chinh tri chung cbo cd nudc
Ngdy 24-6-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh thdng qua Hien phdp Day la ban Hien phap
tu sdn dan chu nbat trong thdi can dai Tham nhuin nhiing tu tudng ciia Riitxd vd nhiing nguyfn vpng chdn chinh ddi quyen ty do chinh tri rdng rai, nhu cdc nhd dan chu tu san Ilic bay gid quan nifm, Hien phdp 1793 ddnh diu mdt budc tiln vT dai so vdi Hien phdp
1791 Hiln phdp 1793 khang dinh cdc quyen
ty do dan chu cua cdng dan, thu tieu hoan toan eac dac quyen phong kien, khdng dinh Phdp la mpt nude cdng hod thdng nhat kbdng the phan chia
Trang 560 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011
Kit ciu hdnh cbinh mdi ay ciing nhiing
dao luat, nhiing ban Hien phdp dugc ban
hanh trong tien trinb cdch mang Phdp dd tbii
tieu mpi vet tich eua sy phan cdch vd bift lap
pbong kien, do dd gdp phan dua qud trinb
binh thanb dan tdc tu sdn Phdp den cho hodn
thien "Chinh vi nhirng le do md cho den nay
han 200 ndm sau cdch mgng su phdn chia
hdnh chinh dy vdn tdn tgi"
2 Dau tranh chdng ngogi xdm, bdo v^
dpc lap dan tpc
Sau khi ngyc Baxti thdt thu, bpn quy tdc,
tang IQ" pban ddng da trdn khdi nudc Phdp,
cdu cuu sy giiip da ciia the lyc phong kien
chau Au Sau khi bd trdn khdng thdnh, nhd
Vua ddt tat cd hy vpng vao sy can thifp ciia
nudc ngodi de nhanh chdng tien edng chdng
"bpn siic sinh ndi loan" Dau nam 1790, y
dinh can thiep vii trang chdng nudc Phdp bat
dau hinh thdnh Yeu cdu chdng lai "sy lay
lan ciia cdch mang" lam dju di mdi bat bod
giiia cdc nudc qudn chii Cdc chinh phu phdn
ddng vd chuyen che da cdng khai len tieng
de doa nudc Phdp Ngdy 27-8-1791, Ao
hodng Ledpdn 11 va vua Phd Vinhem II ky
ban tuyen bd ciing hdnh ddng de bdo vf vua
Phdp Thdng 2-1792, hai nudc ky ket Hifp
udc Lien minh quan sy chdng Phdp, mdi de
doa can thifp vii trang cua cdc nudc phong
kien chau Au chdng lai cdch mang Phdp den
gin
Thdng 3-1792, hoang de Ledpdn II chet
Hodng de mdi cua Ao, Phrdngxoa I la mdt
ngudi hilu chiln, da khdng giau giem viec dng ta dang ndn ndng mudn khai chien vdi cdcb mang Phdp Nudc Ao trd thanh trung tdm can thifp phdn each mang ciia chdu Au
Dc gidnh the chii ddng, ngay 20-4-1792 Qudc bdi Lap phdp tuyen chien vdi Ao Nudc Phdp tuyen chien trudc, nhung dieu do tuyet ddi khdng lam thay ddi viec nudc Phap
da tien hdnh mdt eupc chien tranh chinh
nghTa vd ty ve Lenin da viet: "Todn the
y
nhdn ddn, ddc biet Id qudn chiing, nghia Id nhirng giai cdp bi dp buc da ditng len vdi long nhiet tinh edeh mgng vd b& ben, tdt cd deu nhdn xet ddy Id euge chien tranh ehinh nghTa, tu ve vd sir that ehinh nd la nhir the Nu&c Phdp cdch mgng dd tu ve chdng lgi chdu Au phdn ddng vd qudn chii"^ Nhung
quan Phdp do cdc tudng td quy tdc chi huy khdng mudn thdng trdn, cd y riit lui tao thuan Igi cbo quan Ao tien sau \ ao trong nudc Lo ngai trudc nhirng that bai d bien gidi, cam phan trudc sy phan bdi cua bgn tudng td va
sT quan, quan chiing nhan dan da ndi day dau tranh chdng nha Vua vd budc Qudc hdi Lap phdp phdi thdng qua sic Ifnh tuyen bo " T I qudc lam nguy" vdo ngay 11-7-1792 Tit ca nhimg ngudi dan dng cd thi cim vu khi deu pbdi tdng qudn
Trudc khi the cdch mang ciia quan chimg, ngdy 25-7-1792, cdng tudc Brunsviek, tu Ifnh quan dpi can thifp nhan danh vua Ao va Phd da cdng bd bdn tuyen ngdn, bgc lg mgt cdch rd rft nhiing am muu
* Tran Van Trj (1989), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789,
NXB Giao dye, H^ Noi, tr 49
A Manfrit (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789', NXB
Su that H" ^'
Trang 6QfUuMJtn lUi lidn t&e 61
cua bgn xam lugc nudc ngoai Ban tuyen bd
ndi rd quan ddi lien minh ed nhifm vu:
"Chdm diet su hdn logn ben trong nudc
Phdp, khdi phuc chinh quyen hgp phdp, trd
lgi an ninh vd tu do cho nhd vua vd trirng tri
nhirng ngudi ldm logn" Tuyen ngdn cdn
\ f
canh bdo rang, neu xdy ra mdt sy xiie pham
nao den nhd Vua vd Hodng gia, dii Id nhd
nhdt di niia, thi nhdt dinh Paris se bi trimg
phat bang quan sy va se hodn todn bi dap do
Nba Vua vd bgn can thifp dy tinh nhiing
ldi de doa ay se lam cho nban dan Phdp
khiep sg, nhung ehiing da ldm Ban Tuyen
ngdn da kich ddng Idng cam phan cua nhan
dan, lam cho cudc khdi nghTa vdn khdng the
trdnh khdi eang nhanh chdng bimg nd
Cudc khdi nghTa ngay 10-8-1792 ciia
quin chiing nhan dan da gidnh duge thdng
lgi Nen qudn chu syp dd, vua Lui XVI vd
hodng hau bi bit, cde dai than eii cua nhd
Vua bj cdch ehiic, phdi Girdngdanh len nim
chinh quyen
Sy sup do cua nen quan ehii va sy phdt
triln ciia cdch mang Phdp Idm the lyc phong
kiln pban ddng chau Au tiic gian dien eudng
Ngdy 19-8-1792, ban 80 van quan Ao - Phd
do cdng tude Brunsviek chi huy, vugt bien
7 7 r
gidi, xam nhap lanh thd Phdp De chdng lai
nhung lye lugng can thifp, ngudi Phdp dua
ra 3 dao binh cua Duymurie, Kellerman vd
Budn, gdm 82.000 quan Tuy nhien, trong
hang ngii cdc tudng td cd nhieu ngudi theo
phdi quan chu nen sdn sang phdn bdi Td
qudc Ngay 20-8-1792, Brunsviek bao vay
Ldngvi Ngay 23-8, vien chi huy cu dilm
nay, tuy dang nim trong tay 70 khau dai bdc
vd nhilu binh linh, da nop thdnh cho ke thii
md khdng khdng cy Quan Phd tiln ve Vecdoong, can cii eudi eiing de bdo vf Paris Ngdy 2-9-1792, thdnh Vecdoong thit tbu, con dudng vdo Paris bj md toang
Nudc Phdp dang dirng trudc mdt nguy
CO nghiem trpng Lien qudn Ao Phd dang tiln vdo nudc Phdp Nudc Anh trieu bdi dai sii d Paris ve vd giri mdt cdng ham cho Phdp vdi y sdn sang gia nhap qudn dpi lien minh pbong kiln Tay Ban Nba tien banh nhieu boat ddng qudn sy d bien gidi Pyrene Tat ca chau Au phdn cdcb mang da lien minh chdng nudc Phdp cua cdch mang O Paris va cdc thdnh phd khde, bpn bdo hodng vd bpn phdn cdch mang du cdc loai ciing ngdc dau day chdng ddi
Trudc nhiing gid phut quyet djnh ay Cdng xa Cach mang da trd thdnh linh bdn eua edng cudc bdo vf Td qudc Hp ra ldi keu gpi nhdn dan diing day cam vii khi tieu diet quan thii Nhiing doan quan tinh nguyen dugc thanh lap va di ra mat tran
Ngay 20-9-1792, quan dpi Phdp va Phd doi difn nhau tren nhiimg ngpn ddi d Vanmy Quan Phd dan thdnh dpi ngii ehinh te xdng thing vdo nhiing vi tri cua qudn Phdp Theo tiing hd "Td qudc mudn ndm", nhiing ngudi yeu nude Phdp xdng vdo chdn ddnh quan thil Cudc tin cdng bi diy liii Quan Pho pbdi nit lui Nudc Phdp cdch mang da chien thdng lien minh phan cdch mang chau Au tran dau tien Nudc Phdp da dugc ciim thodt nhd tam Idng ai qudc nhift thdnh cua hang trifu ngudi
Trang 762 NGHIEN Cifu CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011
dan va nhd sy lanh dao kien quyet cua Cdng
xa Cdch mang va phdi Giacdbanh
Tir cudi ndm 1792, vifc xir tri nhd Vua
nhu the ndo trd thdnh van de ehinh trong
nhiing cudc tranh luan tai Quoc udc Phdi
Girdngdanh tim mgi cdch dl lin trdnh vin de
nay Nhumg ngudi ta da tim thiy cdc bdng
chiing ve sy ddng muu eua nhd Vua vdi ke
thil ciia nudc Phdp nen quan chiing nban dan
vd phdi Giacdbanh yeu edu dua Vua ra xet
xir de trimg trj vi tdi phan qudc Ngdy
21-1-1793 vua Lui XVI bi chat dau vd sau dd
khdng lau, hoang hau Mari Angtoannet eung
ehju chung sd pban
Tir thdng 3-1793, nudc Phdp lam vdo
mdt cudc khimg hodng nghiem trgng vl
chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi Sy phdt triln cua
cdch mang ldm cbo thi lyc phong kiln phan
ddng chdu Au hodng sg Cdc nude Anh, Tay
Ban Nha, Hd Lan da liy vifc xii tir Lui XVI
lam cd gia nhap vao lien minh phdn cdcb
mang chdng Phap Nude Phdp cdng hod bi
phong tod vd cd lap, phdi mdt minh chdng lai
f A
tdt cd chdu Au phdn ddng Trong tinh hinh
dd, pbdi Girdngdanh dang nim quyin td ra
bat lyc trong vifc td chiic qudc phdng Ddng
le pbdi ddng vien todn dan chdng ke tbii, hp
lai tiep tuc xiic tien cudc diu tranh be pbdi
chdng nhiing ngudi Giacdbanh vd van theo
dudi chinh sdch phdn dan chu, lam nga trude
nhiing nhu ciu vd yeu sdch ciia nhan dan CJ
trong nudc, thang 3-1793, bao ddng phan
each mang nd ra d Vangde, va tir dd lan ra
vimg Tay Bic, Nodcmdngdi, Bratanha CJ
ngoai mat tran, quan dpi cdch mang tilp tuc
f \
that bai, quan ddng minh vugt qua bien gidi
trdn vao lanh thd Phdp Dd Id mdt tronj nhiing Iy do gidi thich vi sao vdo ngdy
2-6-1793, phdi Girdngdanh bi qudn chung nhar dan vd giai cap tu sdn each mang lat dd
Phdi Giacdbanh len nam chinh quyin trong llie van mfnh cua nudc cdng hoa lam
f f
vdo cdnh nguy khdn nhat Quan dpi cua bpn xam lugc tir ba phia Bdc, Ddng vd Ddng Nam dang tien vdo nudc Phdp Ndm dao quan nudc ngodi dang ddn ep cdc todn quan Phdp mft mdi, trang bj kem, mat tinh than do hdnh ddng phan bdi cua tudng Duymurie Mayenxa that thu, Valenxien bj bd ngo Paris lai bj uy hiep Ham ddi Anb tiep vien cbo bgn phien loan vd phong tod cdc hai cdng cua Phdp Cdc cudc bao ddng phdn each mang lan nhanh tir noi ndy sang noi khac Din giiia thdng 6, bao ddng da nd ra d 60
f \ ,
trong sd 83 quan Chinh quyen cua Qudc udc Giacdbanh chi cdn nam dugc Paris dang doi kem vd mdt phin nhd lanh thd Sd menh chl
dp cdng hoa nhu "ngan can treo tren sgi tdc"
De ciim thodt nudc cdng boa non tre trong thdng 6 va thdng 7 nam 1793 phai Giacdbanh da thi hdnh nhilu cbinh sdch tiln
bd, ddp limg yeu ciu cua quin cbiirig nhan
dan nhu: van dk rudng dit, tbu tieu cdc dac
quyen phong kiln, ban banh gid tdi da cac mat hang thilt ylu, ban hanh Hiln phdp dan chil Nhd vay, phdi Giacdbanh da dugc quan chung nhan dan tich eye ung hg Ddng thdi chinh quyin Giacdbanh tdng cudng trin
dp bpn phan dgng vd td chirc qudc phdng dl
1 •) 7 r
bao vf Td qudc
Ngay 23-8-1793, Qudc udc Giacdbanh
t h d n g CI^'i£l 'SSlf" Jis:;™.:?;: r.T.rs'' rjo"",? " ""^ r^'-rig
Trang 8QUdem ixu tidn lae 63
toan qudc Dieu I eua sic Ifnh tuyen bd: "Tir
f 7
gid phut ndy cho den khi ndo ke thii bi dudi
ra khdi ldnh thd cua nu&c Cgng hod, tdt cd
nhirng ngu&i Phdp deu bi trung dung thudng
fi f
xuyen " Sac Ifnh quy dinh rd nhifm vu ciia
tit cd nbung ngudi Phdp, edn ddc than bay
da lap gia dinh, ddn dng hay ddn bd, tham cbi
cd tre em vd ngudi gid Cudc ddng vien ehua
timg cd ciia todn dan nay ehi ed the thyc hifn
trong mdt cudc chien tranh chinh nghTa
7 y
Cudc ddng vien nay da ed vii tinh than yeu
nudc ciia dai da sd nhan dan Vi the, Sdc
lenh Tdng ddng vien duge nhan dan Phdp,
dac bift Id ndng dan hudng ung nhift lift
Mudi bdn dao quan dugc thdnh lap trong
thdi gian ngdn nhdt vd len dudng ra mat tran
vdi tinh than chien ddu rat cao
Ci trong nudc, eae nganh cdng nghifp
deu hudng ve phyc vy qudc phdng Cde nhd
7 f
khoa hoc ndi tieng nhu Beetdlie, Lazora
Cdend da tich eye tham gia nghien euu cdc
nguyen ly, chien thuat mdi vd td chirc hf
thdng phdng thu bdo vf cdch mang Chinh
nhd su no lye eua toan dan tde, quan Phdp da
gianh duge thing lgi dau tien d Ddng Bdc
vao thdng 9 vd thdng 10 ndm 1793, ldm thay
ddi han cue difn chien tranh Quan Ao bj tan
ra, quan Anh vd eae vuomg qudc Diie phdi
riit Iui Chua thing lgi hodn toan, song nude
Phdp bit diu thodt khdi cugc khung hodng
quan sy Cudi ndm 1793, quan Phdp chuyen
f 7
sang tan cdng, quan Anh bi ddnh dudi khdi
Tuldng, quan Phd - Ao bi ddnh bai d Anddt
Tren lanh thd nudc Phdp, quan tbii da bj quet sach Cuoi eiing, ngay 26-6-1794, trong tran Pholoruyt, qudn ddi cdcb mang Phdp da hodn todn ddnh bai quan dpi lien minh Cudc chien dau chdng ngoai xdm bdo vf ddc lap dan tdc, bdo vf thdnh qud cdcb mang da ket thuc thdng lgi Nhifm vu dan tdc dugc gidi quyet trift de
3 Ket luan Dai cdcb mang Phdp ndm 1789 da de lai cbo nudc Phdp mdt di sdn tbieng lieng dd la
sy thdng nhat qudc gia vdi y thiic "dan tdc Id mdt vd khdng the phdn chia" Sy thdng nhat
dd vira la hf qua, vira Id nen tdng ciia tbiet cbe xa hdi tu sdn, tren dd binh thanb nhirng nguyen ly ca bdn ve nhd nudc, phdp luat, kinh te vd xa hdi Y thiic thdng nhat dan tdc
dd da tao nen siic manh cho nude Phdp trong cudc dau tranh bdo ve ddc lap dan tdc Cdcb mang da xod bd quy tdc the tdc vd sy ngdn cdch phong kien ddi vdi lanh thd vd sy giao
luu kinh te Van de dan tdc dugc gidi quyet mdt cdch trift de, qudc gia dan tdc dugc thdng nhat da tao dieu kifn cho sy phdt trien manh me eua phuomg thirc sdn xuat tu bdn chil nghTa liic bay gid, cua khoa bpc ky thuat,
gdp phan tao nen nen vdn hod tinh than vd vat chat cao trong lich sir nude Phdp vd trong lieh sir van minh nhan loai
A Manfra (1963), Dgi cdch mgng Phdp 1789, NXB
S\rthat,HaN9i,tr.253