Mdt trong nhirng trung tam thuong mai llie bay gid cbinh la Vuomg qudc Ryukyu Luu Cau ma ngay nay dugc biel den la linh Okinawa tuoi dep ciia Nhat Ban, xir sd ciia hoa anh dao Sakura, Th
Trang 1THdl Dm HOr^NG KIM CUR THUONG N H A N RVUKVU
THCKV XV-XVII
Ths Nguyen Van Hoan & Le Van Dung
Dai hgc Kinh te - Bai hoc Da Ndng
khoa hpc ky thuat chau Au nhu sir dung la ban, cac ban dd dja ly, tien bd ciia nganh ddng tau da gdp phan thuc day manh me qua trinb vuan ra ben ngodi luc dia gid ciia nguoi chau Au Nhiing cudc phdt kicn dia ly da dan din sy chuyen bien sau sdc trong ddi song cbinh tri vd kinh tc the gidi Con khat vang
la dac trung ciia nhirng ngudi tham gia cac doan thuyen tbam hiem mao hiem d the k\
XV XVI la tien dc dac biel quan trpng cho nhiing phdt kien dia ly Trudc hci hp di kiem vang, va bang ngay irong cudn nhat ky cua minh Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Coldn, 1451-1506), thuyen trudng thanh Genoa (Italia), lam \icc cho vua Tay Ban Nba, da cdu thugng de ban cbo minh nhung
manh dat cd \ang Ong \icl: "Vdng Id vgt quy nhdt Iren d&i thdm chi nd ed the gin cac linh hdn len thien ddng"^'^ Nhiing ngudi Tay
Ban Nba d thi ky XVI da danh diu Iren ban
dd Clia minh manh dat Bac My can cdi noi
hg khdng tim thay vang va bac Ngudi Bd Dao Nba da tim thay vdng tren bd bien chau Phi, d An Do, d khip Vien Ddng (trong do
cd Nhat Ban); vang la mdt tir miu nhiem da xua ngudi Tay Ban Nha vugt Dai Ta)
Duong Vdng la thit ngu&i da trdng ddi hd\
1 Mot thdi dai ciia kham pha, chinh
phuc \i\ hiii thuong quoc te
Cdc cudc thap ty chinh la co hpi de tao
lap ra nbung kho bdu quan trpng, dac biet Id
kho bau truyen thuyet ciia cac chirc sac ddng
Den Nhirng boat ddng budn ban, ngan hang
va tai chinh nd rd d cdc cdng hda Italia vao
thi ky XIII va XIV rdi d Ha Lan vd Anb
Vdi \'icc phat minh ra may in, nhirng budc
tien ciia nganh luyen kim, viec sir dung than
trang (nang lugng thdc nudc), diing cdc xe
chd trong cac bam md, sy phat minh rd ret
ve san xuat kim loai vd sgi det da in dau len
nira thir bai cua the ky XV; Dd ciing la luc
bat dau che tao vd sir dung nhiing khau phao
va nhung thii sung dau tien; sy cdi tien trong
viec ddng cdc thuyen budm Idn (caravelle)
va ve ky thuat hang hai cbo phep md ra cdc
dudng hang hdi mdi Tien vdn, bang bda ddi
dao bom, tau be vd vu khi: dd la cdc phuang
tien de phdt trien thuang mai, khdm pba va
cbinh phuc'"
TbI ky XV XVI la thdi dai hang bai
eye thjnh vdi nhiing con tau ddng ldm cho
phep vugt dai duomg sdng to gid ca de di
cbinh phyc vd budn ban vdi the gidi ben
ngoai chau Au Tren ca sd nhiing tien bd cua
*'' Michel Beaud.' Lich sir chu nghTa tu bdn tir 1500
din 2000 (Histoire du capitalisme de 1500 a 2000),
Nxb Thi giai, Ha Noi, 2002, tr 42 (2)
Michel Beaud.- sdd, tr 44
Trang 2^k(ii itiU kiumg kim eua 43
tru&c tien khi vira m&i ddt chdn len mdt bin
b& m&i duge tim^^\
Nam 1519, Fernando Cortes da dd bd
len bd bien Mexico vd bit diu cbl ngy nin
van minh Aztec gidu cd trong viing cao
nguyen thudc mien trung Mexico Cortes tbii
nhan rang: '•''Chung tdi ngu&i Tdy Ban Nha,
dau benh tim md vdng Id thude ehira duy
nhdC^^^
Cudi the ky XV sy khuech truomg ciia
phuang Tay trong ITnh vyc thuang mai hang
hai qudc te trd nen manh me horn bao gid het
vi muc dicb cao nhdt la tdi da bda Igi nhudn
trong budi binh minh tich Iiiy nguyen thiiy
cua chil nghia tu ban '"'Nhitng dng vua them
khdt vinh quang vd eua cdi, nhirng nhd nude
ddu tranh gidnh uu the, nhirng thuang nhdn
vd chil ngdn hdng duge khuyen khich ldm
gidu them: do Id nhirng sire mgnh se thiie
ddy viec budn bdn, nhUng cudc ehinh phuc
vd chien tranh, se bien su cu&p bdc thdnh he
thdng, se td chirc viec budn bdn nd le, se
giam giu nhirng ke du thii du thue de huge hg
phdi lao dgng"^^^ Nam 1487, Bartbelemy
7 f
Diaz bi bao thdi that xa xudng phia nam vd
di vdng quanh miii Hdo Vgng Nam 1492,
Christopher Columbus khdm phd ra chau
My Ndm 1497, ndi gdt Diaz, thuyen trudng
ngudi Bo Ddo Nha Vasco de Gama hudmg
vl phia bic, dpc theo duyen hdi phia Ddng
chau Phi vd din mdt viing cd nhiing ldi budn
Arap bilt vugt An Do Duong sang An Do,
^^^ F.Ia.Polianski: Lich su kinh ti cdc nuac - Thai ky tu
bdn chu nghia, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1978,
t.2, tr 458 - 459
*^^ Michel Beaud.- sdd, tr 43
(')Nt
lan dau tien tim ra con dudng hang hai tir chau Au vdng qua miii Hdo Vpng (Cape Hopy) d chau Pbi, vugt An Dp Duong de den thanh phd cdng thuomg mai Calicut sam udt d Tay Nam An Dp vao nam 1498 Sy kien nay dugc coi la diem mdc dac biet quan trpng, md dudng cho qua trinh xam nhap cua ngudi Au vdo mang ludi budn ban truyen thdng ciia cdc nudc chau A Tai dd mdt nban td eye ky quan trpng kich thich nhirng kham phd mao hiem ciia phirong Tay ircn nhiing con dudng van dam tren bien chinh la
sy gidu cd ciia huomg lieu, gia vi phuomg Ddng nhumg thir mang lai gid trj hang hda Idn Mdt tryc thuang mai dudng bien chau
A -C f f
Au - An Dp dugc khai thdng va ket ndi Huomg lifu dugc cdc doan thuyen budn chd tdi tap ve thu dd Lisbon ciia Bd Dao Nha va gid trj thuomg pham tang len gap rudi khi chd den thdnh phd Venice (Italia) Nhu mdt
he qua tat yeu, Lisbon trd thanb diem trung chuyen budn bdn giiia Bd Dao Nha va the
gidi Dia Trung Hdi Theo Michel Beaud, mdt cudc sdn dudi eiia cdi vd citng rdng lan budn bdn vd cu&p bdc m& rd I
Nam 1510, ngudi Bd Ddo Nba chiem ddng cii diem Goa tren dat An Dp va bien nd trd thdnh thudc dia dau tien ciia hp d chau A Trong nhiing ndm tiep theo, ngudi Bo Dao Nba chinh phuc vuomg qudc Malacca tren bdn ddo Malay, ddng thdi day manh anh budng vd sy bifn dien qua nhiing hanh ddng xam lugc cdc viing khde nhu Ceylon, Java, Sumatra Day cd the coi la nhiing budc dao dau cua thyc dan chau Au trong qud trinh xam luge chau A, trong dd khdng the phii
(6) Nt
Trang 344 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011
nhan vai trd "tich eye" ciia cae dpi thuyen
budn bode cdc bam dpi cd cdc dodn truyen bd
Thien Chua gido trong cdng cudc phdt kien
dja ly cudi till ky XV dau the ky XVI Ddi
vdi Bd Dao Nba, bp da ndi dai dugc bdnh
lang budn ban ciia minh tir Lisbon den An
Dp (Goa, 1510), sang bdn ddo Malay
(Malacca, 1511), ndi lien vdi Trung Hoa
(Macao, 1557), rdi den cac dao Nbat Bdn
(Hirado, Dcshima tir sau ndm 1543)
Chi mdt nam sau khi cir diem d Goa
dugc xdc lap, nam 1511 Bd Ddo Nha da cd
the loai bd vai trd ciia thuong nhan Arap d
Malacca rdi nhanh chdng gidnh dugc the ddc
quyen trong viec trao ddi huong lifu tai khu
vyc bien Ddng Nhumg cii lieu ljch sir cho
thay, vao nam 1517, thuyen budn Bd Ddo
Nba da den Trung Qudc Mac dii khdng
dugc trieu dinh nha Minh (1368-1644) cbo
tbiet lap quan hf ngoai thuang nhung cudi
ciing, sau sy nd lyc ben bi, ngudi Bd ciing da
dat dugc co sd d Macao Nam 1522, bam dpi
Tay Ban Nba dudi sy cbi buy ciia Ferdinand
Magellan da hodn thdnh chuyen di vdng
quanh the gidi vd thdng qua dd da chiing
minh dugc rang Trdi Ddt ciia chiing ta cd
dang hinh cdu Nam 1564, Tay Ban Nha
ciing chiem dugc Philippines va hai nudc da
diing nhimg dia bdn nay de thdm nhap thi
trudng Ddng Bic A'^\ R.H.P.Mason &
J.G.Caiger viet: '''Tie the ky XV, nhUng ngu&i
mien cue Tdy (Tdy Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha)
ciia chdu Au da di qua nhirng vimg biin tir
tru&c ehua cd ai thdm dd de den nhitng luc
dia lg vl ly do budn bdn vd xdm chiem thuoc dia vd v&i y do ehdy bdng truyen dgo Thien Chua''^^\
Sau sy xuat hifn ciia Bd Ddo Nha Tay Ban Nha, cdc cudng qudc chdu Au khde nhir:
Ha Lan, Anh, Phdp cung lan lugt tim den phuong Ddng
2 Ryukyu trong thoi dai hoang kim hai thu'OTig quoc te the ky XV - XVII Trong cdc cudn sach giao khoa lich sir the gidi ciia phuong Tay vdi quan diem la\ chau Au Idm trung tdm, dai da sd y kien cho rang chau Au da mang tien bd va van minh
"khai sdng" the gidi phuong Ddng dang chim trong bdng tdi ciia sy ngu ddt, lac hau Tuy nhien, khi xem xet lich sir vdi con mat
da dien, nhieu chieu \'a tu duy bien chimg, ngudi ta lai nhan thay mdt biic tranh muon mdu vd hodnh trdng ve sy phdt trien cua
phuang Ddng chau A Y)6 Id trudc khi ngirdi
chau Au den, d chau A da cd sy giao luu budn ban giiia cdc vuomg qudc trong cac khu vyc Mdt trong nhirng trung tam thuong mai llie bay gid cbinh la Vuomg qudc Ryukyu (Luu Cau) ma ngay nay dugc biel den la linh Okinawa tuoi dep ciia Nhat Ban, xir sd ciia
hoa anh dao (Sakura), Thin dao (Shinloism)
vd tinh thin vd sT dao (Bushido)
Tinh Okinawa Id mdt quin ddo nim d eye nam cua ddo Kyushu mdt trong bon ddo ldm cua Nhat Ban Tdng dien tich Okinawa la 1.202km^, gdm 5 nhdm dao chinh: Okinawa, Miyako, Yaeyama, Daito va
^^' Nguyen Van Kim: Nhdt Bdn vai chdu A Nhirng
moi lien he lich sir vd chuyen bien kinh te xa hoi,
Nxb DHQGHN, 2003, tr 113
(8)
R.H.P.Mason & J.G.Caiger: Lich su Nhdt Ban (A
History of Japan), Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi, 2003, tr
192
Trang 4'^fiM ttxii iLodng kun eua 45
Sekaku Cdc ddo trdi dai 400km theo hudmg
bic nam vd 1.000km theo hudng ddng tdy
Khi hau d Okinawa thudc khi hau can nhift
ddi, cd nhieu ddo san hd vay bgc tao thdnh
mdt viing bien xinh dep Hifn nay Okinawa
^ f
cd VI tri chien luge eye ky quan trpng trong
vdnh dai kinh te Chau A - Thdi Binh Duomg
Tir day ed the di xudng phia Nam rat de
ddng Theo cdc nha nghien ciiu, the ky XXI
f 7
la the ky eua bien va dai duomg, Okinawa lai
ed thdi co va van hdi mdi de phdt trien Thdi
ed, Okinawa cd ten la Ryukyu Cdc phdt hifn
khdo ed bpc cbo rang tir thdi cd dai cho den
f \
tan the ky X, sy hifn difn cua mdt nen kinh
te ndng nghifp trdng trpt the hien khd md
nhat d Ryukyu Nhung tir cudi the ky Xlll,
nhilu quy tdc {Aji) da tao lap dugc nhieu
lanh dia, trang vien (Shoen) nhd Id co sd thu
hiit mdi quan hf thuomg mai vdi viing bien
phia Ddng Tnmg Hoa
Din giiia thi ky XIV, d Ryukyu hinh
f * '
thanh 3 vuomg qudc ldm cdt cii gdm: Bac Son
(Hokuzan), Trung Son (Chuzan) vd Nam
Son (Nanzan) Cdc vuomg qudc nay diu chii
truomg phdt triln quan hf thuang mai
Nam 1372, Ryukyu trd thanh xii chu
hiu thin thudc vd thudng xuyen cong nap
vuomg trilu phong kiln Trung Qudc liic dd Id
nhd Minh (1368-1644) Mdi quan hf thuomg
mai vdi luc dia khdng Id ndy dugc thilt lap
Ngay sau dd, Ryukyu da cir nhiing chiec
iliuyin mdnh chd qud edng nap hodng dk
Trung Hoa eua qudc vuomg Ryukyu tdi Phiic
Chau (Fwchou) - Trung Qudc Ciir nhu vay
hing nam, nhiing chile thuyen dd lai chd to
sdng, lua, gom su tinh xdo, cay thudc ciing
nhilu san phim khde tir Trung Hoa vl
Ryukyu Ryukyu cdn md rdng quan hf
thuang mai bdng each bdn lai nhumg hang
hda Trung Hoa cho cac vimg xung quanh Ryukyu trd thdnh vuomg qudc ddc lap vdo diu thi ky XV va trd nen phdn thjnh nhd giao thuomg vdi cdc nudc Idng gieng nhu Nhat Bdn, Trung Qudc vd cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A Nam 1429, bing tdi ndng td chirc va siic manh quan sy, vua ciia Vuomg qudc
Chuzan Sho Hashi (1422-1439) thilt lap
vuomg trilu thdng nbat todn quan ddo Ryukyu vd liy lau ddi Sburi d Naha lam kinh
dd cua nhd nudc mdi Do dat dupe sy thdng nhit vl chinh tri, cd ndng lyc qudn Iy toan bd
cu dan tren quin ddo, de xdc lap mdi bang
f f \
giao qudc te, trieu dinh Ryukyu da sdm cung
cd moi quan bf than thudc vdi Trung Qudc
vd Nhdt Bdn Nhd vdo sy bao trg ciia trieu dinh Bic Kinh, lgi dung chii truomg ciia Trung Qudc theo dudi cbinh sdch ddng cira dit nudc, ddng thdi thiy rd khd nang Nbat Bdn chua the tham nhdp vao thi trudng Ddng Nam A, ehinh quyin thdnh Sburi da phdt huy thi manh eua vi tri cau ndi giiia bai khu vyc Ddng Bic A vdi Ddng Nam A de tbiet lap vd diy manh quan hf ngoai thuomg^^^ Trong nhimg thi ky XV-XVI, Ryukyu trd thanh cudng qudc thuang mai d chau A
Theo Minh sir (Minshi) bd sir ldn nbat
ciia nhd Minh ghi chep, Vuomg qudc Ryukyu ludn ddn dau cdc vuomg qudc d chau A trong vifc giri cde thuyen cdng nap vd thdng thuomg tdi Trung Qudc Ryukyu da giri tdng cdng la 171 thuyen, trong khi dd Annam cd
89 chile, Java 37 chiec, Trieu Tien 30 chile vd Nhat Bdn 19 chilc^'°^
'•^^ Nguyin Van Kim, sdd, tr 12
^'"^ Fusaki Maehira: The Golden Age of the Ryukyu Traders, Pacific Friend A Window on Japan, April
2000, Vol 27, No 12, p 28-32
Trang 546 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134);2011
Bdng 1: So lu^ng su do^n thuong mai Ryukyu den Dong Nam A ( I I )
Diem den
Siam
Malacca
Pattani
Java
Palembang
Sumatra
Sunda
Annam
Thdi gian
1425 1570
1463 1511
1490 1543
1430 1442
1428 1440
1463 1468 1523- 1518
1509
NSm c6 quan he
146 ndm
49
54
13
13
6
6
1
So luong thuyen
59
20
11
6
4
3
2
1
Bdng 2: Tong so hien vat cac su doan Ryukyu bieu chinh quyen Dong Nam A (12)
Nu-6c,
Khu vuc
Siam
Malacca
Patani
Java
Palembang
Sumatra
Sunda
Annam
To
lua
(sue)
698
180
0
107
55
75
0
100
Gom su*
(T6ng
so san
phim
63.340 19.000
0 10.000
0 7.260
0
0
Vu Kiem, dao
120
40
0
45
6
15
0
10
khf
Ao
gi^p
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
I ^0 gidp v^
120 miii ten
Lu-u huynh
(can)
63.5000
0
0
0
0
0
0 10.000
va 2.000 Can
sat
So-n
(So san pham
0
0
0
0
800
0
0
4
Quat
(chiec)
780
210
0
100
10
60
0
0
s6
chuyen
di
30
10
8
6
8
3
2
1
sa
ngu-6'i tham gia
3.549
553
209
379
130
<"^ Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr 106
^'^^ Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr 79
Trang 6^kM itqi keanq, klnt eua 47
Ben canh quan he ehinh tri va thuang
mai vdi Trung Hoa, Ryukyu edn thudng
xuyen ed sy gdp mat cua cde thuomg nhan
Nhat Bdn, Trilu Tien vd Ddng Nari A
Nhilu thuyin budn ldm eua thuomg nhan
Ryukyu da din Phiic Chau, Chuang Chau
(Trung Qudc), Han Thanh, Phii Son (Pusan)
eiia Trilu Tien, Ayutthaya (Siam), Van Ddn
(Dai Vift) Theo khdo ciiu eiia A.Kobata
vd M.Matsuda trong tdc pham Ryukyuan
Ralations with Korea and South Sea
Countries, hai nam 1480-1481 cd 6 chuyin
thuyen cua Siam dugc cu den Ryukyu vd 22
f ^ \ f
chuyen thuyen shissho (thuyen dugc cap
/ f
giay phep eua Ryukyu) den Siam
(1509-f
1570) Ryukyu eiing da ddn nhdn 2 chuyen
thuyen tir Palembang vdo ndm 1431; 5
chuyin tir Malacca (1469-1481) Ve phan
minh, Ryukyu ciing da cir 53 chuyen thuyen
din Siam (1425-1570); 6 chuyen thuyen den
Java (1430-1442); 8 chuyen thuyen den
Palembang (1428-1440); 11 chuyin thuyin
din Malacca (1463-1511); 3 chuyen thuyen
din Sumatra (1463, 1467 vd 1468); 1 chuyin
\ f f y
thuyen den An Nam (1509); 2 chuyen thuyen
din Sunda Karapa (1513, 1518); 8 chuyin
den Patani (1515-1543)^'^^ Thuyin budn
Ryukyu thudmg dem den cdc nudc Ddng
Nam cac loai hang nhu: luu huynh, gom sii,
lua, satin, tien ddng, sit, thudc chiia bfnh cua Trung Qudc; kiem, thuang, do gidp, tranh tudng, quat, dd son mdi va ddng, vdng eua Nhat Bdn Hdng bda bg mua mang ve Ryukyu la eac san pham gia vi, huomg lifu eiia xii sd nhift ddi nhu hat tieu, ddu Id hdi, san hd, thuy ngan, thudc nhudm, ngd voi, dau cp, dau dira, bdng, da trdn, da cd sau, gd dinh huomg, nhac cu vd nhieu san pham thii
f f
cdng khde cua Nam A vd Ddng Nam A
Sau dd hp lai mang cdc sdn phdm ndy tdi bdn cho ngudi Nhat tai cdc cdng Bonotsu (Nam Kagoshima), Hakata (thudc Fukuoka), Myogo (thude Kobe) va Sakai (Nam Osaka)
Vdo thi ky XV XVI, Sakai khdng cbi Id
trung tdm chinh tri, quan sy cua cdc daimyo,
md cdn Id noi lam an budn ban eua cdc thg thu cdng vd thuomg nhan Thanh phd Sakai dugc coi Id thdnh phd ty tri dien hinh nhdt,
7 f
ed binh thiic td chiic gidng nhu cdc thdnh phd cdng hod d chau Au vao thdi trung dai
Nd khdng chiu sy If thudc vao mdt lanh chiia
f \
phong kien nao, ddng thdi nd cd mdt hdi
% f
ddng qudn ly thdnh phd rieng, mdt quan dpi rieng, mdt toa dn rieng Vdi td chiic nhu
f
the, Sakai thyc sy la mdt nudc cdng hod ty tri^''', Thanh phd cang thi Sakai nhd be dugc
coi la ''Venice cua Nhdt Bdn" vd Id diem
hudng tdi ciia nhieu doan thuang thuyin
^'^^ A.Kobata va M.Matsuda: Ryukyuan Relations with
Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing
Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan, 1969, p 53 - 185
^'''^ Nguyin Gia Phu, Nguyin Van Anh: Dgi cuang
lich sir the giai trung dgi, Nxb Giio due, Ha Noi,
1997, t.2, tr 168
Trang 748 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 (134).2011
qudc tl Tren nhilu phuang difn, Sakai cd
dang ve eua mgt thanh thi Tay Au trung dai
vdi mdt ehinh quyin rieng dai difn cbo gidi
thj dan, cd quan dpi rieng vd dugc bdo vf bdi
hf thdng hdo, luy chic cbin^'^^
Nam trong hf tbong thuomg mai ndi A
va A Au sdi ddng dpc theo con dudng to
lua, gdm sir tren biln nhu vay, kinh dd Naha
ciia Vuomg qudc Ryukyu trd nen thinh
f
vugng trong vai trd la mgt thuang cdng qudc
te Lieh dgi bdo dn (Rekidai hoan hodc Li-tai
pao-an), bd sir lifu quy do cdc sir gia Nho
f
gido Clia Vuomg qudc Ryukyu bien soan
trong cdc the ky XVII-XIX, viet ve lich sir
443 nam ngoai giao cua Ryukyu tir ndm
1425 den khi chinh quyen Tokugawa sup dd
vdo ndm 1867, ghi nhan vdo thdi diem dd,
> f
cdc thuyen budn Ryukyu rat hay lui tdi budn
bdn vd tim kiem hang hda, lgi nhudn d
Ayutthaya (Siam) Theo Rekidai hoan, ndm
1925 Id ndm md ddu quan hf Ryukyu - Sian
Vd Rekidai hoan thdng ke cd tdi 58 chiec
thuyen budn da ehinh thiic tdi Siam Nam
f r
1463, qudc vuomg Ryukyu da giri bieu lua,
to tdm, vii khi nhu dao, kiem va cdc sdn vat
Trung Hoa kem theo Id thu tay giri den
Suntal Mansur Shah, qudc vuomg ciia
Malacca de xin lap quan hf bang giao vd cho
phep thuang nhdn Ryukyu ra vdo budn bdn
vd lap thuang diem d day Ngoai ra, thuyen
budn Ryukyu cdn lui tdi nhieu thuang cang khde nhu Van Ddn (Dai Vift) Nhu vay co thi thiy ring, trong nhirng thi ky XV-XVII
f
ngudi Ryukyu da cd nhiing tien bd vugt bac trong quan hf thuang mai qudc te, trong do
cd nhilu mdt vugt qua cd ngudi chau Au
Tuy khdng the san xudt ra nhieu mat hang trao ddi cd gid trj qudc te, nhung do co
sy lya chgn hdng hda ky luong tir cdc thj trudng ldm, ddng tin cay nhu Trung Quoc, Trieu Tien va Nbat Ban, nen cdc san pham hdng hda cua thuang nban Ryukyu dem den Ddng Nam A ludn bdn dugc gid cao va dugc nhieu nudc ua chupng Nhirng ngudn Igi ldn tbu dugc trong quan hf ngoai thuomg da tac ddng manh me den sy phdt trien ciia ddi sdng kinh te trong nudc Giir vj tri tmng tam cua Vuomg qudc, khu vyc thdnh thi Sburi Naha ludn ndo nhiet vdi nhiing bdng bda xa
xi dugc dem ve tir viing An Dp bode thj trudmg Ddng Nam A, hang dugc chuyen Naha rdi tir dd lai dugc chd di cdc cang ciia Trung Quoc, Trilu Tien vd Nbat Ban
Chuzan khdng cd dugc sy gidu cd ciia
Genoa, ve dep eua Venice hay quyen lyc ciia Lisbon, nhung miic do phdt triln kinh te eung ed thi dat nhu cdc thanh thi dd^'^^
f f
3 Su ket thuc vai tro hai thuong quoc
te cua Ryukyu
^'^^ Nguyin van Kim, sdd, tr 357
Trang 8Q^lidi itai fmdtLg kliti euạ 49
Tuy nhien sy thinh vugng ciia Ryukyu
trong quan hf thuang mai vdi khu vyc Ddng
Nam A rit ngin nguị Nam 1511, ham dpi
Bd Dao Nha da đnh chilm Vuomg qudc
Malacca, cho xay dyng nhieu phdo đi vd
can cii quan sỵ Dd la ly do cit nghia tai sao
thuomg nhan Ryukyu dimg lien lac thdng
thuomg vdi vuomg qudc naỵ Vd khi ngudi
chdu Au hung bdng tien ve chau A trong
đng ve cua ten an cudp hung bao vd trieu
dinh pbong kien nha Minh thay đi cbinh
sdch đi ngoai, thyc hifn lenh cam bdi
(hai-chin), đng cira vdi ben ngodi thi van mfnh
ciia cdc thuang nhdn Ryukyu da di den bdi
cham diit Hp khdng cdn giur dugc vi tri
hodng kim timg cd trong lich sir thuomg mai
ndi rieng vd lich sir hang bdi qudc te ndi
chung niiạ
Theo đng thdi gian, ndm 1609, daimyo
Shimazu ciia han Satsuma (nay thudc Nam
I tinh Kagoshima) huy đng lyc lugng quan sy
: đng đo 3.000 quan vdi hom 1.000 chien
thuyin, tir Nhdt Bdn vugt bien tien ra chinh
f f
phyc Ryukyụ Cudc khdng chien chdng xam
lugc cua Ryukyu that baị Qudc vuomg Sho
Nei (cim quyin 1589-1620) va quan lai
hoang trilu bi giam giii d Kagoshimạ Mua
thu nam 1611, vua Sho Nei cimg cdc quan lai
trilu dinh dugc trd vl Ryukyu, nhung khung
cdnh dit nudc vd đi sdng ehinh tri da ed
nhilu thay đị Tir day, nhin ehung boat
đng cua Ryukyy diu đt dudi sy qudn cbe ciia lanh chiia Shimazụ Ryukyu khdng the khdi pbuc lai nin đc lap thyc sy cua minh dugc nirấ^^ Vuomg qudc van tiep tuc tdn tai, nhung tat cd ngudi dan tren quan dao deu
bj cim sir dyng vii khị Dd la ly do dan den
sy ra đi ciia mdn vo Khdng thii dao
(Karatedo) d Ryukyụ Mdn vd Karatedo ndi
tiing cd Ijch sir binb thanb va phat trien ban
400 nam da lan truyen khap the gidi vdi sd mdn sinh bom 30 trieu ngudị Nam 1879, dudi thdi tri ciia hodng de Minh Tri (1868-1912), Ryukyu chinh tbiic sdp nhap vao lanh thd Nbat Bdn khi che do phan chia quan huyen keo đi sang tan day va dugc đi ten thdnh tinh Okinawa, tdn tai cho den ngay naỵ Qudc vuomg Ryukyu Id Sho Tai ciia đng hg vua Sho cai tri Ryukyu tir the k>
XV dugc dem ve Tokyo va dugc nudi dudng tai trieu dinh Nbat Bdn Cbinh quyen
^ f f
Minh Tn da thdng bdo cho the gidi biet quyen sd biiu cua Nhdt Bdn đi vdi quan đo Okinawa, khi cur mdt dao quan sang cbinh phat Dai Loan vao nam 1874 de trd thii cho nhiimg thuyen đnh cd cua ngu dan Okinawa
bi thd dan Dai Loan tan cdng
(17)
Nguyin van Kim, sđ, tr 187