Mot bdo cdo cua Van phdng Ngdn sdeh Quoc hoi My CBO ngay 09/09 cho thay cdc nghi sy nude nay dd phe chudn chi tong cong 858 ty USD cho cupc chien chong khung bo tai Afghanistan vd Iraq.
Trang 1S O S f l N H N H U N G H f l N H D O N G C U R A A V V f l N G R
TRONG CUOC CHI€N CHONG KHUNG BO HI€N NflV
Ths Tran Bach Hieu, Dang Ngoc Dong, Pham Thj Hien
Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd Nhan vdn
• • • •
C o the thay trong cuoc chien chong
khung bo dang dien ra hien nay, ca M y va
N g a da deu la hai quoc gia d i dau manh me
trong viec tham gia cac to chuc an ninh quoc
te, thanh lap cac c o quan, trung tam chong
khung bo trong nuac, tham gia cac h o i nghi
ve chong k h u n g bo va cuoi cung la thuc t h i
cac hanh dong quan su cua rieng minh v a i
muc tieu chung la nham tieu diet cac bang
nhom, to chuc k h u n g bo dang de doa den
hoa binh, an ninh cua c h i n h m i n h va toan the
giai H i n h thuc bieu hien la the nhung k h i
xet ve ban chat, chung ta se thay dugc nhung
diem t u o n g dong va khac biet trong nhung
hanh dong thuc tien cua hai nuoc nay
1 N h u n g d i e m t u o n g d d n g q u a
n h u n g h a n h d o n g t h u c t i e n t r o n g cuoc
chien c h o n g k h i i n g bo cua M y v a N g a
Hoat dong chong k h u n g bo cua ca M y
va N g a deu nham muc tieu dam bao an ninh
quoc gia de h u o n g t o i su phat trien lau dai
Ca hai nuoc deu dua ra rihung hanh dong,
quan diem va cac van ban h u o n g den cac doi
t u o n g co nguy c o gay p h u o n g hai den su on
d j n h cua hai nuoc, dac biet la cac to chuc khung bo Cho d u co v i l g i i c h nao d i chang nua thi ca M y va N g a deu can dam bao dugc muc tieu g i u v u n g an n i n h , tao su on d i n h trong nuoc, k h u v u c cung n h u quoc te, l a m tien de cho su phat trien cua quoc gia va the hien vai tro cua c h i n h p h u m i n h doi v a i su tin nhiem cua cong dan m o i nuoc
Trong vdn de hop tdc chong khung bo,
xet ve tong the, sau v u k h u n g bo 11/09/2001 nham vao nuoc M y , hai c u o n g quoc di dau trong viec chong k h u n g bo la M y va N g a da
co nhieu hoat dong h o p tac v a i nhau T h o n g qua nhung tuyen bo va qua n h u n g h o i nghi
an n i n h , hai nuac da tien harm trao d o i thong
t i n ve A I - Qaeda va cac n h o m k h u n g b d khac, cung n h u h o p tac cung ngan chan bon
k h u n g bo sd hiru cac loai v u k h i huy diet hang loat H a i nude cung da dua ra nhidu bien phap, sang kien chong k h u n g bd nhu:
D o n g bang tai san cac to chuc hay ca nhan b i nghi n g d co d i n h l i u den k h u n g b d ; V i e n t r o tai c h i n h cho cac nude tham gia chdng k h u n g bo; Tang c u o n g h o p tac canh sat qudc te va
Trang 28 NGHIEN CU*U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
cong tac giua cac ca quan t i n h bao Co the
noi nhung dieu nay d u a n g n h u la tat yeu
trong b o i canh toan cau hoa n h u hien nay v i
mot quoc gia k h o n g the t u m i n h giai quyet
dugc m o i vdn de dac biet la van de mang
t i n h toan cau, quoc te neu k h o n g co su hop
tac C h i n h v i vay, su hop tac la rat quan
trong trong b o i canh k h u n g bo va chu nghTa
khung bd dang lan rong tren the giai n h u
hien nay
Trong vdn de hoat dpng tinh bdo, ngoai
viec hop tac chung trong chia se mot so
thong t i n t i n h bao t h i viec chia se do van con
bi giai han kha nhieu b a i ca phia phuong
Tay va co quan mat v u Nga Ca hai quoc gia
M y va N g a k h i hop tac deu co nhung hanh
dong "tham d o " lan nhau the hien qua viec
gai gian diep cua m i n h vao cac co quan an
ninh cua nhau D i e u nay co the giai thich
tren khia canh khac biet ve l g i ich Ca M y va
N g a deu theo duoi nhung l g i ich cua rieng
m i n h trong k h i thuc hien nhung hanh dong
chdng khung bo T r u a c k h i co the hap tac,
N g a can nam dugc cac thong t i n ve hanh
dong cung n h u chinh sach cua M y va ngugc
lai M y ciing vay V i e c tham do lan nhau
nhdm tranh t i n h trang thu dong k h i hop tac
cung n h u giam thieu t o i m u c tot nhat viec
thieu thong t i n chinh xac dan den hanh dong,
quyet d i n h sai l a m , tir do danh mat l g i ich
Day van la van de "nhay c a m " ma ca hai
nuoc thuong tranh noi den true tiep, va
thuong t u ngam gai gian diep lan nhau
N g o a i nhung l y do bdt ddng ve cuoc chien tai Iraq, ke hoach phong t h u ten lira t h i viec
ca N g a va M y phat hien hoac bdt dugc gian diep cua nhau cung da l a m quan he giua N g a
va M y doi luc b i d i n h tre va x a u d i
Vi kit qua thuc hien cdc hanh dpng,
nhung dien bidn t r o n g t h a i gian qua 6 ca hai nuoc dang c h u n g m i n h m o t dieu rang:
N h u n g cd gang t r o n g hanh dong chong
k h i i n g bd cua ca hai phia chua dem lai nhieu ket qua so v a i nhirng no luc ma ho bo ra Ca phia N g a va M y deu dang sa lay va gap true trac a n h u n g v i i n g dat m a ho co hanh dong quan su, cu thd v o i N g a la Chechnya va M y
la Afghanistan, Iraq T r o n g h o n mot thap nien qua, N g a da phai chien dau dai dang v o i cac cuoc noi day ciia chii nghTa k h i i n g bo trong nuoc Cac nha chirc trach N g a da thong qua rong rai cac luat ve chong k h i i n g bo, thanh lap
va sira doi cac to chuc chiu trach nhiem ve chong k h i i n g bo, va sap xep hgp ly cac chien luge cung n h u cac hoat dong chong khiing bo Theo bao cao ciia c h i n h phii, cac van de khiing bo d N g a cuoi c i m g da giam d i , va cuoc chien tren mat tran chong l y khai cuoi ciing da gianh thang l o i T u y nhien, tren nhung trang t i n tire hang ngay, cac cuoc dung
do ciia cac tay siing v d i luc l u o n g an n i n h ciia
N g a lai lam tang them m o i nghi n g d nghiem trong ve nhung tuyen bo chinh thiic do Mac dii cuoc sdng d Chechnya co dau hieu binh thudng, nhung tinh h i n h an ninh, chinh t r i ,
Trang 39
khung b6 ( x e m 2 bang phi'a d u o i ) V i e c phat hien ra cac am m u u cung n h u cac phan t u t o i pham k h u n g b6 dat dugc 10 - 2 0 % t r o n g so
tit ca cac cuoc tan cong, n h u n g trong do co
ddn 80 - 9 0 % cac hoat dong tan cong k h u n g
bo da dat dugc muc dich V a ro rang la cac phan tir k h i m g bo da dat dugc muc dich nhieu h o n tir 6 - 8 lan so v a i hieu qua cua cac bien phap chong k h u n g bo cua Nga
Bdng 1: K h u n g bo 6* N g a g i a i d o a n 1997-2001
#> / r
So lupng cdc cupc tan cong khung bd
trong nam
So twang dieu tra tdi pham khung bd
trong nam
N a m 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
^
Nguon: Dolgova 2002
Bdng 2: K h u n g bo a N g a g i a i d o a n 2003-2007
So twang cdc cupc tan cdng khung bd
trong nam
f 5 f
So twang dieu tra tpi pham khung bd
trong nam
N a m 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
T o n g so 8864 9523 5438 1781 759 1193
_ 1 1688 1439 1068 661
^ •—1 1 I 1 ,
Ngudn: Bp Npi vu Nga - http://mvd.ru/
kinh te va cac van de xa hoi van con kha cang
thang, dac biet la a k h u vuc Bac Caucasus
Bat chap n h u n g no luc dang ke nham
cai thien nang luc chong k h u n g bo cua Nga,
luc l u g n g an n i n h va c a quan thuc t h i phap
luat ciia N g a da k h o n g the ngan ngira hoac
dap ung day d i i cho bat k y m o t cuoc tan
cong khiing bo l a n nao K h o n g he co su suy
giam deu dan ve so l u g n g cac hanh dong
' Dan theo: Mariya Y Omelicheva, Russia's Counterterrorism Policy: Variations on an Imperial Theme, pp 8,
dang tren http://www.terrorismanalysts.conVpt/index.php?option=com_rokzine&view=article&id=70
: Nt
Trang 410
V a y ctieu gi co the giai thich sir thieu
thanh cong cua chien luoc chong khiing bo
ciia D i e n K r e m l i n ? T a i sao, a phan cuoi ciia
cuoc chien chong k h i i n g bo va hoat dong tai
Chechnya, k h i i n g bo va cac cuoc tan cong du
k i c h lai lan rong vao cac phan d k h u vuc
phia N a m ciia N g a ma truoc do k h u vuc nay
khong b i anh h u o n g b o i khiing bo? Viec
thieu mot c h u o n g t r i n h toan dien ve chong
khiing bo va viec sir dung v u luc qua m i i c
nhu mot p h u o n g tien chinh ciia cuoc chien
chong khiing bo da lam that bai nhung no luc
ciia N g a nham han che su Ion manh ciia chii
nghia khiing bo T h e m vao do, cac bien phap
thuong xuyen k h o n g d i i nang luc ciing da
can tro hieu qua chong chii nghTa khiing bo
ciia Nga
Cuoc chien "bao ve nuoc M y " k h d i dau
tir nam 2001 v d i cuoc chien tai Afghanistan
ma muc tieu la to chirc khiing bo Taliban
Cho tdi nay cuoc chien nay van dang tiep tuc
dien ra nham triet tieu cac k h u vuc an nau,
tieu diet cac phien quan Taliban, ngan chan
su hop tac giua Taliban va A I - Qaeda Sau
cuoc chien Afghanistan, T o n g thong Bush
tiep tuc phat dong cuoc chien chong Iraq,
nham lat do chinh quyen phan dong Saddam
Hussen bi tinh nghi la phat trien v u k h i hat
nhan de doa an ninh M y va the g i d i , ciing v d i
viec hau thuan cho to chirc khiing bo A I
-Qaeda Den T o n g thong B.Obama, chong
khiing bo tai Iraq van duoc tiep tuc Vao
thang 01/2007, ong de xuat ke hoach " C h i e n
tranh Iraq leo thang nam 2007" T r o n g bai
phat bieu g i d i thieu cac d u luat ciia T h u o n g vien, Obama dua ra viec bo t r i lai cac lire
l u o n g ciia M y theo tirng giai doan d I r a q3
T u y nhien, trong cuoc chidn dai dang nay, ciing giong Nga, M y da gap k h o n g it nhirng kho khan Hang ngan ty U S D da bi tieu ton trong cuoc chien chong k h i i n g bo, con so
t h u o n g vong ciia nude M y len t d i hang ngan ngudi C h i t i n h rieng d u d i thdi T o n g thong
G Bush, chi p h i cho cac cuoc chien tai
A f g h a n i s t a n va Iraq ciing da rat l d n "Ngoai thiet mang hon 4.000 binh linh, hang van nguai khde bi thuong, My ciing do vao hai chien trudng nay so ngdn sdeh khdng 16 Mot bdo cdo cua Van phdng Ngdn sdeh Quoc hoi
My (CBO) ngay 09/09 cho thay cdc nghi sy nude nay dd phe chudn chi tong cong 858 ty USD cho cupc chien chong khung bo tai Afghanistan vd Iraq Theo bdo cdo tren, so tien My chi cho cupc chien trong tdi khoa
2008 (tinh din 30/09) a mice cao ky luc 186
ty USD, tdng hon nhieu mice chi 171 ty USD cua tdi khoa nam 2007 " 4 M a t khac, dii da
nhieu lan to chirc cac cuoc tan cong quy mo
l d n vao sao huyet ciia lire l u o n g khiing bo nhung cac to chirc k h i i n g bo chinh van chua
b i tieu diet "Mpt trong nhirng hdu qua chong khung bo cua My vd cdc nude dong minh cua My tai khu vuc Trung Dong nhu Iraq, Afghanistan Id: Iraq dd bien thanh manh dat mdi cua chii nghia khiing bo, chu
3 Amy Zalman, Ph D., Obama on terrorism,
http://terrorism.about.eom/oaVissuestrends/a/BarackO bama.htm
4 Vai can ddng minh sau 8 nam chong khiing bo,
http://vnweblogs.eom/print/2736/91772
Trang 5So susih tdiu'iiq, fiusih (Ton// cuu J)Iij oil Qiaa 11
nghia khiing bo tiep tuc to chiec cdc hoat
dpng nhdm vao My vd cdc nude dong minh
ciia My tren the gidi, Taliban vd AI - Qaeda
dang chdn chinh lai Cung vdi viec vai trd
cua bp phdn lanh dao chdp bu ciia AI
-Qaeda suy yeu di thi ngay cdng cd nhieu td
chiec khung bd ngoai vi trd thanh chii luc
phdi dpng cdc dat khung bd Chii nghia
khiing bd dd nay sinh rdt nhieu khuynh
hudng mdi, khien cd the gidi dung trudc
nguy ca hien thuc ve khiing bd vdi quy md
ngay cdng ldn " 5
2 N h i r n g d i e m k h a c biet q u a n h i r n g
h a n h d o n g t h u c tien t r o n g cuoc chien
c h o n g k h i i n g bo cua M y va N g a
Diem khde biet dau tien trong hanh
dpng thuc tien ciia My vd Nga dugc the hien
d muc dich tham gia cdc td chiec chdng
khiing bo
Nga tham gia nham l o i keo cac dong
m i n h ve chinh t r i tren t r u o n g quoc te, tranh
thu su iing ho ciia the g i o i trong cuoc chien
chong ly khai T r o n g van de chong khiing
bo, xuat phat tir nguyen nhan chong khiing
bo ciia m i n h chii yeu la van de l y khai dan
toe, N g a can tieng n o i iing ho ciia quoc te de
"de be hanh d o n g " va tranh sir chi trich ciia
cong dong quoc te N g u g c l a i , M y m u o n
tham gia de banh t r u o n g the lire, l o i keo cac
ddng m i n h k h o n g chi ve c h i n h t r i ma con ca
ve quan sir, thanh lap ra cac lien m i n h quan
sir , doi k h i M y diing "chieu b a i " chong
5 Khiing bd vd chdng khiing bd qua lang kinh bdo chi,
Nxb Thong tSn, Ha Npi, 2006, tr 143
khiing bo d l thuc hien n h u n g m u u do banh
t r u o n g thd luc n h a m dat dugc n h u n g l g i i c h ciia m i n h M a t khac, muc dich ciia M y con la
d l c h l n g lai su phan d o i ciia nhan dan ve viec dua quan den lanh tho cac nuac khac
D i l u nay co the thay ro qua n h u n g hanh dong quan su ciia M y d Iraq va
A f g h a n i s t a n
Diem khde biet thie hai Id ve chi phi dau
tu cho cdc hoat dpng chdng khiing bd ciia cd hai nude
Sau sir k i e n 11 thang 9, chong k h i i n g bo
da t r a thanh c h i i de quan trong hang dau trong ITnh v u c an n i n h quoc gia ciia M y V i
no, M y da dau t u m o t l u o n g I o n nhan luc va tai luc Quoc h o i M y t h a m c h i con thong qua Luat Y e u nuac, mang den cho c h i n h phii nuac nay n h u n g quyen lire truac do chua tirng co C h i p h i m a M y dau t u cho cuoc chien chong k h i i n g bo la k h o n g nho Theo
C B O , "hoat dpng chong khiing bd trong mudi nam qua dd tieu tdn han 1,2 nghin ty ddla ngdn sdeh My" 6 D a y la so lieu dugc
cac nha phan t i c h thuoc C a quan D i e u tra Quoc h o i M y dua ra ( T r o n g danh gia chi p h i giai doan tir 11/09/2001, k h i Al-Qaeda thuc hien v u k h i i n g bo d N e w Y o r k va Washington, d i n ngay 30/09/2010 - tinh toan khong chi cac khoan cap true tiep cho hoat dong quan sir d Iraq va Afghanistan)
6 Hoat ddng chdng khiing bd trong 10 nam qua tieu tdn 1,2 ngan ty dd la ngdn sach My,
http://www baomoi.com/Hoat-dong-chong-khung- bo-trong-10-nam-qua-tieu-ton-12-ngan-ty-do-la-nean-sach-My/119/5601215.epi
Trang 612 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
Dac biet, trong nam tai c h i n h 2011, ngan
sach M y d u k i e n se chi 159 ty dola cho cac
hoat dong chien dich d Iraq va Afghanistan
K h o n g giong M y , N g a k h o n g dat qua nang
viec chong kxiiing bo vao v i tri hang dau
trong chien luoc an ninh quoc gia nen chi p h i
chi cho hoat dong nay it hon rat nhieu so v o i
M y
Diem khde biet thu ba la trong each
thuc doi phd vdi cdc hoat dong khiing bd ciia
hai nude
Trong k h i cac phan tir khiing bo am
m u u tan cong nuoc M y den t u ben ngoai
lanh tho M y t h i N g a lai bi tan cong ngay
trong lanh tho ciia m i n h V 6 i M y cac phan
t i i khiing bo chinh de doa true tiep den nen
hoa binh va an ninh ciia nude nay chinh la A I
- Qeada va phien quan Taliban Lanh tho
hoat dong chii yeu la tai k h u vuc T r u n g
D o n g va Tay N a m A T r o n g do, M y dac biet
chii trong den mot so nuac nhu: Afghanistan,
Iraq, Iran, Pakistan M y cho rang khiing bo
den t u cac quoc gia nay, va m o i chien luge
chong khiing bo ciia M y deu nham vao do
Bang each nay hay each khac, "dau chinh
quyen ciia Tdng thong Obama dd td rd dd cd
mpt each tiep can khde vdi chinh quyen Bush
ve cdc vdn de Iraq vd Afghanistan nhung
trong sudt nam 2009 nhirng cupc tdn cdng
bdng khdng quan, luc quan vd ten lira vao
cdc can cir ciia Taliban d cdc viing nui hiem
trd va cdc khu vuc bp lac cua Pakistan vdn
khdng he gidm cudng dp" 1 N g o a i nhung
hanh dong quan su tren v d i cac quoc gia dugc coi la " n o n g bong*' ve k h i i n g bo hien nay M y dang dat m o i quan tain l d n ciia m i n h vao cac van de d k h u vuc D o n g A dac biet
la Trieu Tien T r o n g k h i cang thang d ban dao Trieu T i e n chua co dau hieu ha nhiet thi
M y cung v d i cac nude Nhat Ban Han
Q u o c da co n h u n g hanh dong the hien quan diem ve van de T r i e u Tien Co the ke den n h u cuoc tap Uan M y - Han v d i su tham gia ciia sieu hang k h o n g mau ham USS George W a s h i n g t o n , cuoc tap tran quy mo
l d n ciia M y - N h a t keo dai 8 ngay bat dau tir
03/12/2010 "vdi su gdp mat cua khoang 44.000 quan nhan, 60 tau chien vd 400 may bay tir cd hai nude, trong viing bien ngoai khoi cdc quan dao phia nam ciia Nhdt, gdn vdi viing bien ciia Hdn Quoc vd trong bien Nhdt Ban"*
N g u g c l a i , cac phan t i i khiing bo tan cong N g a lai d trong lanh tho ciia Nga Co cau " t r o m ngoai de ngan, t r o m nha kho phong" V i d t r o n g lanh tho Nga, bon khung
bo co dieu k i e n thuan l g i khong can phai
k i e m tra k h i cap visa hay nhap canh va cung
k h o n g can phai giai quyet van de van chuyen
v u k h i t u ben ngoai vao So v d i M y ro rang viec chong k h i i n g bo ciia N g a co cai kho cua
7 Xuan Thach, Khiing bd den tic dau 1 ,
http://suckhoedoisong.vn/20100412024033983p30c86 /khuna-bo-den-tu-dau.htm
8 Khanh An, Cang thang tren ban dao Trieu Tien vd nhung quan diem chinh tri
http://quocphonganninh.edu vn/PrintPrevie\v.aspx?ID
= 1349
Trang 7Sf% sdnli nJutng, huu It ttdttg eAaJfLg ad Qtgxi 13
viec "phong t r o m nha" V i phai cloi mat v o i
" t r o m nha", N g a k h o n g the ap dung cac bien
phap chong k h u n g bo giong M y Chong
khung bo cua N g a chu yeu dua vao hai bien
phap: v u trang tieu diet de ngat ngon va vo
ve k i n h te de tri goc T u y nhien, do N g a dat
rong n g u a i thua, dac biet a k h u vuc
Caucasus mat do dan so thap cong them dia
hinh phuc tap thuan tien cho cac phan t i i
khiing bo an nap, nen bien phap v u trang tieu
diet khong mang lai hieu qua cao Ben canh
do, do anh h u o n g ciia khiing hoang tai chinh
the g i o i , N g a kho co the chi nhirng khoan
tien l d n cho k h u vuc nay, va bien phap vo ve
kinh te d u o n g nhien bi anh h u d n g lay
Diem khac biet thu tu la ve pham vi tien
hanh cdc hoat dpng quan su
M y tien hanh chii yeu d k h u vuc T r u n g
Dong va Tay N a m A M y dac biet chii trong
den hai nude duoc coi la trung tam cua chii
nghTa khiing bo la Iraq va Afghanistan D i e u
nay duoc the hien thong qua viec M y dau t u
chi phi cho cuoc chien chong khung bo Can
cii vao d u toan ciia Bo Quoc phong va de
trinh ngan sach nha nude, co the thay cac
con so ve chi phi quan su cho cac cuoc chien
d Iraq va Afghanistan, bao g o m 751 ty U S D
cho Iraq (chiem khoang 6 7 % tong chi phi),
336 ty U S D cho A f g h a n i s t a n (chiem khoang
3 0 % tong chi p h i )9 N g o a i cac chien dich
khiing bo toan cau, M y con thuc hien nhung
"cuoc chien trong bong t o i " , m d rpng ra
Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and
Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,
CRS Report for Congress, pp 5
hang chuc cac quoc gia t u T r u n g D o n g den Bac Phi ma k h o n g he co n h u n g tuyen bo
chinh thiic "Ngupc vdi cdc tuyen bo tdng quan "hodnh trdng" tai Afghanistan, cdc chiin dich quan su tai Yemen vd nhieu quoc gia chua bao gid dugc cdng bo hoac chinh thiec xdc nhan Cdc quan chuc Nhd Trdng vd gidi tinh bdo ciing thita nhan cdc chien dich chong khung bo khong chi dugc thuc hien tai Yemen md con dien ra d nhieu quoc gia khde nhu Somalia, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria hay Saudi Arabia" 10
Phia N g a co su khac biet hoan toan ve pham v i so v d i M y N h u n g hanh dpng quan
su noi bat nhat trong cupc chien chong khiing bo ciia N g a la hoat dpng quan su tai cac v i i n g dat ly khai ciia m i n h , cu the la tai nude Cpng hoa Chechnya N a m 1994, cupc xung dot giua N g a va quan l y khai Chechnya phat trien thanh mpt cupc chien tranh Phia Nga bi ton that dang ke, va chien tranh ket thiic v d i mpt thoa thuan hoa binh nam 1996
ma qua do Chechnya dupe cap quyen t u tri dang ke Chechnya la mpt nude cpng hoa nho
d phia N a m ciia N g a da t u lau doi dpc lap
khoi Nga C u dan Chechnya chii yeu "theo dao Islam, dieu nay so vdi nude Nga theo Chinh Thong giao cd khde biet rdt ldn vi chiing tpc vd vdn hoa" u
Tat nhien, dieu nay
khong dupe N g a chap nhan, b d i nhung ly do
10 Chi Ha, My md rong cuoc chiin chong khung bo,
http://www.baodatviet.vn/Home/thegioi/My-mo-rong-
cuoc-chien-bi-mat-chong-khung-bo/20108/108168.datviet
1 1 Truong Du, Putin - su trdi day ciia mdt con ngudi,
Nxb Tu dien bach khoa, Ha Noi, 2008, tr 101
Trang 814 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU A U - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
sau: M o t la, neu trao tra doc lap cho
Chechnya t h i se tao nen m o t tien le khong tot,
no se khuyen k h i c h cac nuac cong hoa tir t r i
khac doi doc lap, de doa sir thong nhat cua
nuac N g a ; H a i la, viec do se gay nen bat on
cho nuac N g a a n h u n g k h u vuc nay N e u
Chechnya dugc doc lap, N g a sg rang chinh
quyen Chechnya se che c h d cho nhung phan
t u b i N g a truy duoi, v i chi can lot dugc vao
bien gidi cua Chechnya la N g a da khong co
quyen tir y x o n g vao "bat b d " ; D i e u t h u ba,
cung khong k e m phan quan trong la, d
Chechnya co rat nhieu tai nguyen ma chu yeu
la dau mo N g o a i ra nhieu d u d n g ong dan dau
t u cac nude T r u n g A d i den N g a va cac nude
chau A u deu di ngang qua lanh tho cua
Chechnya C h i n h v i the ma chinh quyen Nga,
ngay t u thai T o n g thong Yeltsin da hai lan
dua quan doi va canh sat vao nham on dinh
tinh hinh d day nhung deu khong dat dugc
nhung ket qua n h u y muon Den thai cua
Putin, mot lan nua N g a chon bien phap quan
sir khong khoan nhugng va bac bo m o i h i n h
thuc dam phan T o n g thong N g a luon goi van
de Chechnya la m o t phan cua chien dich
chong khiing bo toan cau, coi no n h u cuoc
chien ciia n g u d i M y chong A I - Qaeda T i r
trudc tdi nay v d i Nga, nhirng chien b i n h
Chechnya luon dugc xep vao danh sach
khiing bo va chi co m o t bien phap duy nhat la
tan cong tieu diet den ciing, khong khoan
nhugng hoac dam phan T u y nhien, nude N g a
lai mau thuan v d i chinh ho k h i mot mat coi
chien binh Chechnya la k h i i n g bo, mat khac
lai khong hgp tac hay chap nhan bat c i i su
giam sat hay hoa giai quoc te nao, d i i la tir
L i e n hgp qudc ciing n h u T 6 chuc A n n i n h va
H g p tac Chau A u H o l u o n tuyen bo day la viec rieng ciia ho, va to ra k h o n g hai long khi
bi quoc te chi trich v i n h u n g v i pham nhan quydn d Chechnya Co thd thay rang, N g a vira
m u o n dugc coi n h u ho dang giai quyet mot van de quoc te, lai vira m u o n the g i d i quan tam cang it cang tot ve Chechnya, nhat la trudc cac cao buoc quan N g a v i pham nhan quyen tai day N g a y 16/04/2009, U y ban Chong k h i i n g bo Quoc gia N g a da tuyen bo
n g i m g chien d i c h chong k h i i n g bo keo dai 10 nam tai nude C o n g hoa Chechnya Tuy nhien, sau m o t t h d i gian t u o n g doi lang diu,
N g a da phai tiep tuc h u n g chiu nhung lan song tan cong k h i i n g bo m d i Sir t r d lai ciia khiing bo trong n a m 2010 cho thay, cuoc chien chong k h i i n g bo ciia N g a se con kha lau
m d i co h o i ket v a n h i e m v u phia trudc van con rat nang ne V a n de Chechnya da tro thanh m o t t h u tam benh kho chua doi vdi Nga Co the thay ro, t r o n g giai quyet van de Chechnya, N g a k h o n g phai dang diing trudc sir lua chon m a la k h o n g co sir lira chon nao khac d o i v d i chii nghia k h i i n g b o 1 3 M a t khac can thay rang k h i i n g bo ciing k h o n g the bi diet t r u tan goc chirng nao tinh h i n h k i n h te d nhung k h u v u c bat on do chua dugc cai thien
1 2 An Khanh, Chum anh hoat ddng cua quan doi Nga tai Chechnya,
http://www.tin247.com/chum_anh_hoat_dong_cua_q uan_doi_nga_tai_chechnya-2-21413386.html
1 3 Truong Du, Putin - su trdi day cua mdt con nguai,
Nxb Tii diin bach khoa, Ha Noi, 2008, tr 203
Trang 9Stx sdah nhu'n/f hanh (Tpmj eAa /Hi) od QlgxL 15
Diem khde biet thu nam la nhung khde
biet ve lai ich cung nhu quan diem cua moi
nuac trong cdc hanh dpng chong khiing bd
Do chua cti den thong nhat ve mat quan
diem tren m o t so van de ve chong k h i i n g bd,
nen doi k h i rmung hanh dong ciia N g a b i M y
va cac p h u o n g tien truyen thong ciia M y va
phuong Tay len an Phia M y va m o t sd nuoc
phuong Tay t h u o n g phe phan hanh dong
quan su ciia N g a tai Chechnya, ho cho r i n g :
"Chien tranh khong giup gi cho hoat dpng
chong khiing bd, no chi cd the lam cho hoat
dpng khung bo cdng hodnh hanh han"
Ngugc lai ve phia N g a , ca Yeltsin va Putin
deu manh me dap tra nhung chi trich ciia cac
nuoc p h u o n g Tay M o t mat N g a tan cong va
tieu diet khong n u o n g tay luc l u o n g v u trang
"Chechnya dpc lap" vd phdn tu khiing bd,
mpt mat do sice khong khoan nhuong ddi vdi
My vd phuong Tdy u N g a t h u o n g to ra
khong hai long k h i b j M y va quoc te chi trich
vi nhung v i pham nhan quyen 6 Chechnya va
tuyen bo do la viec rieng ciia m i n h va quyet
dinh khong hop tac v o i L i e n hop quoc cung
nhu To chuc A n n i n h va H o p tac Chau A u
V a n h u de "dap tra", chdng lai nhung cao
buoc ciia M y va cac co quan truyen thong
ciia M y , viec tien hanh cac h o i nghi da dugc
Nga su dung triet de de thuc hien " y d o " do
Cu the, nam 2004, T o chuc Hiep uoc A n
ninh Tap thd ( C S T O )1 5 da thanh lap " D i e n
1 4
Truong Du, sdd, tr 178-179
1 5 To chirc Hiep udc An ninh Tap the (tilng Nga:
OpcamaaifUH Jfozoeopa o Kojinexmueuou
Ee3onacnocmu) la mot lien minh quan sir giua cac
nude Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nga
dan T r u y e n thong qudc te ve Chdng k h i i n g bd" D i e n dan da dugc n g u o i d u n g dau
C S T O N i k o l a i B o r d y u z h a s i i dung trong nam 2006 de tuyen bd rang: Cac chien dich thong t i n chdng lai Belarus ciia cac p h u o n g tien truyen thong p h u o n g T a y la m d t v i du
ve su x a m pham vao cdng viec n d i bd ciia dat nuoc va muc tieu quan trong ciia D i e n dan la ngan chan qua t r i n h pha hoai do
T h e m m o t v i du khac, ngay 31/03/2006 6
N e w D e l h i , A n D o , T r u n g tam K h o a hoc va
V a n hoa N g a da to chuc m o t h o i nghi v o i su tham d u ciia Alexander M a s h k i n (Pho giam doc C o quan Chong k h i i n g bo ciia FSB) va Vyacheslav T r u b n i k o v ( D a i su ciia N g a tai
A n D o ) H o i n g h i da dugc su dung de cao buoc t i n h bao p h u o n g Tay vd "tieu chudn kep - double standards" trong cuoc chidn chong k h i i n g b o1 6 T u y nhien, k h i can N g a ciing co n h u n g dong thai nham l o i keo su iing ho ciia M y va p h u o n g Tay C u thd, vide
N g a lap ra m o t cue trong FSB - Cue C h i dao
ve D a u tranh C h d n g chu nghia khiing bo quoc td ( U B M T F S B )1 7 va viec Pho g i a m doc F S B t r o thanh dai dien dac biet ciia T d n g
va Tajikistan Tai Tashkent ngay 7 thang 10 n3m
2002, Tong thdng cac nude ndi tren da ki HiSn chuong thanh lap t6 chuc nay
1 6 Agentura.Ru, FSB's approach to international cooperation,
http://www.agentura.ru/english/dossier/fsb/internation alcooperation/
1 Sergey G Vasin, Efforts of Russian Ministries in Implementing Measures to Prevent Acts of Terrorism,
PP- 104, dang tren http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php7recordjdH 1698
&page=104
Trang 1016 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2c 1
f \ / ' ' ' 1 8 ^
thong ve chong k h u n g bo quoc te , d u o n g
n h u dugc dua ra chu yeu la de co dugc su
dong y cua p h u o n g Tay d o i v o i van de dan
do n h u n g phan t i i k h i i n g bo Chechnya dang
t h u o n g t n i tai cac nuoc p h u o n g Tay - dieu
nay the hien ro su t i n h toan l g i ich ciia N g a
trong viec giai quyet van de Chechnya
Tdm lgi, chii nghia k h i i n g bo va cuoc
chien chong chii nghTa k h i i n g bo ciia nuoc
M y va Nga trong nhung nam dau ciia the k i
X X I da dang va van se la chii de thao luan
quan trong trong g i a i nghien cuu tren the
giai va dac biet la g i o i nghien cuu chinh t r i
hoc Trong cuoc chien chong lai chii nghTa
khiing bo tren the g i a i noi len vai tro ciia hai
quoc gia la M y va Nga H a i nuac nay da va
dang tien hanh cuoc chien chong chii nghTa
khiing bo v o i n h u n g muc dich ciia rieng ho
Trong do co the thay quan diem chong
khiing bo ciia N g a co phan khac so v a i M y :
khiing bo a N g a la k h i m g bo mang mau sac
sac toe ton giao Day la mot m o i de doa lan
doi v a i nen an ninh ciia Nga Viec chong
khiing bo a N g a chii yeu la chong lai su l y
khai dan toe a Chechnya va Dagestan Chinh
quyen N g a da co n h u n g bien phap manh me
va cimg ran hon so v a i truac nham tieu diet
cac luc l u g n g va cac am m u u khiing bo
Cuoc chien chong k h i m g bo tai N g a co nhieu
van de trong quan he quoc te T u y hanh dong
ciia N g a luon m a n g quan d i e m phuc v u cho
l o i i c h an n i n h qudc gia n h u n g no luon vap phai nhung rao can t r o n g nguyen tac quoc te
n h u viec sir dung v u luc Phia N g a co ve n h u dat m i n h vao hang ngu dong m i n h ciia M y va Tay A u trong cuoc chidn chong lai A I -Qaeda va ddng t h a i N g a ciing yeu cau nhung nuac k i a hop tac trong viec tieu t r u phien loan tai Chechnya T r o n g k h i do, k h i i n g bo a
M y luon la cac m o i de doa tir ben ngoai lanh tho x a m nhap vao, anh h u o n g true tiep den
an ninh quoc gia V i vay, M y phai ap dung rihung bien phap quan su c i m g ran, nhung hoat dong ngoai giao quyet liet nham tieu diet "tan goc" cac to chuc k h i i n g bo Tuy nhien, de han che m o t each t o i da nliung
m a m m o n g k i l l i n g bo, "thay vi tdng quan, Hoa Ky cdn mpt chien luge ngogi giao trong todn khu vuc nhdm thay the dpi quan chiem dong cua To chuc Hiep udc Bde Dgi Tay Ducmg (NATO) do My lanh dgo bang mpt lien minh da qudc gia giup dem lai mpt co che phdn chia quyen hanh vd mpt co cdu chinh quyen moi Guong may nhd nude se bao gom nhieu phdn tu Taliban on hda dd tit
bd AI- Qaeda vd cdc to chuc khung bo khde
vd giup thuc thi cdc bien phap cham dut bao luc ", 9
Anatoly Safonov cuu Pho giam doc dau tien ciia
FSB, duoc bo nhiem lam dai dien die biet ciia Tdng
thong Lien bang Nga ve hop tac quoc te trong cuoc
chien chong khiing bo va tpi pham co to chuc xuyen
quoc gia
1 9 Nguyen Trudng, The giai thdi hdu Chiin tranh Lanh, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Npi, 2010, tr.538