Tuy nhien khi dpc eae thien tu sir ciia dng, dae biet la nhirng truyen ngan, truyen vira viet vao cudi ddi, cd the thay, neu van hinh dung tac pham theo each hinh dung ve tu sir truyen t
Trang 1^'
P H A ] \ T U SIJ - DAU HIEU BXEIV B A I HOA
• • • • •
• •
(TRU'ONG HOP cmCHif cunIVnNIL¥CH)
Ths Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang
Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn
•• ;! :nvj
riii r o / , ,i\
V e Lev Tolstoy, it ai tranh cai vdi luan
diem: dng la mdt nha ed dien ciia the ki XIX
Tuy nhien khi dpc eae thien tu sir ciia dng,
dae biet la nhirng truyen ngan, truyen vira
viet vao cudi ddi, cd the thay, neu van hinh
dung tac pham theo each hinh dung ve tu sir
truyen thdng, ta se bd qua rat nhieu net dde
dao trong "'chien luge tran thuat" ciia nha
van nay va bo qua nhii-ng nhan td ggi md
them nhii-ng y nghTa ciia cau ehuyen chay
giira va phia sau cae ddng viet Chiing tdi thir
dpc tac pham ciia dng tir phuo-ng dien la mdt
"phan tu sir"" (anti-narrative), di tim nhiing
dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat
ciia nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua Ivan
Ilych - mdt '"thanh tuu kheo leo nhat, hoan
hao nhat va phirc tap nhat"' ciia Lev Tolstoy,
nhu danh gia cua V.Nabokov, de phan tich
Bai viet ciia chiing tdi khdng phai la
cdng trinh dau tien dat ra khai niem phan lie
su (anti-narrative) khi nghien cim tac pham
ciia Lev Tolstoy Erie de Haard tir nhii'ng
nam 80 cua the ki XX da viet cudn Narrative
* Ky nicm 100 nam ngay mai cua dai van hao
L.Tolstoy (1828-1910)
' Vladimir Nabokov, Lectures on Russian
Literature "The Death of Ivan Ilych" [Cdc bdi giang
ve Vdn hoc Nga ""Cdi chet ciia Ivan Ilych " ] New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980 p 149
and Anti-Narrative Struclures in Lev Tolslo's Early Works chi ra nhirng yeu td lam nen
kieu eau true phan tu su trong tae pham cua Lev Tolstoy Day la cdng trinh ggi suy nghT
ve each dpc tac pham ciia Lev Tolstoy ndi rieng va eae tu sir ed dien ciia the ki XIX ndi chung theo ldi "ngugc" vdi nhirng "md hinh"" tran thuat da dinh hinh ve van hpc giai doan nay^ Tuy nhien, chimg tdi nhan thay diem dirng eiia Erie de Haard la d chd: Kham pha cac yeu td mang tinh "phan tir sir"" trong cac tac pham thdi ki dau ciia Lev Tolstoy, nhung nha nghien ciru hau nhu chua chi ra nguyen tac CO ban ciia each td chirc cau true, ket can
tu sir dii rang hai khai mem fahula va syuzhel
trd di trd lai rat nhieu lan, khien cho ngudi dpc cam giac nhu day la mdt sir liet ke don gian cac yeu td va dau hieu bieu hien tinh chat 'phan tu sir" Hon nira, trong sudt cdng trinh ciia minh, Eric de Haard da qua di sau vao cac yeu td mang tinh chat hinh thuc ciia tac pham ma chua cd sir li giai xac dang va
' Eric de Haard, Narrative and Anti-Nurrative
Structures in Lev Tolstoy's Early Works [Cdu trite tu sic vd phdn tu sir trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu Lev Tolstoy] Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics,
volume XVI Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989
' Ve mot so dac trung ciia mo thuc ty su truyen th6ng
xin xem Robert Scholes (2007), The Nature of
Narrative [Bdn chdt ciia ttr su], Oxford University
Press, Lodon Oxford New York, 416 p ,<
Trang 2'J)hdn tu iu'- duu hieu hien itai hda 55
thuyet phuc ve y nghTa eiia cac yeu td phan
tu sir dugc chi ra, thieu nhirng nhan dinh ve
muc dich tdng quat eua nhii-ng thii phap hinh
thirc dd Vdi bai viet nay, khi khao sat mdt
trudng hgp cu the la truyen vii'a dugc viet
vao giai doan eudi ddi ciia Lev Tolstoy,
chung tdi hudng den kham pha nguyen tac td
chire tac pham khi cd sir tham gia eiia cac thii
phap mang tinh phan tu sir va nhiing hieu
img tao ra, nhirng ldp y nghTa duge sinh
thanh Va muc tieu eudi ciing hudng den van
la "giai ma"" each nhin cude ddi cua nha van
(sir sdng va cai chet, sir sinh tdn va buy diet,
qua trinh va sir ket thiic), dac biet la vao giai
doan cudi ddi - khi dng da trai nghiem
nhung "thang tram" trong chang dudng di
tim va thir nghiem nhirng triet li va dinh
hudng ve cude sdng, qua dd lam rd nhiing
net rieng trong phong cadi van xudi Lev
Tolstoy
Phan tu sir (anti-narrative) la khai
niem van thudng duge dung de chi cac tac
pham ciia the ki XX, d do nhiing each tan,
pha each ve mat hinh thuc khien eho cac
khudn khd dugc dinh hinh ciia mdt ty sir
truyen thdng bi pha vd Nhirng tae pham
kieu nhu Jealousy eua Robbe-Grillet hay
Molloy ciia S.Beckett duge gpi la nhirng
phan tu sir Vay lieu viee dimg mdt khai
niem ciia van hpc the ki XX cho tae pham
van hpe cd dien the ki XIX cd phai la each
lam ap dat va khien cudng? ban khoan dd cd
thd dugc giai dap bang dinh nghTa khai niem
Trong cudn A dictionary of narratology
Prince Gerald dinh nghTa: "Phan tu sic Id mpt
vdn bdn (ngdn tic hocic phi ngdn lie) chdp nhdn nhieng thii phdp cua tie sic nhung ve mat he thdng ddt logic tie su vd nhieng quy udc tie su trong su hodi nghi" Su "'hoai
nghi" dd khdng phai den the ki XX mdi dugc bde Id Cd nhiing bieu hien cu the, tham chi dua den ca nhirng phan irng circ doan^, thuc
ra da dugc uam mam tir manh dat tudng chimg nhu "phang lang" ciia the ki XIX Chinh bdi the mdi cd mdt dien trinh tu sir, mdt the gidi ludn ehuyen ddng trong nhiing
"md hinh ehien luge tu sir"" tudng nhu it bien ddng
1 T\x sy "thao dd" cac trat tu nhan
qua va tuyen tinh
Khdng the phii nhan rang Cdi chit cita
Ivan Ilych van la mdt kieu tu sir cd sir kien
cd bien cd, cd tinh hudng va vi vay tdn tai d
dd mdt khung edt truyen tuong ddi rd rang Nhung day khdng phai la kieu edt truyen dien tien theo md hinh tir mdt tinh hudng bi
an, hanh ddng, mau thuan duge day len dinh diem, cd nhiing hanh ddng tam hoan de tim giai phap cho mdt ket thuc Cude hanh trinh
ma nhan vat chinh ciia can chuyen theo dudi
la cude hanh trinh trong tiem thiie, trong nhiing suy tu ve su tdn tai ciia minh, mdt hanh trinh nd lire nhan thirc cude sdng, va
"* Prince, Gerald (2003), A dictionary of narrate
University of Nebraska Press, p.6
' Nhung binh luan ve phan iing cue doan 6 phuong dien hinh thirc, chang han, trong tieu thuyet ciia
Robert Grillet, xin xem: Dang Anh Dao, Doi moi
nghe thuat tieu thuyet phuong Tdy hien dgi, NXB Dai
hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, 2001
Trang 356 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
"giay dua" trong cam giac lan at rang minh
dang cd gang nhan thirc nliung khdng nhan
thire dugc dieu gi ea Cd le ehinh vi the Lev
Tolstoy lam cho ngudi dpc quen bang di thir
logic nhan qua, nhiing trat tir tuyen tinh chat
che, bdi thir cudn hp vao la nhiing suy tu luc
tinh tao, luc ban loan ciia mdt ngudi dang ddi
dien vdi cai chet
Hay thir hinh dung lai dien trinh ty sy
trong tae pham nay Truyen md dau bang eai
chet va le tang Ivan Ilych - mdt kieu ""in
medias res" (bat dau tir quang giiia) Nhung
eai chet dudng nhu ehi la cai ed, la sy kien
thoang qua de nha van nhan manh ban the
gidi ciia nhiing ngudi sdng xung quanh xac
chet dd, mdt the gidi gia tao va tan nhan niip
dudi ve mat u sau, day tinh thuang va trach
nhiem Tiep sau do la hinh anh ciia Ivan
Ilych nhiing ngay cdn sdng, nhiing ngay tdn
tai va hda nhap vao the gidi gia ddi, u tdi kia,
mdt Ivan Ilych vat va vdi nhiing cam giae
sdng va giai thoat khdi cude sdng ay, trong
nhiing ddi sanh giiia cude sdng xung quanh
dang dien ra va nhiing can dau den tdt ciing
dang hanh ha tirng phiit Truyen dien tien
trong sy song chieu nhu vay khien cho dpc
gia cam nhan rd rang cude sdng va cai chet
ddu tdi te nhu nhau, deu dang sg nhu nhau,
dii am dieu eiia cude sdng kia la phang lang,
dii am dieu eiia cai chet la ddn dau, la gao
thet Nhu vay diin trinh tu sy dien ra trong
sy song chieu, ddi sanh, nd dudng nhu
khdng qua bd hep trong trat ty tuyen tinh hay
nhan qua nira
Ndu xet mdi lien he giira thdi gian van ban va thdi gian edt truyen ta se tha}- trpng tam eiia tu su rai vao nhiing ddng mieu ta trang thai ban loan, day nhirng lo lang, nhirng kiem tim va suy nghT ciia nhan vat \'e eai chet ve ban chat ciia nhimg ngay minh
da sdng, ve khat vpng duge sdng (55 trang/83 trang van ban danh cho \'iec mieu ta
qua trinh nay) 0 dd sy kien bien cd gan
nhu "liii budc", de lai tren trang giay the gidi ciia cam giac, eiia mdt chudi ddng y thiic 0
dd nhan vat dudng nhu trai qua mdt cude hanh trinh, mdt cude tdng duyet lai tat ca nhirng gi da va dang dien ra trong cude ddi minh, xung quanh minh, nhung quan trpng ban la cam nhan ve sy vd nghTa cua tat ca nhiing dieu do O do nha van day trang thai
va nhiing bien chuyen tam li len ngdi vi dau tien can quan tam, day edt truyen den chd di chech khdi truyen thdng, nd ehi cdn la sy ndi ket cua eae yeu td "phi sy kien" Chinh vi sire nang cua ty su ddn ve phan "giai trinh"" nhiing suy nghT cua Ivan Ilych nen rd rang thien truyen dudng nhu la mdt qua trinh nhan vat ty nhan thirc va dan dan pha bo thao dd cae trat ty cude sdng vdn da va dang tdn tai dinh hinh trong tu duy Di cimg vdi hanh trinh suy tu cua nhan vat, dde gia cd the thay siie nang eua trat ty nhan qua, trat ty thdi gian vdn tdn tai trong ty sy truyen thdng khdng cdn la yeu td chi phdi manh me qua trinh xam nhap vao mach ty sy eiia nd niia
ma cam giac lan at va ndi trdi chinh la: ve ban chit, cude ddi la mdt qua trinh khdng the nim bat dugc - mdt thu cam thire ma cac nha
Trang 4^Iiun tu iu' — duu hieu hien itai hda 57
van the ki XX thudng dao sau Dpc tac phim
ta thay rd, nhirng ngudi gin giii nhit trd nen
xa la va khd hieu vdi Ivan Ilych Vao nhiing
giay phut eudi eiing eiia cude ddi, cai chet
den gan nhung lai rat xa vdi, con ngudi
mudn dugc giai thoat khdi ndi dau dang hanh
ha the xac, va nhiing dan vat ve tinh than
nhung van bi niu keo bdi mdt udc mudn tran
tuc va gian di la dugc sdng, nhan vat trd nen
xa la, dang sg vdi chinh minh: "Ong ndm
quay mat vdo lung di vdng, cd dpc giica mpt
thdnh phd ddng ngudi, giica vd vdn ngicdi
quen biet vd gia dinh minh, ngay dicdi ddy
bien, tren mat ddt, khdng ddu cd cdnh ed dan
Iron ven han the" Cd le vi vay ma nhiing
trang van viet ve nhii'ng thdi khae Ivan Ilych
vat va tren giudng benh ggi nhd den mdt K
ciia Kafka trong Bien dgng
Tir gdc dp ngdn ngii hpc, mdt dien ngdn
la mdt cau triic cd eu phap vdi su ndi lien
cua cac thanh phan khae nhau d cac cap dp:
ddi vi (paradigmatic) va ket hgp
(syntagmatic)^ Neu hinh dung ty sy ciing la
Lev Tolstoy, Xevaxtopon - Truyen chon loc (2
tap)//Ca/ chet cua Ivan Ilych,{tap 2) Nguyen Hai Ha
dich, Nxb Van hoc, HaNoi, 1984, tr.78
' Cao Xuan Hao trong Tieng Viet - mdy vdn de ngic
dm, ngii phdp vd ngic nghia (NXB Giao due, 2003,
tr 175) va Nguyen Thien Giap trong 777 khdi niem
ngon ngu hoc (NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2010,
tr.363-364) deu coi paradigmatic la truc/quan he d6i
vi, con syntagmatic la truc/quan he ket hgp Chimg toi
hi^u truc/quan he doi vi (paradigmatic) lien quan d6n
mot loat cac m6i quan he thay the hoac doi lap, cac
thanh 16 ngon ngu co moi quan he vai nhau va co thi
thay thi nhau trong mot ngu canh Chang han, m6i
quan he ciia tir "sun" trong cau "The sun is shining"
voi cac danh tii khac nhu "moon", "star", "light"
-nhung danh tii- co thi thay the no trong cau vira neu,
hoac I7i6i quan he cua "is shining" vai "was shining"
mdt dien ngdn thi truyen vira nay ciia Lev Tolstoy ehii yeu lien ket cac nhan vat va eae diem nhin theo quan he ddi vi, khdng chii trpng nhieu den quan he ket hgp bdi d dd sy chat che cua mdi quan he nhan qua da bi ndi long, tham chi bi pha vd
2 Den su tham gia ciia trd choi va gieu nhai vao cot truyen
Tdn tai trong mdt md hinh ty sy nhu vay, cae nhan vat eiia Lev Tolstoy chiing minh sy hien tdn ciia minh theo mdt each rieng Chung dua vao trong edt truyen mdt thir trd chai va ehinh chung vira la ngudi choi vira la ngudi dieu khien trd choi dd Dieu dau tien cd the nhan thay la cac
nhan vat trong Cdi chet ciia Ivan Ilych vira la
anh ta lai vira la mdt ngudi khae Mdi ngudi nhu mdt dien vien, ty khoae cho minh mdt thii mat na trong bdi canh trd choi ma hp tao
ra Cd the bat gap hinh anh dd qua nhiing ddng mieu ta le tang eiia Ivan Ilych: Hai nhan vat ndi bat d day la Pyotr Ivanovich va
ba qua phy Fedorovna: " Pyotr Ivanovich
nhdm ngudi len di gd do cho bd vd chiec ghe tua thdp dugc gidi thodt bdt ddu hdi hpp hdt dng lin Bd qud phu tu ga mdnh ddng ten ciia minh vd Pyotr Ivanovich lgi ngdi xudng
"shone", "will shine", ciing nhu vai "is rising", "is setting", Con truc/quan he ket hop (syntagmatic) chi moi quan he giira cac don vi ngon ngu- trong mot cau true hoac mot chuoi, chang han nhu moi quan he giua
"n" va cac am gan ke trong tii- "not", "ant", "ton" Trong phan sau cua bai viet chung toi chiing minh ro hon cap do "doi vj" ("paradigmatic") khi dat ra van de nhan vat tir deo mat na, nhan vat vira la anh ta vira khong phai la anh ta
Trang 558 NGHIEN COu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
de len chiec ghe lua dudi mdng minh"
Nhirng hanh ddng "lap cap" kieu nhu vay
phan anh sy "bap benh", mong manh ciia thu'
"'mat na"" ma nhan vat ty cap eho minh, nd
dang tir gieu nhai chinh ban than minh Sir
tuang tac giira cac nhan vat lam cho thir trd
choi ma hp theo dudi Id dien: Pyotr
Ivanovich hien dien trong le eau hdn dd nhu
de khang dinh chae chan them nhiing thuan
lgi ve cdng danh \ a tu lgi danh cho ban sau
cai chet ciia Ivan Ilych, Fedorovna can theo
dudi mdn tien cd dugc sau cai chet ciia
chdng Dac biet trong mdi quan he giira
nhirng ngudi than cua Ivan Ilych eiing dien
ra mdt kieu trd choi, mdt kieu ung phd vdi
mdt sy kien ma hp biet la tat yeu se xay ra
-cai chet Vp, con gai deu biet rang -cai chet
hien hiin ben trong nhu'ng con dau va co the
heo tan dan ciia Ivan Ilych, nhung tat ca deu
vd nhu chua bao gid biet den y niem dd, hp
van sdng vdi cude sdng quy tde eiia hp, vdi
nhirng niem vui bat tan do cude sdng dd tao
ra Man kich, trd choi dien ra mdt each tu
ddng trong khoanh khae ngan ngiii khi hp
ngdi ben canh Ivan Ilych, trong sy im lang,
mdi ngudi mdt suy nghT, lanh liing va vd
cam, gia ddi Ivan Ilych vira la nhan vat
hda nhap vao trd choi vira nd lye thoat ra
khdi sy vay biia ciia thir trd choi dd, de ty
ddi dien vdi chinh minh
Ndi dung ban, eugc ddi ciia Ivan Ilych
la mdt qua trinh nhan vat tu khoae cho minh
mdt thir "mat na" va ty vat va vdi qua trinh
"lot bd" nd de cudi ciing tir li giai \c su tdn
tai ciia minh, tra Idi cau hoi ""Ta la ai?"" Nhirng nam thang tudi tre ciia Ivan Ilych trdi
di trong hinh anh ciia mdt ngudi de dang gia nhap vao xa hdi quy tdc thugng liru, hinh anh eiia mdt ngudi mang li tuong ""comme il faut" (ehinh nhan quan tir) Nhirng su bien kieu nhu nhiing tran cai nhau trien mien \di
vo, nhii'ng dira con chet dudng nhu khdng thay ddi li tudng ma anh ta dang cd theo dudi
va dyng nen dien mao eho hgp vdi ""cude sdng hgp phap, myc tbudc va lich thiep"" Chi khi ddi mat vdi con dau, ddi mat vdi cai chet dang den gan Ivan Ilych mdi nhan ra
rang toan bd cude ddi dng la "vd nghTa"" ("Ne
to") Trong con mat cua dng liie nay ngudi
vg vdi quan ao, vdc dang, each the hien cam xiic, gigng ndi, - tat ca ndi vdi dng mdt
dieu: vd nghTa Nhiing nam thang da qua "idl
ed ngdy edng trd nen den tdi han vd dien ra ngdy cdng chdng vcinh han " Nhirng trong
Ivan Ilych, cho den nhirng giay phiit cudi cimg eiia cude ddi van tdn tai sy ludng lu nhan vat vira la chinh minh vira la mdt ngudi khac, vira nhan ra su vd ngliTa trong each tdn tai ciia minh vira phii nhan nd: "Cd the giai tbieh dugc neu nhu ndi rang minh da sdng khdng ra sdng Nhung khdng the thira nhan dieu do dugc" Anh ta, vi vay, vira tdn tai trong the gidi nhiing ngudi xung quanh vira
cd gang vay viing thoat khdi the gidi ay Xuyen sudt thien tu sy, ngudi dpc cd the thay mdt qua trinh va mdt nd lye tao khoang
Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.l2
' Lev Tolstoy, Sdd, tr.80
Trang 6^pluiii tu ill - dau hieu hien itai hiUi 59
each giira Ivan Il}'cb vdi nhirng ngudi than
ciia minh Den nhirng giay phut cudi ciing
trudc khi ra di \Tiih vien, dng mudn ndi:
"Thu thic cho tdi" (Prosli) thi lai ndi: "Hay
de cho Idi di" (Propusli) Dieu dd cd ngliTa
la y thirc ve vice "tao ra khoang each"", "tao
ra sir xa la"" vdi the gidi xung quanh minh
ludn hien hien trong con ngudi Ivan Ilych,
thdi thiic nhan vat dd bd thir mat na, thir trd
choi ma minh da theo dudi Va cd le cai chet
khdng cdn la mdt bi kjch, cai chet la mdt sy
giai thoat, dau an tirgng tir dau den cudi
truyen van la ndi sg hai cai eliet, la sir ban
khoan ve y nghTa cua cai chet Tir viec thiet
lap mdt trd cho'i, va hoc tach cac Idp "'mat
na" nhu vay, Tolstoy cd le da gieu nhai ve sy
tdn tai ciia con ngudi: Phai den khi ddi mat
vdi cai chet, con ngudi mdi ty nhan ra sy vd
ngliTa eiia minh, mdi ty ddi dien de ty kham
pha va tra Idi cau hdi "Ta Id ai?" "Sic that
cuoc ddi la Id gi? " Nhan vat da cd gang, ndi
theo ngdn ngir ciia James Joyce trong
Ulysses, "ddnh liea Thuong de" ("diddle the
Almighty God") bang cude sdng myc tbudc,
lich lam eua minh, cudi cimg ciing nhan ra
su vd nghTa ciia nd de ty phan tu va tim mdt
ldi thoat theo diing quy luat ciia Thugng de
Diem thir hai can ndi den khi dat cac
nhan vat ciia truyen vira nay trong mdt edt
truyen cd sy tham gia eiia trd chai chinh la:
Nhan vat cd liic da dan than vao the gidi ao
Theo E.Fink, tinh chat ao la mdt trong nhiing
dac trung ciia trd choi Cd the thay trong
Cdi chel cita Ivan Ilych Ivan Ilych nhan rii
va thay rd thirc chat su tdn tai cua minh co liic thay can phai thira nhan \a ddn nhan cai chet nhu mdt sir giai thoat cho tat ca nhung nhan vat lai sg chet, cd liic nhan vat nghi sc khdi benh Nha van hai lan mieu ta chi tiet Ivan Ilych nhin thay anh sang trong nhirng ngay cudi ciing khi cai diet can ke Dudng nhu anh ta dang di tren mdt con tau va hinh dung rang minh dang di ve phia trudc trong khi chinh minh dang budc giat liii, cudi cimg hoang hdt nhan ra hudng di thuc cua minh Nhan vat ciia Tolstoy lac vao the gidi ao nhung ddng thdi ciing ty thoat khoi the gidi
ao dd Nhan vat ciia dng vira cd su hoang mang vira cd sy ngd tinh Theo Freud day la mdt trong nhirng nhan td vc mat tam li tao nen tinh chat hai budc, gieu nhai
3 Phan tu su va phan tu ^;ua eon ngudi ve su tdn tai
Nhieu nha nghien ciru cho rang Cdi chel
cua Ivan Ilych la mdt tac pham ndi ve cai
chet, suy ngliT ve cai chet trong cude ddi con ngudi Qua trinh di tim hieu cac yeu td phan
ty sy va y nghTa ciia nd trong tac pham chiing tdi nhan thay tac pham khdng chi bd hep d dd, ma xuyen sudt tac pham la y thirc phan tu ve sy tdn tai cua con ngudi la hanh trinh con ngudi di tim y nghTa ban the luan ciia minh
Luan diem nay ciia E.Fink duoc Nguyin Thi Tir
Huy phan tich kha kT trong Alain Rohhe-Grillet: Su
that vd dien gidi, Nxb Hoi nha van, 2009 trang 46-48,
Trang 760 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
Khdng bi rang budc trong trat tir nhan
qua va tuyen tinh, nha van dc cho nhan vat ty
viy viing, tu di tim y nghia dich thye trong
su tdn tai ciia minh Cudi cimg vdi anh ta, sir
tdn tai la mpt qua trinh rat khd nam bat, rat
khd li giai the nen mdi cd nhirng hoang
mang nhimg hdt hoang, the nen mdi ed cac
nhan vat tdn tai theo kieu mang "mat na" va
ty gieu nhai ehinh minh
Flirdng den xay dyng mdt phan ty sir,
nha van cd gang dat con ngudi trong mdt thir
trd choi Trong vdng quay ciia trd choi, nhan
vat nhan ra ndi cd dem trong sy tdn tai eiia
minh, trong ehinh ban than minh va cude
sdng cua minb Chi den khi cai chet can ke
eon ngudi mdi cd y thirc giai ma eau hdi:
"Ta Id ai?" "Ban chdt sic tdn tgi cua tdi
trong the gidi ndy?" Tolstoy nhan manh
rang bi kich thirc su vdi mdi ca nhan khdng
phai la eai chet ma la mdt cude sdng tam
thudng vd ngliTa, khdng ed nhirng mdi quan
he xac tin cua eon ngudi Cai chet trong quan
niem ciia dng cudi cimg van la mdt sy giai
thoat 6 cudi tac pham, trudc khi ngirng thd,
Ivan Ilych thay cd ngudi ndi vdi dng rang:
""The Id het" (Kouneuo) Trong Kinh Phiic
am, Jesus bi ddng dinh tren thap tir gia, trudc
khi guc dau ma trut linh hdn, Ngudi ndi
1 J
"Moi viec dd dugc Iron" (coeepuiu.tocb)
So sanh hai tir nay trong bdi canh van ban
tac pham va van ban Kinh Thanh se thay y
tudng ciia Tolstoy khac vdi y tudng cua
Kinh Phiic am Neu nhu eai chet ciia Chiia
nhu la diem cao nhit nhu la mdt sy hoan thanh kd hoaeh da dinh, dd hudng den sy phuc sinh thi vdi Ivan Ilych, nipt ngudi nao
dd da phan quyet rang "The Id hit" - dpi
ngpt va tao ra mdt cai mdc cham dirt nhirng dien bien trude do trong cude ddi nhan vat -cham dut nhiing gi duge gpi la trd choi, la vd nghTa, la gia tao, dau sao dd cung la mdt sy giai thoat, nhung rd rang khdng ggi den sy phuc sinh Ndi each khac Chiia cd sy phuc sinh sau cai chet, cdn vdi Ivan Ilych cai chet nhu mdt sy cham dirt nhiing lo lang, nhii'ng hoang mang, nhiing hoai nghi giira cai that
va khdng that Khi cai chet can ke, nhan vat mdi hieu ra rang: dd la mdt phan tat yeu ciia cude sdng, ciia sy tdn tai, hgp y Chiia, can phai chap nhan nd Sau cai chet cd the khdng
cd sy phye sinh, nhirng ehinh ldng yeu thuang va trac an ty nhien ciia con ngudi dem den sy phuc sinh ve tinh than, sy birng ngd trong suy nghT, dieu nay dugc the hien
rd trong hinh tugng Gerasim Chinh Tolstoy
da ndi rang: "Cupe sdng Id mpt gidc mo; cdi
chet Id SIC thiec tinh" ^, va "Cham did suy nghi vi cdi chet thi chua du, chiing ta phai sdng trong y thiec ve cdi chet" Vdi dng
"tdn gido eua edi chet" la "thiet yeu ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thdn" ^ ^ , , ,
niflir
'^ Oln theo: Constante Gonzalez Groba, Ivan Ilych in
the Jim Crow South: CarsonMcCullers and Leo Tolstoy, L&B 24:1,2 2004, p 1
'•* Din theo Constante Gonzalez Groba sdd, p.l
'^ K.G.lsupov, PyccKafi (jju.uocofiim c\tepmii
(XVIII-XX ee.) [Triit hoc Nga vi cdi chit (thi ki XVIll-(XVIII-XX],
http://russidea.rchgi.spb.ru
EeaHceiue om I/oanna [Phiic dm cua John]: 19: 30