QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU Vni TRO cun THUONG NHRN HA LAN TRONG M O I QURN Hi KINH TC GltTA I^nOAT B A ] w 6 l VIET I^AM 1635 - 1786 Nguyen Tuan Anh D i n cudi thi ky XVI, diu thi ky
Trang 1QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU
Vni TRO cun THUONG NHRN HA LAN TRONG M O I QURN Hi KINH TC
GltTA I^nOAT B A ] w 6 l VIET I^AM 1635 - 1786
Nguyen Tuan Anh
D i n cudi thi ky XVI, diu thi ky XVII,
tren co sd nhirng kinh nghiem va he thdng
thuong mai ciia thuong nhan Trung Hoa va
Syukyu (tue tinh Okynaoa ngay nay), cac
thuong gia Nhat Ban da md rdng budn ban
vdi cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A va phat trien
cao nhat vao thdi ky Chau An Thuyen
(1592-1635) trong dd mdi quan he Nhat Ban - Viet
Nam la mdt mdc son quan trpng nhat trong
thdi ky hoang kim thir nhat nay Den nam
1639, vi nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, chinh
quyen Edo da thuc hien chinh sach tda qudc
Do thuyen budn Nhat Ban khdng dupe phep
xuat duong nen cac thuang nhan Nhat Ban
chi cd the budn ban vdi ben ngoai thdng qua
cac thuong nhan trung gian nhu Ha Lan,
Trung Qudc, Trieu Tien v.v He qua tat yeu
la mdi quan he kinh te Nhat Ban - Viet Nam
giai doan nay bi giam siit nhung nhd vai trd
cua cac thiro-ng nhan trung gian trong dd
tieu bieu nhat la vai trd cua thuang nhan Ha
Lan, mdt sd giao luu kinh te, van hda van
tiep tuc dugc duy tri
1 Giai doan 1635-1700
a Ddi vdi Ddng Ngodi
Sau khi Mac Phii thuc hien chinh sach
tda qudc 1639 do thuyen Chau An khdng
the tiep tuc den cac thuang cang qudc te nen
Khoa Lich sit - Dai hoc Sir pham Hue
boat ddng kinh te thuo-ng mai ciia Nhat Ban phai phu thude vao cac thuong nhan Trung Hoa va Ha Lan Mac dii gap nhieu khd khan nhung Ha Lan van tiep tuc quan he vdi chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai Ly do chii yeu la thi trudng Nhat Ban van rat can mdt lugng Idn to lua ngoai nhap Do nhung ""ddng gdp" trong viec dan ap cude kho-i nghia Shimabara, Ha Lan ngay cang chiem dugc
uu the tai thi trudng Nhat Ban va ngudn eung cap to sdng tir Dang Ngoai trd nen rat can thiet cho viec khang dinh vi tri cua hp d Nhat Ban Hon the nira, sd to lua cua Ha Lan nhap vao Nhat Ban lai khdng phai chiu sir kiem soat va dinh gia ciia che dp Pankada (che dp bao mua to liia do phia Nhat Ban don phuang dat ra) ma chinh quyen Edo van
ap dung vdi hang hda ciia Bd Dao Nha Sir
im ai dd ciia Nhat Ban da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho thuong nhan Ha Lan thu dugc lai suat rat eao, thudng la gap ddi so vdi gia gdc
Lugng to sdng do Ha Lan nhap vao Nhat Ban nam 1637 la 53.637 kin', cimg vdi
sd to cua Bd Dao Nha, "con sd nay len den
' Kin: don vj do trong lirong Nhat Ban tuong duoni: voi 0,596 kg
Trang 2(Dai tri) eiia thii'o'ttq nhdn 'Jt)d JUan 47
141.000 kin"^, do vay ma lugng to nhap da
vugt qua nhu can tieu dimg ciia Nhat Ban va
lam cho gia to giam dot ngpt Sau nam 1639,
do tau budn cua Bd Dao Nha bi cam khdng
dupc den Nhat Ban nen Ha Lan gan nhu dde
chiem ihi trirdng nay, vi vay hang hda do
ngudi Ha Lan dem den da thu dugc lai suat
Idn Lgi nhuan trung binh ciia mat hang satin
va lua la 65% 'Nam 1644 do linh hinh
ngogi thuang giica Ddng Ngodi vd Nhcil Bdn
CO nhieu dieu kien thudn lgi nen Hd Lan da
thu dugc lgi nhuan Id 3 trdm nghin
gulden "^ Theo W Dampier, vao thang 7
nam 1786, thuong nhan Anh van den
Tonkin Ong khang dinh: "Thdi gian tdi d
do hdng nam vdn cd cdc thuang nhdn tic
Nhdl Ban den Toguin vd mpt sd ngudi trong
so do Id cdng ddn Anh ehiing ta Tuy vgy,
dieu chdc chdn Id sau khi Anh rdi bd thuang
qudn a Ddng Ngodi, Hd Lan dd chiem hdu
hel thi phdn ve ta lua, mat hdng cd y nghia
chien luac „4
Trong quan he cua Ha Lan vdi Dang
Ngoai, to sdng dugc coi la mdt trong nhirng
thuong pham quan trpng nhat Ngoai to
sdng, sd hang xuat khau cdn cd lua, satin va
nhieu loai vai vdc khac Cac bang thdng ke
cdn lai ngay nay chi the hien ty le to- sdng,
"neu tinh ea liia va satin thi hang nam sd to
sdng xuat di chiem 85%)""\ To cua Dang
Ngoai thudng duge chia lam hai loai la: loai
" Nguyen Van Kim, Quan he cua Nhdt Bdn voi Dong
Nam A thi ky XV-XVl, NXB Dai hoc qu6c gia Ha Noi,
HaNoi, 2003 tr 193
' N g u y i n Van Kim sdd, tr 193
•* William Dampier, Voyage and Discoverie 1688,
London, 1931, tr 73 , ,^,i\ ,,,, ,,,
' Nguyen Van Kim, sdd, tr 194 „,,;, _„,.,,'^ ,.^,fj ,,, ,
to mua ciia chiia Trinh va to mua ciia thuang nhan ty do Gia ca ciia hai loai to nay dugc the hien rd trong ty gia quy ddi To sdng mua ciia chiia Trinh thudng dupe tinh bang bac tdt vdi ty le quy ddi cao ban so vdi thuang nhan tu do, qua dd cho thay chinh sach ap dat gia ca, tinh chuyen quyen, dde doan ciia chinh quyen Le - Trinh trong quan he ngoai thuang thdi bay gid
vao dau nhiing nam 1640, tinh hinh chinh trj ciia Dang Ngoai ludn cd nhiing bien ddng Idn Dieu kien ehinh tri dd da anh hudng den quan he kinh te vdi cae nudc Nam 1643, thuang nhan Ha Lan khdng mua dugc to sdng vi nam dd chiia Trinh da dan 100.000 quan tien danh Dang Trong Do sg
bi eudp doat tai san, nhieu thuong nhan giau
cd da rdi khdi kinh thanh Thang Long, san xuat bi ngung tre nen khi tau Ha Lan cap cang da khdng the nao mua dugc sd to lua va lugng hang can thiet Lien tiic trong may nam, do loan lac, trdm eudp ndi len nen ngay
ca tai Thang Long, thg det ciing da phai bd chay ve que va bang det da kbdng dugc van chuyen len thanh phd Them vao dd, d Trung Qudc, trong thdi ky ehuyen giao quyen lire giiia nha Minh vdi nha Thanh, tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hdi rdi loan nen nhieu nganh san xuat ciing bi dinh ddn Trong thdi gian nay, thuyen budn ngoai qude den Trung Qudc giam di, ngudn hang nhap ciia Nhat Ban tii' Dai Loan ciing khdng dugc dap img, vi vay
to sdng cua Dang Ngoai trd thanh mat hang
cd gia tri va dem lai ngudn lgi nhuan Idn cho cac thuang nhan ngoai qudc
Trang 348 NGHIEN CQu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
Trong cac hoat ddng kinh te ciia Nhat
Ban \'di Dang Ngoai ndi len \'ai trd ciia mdt
thuang nhan cd ten la Wadaryaemon Ong la
mdt ngudi hieu rd tinh hinh vimg Thuan
-Quang \ a dupe coi la mdt thuong nhan
chuyen bao mua to- hia Sau khi chuyen ra
kinh doanh o- phia Bac \A'adar>aenion da cd
nhirng lien he mat thiet \-di chinh chiia Trinh
Nam 1638 khi dai dien thuo-ng mai Ha Lan
la Karl-hrtinck xin phep chiia li-inh de thanh
lap thuo-ng quan nham bao mua to lua \ a
hang hda cua Dang Ngoai, phu Chua da giao
cho dng thuc hien ke hoaeh nay Theo nhiing
ngudn lu lieu cua Ha Lan, Wadaryaemon da
cd nhieu lien he \d-i thuong nhan Bd Dao
Nha va chinh dng da ddng vai trd tich cue
trong viec \'an chuyen to lua tii- Dang Ngoai
sang Nhat Ban
Til nam 1644 dai dien thuang quan ciia
Ha Lan a Dang Ngoai va Brook-horst da
thiet lap dugc mdi quan he tdt dep \-di
Wadaryaemon trong viec xay dung thuong
quan cimg nhu trao ddi hang hda \'a cho Ha
Lan va}- ng Thdng qua viec duy tri quan he
thudng xu\-en \'di thuang nhan Ha Lan,
Wadar\aemon cimg da biet dugc nhiing dien
bien ehinh tri can ban d Nhat Ban nam 1645,
vi va>- nga> 23-5-1645, Wadaryaemon da
phai dan ngudi than trdn chay tren chiec
thuyen manh dugc budc san vao tau ciia
ngudi Ha Lan Den ngay 6-8-1645, khi tinh
hinh tam yen, Wadaryaemon lai diing thuyen
manh de di \-c phia ha lim sdng Hdng Tai
day, dng da mua gao giri sang Dai Loan eiing
100.000 kin ddng da mua dugc d Ke Chg
Ngoai ra, dng cdn dimg thu}-en di vao Thuan
Hda nhap mdt khdi lugng Idn to liia va xuat
cho tau budn Ha Lan "Trong khi dnh hinh trong medc cd nhieu bien dpng ngodi dicdng phd bon eicdp bde hodnh hdnh nen Idt ca moi ngudi deu gidn die vd Inr ve que cd ihe ihdy dicgc Wadaryaemon qua Id mpt con iiguvi diing cam vd cd tdi khi vdn hinh an vd sic di lgi mua hdn giica Ke Chg vd Thudn IIda"\
Den nam 1664 do mdt sd khd khan, lugng bac chu\-en tir Nhat Ban sang Dang Ngoai diing cho \-iec mua ban, trao ddi hang hda bi giam siit nen da anh hudng den ddi sdng ciia khdng it ngudi thude gidi quy tdc, quan lai va mdt bd phan thi dan \dn da quen vdi cac ngudn thu nhap tir boat ddng ngoai thuong Lgi dimg tinh trang thieu tien luu thdng ciia Dang Ngoai mac dii bi chinh quyen kiem soat chat che nhung cac thuong nhan Nhat Ban van tim each xuat tien sang Dai Viet Nam 1638 120.000 tiln ddng Nhat Ban da dugc xuat sang Viet Nam (chu \-eu o Dang Ngoai) de mua lua Nam 1650 ba chiec thuyen manh eiia Riyaemon (thuang gia Nhat Ban cd anh budng Idn d Viet Nam luc bay gid) va hai tau eua Bd Dao Nha da nhap khau mdt luang Idn tien tii" Ma Cao \ ao Dang Ngoai Mae dii chua rd da}- la tien ddng Trung Qudc hay Nhat Ban nhung ban than Riyaemon da cd ke hoaeh dirng ra nam vai trd luu thdng tien te Nhat Ban a Dang Ngoai Nhung ke hoaeh do da khdng thanh
vi gap sir phan ddi eiia chinh qu}en Vua Le Chua Trinh do Chua Trinh khdng mudn Riyaemon can thiep qua sau \-ao ddi sdng
'' Nguyin Van Kim, Nhcii Ban voi chdu 4 nhting mHi lien he lieh sic vd chuyen bien kinh te xa hoi NXB
Dai hoc qu6c gia Ha Noi Ha Noi 2003 tr 130
Trang 4'Dili tri) eiia tlin'o'nq nhdn 76d Man 4 9
kinh te, ban nira ti gia giiia tiln te Nhat Ban
va hang hda ludn bien ddng Din nam 1665,
vi bi thua Id trong kinh doanh tien te nen
Riyaemon da phai mac ng thuong nhan Ha
Lan mdt khoan tien Idn din 90.000 gulden^
Sau khi Nhat Ban thi hanh chinh sach
tda qude, do gianh dugc lai the thuong mai
ma Ha Lan da gan nhu dde chiem thi trudng
Nhat Ban Trong quan he vdi nudc ta,
thuong nhan Ha Lan ciing td ra kha nhay ben
vdi nhimg dien bien chinh tri Viec chinh
quyen Chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai va Chua
Nguyen d Dang Trong it nhieu ed thai dp
than thien vdi thuang nhan ngoai qudc ngoai
ly do kinh te cdn xuat phat tir nhu cau quan
sir Trong dieu kien chinh tri phirc tap ciia
cue dien phan tranh Nam Bac khac vdi
Yamada (thuong nhan Nhat Ban) d Xiem,
Riyaemon cung nhu nhieu thuong nhan Nhat
Ban khdng tham gia vao cac muu toan ehinh
tri, gianh doat virong quyen ma chi chuyen
tam vao boat ddng thuang mai Vai trd ciia
dng trong viec duy tri va phat trien quan he
thuong mai giii'a Dang Ngoai vdi Nhat Ban
ciing nhu giira Viet Nam vdi eae nudc
phuang Tay khac la mdt ddng gdp quan
t r p n g • ' • ' ' • ••'"• • •
b Ddi vdi Ddng Trong
Chinh sach ddng cira ciia Nhat Ban nam
1639 da tac ddng sau sac tdi boat ddng ngoai
thuang CLia ca Dang Trong ciing nhu Dang
Ngoai, dae biet la eae thuang nhan vdn da cd
quan he hit sire mat thiet vdi Nhat Ban nhu
d Hdi An, Phd Hien Trong khudn khd eiia
chinh sach tda qudc mac dii thuyen budn Nhat Ban khdng dugc phep di ra nudc ngoai nhung ngugc lai thuyen budn Ha Lan i'rung Qudc va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A van cd the tiep tuc den Nhat Ban trao ddi hang hda budn ban Thdng qua boat ddng cua cac doan thuyen budn giii vai trd trung gian dd ma quan he giii'a Viet Nam va Nhat Ban khdng
bi gian doan
Sau 45 nam chien tranh lien mien (1627-1672), qua 7 lan giao tranh, de huy ddng sire ngudi, sire ciia cho chien tranh, tiem luc kinh te ciia ca Dang Ngoai ciing nhu Dang Trong da ed phan suy kiet 0 Dang Trong, chua Nguyen mudn cung cd lai quan
he thuong mai vdi cae nudc de khdi phuc kinb te va day nhanh cdng cude khai pha mien Nam Nam 1688, tire la 49 nam sau khi ehinh sach sakoku dugc thuc hien, chiia Nguyen Phuc Tran van giri thu cho Mac Phii Edo yeu cau md lai quan be thuang mai va mong mudn nhap ve nhieu tien ddng de tang cudng kha nang tai chinh Vao the ky XVII dudng la mdt trong nhirng san pham xuat khau ehii yeu eiia Dang Trong sang thi trudng Nhat Ban Tir Trung Qudc ky thuat
ep va che bien dudng da dugc truyen ba den Dang Trong (viing Quang Nam), Siam, Campuehia va Java (vimg Batavia va Peklogan) Nhung ciing chinh tir Ddng Nam
A, dudng da dugc xuat khau vdi khdi lugng Idn sang Trung Qudc va dac biet la Nhat Ban Nam 1685, Nhat Ban da nhap vl 2.199 tan dudng Theo R.L.innes", trong nhiing
^ Gulden: don vi tien te Ha Lan trong thai gian
1597-1641
Xin xem them: Robert Leroy Innes, The door
ajur-japan is foreign trade in the seventeenth century The
University of Michigam, 1980
Trang 550 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
nam 1640-1700, hang nam Nhat Ban deu
phai nhap ve mdt sd lugng dudng tuong tu
nliu vay "Ndm 1636 thicang nhdn Hd Lan
tieng hy vong mua dugc khoang 250 den 300
Idn diedng a Ddng Trong nhicng ihiec te ho
dd khdng mua dugc sd lugng hdng cdn
thiii"'''
Nam 1695 khi den Dang Trong, thuong
nhan ngudi Anh la Bowyear da viet: ""Cdc
thuyen mua (dem den Ddng Trong) tic Quang
Ddng lien diic dugc ldi sudt rdt nhieu, ciing
nhu hdng la lua hoa kieu: linh, lua do gdm
Trung Qudc chi; kem thuy ngdn, nhdn sdm,
long ndo vd cdc vi thude khde; Tie Xiem: trau
khdng, gd do (diing de nhupm) san xd cic,
ngd voi thiec chi, ggo: Tic Campuehia: thic
hodng (dimg ldm ihiidc ve), cdnh kien trdng
sa nhdn, sdp son, xd cic gd do, nhica thdng,
da irdu da vd gdn huait, ngd voi sung te
v.v Cdn Ddng Trong bdn ra: vdng, sdt ta vd
hdng del nhu linh lua , ky nam trdm
huang dudng dudng phen , yen sdo, hgt
lieu, bdng "^ Trong sd san vat eiia Dang
Trong, ky nam dugc thuang nhan nhieu
nudc rat ua chudng vi nhirng dugc tinh dac
biet cua nd Trong tac pham "Phii bien tap
liic" Le Quy Ddn viet: "Mudn phdn biet trdm
huong vdi ky- nam thi Idy hinh chdt khi md
phdn biet Trdm huang thi cicng, ndng, it
tham, sdc nhgl vi ddng: kj' nam thi mem,
nhe cd hoi ddu, thorn mdt, vi gdm dit cay,
chua ngol ddng: trdm hieong thi khdi hit
xody rdi scat mdi lan dot ky nam thi khdi len
thdng md ddi Trdm huang ehi cd the gidng khi Ky nam cd the chiea benh triing phong ddm siiyen, cdm khdu, moi chicng mdi vdo nicdc md ro vd dot khdi eho huang vdo miii ihi tinh lgi ngay Dau bung ddy lice thi ngdm
la khdi ngay Lgi cdn trie dugc id khi ui khi nen trong chd hdnh dich hdnh qudn khdng the khdng diing " " Ciing vi \'ay ma ky nam
ludn dugc gia cao tren thi trudng Nhat Ban Dudi tac ddng cua nhirng ehinh sach kinh te tich cue ddng thdi ciing chiu anh hudng manh me ciia nen kinh te thuang mai qude tl, den the ky XVII-XVIIl, mac dii hau nhu khdng cdn quan he true tiep vdi Nhat Ban va thuang nhan mdt sd nudc niia nhung kinh te xir Dang Trong van cd nhieu budc phat trien La mdt viing dat tuong ddi rdng Idn, ed rirng va bien lai cd ddng bang dupe bdi dap bdi sdng Thu Bdn Quang Nam da trd tbanh mdt vimg dat rat giau cd Theo Le
Quy Ddn: '"Thudn Hda khdng cd nhieu cuu edi, deu Idy a Qudng Nam, vi xie Qudng Id ddt phi nhieu nhdt thien hg Ngudi Thdng Hoa, Dien Bdn biet del ven lua vdc, dogn linh Id, hoa mdu kheo dep chdng kem Quang Ddng, rupng ddng rpng rdi, liia ggo Idl dep trdm huang, tdc huang sicng le ngd voi vdng bgc, ddi mdi, trai dc, bdng sdp dudng mat, ddu, san, ea, hd lieu, cd, mudi, gd lgi deu sdn xudt a day" •
Trong qua trinh lam an sinh sdng d Dai Viet, do cd nhirng hieu biet ve van hda, ngdn ngii, kha nang thuong thuyet va tinh trung
Robert Leroy Innes sdd, tr 504-508
'" Thanh The Vy Ngogi thuong Viet Nam hoi the ky
XVII XVIII ddu thi k)> XIX, NXB Su hoc, Ha Npi,
1961, tr 227
" Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp luc II Le Quy Don Todn
tap, NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1977, tr 33 1
'"Le Quy Don, sdd, tr 337
Trang 6'Vai trd eiia thiionq nhdn 16ii Man
thuc, thuong nhan Nhat khdng ehi dugc
ngudi Viet ma ca nhieu nude ngoai tin cay,
nhd lam trung gian budn ban Thdng qua cac
hoat ddng kinh te, giao tilp xa hdi, mdt sd
thuong gia Nhat Ban da kit hdn vdi ngudi
Viet Tren tam bia ""Phd da linh son trung
phat" d ddng Hoa Nghien, chiia Non Nudc,
Da Nang, dupe tao lap vao nam 1640, cdn
ghi lai ten cua 5 ngudi Nhat lay vg Viet
Dieu thil vi la, ngoai nhii'ng boat ddng kinh
te, dau tich ve mdt thdi giao lim giira hai
nudc cdn de lai ca trong ddi sdng van hda,
trong dd tieu bieu nhat la d Hdi An cd chiec
eau gd mang ten cau Nhat Ban, mac dii da
trai qua nhieu lan triing tu, tdn tao nhung
nhiing dau tich van hda Nhat Ban van cdn
the hien tren kien true ciia cay cau Gan day,
trong cdng trinh giao luu Nhat Ban - Viet
Nam, cac hpc gia Viet Nam va Nhat Ban
ciing da edng bd mdt sd tu lieu cd gia tri ve
quan he giua hai nude thdi can the Chiu tac
ddng ciia chinh sach tda qudc, vi nhieu
nguyen nhan,tinh hiru nghi giii'a cu dan hai
dan tde van dugc duy tri Trong phan viet:
"Ghi chip nhicng nhdn thiec ve An Nam ciia
ngudi Nhdt thdi can the, tdc gid Llkeuchi
satoshi da cht ra 7 trudng hgp thuang nhdn
vd ngu ddn Nhdt Bdn vd Viet Nam gap ncin
Cdc thuyen dd thicdng la do gap bdo nen dd
bi trdi dgt vd da duge thuang nhdn nudc
ngodi cieu trg Trong 7 trudng hgp do, cd ba
Idn thuyin tic Nhdt Bdn da gigt den Viet Nam:
vdo ndm 1765 cd hai thuyen vd ndm 1794 mpt
Ihuyin Trudng hop thuyin Viet Nam bi ngn
vd ngudi Viet dugc dua den Nhdt cd bdn Idn
xdy ra vdo cdc ndm: 1693 1787 1801 vd 1815"^\ Rieng ve sir kien 18 ngudi Dang
Trong hi nan nam 1693 rdi dugc thuyen Siam ciru dua den Nhat Ban sau dd hdi huong da dugc ghi chep tuo'ng ddi cii the trong
"Nagasaki shi" (Lich sic Nagasaki) Khi biet
su viec dd, nam 1695 chiia Nguyen da giii hai hue thu sang Nhat Ban de tri an
Dieu dang quy la, mac dii quan he chinh thirc giira hai nudc khdng cdn dupc duy tri nhu trudc nOa, nhung dau an tdt dep ve mdt thdi hung thinh trong quan he bang giao van dugc duy tri trong tam tri nhieu ngudi 0 Nhat Ban, mdt sd ngudi da viet hoac ke lai nhirng dieu ma minh mat thay, tai nghe va cam nhan ve viing dat An Nam giau cd, tham ehi cd ngudi chua tiing tdi Viet Nam nhung bang each thu thap tu lieu khae nhau hp da
de lai mdt sd tac pbam gia tri Trong sd dd,
tieu bieu la bd sach An Nam ky luoc cao (An Nam - kiyaku ko) do Konyo-morishige, mdt
vien chiic cua Mac Phii, thu but va hoan thanh vao nam 1796''' Budc sang the ky XVIII-XIX, tuy quan he Nhat - Viet cd phin
bj gian doan nhung mdt sd giao luu kinh te, van hda van duge tiep tuc dugc duy tri Nhin lai quan he Nhat Ban vdi Viet Nam trong lich sir cd the thay: Mae dii khdng tranh khdi nhiing budc thang tram nhung truyen thdng hiiu nghi giiia hai nudc da tao nen co sd thiet yeu cho su phat trien quan he hgp tac va sir hieu biet giiia hai dan tdc trong thdi ky can, hien dai
' Nguyen Van Kim, Nhdt Ban vai chdu A nhiing moi lien he lich sir vd chiiven bien kinh te xd hoi, sdd, tr
137
Tai lieu tren trang web: www.ncnb.org.vn
Trang 752 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
2 Vai trd eiia ngudi Ha Lan trong
mdi quan he Nhat Ban - Viet Nam (ca
Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai) giai doan
1700-1786
Nira sau the ky XVII la thdi ky cd nhieu
bien ddi trong budn ban thuo'ng mai ciia cac
nudc trong khu vuc Ddng A va Ddng Nam
A Do sii mat gia tram trpng cua tien ddng d
nhirng nam 1670 nen lgi nhuan cua Ha Lan
tai thi trirdng Ddng Nam A va Ddng A hi
giam sut dang ke Mat hang to lua xuat khau
trpng yeu ciia Viet Nam do bi lan at bdi hang
to lua xuat khau ciia Bengal nen sd lugng
xuat khau bi giam siit mdt each nhanh chdng
Cimg luc dd tai Nhat Ban, nganh san xuat to
Ilia ciing bat dau gia tang, nen nam 1672 la
nam cd sd lugng san xuat to lua nhieu nhat
thi sd lugng xuat khau lai giam dan Vdi tinh
hinh nay, nam 1699, cdng ty Ddng An Ha
Lan da quyet dinh riit khdi mien Bae Viet
Nam dudi quyen cua chiia Trinh va nam
1700, sau khi can nhae, ngudi dirng dau
thuong diem Ha Lan d Dang Ngoai la
J.Vanco da quyet dinh ddng cira vTnh vien
thuang diem Dang Ngoai, rut ve Batavia,
khdng gap lai Vua
Nhu vay, budc sang the ky XVIII d
Dang Ngoai khdng cdn thuang nhan nao ciia
ngudi Ha Lan, d Dang Trong thi tuy ki hda
udc nhung viee giao thiep khdng duge man
ma lam Phai mai den giiia the ky thir XVIII,
Nguyen Phiic Khoat mdi lai giao dich quan
he nhieu vdi Ha Lan (ciing nhu vdi cac lai
nude khac) Nhung ciing vi ed nhieu lai khac
nen sir eanh tranh kha gay gat, nhat la ddi
vdi dich thil trudc la Mi Bd Dao Nha, lai
them nhirng ehuyen hang Nguyen Phiic Khoat mua, dpng ng lai, nhu chuyen diic tien kem cho Nguyen Phiic Khoat Nguyen Phiic Khoat khdng tra tien vi tien kem dat lai Ha Lan due lai Ha Lan lai dem ban ca cho dan nhu vay la trai phep Chinh vi nhirng ly do
dd ma "Hd Lan sau khi thdy budn bdn a Ddng Trong khdng cdn ldi nhieu lgi khd khdn, vd sau khi da yeu cdu Ddng Trong true xudt bon ldi Bd Ddo Nha vd tra cdc khoan
ng khdng ed kit qud, Hd Lan quyit dinh bo Ddng Trong vdo ndm 1758" ' Cho den nua
sau the ky XVIII, tren dat nude Viet Nam da khdng eon ngudi Ha Lan, duy chi cd ngudi
Bd Dao Nha van tiep tiic den trao ddi, nhung
hp ciing khdng den trao ddi thudng xuyen nhu trudc niia ma thinh thoang mdi den Sd
dT viec budn ban ay khdng phat dat la vi nhiing nguyen nhan sau: Bay gid chien tranh Trinh - Nguyen da cham dirt, cac Chiia khdng mua simg dan, khdng can sir giiip dd ciia ngudi Au chau nen khdng de dai vdi hp nhu trudc niia, trai lai cdn nghi ngd hp mugn tieng la budn ban de muu dd chinh tri Cac hang hda hp chd den hau bet la hang xa xi pham, chi ban cho vua, quan cdn dan chiing thi khdng du tien de mua nhirng thir do Viec mua cac san vat dia phuang bi nha cam quyen kiem soat, ngudi Au chau khdng dugc true tiep budn ban vdi ngudi san xuat Ngugc lai, ngudi Trung Hoa gap gd ngudi dan que san xuat rat de de mua hang Chiia, quan ca hai Dang thi yeu sach qua dang, cac tang pham, qua bieu, ban chiu lam giam rat nhieu sd tien ldi kiem dugc Sir ban che ciia
Thanh Thi Vy, sdd, tr 76
Trang 8IJai tri) eiiu thiioiiq nhdn ICii Muu 53
cac thuong nhan cliau •\u do each hp doi xir
\di nhau (ky thi tranh gianh cd khi hp dimg
den ca khi gidi) ddi \di ngudi Viet, cd khi
hp diing nhirng thu doan bat chinh, gan nhu
eudp bde Cac dieu ii}- lam cho ngudi Viet
khdng ne, vi the ma doanh thu cua ngudi Au
chau theo dd ma su} giam Q Quang Ddng
thi trudng mdi mo- cua cd lgi ho-n nen ngudi
Au chau chu}en han sang dd (tir dau the ky
XVlll)
3 Mot sd ket luan
Nlia sau the ky XVII (1635-1700), cdc
thuong nhdn Hd Lan cd vai trd quan trpng
nhat trong viic ndi kit thitffng intii giua
Nhat Bdn vdi Viit Nam
Thuo'ng nhan phuo'ng Tay quan trpng
nhat budn ban vdi Dang Trong la ngudi Ha
Lan Vdi nhirng uu the cua minh ngudi Ha
Lan da cd nhiing nd luc thiet lap mdi quan he
budn ban \'di Dang Trong tir dau the ky
XVII va den nam 1633 ngudi Ha Lan da
thiet lap dugc mdt tram budn ban d Hdi An
"Nam 1634 ngudi ilu Lan dua vdo Ddng
Trong mpt sd vdn lan nhung vi ngudi Nhctl
dd lain chu nen kinh le a ddy nen htj cht ddu
lu 3^.403 Irong Idng sd 57.28~ ddng lien Hd
Lun ho mang iheo" Den thang 3 nam
1637, tau Ha Lan Grdn den Dang Ngoai
thuyen trirdng Hac da dang cho chiia Trinh
hai khau dai bac nhieu dan dugc va xin budn
ban Chiia Trinh cho phep ngudi Ha Lan
dugc dat thuang diem d Phd Hien, ngudi Ha
Lan bit diu chii trpng Dang Ngoai Viec nay
da dem lai kit qua va sd lugng to Dang
"' Nhilu tac gia Lich su kinh te xd hoi Viet Nam thi
kyXl'll rd.\rill NXB Tre TP H6 Chi Minh 1999
tr 109
Ngoai gia tang trong tdng sd lugng to- cho- tdi Nhat, nhu vay thuong nhan Ha Lan dii tro-thanh cau ndi lam cho mdi giao llnvong giua Viet Nam va Nhat Ban khdng hi dirt rdi sau
1635
Bir&c sang the ky XVIII, 6' Ddng Ngodi vai trd cua thuong nil tin Hd Lan khdng cdn nuci Din giira thi ky XVIII, d Ddng Trong ngudi Hd Lan cung rut khdi hodn todn
Sau khi chien tranh Trinh - Ngu}-en chain dirt (1672) chiia Trinh dan to thai dp lanh nhat vdi Ha Lan linh hinh budn ban da tro nen khd khan ho-n lai them sir canh tranh ciia cac lai budn phuo-ng Tay khac, dac biet
la ngudi Anh Lai budn Ha Lan than phien
ve chinh sach gay phien ha, mua re ban dat ciia chinh quyen Le - Trinh, ciing nhu thai dp sach nhieu, tham nhimg, an hdi Id cua cac quan tuan ha kiem soat tau tliu}'en Ngugc lai, chinh quyen Le Trinh trach cir ngudi Hii Lan la khdng biet dieu, tu\ da dugc chieu cd
uu tien nhung van khdng chiu tuan theo cac luat le cua Dang Ngoai Theo dd cac tau budn Ha Lan thirdng khai man de trdn lau thue thudng chi khai mdt nua sd hang la cd thuc, gay thiet hai cho 1 rieu dinh Sau khi can nhae, nam 1700, Giam dde thuong diem, giam diem J Vanld da quyet dinh ddng vTnh vien thuang diem Dang Ngoai nit nhan vien, thiet bi ve Batavia Cdn a Dang Trong thuang nhan Ha Lan sau khi tha}- budn ban
khdng cdn lai nhieu lai khd khan xa sau khi
da yeu can Dang Trong true xuat bon lai Bd Dao Nha va tra cac khoan ng khdng cd ket qua Ha Lan quyet dinh bo Dang Trong \iio nam 1758, ket thiic vai trd cua minh o' y\n Nam