Mdi hinh thirc quyen luc lai cd nhirng dae diem khac nhau, hien dien trong thirc tien khae nhau va tae ddng tdi quan he qude te QHQT theo nhii'ng each thire khdng gidng nhau.. Theo each
Trang 1TROMG QUAJV HE QUOC TE
P G S T S H o a n g K h S c N a m
Khoa Qudc te hoc - Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xd hot vd Nhan vdn
Quyen luc cd nhieu hinh thirc khac
nhau Mdi hinh thirc quyen luc lai cd nhirng
dae diem khac nhau, hien dien trong thirc
tien khae nhau va tae ddng tdi quan he qude
te (QHQT) theo nhii'ng each thire khdng
gidng nhau Cac hinh thirc nay dugc phan
dinh theo nhii-ng each phan loai khac nhau
Cd nhieu each phan loai quyen lire trong
QHQT va deu dugc xay dung tren mdt tieu
chi nao dd Mdi each phan loai cd mdt y
nghia iing dung nhat dinh trong nghien ciru
va thuc tien QHQT Cac each phan loai nay
dem lai nhirng hinh thirc quyen lire khac
nhau Dudi day la mdt sd each phan loai dd
1 each phan loai thu nhat dua trin cff
sff thffi gian Cach phan loai nay ed y ngliTa
dac biet quan trpng trong xay dung chien
lirgc dai han cho su phat trien sire manh tdng
hgp ciia minh ciing nhu trong quan he vdi
cac ddi tac Theo each nay, quyen lire dugc
chia lam hai loai:
- Quyen lice thuc tgi (Actual Power)
hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen lire boat ddng
[Operational Power) la quyen lire hien ed
thire nhu lire lugng quan sir, tdng thu nhap
qudc dan thirc te, trinh dp khoa hpc-cdng
ngbe, sd lugng dan cu, dien tich lanh thd
- Quyen lice tiem ndng (Potential
Power) la kha nang se cd quyen luc tang len
trong tuong lai dua tren su phat trien ciia nliii'ng nang lire nao dd nhu kha nang phat trien ban ve quan sir, kha nang tang trirdng
ve kinh te Vi du, su phat trien kinh te cua Trung Qudc hien nay dang duge nhieu ngudi coi la quyen lue tiem nang ve ea chinh tri va quan su Tuong tu, kha nang cdng nghe va tai ehinh eiia Nhat Ban ciing cd the dem lai tiem nang cudng qudc quan sir cho nude nay
Viee hoaeh dinh chinh sach ddi ngoai hay ke ca phat trien trong nudc deu ddi hoi phai cd tu duy dai ban va tam nhin chien luge, vi the phai tinh den ca hai loai quyen luc nay Quyen lue thuc tai cd tinh ngan ban hoae trung ban, cdn quyen lire tiem nang cd tinh dai ban Viee tinh den ca hai loai quyen lire ap dung trong tim hieu khdng chi cae ddi tac ma cdn ve chinh minh Hai loai quyen lire cd quan he vdi nhau Quyen luc thuc tai
la CO sd cho quyen lire tiem nang, trong khi quyen lire tiem nang neu dugc thii'a nhan thi lai la su hd trg true tiep cho quyen lire thuc tai Tuy iiliicn, vice \a) dung qu) cn luc qudc gia phu thude vao nhieu yeu td khac nira chir khdng phai chi dira tren quyen lire thuc tai
Vi the, mdi quan he giira ehimg chi la tuong ddi Trong lich sir, cd vd sd trudng hgp quyen lire thuc tai manh nhung sau lai trd
Trang 220 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
thanh yeu hoac nguge lai ma sir hung thinh
va suy vong ciia cac cudng qudc la nhirng vi
du eua dieu na\-
2 Cach phan loai thii hai dim trin hinh
thifc biiu hiin ciia quyen lire Cach phan
loai nay giup dem lai cai nhin toan dien trong
hoaeh dinh chinh sach va sir quan tam tdi
nhirng dieu kien cu the trong thuc thi chinh
sach Theo do quyen lire ed hai loai:
- Quyen lue hieu hinh (Tangible
Power) la nhirng ngudn quyen lire mang tinh
vat chat cd the sd dem dugc Vi du, sd lugng
quan dpi va vii khi, san lugng kinh te, tai
nguyen
- Quyen luc vd hinh (Intangible
Power) la nhirng ngudn quyen lire mang tinh
tinh than khdng sd dem dugc Vi du, tai nang
lanh dao, tri tue, uy tin, y ehi tinh than, sir
iing hd ciia qudc te,
Trudc kia, quyen lire dugc do dac va
tinh den chii yeu la loai quyen lire hiru hinh
Day la each nhin phien dien bdi quyen lire
vd hinh ciing la mdt sire manh vira cd y
nghTa thuc tai, vira cd y nghTa tiem nang
Trong lieh sir, khdng thieu nhiing cude xung
dot ma ket cue ke thang la ngudi ed siic
manh tinh than Idn ban trong khi quyen lire
hiru hinh kem ban Trudng hgp chien tranh
Viet Nam la mgt vi du dien hinh Ngudi Viet
Nam da ehien dau va ehien thang bang tu
tudng dan tdc, tinh than yeu nudc, ldng qua
cam va sir lanh dao diing dan Bdi the, hien
nay cac yeu td tinh than thupc quyen lire vd
hinh da ngay cang duge md rdng va bd sung
vao thanh td ciia quyen lire Hai loai qu\-en luc nay cd sir gan bd \-a bd sung cho nhau Quyen lire hiru hinh la ca so de phat trien quyen lire vd hinh, cdn quyen lue \ d hinh lai
ed y nghTa bd trg rat quan trpng \a nhieu khi
cdn la ddng lire cho quyen luc hiiu hinh Dang chii y, vai trd ciia qu\-en lire \'d hinh dang cd xu hudng tang len trong QHQT hien dai khi viec sir dung chiing thuan Igi ban qua eae phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, trong khi viec sir dung mdt sd quyen lire hiiu hinh, nhu lire lugng quan sir chang ban, khdng cdn
de dang nhu trudc - - • •'''-'
3 each phan loai thir ba dura trin linh virc hoat dpng Ngudi ta cd the chia quyen
lire theo nhiing ITnh \-uc eu the khac nhau nhu quyen lire chinh tri, quyen lire quan su, quyen lire kinh te, quyen lire van hoa Cach phan chia nay giup tim hieu mat manh hay mat yeu, sd trudng hay sd doan ciia ea ban than chu the va ddi tac quan he, giiip chon
lira uu tien ehinh sach, cdng cu thuc bien \a
ITnh vuc quan he
each phan loai nay khdng chi ed y nghia trong xay dung quyen lire qudc gia ma cdn ca trong hoaeh dinh chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach trong thue tiln QHQT Mac dii cac qudc gia deu mong mudn cd dugc sire manh tdng hgp, nhung thudng do ngudn lire
ed ban nen phai ed ehgn Ipc va uu tien nhiing loai hinh quyen lire nao dd ma minh cd the manh va phii hgp vdi xu the phat trien chung ciia the gidi Viec tim hieu cac loai hinh nay ciing can thiet trong quan he vdi timg ddi tac
cu the khi ddi tac ciing ed nhiing loai quv In
Trang 3luc manh yeu khac nhau Viec dimg sd
trudng ddi phd vdi sd doan thudng dem lai
ket qua tich cue hon Trong nhirng van de cu
the cimg vay, khi phai lua ehpn cac quyen
luc thirc thi cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh va sir
viee, viec ehpn lua quyen lire thirc thi khdng
phii hgp cd the la Igi bat cap hai Va cudi
cimg, cac loai quyen luc nay deu cd gia tri bd
sung cho nhau va cd the sii dung thay the
cho nhau trong nhieu trudng hgp
4 each phan loai thir tu dua trin phiim
vi ben trong hay ben ngodi ciia mdi quan
hi quyin lire giiia cdc chii thi QHQT Cach
phan loai nay giiip xac dinh duge quyen lire
ma mdi ben cd trong quan he vdi nhau Nd
cd y nghia dang ke trong viee phan tich
quyen lire, so sanh lire lugng va hoaeh dinh
chinh sach Theo each nay, quyen luc dugc
chia lam hai loai: i
- Quyen lite tieang ddi (Relative
Power) la quyen lire ciia cac chii the dugc
dat trong sir so sanh true tiep vdi nhau Vi
du, A cd quyen luc tuong ddi so vdi B khi ed
uu the ve nang lire nhung lai khdng cd quyen
luc tuong ddi khi sue manh thua kem C
- Quyen lice ca cdu (Structural Power),
theo Susan Strange, la "Quyen lice quyet
dinh cdc viee se dugc ldm nhu the ndo Id
quyen luc dinh hinh nen khung khd trong dd
cdc nhd nudc quan he vdi nhau, quan he vdi
nhdn ddn vd quan he vdi cdc cdng ty xuyen
qudc gia "' Ndi each khac, dd la kha nang
tao ra hoac tac ddng den nhimg yeu td thupc
CO cau ben ngoai bao quanh nidi quan he do
Co can nay lai chi phdi sir lira ehpn cua mdi ben va quan he quyen luc giira chimg Cho nen ed dugc quyen lire co cau thi cd kha nang dieu tiet nhat dinh tdi hanh vi cua ngudi khae
Giira hai loai quyen luc nay cd mdt sd diem khac nhau dang ke Quyen luc tuong ddi xuat phat til' ITnh virc QHQT va chiu anh hudng nhieu ciia cbu nghTa hien thuc trong khi quyen lire co- cau xuat phat tii' ITnh vuc kinh te chinh tri qudc te (IPE) Quyen luc tirong ddi dugc nhin nhan dudi lang kinh cua each tiep can dira tren eae bd phan ciia quyen lire qudc gia, trong khi quyen luc co cau dugc hinh thanh qua each tiep can quyen lire
cd tinh quan he va each tiep can quyen luc
CO cau Ve mat lich sii', trudc kia, quyen lire trong QHQT chii yeu la quyen lire tuang ddi
va dugc ap diing nhieu trong quan he song phuong Quyen luc co eau xuat hien mudn ban ciing vdi su phat trien ciia quan he da phuong va he thdng qudc te va mdi trudng qude te Khi dd, quyen lire co can mdi dugc van dung vao de dieu ehinh cac quan he quyen lire Trong thuc te QHQT, cd nhieu qudc gia ed quyen lire tuong ddi, nhung chi mdt sd it cudng qudc cd kha nang dat dugc
quyen lire co eau -: • • ^ ••
Tat nhien hai loai quyen lire nay cd tinh tuang hd vdi nhau Quyen lue tuong ddi la dieu kien can de dem lai kha nang cd dugc
' Susan Strange Stales and Market, 1994 Din theo
Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin
Dictionary of International Relations Penguin Books
London 1998, p 519
Trang 422 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
quyen lire co cau Nguge lai, quyen lire co
cau cd the lam cho quyen luc tuong ddi tang
len hoac giam di Cac hpc gia IPE da dua ra
bdn CO cau rieng re nhirng cd quan he vdi
nhau cua qu}cn luc trong QHQT la: 1/ Co
cau tri thirc tire la quyen lire anh hudng den
tu tuong cua ngudi khac; 2/ Co cau tai chinh
tiic la quyen lire ban che hoac tao dieu kien
cho ngudi khac tiep can dugc tin dung (sau
na}' da cd su bd sung them co eau thuong
mai); 3/ Co- cau an ninh dinh hinh trien vpng
an ninh ciia chiing; 4/ Co can san xuat tac
ddng tdi co- hdi ed duge cude sdng tdt ban
ciia ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu dimg
Viee ap dung each phan loai nay cd the
hiru ich trong nhieu trirdng hpp Vi du trong
quan he giira qude gia va cac chu the phi
qude gia nhu cdng ty xuyen qudc gia (TNC)
chang ban Khi so sanh nang lire kinh te
(quyen lire luong ddi) thi cd nhiing TNC cd
vdn va doanh thu Idn hon GDP ciia nhieu
qudc gia nhung lai khdng cd quyen luc co
cau nhu qudc gia vi the ma sir tir tri, kha
nang lira ehpn va vi the quyen lire trong quan
he qua lai la khac nhau Hay vi du khac hay
dugc de cap den trong quan he giiia cac qudc
gia la trudng hgp My vdi mdt sd cudng qudc
dang len Nhieu ngudi cho rang My cd
quyen lire tuong ddi giam siit so vdi mdt sd
nudc nhung van cd nhimg ngudn Idn lao ciia
quyen lire co eau cho nen cd the van giir duge vai trd ba chii hien nay.' , ,,:- ,,
5 each phan loai thir nam dim trin sir kliac biet giua nhan thiic vd thirc tiin Day
la each phan loai kha phd bien Irong chinh tri hpe va dugc Knorr (1973) dua vao nghien ciai QHQT Cach phan loai nay ed y nghTa kha Idn trong viec ket hpp giira nghien ciru
va van dung, giiia ly luan vdi thuc tien va giira nhan thirc va hanh ddng Theo each phan loai nay, quyen lire dupe chia ra lam hai loai
- Quyen lice dugc nhdn thiec (Perceived Power) hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen luc dugc ngam hieu {Implicit Power)
hoac quyen lue gia dinh la quyen luc dugc nhan biet qua nghien ciru va danh gia bang con dudng tu duy nhan thirc Vi du su cho rang quyen lire eiia nudc nay nudc kia la nhu the nay nhu the ng
- Quyen liec thuc lien (Real Power)
hay cdn duge ggi la quyen lire dugc bieu Id
{Manifest Power) la quyen luc da dupe the
hien trong thuc tien bang nhiing hanh vi cii the va cd nhiing ket qua rd rang trong thuc tien Khac vdi loai quyen lire tren, hinh thirc quyen lire nay dugc nhan biet bang nhirng hanh vi quan sat dugc trong thuc tien Vi du, ket qua ciia mdt cude chien tranh vdi ngudi thang ke thua rd rang
Thuc ra, day khdng phai hoan toan la sir phan loai ma chi nham phan biet quyen lire
" Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C
Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts,
Routledge, New York 2007, p 260
' Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C Roach, Sdd, p 260 _ _ ^
Trang 5thirc te va quyen lire dupe nhan thirc vdn
nhilu khi hay chenh nhau Va sir khdng
triing nhau nay de dan den sai lam trong lira
chon chinh sach va cdng cii thirc hien Hay
ndi each khac, quyen lire gia dinh thudng
khac vdi quyen lire thuc tien do van de nhan
thirc va thilu thdng tin Gia dinh ed the dung,
ed thi sai Gia dinh ed the chi phan anh dugc
mdt phan thu'c tien hoac ddi khi lai vugt qua
thuc tien Gia dinh cd tii- hai phia: tir minh va
tir ngudi khac, va hai gia dinh nay hoan toan
cd the khdng gidng nhau Viec thuc thi
quyen lue phu thude vao nhieu yeu td khac
ma nhieu khi kbdng nhu chimg ta gia dinh
Cd quyen lire gia dinh chua chae da thuc thi
du'p'c quyen luc thuc tien Chinh vi vay,
trong gidi hpc gia QHQT da cd tranh luan la
quyen lire gia dinh ed phai la quyen lire
khdng hay quyen luc se chi la quyen lire khi
dugc thuc thi trong thuc tien, tuc la bang
nhii'ng hanh vi cd the nhan thay dugc Tuy
nhien, ciing cd trudng hgp quyen luc duge
nhan thirc van ddng vai trd nhu quyen lire
thirc tien khi quyen luc nay dugc tat ca cae
ben thira nhan va vi vay nd van phat huy tae
dung trong thuc tien
Cude tranh luan ve vi the hay quyen lue
ciia My va Trung Qudc hien nay la mdt
trudng hgp ve quyen lire dugc nhan thirc va
quyen luc thuc tien Trong khi quyen lire sd
mdt eiia My cd su gan nhau tuong ddi giiia
hai loai quyen lire nay thi ddi vdi trudng hpp
eiia Trung Qudc, cac y kien cdn khac nhau
xa Mdt ludng y kien cho rang Trung Qudc
dang thach thue dia vi sd 1 ciia My, ludng y
kien thir hai cho rang kha nang nay la cd the
cd trong tuong lai khdng xa cdn ludng y kien thir ba thi cho rang kha nang do la khdng the
6 Cach phan loai thir sau dim trin khd niing tiin cong hay phdng thii ciia quyen luc
qudc gia Cach phan loai nay giiip danh gia dugc kha nang tac ddng khac nhau cua qudc gia nay tdi qudc gia kia, tir dd cd the doan dinh xu hudng va phuong thirc tac ddng ciing nhu de dua ra ddi sach phii hop Theo each phan loai nay, quyen lire dupe chia lam hai loai:
- Quyen luc tdn cdng (Offensive Power) la kha nang eiia mdt qudc gia budc
mdt qude gia khae phai hanh ddng theo y minh Quyen lire tan cdng dugc xay dung cbu yeu dua tren uu the ve quan sir nhat la cac vii khi tan cdng
- Quyen lue phdng thu (Defensive Power) la kha nang chdng lai sir cudng bach
ciia mdt qudc gia khac.'^ Quyen luc phdng thil cd dugc nhd cd cac yeu td dia ly nhu dia hinh, vi tri, thuan Igi va nang lire quan sir phuc vu cho viec phdng thii
Day la each phan loai do Henry Kissingger dua ra Chiu anh hudng ciia chu nghTa hien tbirc va bdi canh qudc te xung dot khi dd, each phan loai nay thien nhieu ve
Henry A Kissinger, Refections on Power and Diplomacy, E A J Jonhnson edit, The Dimensions of Diplomacy, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
1964 Dan theo Nguyen Manh Hung, Bang giao cpidc
te nhap mon Hoi Nghien cuu Hanh chanh, Sai Gon
1971, tr 78
^ Henry A Kissinger, Sdd, tr 78
Trang 624 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (126).2011
nang luc quan sir ban la cac nang lire khac
Cd le vi the ma hien nay each phan loai eiia
Kissinger khdng dugc sir diing nhieu
•fuy nhien each phan loai nay cd it nhat
hai ban che Thic nhdt nd thien nhieu ve
nang luc quan sir ma it tinh den cac nang lire
khac eiia qudc gia ma van cd the dugc sir
dung de budc mdt qudc gia khae phai hanh
ddng theo y minh Vi du, hien nay My va
nhieu nudc dang sii' dung cac nang lire kinh
te va ngoai giao de ep CHDCND Trieu Tien
va Iran tir bd quyen lire tan cdng ciia minh
bang vii khi hat nhan Vi the, khi ap dimg
each phan loai nay nen tinh den cac nang lire
khac nira ben canh lire lupng quan sir Thic
hai, tuong ddi khd phan biet rach rdi quyen
lire tan cdng va phdng thu ciia mdt qudc gia
tren phuang dien quan sir Da phan vii khi
deu cd ca hai chirc nang tan edng va phdng
thil cac yeu td dia ly thuan Igi cho phdng
thil ngay cang it y nghTa khi vii khi ky thuat
cao ngay cang nhieu Vi the, kha nang tan
cdng hay phdng thii dudng nhu phu thude
vao y dd trong dau cac nha lanh dao ban la
vii khi va dieu nay lai cang khd xac dinh, dd
la chua ke each tinh toan lay kha nang tan
cdng thay cho phdng thii Hien nay, Trung
Qudc dang phat trien cac loai vii khi hien dai
va tuyen bd rang de phdng thii, nhung nhieu
ngudi khdng he nghT nhu vay Nhin chung,
ddi vdi nhirng nude nhd, mdi lo ngai la nhu
nhau khi cac nudc Idn phat trien vii khi tan
cdng hay phdng thii
Mac dii vay, each phan loai nay ciing cd
the ap dung nhat dinh trong thuc tien va
nghien ciru QHQT N I U qudc gia ed quyen lire tan edng, nd cd the gay ra nhirng de dpa
an ninh, nghi ngd va lo ngai cho qudc gia khac Til' dd, tinh trang ludng nan ve an ninh
va nhii'ng phan u'ng nhu chay dua vii trang lien minh, kiem che, ngan chan cd the se xay ra QHQT se de cang thang khi tat ca cac ben deu ed quyen lire tan cdng Ngugc lai, neu qudc gia chi cd quyen lire phdng thu, nhirng hien tupng tren se khd xay ra ho-n
Cd the each phan loai nay da dem lai ggi y cho cac nha Chii ngliTa Hien thire khi
de ra Chii nghTa Hien thuc tan cdng va Chu nghTa Hien thuc phdng thii
7 each phan loai thir bay dira trin phwffng thirc thire hiin quyin luc Day la
each phan chia xuat hien chua lau nhung hien nay dang dugc sir dung kha nhieu Cach phan chia nay giiip hieu them thuc tien QHQT hien nay ca ve nang lire lan phuang each sir dung nang lire, theo dd, quyen luc
dugc chia lam bai loai: ^ :u<\n
- Quyen luc cicng (Hard Power) la kha
nang ep budc chii the khac thuc hien dieu minh mudn cdn ehii the kia khdng mudn bang lire lugng quan su hay bang trimg phat kinh te nhu bao vay, cam van
- Quyen luc mem (Soft Power) la kha
nang dimg anh hudng thuyet phuc chii thi khac lam theo y minh hay theo Joseph Nye la kha nang anh hudng tdi ngudi khae thdng qua su hip din Anh hudng hay sir hi; ign
ed thi duge tao ra bdi uy tin ehinh tri, j-ip
Trang 7lire phat triln kinh tl eao, sire cudn hiit ve
van boa tu tudng, va nhieu khi bao gdm ea
kha nang ve quyen luc cimg ,, ,.•,
'^^VM Trong lieh sir, quyin lire dugc sir dung
trong QHQT phin Idn la dang quyen lire
cii'ng vdi rit nhieu each thuc khae nhau nhu
chiln tranh, ran de, ngan chan, de dpa sir
dung vii lire, phong tda, bao vay, cam van
Trong thdi hien dai, quyen luc cirng van la
cai gi dd ed tinh phd bien My la nudc dien
hinh trong viec sir dung quyen lire cimg khi
dimg lire lugng quan sir de ep bude Nam Tu
trong cude chien tranh Kosovo nam 1999, ep
budc Taliban d Afganistan nam 2001, ep
budc Iraq nam 1991 va 2003
Quyen luc mem chii yeu la san pham
eiia thdi hien dai Nhat Ban la mdt vi du ve
viec tim each xay dung cho minh quyen lire mem bang sire manh kinh te to Idn, vai trd nudc chau A duy nhat trong G-7, va nhimg
cd gang boa binh nbu boa giai xung dot qudc
te d Campuebia, tham gia cd tinh toan vao cac chien dinh gin giii boa binh cua Lien hgp qudc, Nhat Ban ciing tim each gia tang anh hudng van hda ciia minh theo hai con dudng la phat buy cac gia tri van hda truyen thdng ciia minb ra the gidi, tiep thu thanh tuu van hda tir ben ngoai de xay dung cac gia tri mdi va pbat trien nen van hda ciia minb
De hieu rd ban ve sir phan loai dang dugc sir dung phd bien nay, cd the tham khao bang dudi day ve sir Idiac nhau giiia hai loai quyen lire nay
Sy khac nhau giua quyen luc cung va quyen lye mem
; •• i 1 [ • , •
Phieffng tiin sii dung
quyin lire
Cdch thirc sii dung
quyin lire
Tam ly cua doi tirffng bi
tdc dpng
Y chi cua doi twffng
tiip nhan
Quyen luc cung
Cdng eu hiru hinh
Ep budc, ap dat
Sghai
Trai vdi y mudn
Quyen luc mem
Cdng cu vd hinh la ehu yeu
Thuyet phuc
Tin tudng
Y mudn thay ddi
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Trang 826 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03 (1261.2011
Cach phan loai thir ba\- dang dugc sir
dung kha nhieu trong nghien cim QHQT \-a
dugc coi la thich hpp de phan anh xu hudng
su dung qu\-en lire dang tha\' ddi trong
QHQT Tu\' nhien trong \an de na\- chiing
tdi cd ba nhan xet:
Thir nhdt: Qu\-en lire mem khd dugc su
dung hieu qua trong thuc te neu khdng cd
quyen lire ciing Tren thuc te cac cudng
qudc \di uu the \ugt trdi \c quyen lire cimg
nhu My, Phap, Trung Qudc ciing dang la
nhirng nudc cd kha nang phat hu\- anh huong
\an hda gia tri \a uy tin ra QHQT nhieu ban
la nhiing nudc khdng cd dii qm'en luc cimg
cho dii cd mdt nen \an hda rue rd nhu Kn
Dd .A.i Cap, H\ Lap
7"/?;? hai: Viec sir dung thuat ngir "quyen
luc mem" ddi khi cd dung y tm'en truyen
nham xoa diu sir phan irng cua cac nudc \ira
va nho trong trat tu the gidi mdi ma sir phan
chia nudc Idn-nirdc nhd van cdn manh me
cae cudng qudc \an ddng \ai trd chi phdi sir
cudng quyen \an phd bien trong QHQT
Khdng it trudng hgp cac cudng qudc thudng
sir dung qu\-en luc cirng sau khi su dung
quyen lire mem khdng thanh cdng va dimg
sir khdng thanh cdng cua quN'en lire mem de
bien minh eho viec su dung quyen luc cimg
Thic ba: Tren thuc te cac qudc gia it khi
sir dung rieng re mdt loai quyen luc nao do
ma thudng la cd sy ket hpp hay lira ehpn linh
boat tiiy trudng hpp cu the My la dien hinh
cua sir ket hgp quyen luc cirng \-a mem khi
su dung ca \\ the chinh tri lan sire manh quan
su, ca ddn ba\ kinli te lan bao \a\ \a cam
\-an kinh te, ca tu\-en truyen gia tri dan chu
\-a nhan quyen lan trimg phat sir N i pham,
Vi the, vao nam 2004 trong cudn sach
Soft Power: The Means lo Success in World Politics Joseph N}e - ngudi dua ra khai
niem quyen lire mem - da bd sung them thuat
ngir quyen lire thdng minh {Smart poMer)
Theo dng qu}-en luc thdng minh la nang luc
ket hpp quyen lire cirng \a niem trong mdt
chien luge thang Igi Viec dua ra khai niem quyen lire thdng minh cho thay ke ca trong thdi dai nga\- na\- chi su dung qu\en lire mem khd dem lai thanh cdng ma can cd su ket hgp vdi qm'en luc cu'ng Hien na>- nudc
My dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama da tu} en
bd di theo each thirc cua qm'en lire thdng minh
Tdm Igi, viec phan dinh qu\ en lire thanh
cac hinh thirc theo nhieu each phan loai cho tha\- quyen lire trong QHQT la mdt hien tugng da dang \-di nhieu dac diem, sac thai khac nhau Nhirng dac diem, sac thai na\ cd the dem lai nhirng uu the ha\- ban che khac
nhau \a tac ddng tdi chiing ta cimg khac
nhau Vi the, chiing cd the dugc ap dung rieng re trong tirng trudng hpp hay tinh hudng cu the de lam ndi rd dac diem ha} sac thai nao dd Dieu nay la can thiet ca trong nghien eim lan thuc thi qu\-en luc trong QHQT
Tuy nhien, cae each phan loai tren chi mang tinh tuong ddi va cung cd the dugc su dung kit hpp \di nhau Vi du q u \ l r luc cimg dugc xay dung dua tren qu\-en luc _ an sir kinh te va thudng la qu\en lire thuc ui
Trang 9quyen lire hiru hinh, quyen lire tuong ddi,
quyen lire tan cdng, Quyen lire nay thudng
cd tinh thii'c te hon la gia dinh Trong khi dd,
quyen luc mem dugc xay dung dua tren mdt
sd loai hinh quyen lire ITnh vuc nhu chinh tri,
van hoa va thudng bao gdm ca quyen lire
tiem nang, quyen lire vd hinh, quyen lire ca
cau Quyen luc mem ciing thien ve quyen
lire gia dinh ban la thue te
Tai lieu tham khao
• ! i ; r i
1 Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse &
Beth A Simmons, Hanbook of International
Relations Sage Publications, London, 2005
2 Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham,
The Penguin Dictionary of International
Relalions" Penguin Books, London, 1998
3 Joshua S Goldstein, International
Relalions, Longman, New York, 1999
4 Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan &
Steven C Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts, Routledge, New York,
2007
5 Conway W Henderson, Quan he qudc te budc vdo the ky XXI - Xung dpi vd Hgp tdc, Khoa Qudc te hpc, Trudng
DHKHXH&NV, Ha Ndi, 2000
6 Nguyen Manh Himg, Bang giao qudc
te nhap mdn, Hdi Nghien cim Hanh chanh,
sai Gdn, 1971
7 Ly ludn Quan he qude te, Hpc vien
Quan he qudc t l Ha Ndi, 2007
8 Joseph S Nye, Public Diplomacy and
Soft Power, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Pollitical and Social Sciences,
616, March 2008
9 W Phillips Shively, Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science,
Mc Graw-Hill, Boston, 2003
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