Ideas For Topics- Writng .Pdf

IELTS Fighter Trung Tâm Luyện Thi IELTS số 1 Việt Nam Website ielts fighter com | Hotline 0903 411 666 Fanpage www facebook com/ielts fighter/ Group www facebook com/groups/ieltsfighter support/ IDEAS[.]

5 EDUCATION 36

6 ENVIRONMENT 50

7 FAMILY 58

8 GENDER 64

9 GENETIC ENGINEERING 66

10 GLOBAL ISSUES 69

11 GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY 75

12 GUNS AND WEAPONS 84

13 HEALTH 92

14 HOUSING AND ARCHITECTURE 102

15 LANGUAGE 105

16 MONEY 108

17 PERSONALITY 111

18 SPORT AND LEISURE 118

19 TELEVISION, INTERNET, PHONES 124

20 TOURISM 133

21 TRADITIONAL VS MODERN 136

22 TRANSPORT 139

23 WATER 143

24 WORK 150

1 ADVERTISING

Positives of advertising

Advertising is a key part of modern

business To be a key part of sth: Là một phần quan trọng, một phần then chốt

= To play an important role in sth

Companies need to tell customers

about their products and services

To tell sb about sth: Nói cho ai đó biết về

việc gì đó

Tuy nhiên, chúng ta cũng có các cách dùng:

Advertising is a creative industry that

employs many people

A creative industry (n): Một ngành công

nghiệp cao hơn

Employ sb (v): Thuê ai đó làm việc

Without advertising there would be

higher unemployment

Employment (n): Sự thuê lao động Employer (n): Chủ thuê lao động Employee (n): Nhân viên

Employed (adj): Đang được thuê Unemployed (adj): Thất nghiệp

Advertising is a form of modern art To be a form of sth: Là một dạng của…

People enjoy adverts To enjoy sth (v): Thích, thưởng thức

 To manipulate sb into sth/ doing sth

It aims to persuade people that

buying a product will make them

They use glamorous, successful

people

Glamorous (adj): Thu hút, phấn khích, nổi

bật

We now live in a consumer culture

A consumer culture (n): Nền văn hóa tiêu

dùng

Chúng ta cũng có một số cụm từ có liên quan như:

A consumer society: Một xã hội mà việc

mua bán được xem như rất quan trọng

Consumer confidence: Niềm tin người

We are encouraged to associate

certain brands with a higher status

Children can easily be influenced by

Children put pressure on parents to

buy them things

To put pressure on sb: Làm áp lực lên ai

đó

= To pressure on sb to do sth

= To be under pressure to do sth

Opinions about Advertising

Advertising should be regulated

Should be regulated: Nên được kiểm soát

 To regulate sth

= To control sth by means of rules

Advertising aimed at children should

be controlled or even banned

To aim at sb: Nhằm vào ai đó

= To target sb/sth

Unhealthy foods should not be

marketed in a way that attracts

children

To attract sb: Thu hút ai đó

= To appeal to sb

Products that can be risk to health

should display warnings

To be risk to sth/sb: Có thể gây hại cho

= To harm sb/sth

In some countries it is illegal to

advertise cigarettes on television

To be illegal: Phạm pháp

>< To be legal: Hợp pháp, pháp lý

Warnings must be displayed on

cigarette packets

To be displayed on sth: Hiển thị, thể hiện

trên cái gì đó

However, advertising is necessary in

free market economies

A free market economy (n): Một nền kinh

Governments should only censor

false information or products that

Arguments for Animal Testing

Animals are used in important

Bên cạnh đó, chúng ta còn học được cụm

 It is necessary to do sth

Animal testing helps to advance

medical and scientific knowledge/

Many important medical

Researchers aim to minimize the

suffering that animals experience

To minimize sth: Giảm thiểu cái gì

đó

= To reduce sth to the lowest possible level

Testing for the cosmetics industry is

now banned in many countries

To be banned: Bị cấm

= To get banned

= To be forbidden

= To be prohibited

Some medical or scientific

experiments simply cannot be

done on humans

Scientific experiments (n): Thí

nghiệm khoa học

Arguments against Animal Testing

The benefits of research using

animals do not justify the suffering

 Take an alternative

= Take another option

Computer simulation can be used

in most cases

Simulation (n): Giả lập

The lives of animals should be

respected

Life (n) Mạng sống (Singular noun)

 Plural noun: Lives (n)

Humans have no moral right to do

Vegetarians do not eat foods that

are produced by killing animals

To produce sth: Sản xuất

Many people choose a

vegetarian diet for moral or health

reasons

A vegetarian diet (n): Chế độ ăn

kiêng theo kiểu ăn chay, ăn chay Moral reasons (n) Lý do về đạo đức

A vegetarian diet may reduce the

risk of disease like cancer

To reduce the risk of disease:

Giảm rủi ro bệnh tật

 To reduce the risk of sth

>< To pose the risk

Many people question the

treatment of animals in factory

Vegetarians do not eat a

balanced diet

A balanced diet (n): Chế độ ăn

kiêng cân bằng, phù hợp

In many cultures, meat is the main

ingredient in traditional meals

The main ingredient in sth (n):

Nguyên liệu chính trong món/ thứ

gì đó

Meat-eaters argue that animals

are below humans in the food

chain

Meat – eaters (n): Người không ăn

chay, người ăn mặn

Canivore (n): Động vật ăn thịt The food chain (n): Chuỗi thức ăn

It is completely natural for us to kill

them for food

Natural (adj): Tự nhiên, bản năng,

They can help to protect

endangered species

To protect sth/sb: Bảo vệ Endangered species (n): Các loài

đang gặp nguy hiểm

Dangerous species (n): Các loài

động vật nguy hiểm

Zoos allow scientists to study

animals and their behavior

To allow sb to do sth: Cho phép ai

đó làm chuyện gì đó Trong ngữ cảnh này,

Children, in particular, enjoy

learning about animals

In particular: Nói riêng

In general: Nói chung

Zoos provide job opportunities

To provide sth: Cung cấp cái gì

đó

Job opportuny (n): Cơ hội việc

làm Chúng ta có một số cụm như

Job opening Job vacancy Negatives of Zoos

Zoo animals are kept in artificial

environments

Artificial environment (n): Môi

trường nhân tạo Ngoài ra chúng ta có một số cụm khác như

= Narrow/ Insufficient space

Zoo animals rely on humans To rely on sb/sth: Phụ thuộc

= To depend on sb/sth

They lose the freedom to hunt for

food

To lose the freedom: Mất sự tự do

= To give up his freedom

= To surrender his freedom

They best way to save

endangered species is by

protecting natural habitats

Natural habitats (n): Môi trường

To exhibit sth: Trưng bày, triển lãm

With the aim of sth: Với mục đích …

= With the purpose of …

We have no right to use animals

for entertainment and profit

To have right to do sth: Có quyền

làm chuyện gì đó

3 CITIES

Reasons for Urbanization

People move to cities in search of

job opportunities

In search of sth: Để tìm kiếm sth

= To seek (for) sth

= To search for sth

Cities offer greater employment

possibilities and a higher standard

To migrate (v): Di chuyển nơi ở

To emigrate (v): Định cư ở quốc

gia khác

To immigrate (v): Nhập cư

Traditional activities like farming Farming (n): Nông nghiệp

need fewer workers nowadays

Negatives of City Life

Life in cities has its drawbacks Drawback (n): Một khuyết điểm,

Life in cities can be extremely

stressful

To be stressful (adj)

= To be under pressure/ tension

There are problems like traffic

congestion or traffic jams and

Pedestrian zones in city centre can

improve the local environment

Pedestrian (n): Người bộ hành Zone (n): Khu vực

Chúng ta có một số cụm dùng với zone như

Many European cities have built

bicycle lanes

Bicycle lane (n): Làn đường dành

cho xe đạp

Dependence on cars is linked to

health problems like obesity

= To lead to sth

People who walk or cycle regularly

are generally healthier

Generally (adj): Nhìn chung

Pedestrian areas are safer and

more attractive for both residents

4 CRIME

Police and Crime Prevention

The job of the polices is to catch

criminals

To catch criminals: Bắt tội phạm

They must also prevent crime and

make communities safer

To prevent crime: Ngăn chặn tội

phạm

= To deter/ stop a crime

>< To carry out/ commit a crime

There should be an increase in the

number of police officers on the

streets

An increase (n): Tăng

>< A decrease (n): Giảm

Police officers should be seen as

part of the community Should be seen as sb/sth: Nên được nhìn nhận như là

They should be involved with

education and prevention Be involved with sth: Quan tâm đến sth

= Pay attention to sth

The police should be in close

contact with schools To be in close contact with sb: Liên hệ thường xuyên, gần gũi với

ai đó

They should focus on young

people who have dropped out of

These teenagers may become

involved with gangs Be involved with sth: Liên quan, dính líu

If the crime is more serious, prison is

the most common punishment

To be under threat The threat from sth

To face a threat

They are put in prison to ensure the

safety of other citizens

To ensure the safety: Đảm bảo

Many prisoners re-offend when

they are released

To be released (v): Được thả ra

(tù) Offend (v) Tấn công, phạm tội

= To commit a crime

A criminal record makes finding a

job more difficult

A criminal record (n): Hồ sơ tiền

án

Rehabilitation

Another aim of prisons is

rehabilitation Rehabilitation (n) (Trong chủ đề này): Quy trình giúp đỡ một người

tái hòa nhập cộng đồng sau khi ra

tù

Prisoners receive education of

vocational training Vocational training (n): Đào tạo nghề

 Vocational school (n) Trường dạy nghề

Prisoners should learn personal skills

and specific job skills

Personal skill (n): Kỹ năng giao

tiếp, kỹ năng cá nhân

Punishment could make prisoners’

To rehabilitate sb: Tái hòa nhập

cho người mới ra tù

Capital Punishment

Supporters say that capital

punishment deters crime

Capital punishment (n): Tử hình

= Death sentence (n)

= Death penalty (n)

Fear of the death penalty stops

people from committing offences

To stop sb from doing sth: Dừng/

ngăn chặn ai đó làm việc gì đó

= To prevent sb from doing sth

To commit offences = To commit crimes

The death penalty shows that

crime is not tolerated

To tolerate sb/sth: Tha thứ

= To put up with sb/sth

It is a form of revenge Revenge (n/v): Trả thù

Một số cụm từ có liên quan

To take revenge on sth/sb

To seek revenge for sth/sb

The cost of imprisonment is

Against Capital Punishment

Innocent people could be wrongly

convicted and executed

To convict sb of sth: Chính thức

định tội ai đó

>< To acquit sb of sth: Tuyên bố trắng án

Crime rate (n): Tỷ lệ phạm tội

Many criminals do not think they

will be caught

To catch a criminal: Bắt một tội

phạm

Capital punishment is not a good

deterrent

Deterrent (n): Một thứ gì đấy giúp

ngăn cản ai đó

 To deter sb

Executing prisoners creates a

violent culture and encourages

To reform sb: Cải tạo ai đó

It could be a solution to prison

It makes offenders useful in their

local communities

To make sb + adj: Làm cho ai đó

trở nên thế nào đấy

Local community (n): Cộng đồng

địa phương

They are required to clean streets

or talk to school groups

To clean streets (v): Dọn dẹp đường phố

Offenders repay their community Offender (n): Tội phạm

= Criminal (n)

To repay sb/sth: Trả tiền, đền bù

Một số cụm từ đi chung repay:

To repay a debt/ loan/ mortgage

They avoid the negative influence

that prison can have

Against Community Service

Community service is not a

sufficient punishment

A sufficient punishment (n): Một

hình phạt đủ mạnh Một số cụm từ đi chung punishment (n):

Cruel punishment (n) Hình phạt

độc ác Heavy/ harsh/ severe punishment (n): Hình phạt nặng

Corporal/ physical punishment (n): Hình phạt về thể chất

Criminals should be locked up,

away from their victims

To lock up sb/ lock sb up: Nhốt

một ai đó

Crime in the Media

Crime is one of the main subjects

of most news programs

Subject (n): Chủ đề

= Topic (n)

The mass media focus on violent

and sensational crimes

Sensational (adj) : Gây cảm giác

bất ngờ, thú vị, kích thích

= Thrilling

Sensational news (n): Những tin

tức shock hoặc tồi tệ hơn nhằm thu hút sự chú ý

This leads to fear of crime among

Sensational story (n): Những câu

chuyện gây ra cảm giác thú vị, bất ngờ; làm quá lên để thu hút sự chú

ý

The media report crime stories in

order to increase their audience

To increase their audience: Tăng

số lượng khán giả

= To grab the attention of audience

5 EDUCATION

Benefits of Education

Education gives people

knowledge and skills

To give sb sth: Cho ai đó cái gì đó

= To provide sb with sth

People with qualification are more

likely to find work

Qualification (n): Bằng cấp, chứng chỉ

They can earn a higher salary To earn a higher salary: Nhận mức

lương cao hơn

To earn a higher salary

= To be offered a higher salary

They can contribute positively to

society

To contribute to sth: Đóng góp cho cái gì đó

Hoặc có thể dùng là: To contribute sth to sth/sb

Schools aim to teach young

people moral values such as

tolerance and sharing

Moral value (n) Giá trịđạo đức

= Ethical value (n)

Schools prepare children to be

members of a society

To prepare sth/sb to do sth: Chuẩn bị cho ai đó, cái gì đó để làm chuyện gì đó

Benefits of Studying Abroad

Foreign institutions may offer better

courses

Foreign institution (n) Tổ chức giáo dục nước ngoài, định chế giáo dục nước ngoài

Financial institution (n) Định chế tài chính

Many students want to attend a

The best universities employ

teachers who are experts in their

fields

To employ sb: Thuê, sử dụng ai đó

= Hire sb Expert (n) Chuyên gia

= Professional (n) Qualifications gained abroad can

open the door to better job

= To improve/ develop sb’s knowledge

Overseas students are exposed to

different cultures and customs

To be exposed to sth: Được tiếp xúc với

Overseas student: Du học sinh

= Foreign student Customs (n) Phong tục tập quán They become more independent Independent (adj) Không phụ

thuốc, tự do

>< Dependent (adj) They are responsible for cooking,

cleaning and paying bills

To be responsible for: Chịu trách nhiệm

= To be accountable for sth They will learn a foreign language To learn a foreign language: Học

một ngôn ngữ nước ngoài

= To learn another language

Drawback of Studying Abroad

Living and studying abroad can

be difficult

To be difficult (adj) Khó khăn, không dễ dàng

= To be tough

Students have problems with

paperwork such as visa

applications

Paperwork (adj) Giấy tờ

To have problemswith sth: Có vấn

đề với cái gì đó

The language barrier can be a

problem

The language barrier (n) Rào cản ngôn ngữ

Students have to find

accommodation and pay bills

Accommodation (n) Nơi ở

= Housing Studying in a foreign language is

challenging

To be challenging (adj) Nhiều thử thách

= To be difficult Living alone in an unfamiliar

culture can cause homesickness

Homesickness (n) Bệnh nhớ nhà

 Homesick (adj) Nhớ nhà

 Lovesick (adj) Tương tư

Technology in Education: Advantages

Technology is a powerful tool to

engage students

A powerful tool: Một công cụ hữu ích, mạnh mẽ

Technology can make lessons

much more interesting

To make +sth +Adj: Làm cho cái gìđó trở nên như thế nào đó Students can do research using

online resources

To do research: Thực hiện nghiên cứu

= To conduct research Ngoài ra chúng ta còn một vài cụm khác dùng chung với conduct như sau

To conduct a survey

To conduct an interview Students can study at their own

place

Theirown place: Nơi riêng của họ

 Theirown house: Nhà riêng của họ

Adults can take distance learning

Students can study whenever and

wherever they want

Whenever (adv) Bất kể khi nào Wherever (adv) Bất kể nơi đâu However (adv) Bất kể như thế nào Students also learn skills which are

useful for their future jobs

To be useful (adj) Hữu ích

= To be helpful For example, they learn to write

reports using a word processor

Word processor (n) Một máy tính chạy chương trình xử lý từ vựng, được dùng cho mục đích viết thư, báo cáo

Technology in Education: Disadvantages

People rely too much on

computers

To rely on sth: Dựa dẫm, phụ thuộc vào

= To depend on sth Young learners do not become

proficient in some basic skills

To be proficient (adj) Thành thạo

 Proficiency (n) They use word processors and

spelling may suffer

Word processor (n) Một máy tính chạy chương trình xử lý từ vựng, được dùng cho mục đích viết thư, báo cáo

Spelling(n) Đánh vần

 A spelling mistake People should be able to write a

học được lên kế hoạch bài bản

An experienced teacher knows

what materials to choose

Material (n) Tài liệu Experienced (adj) Có kinh nghiệm

>< Inexperienced (adj) Thiếu kinh nghiệm

Computers are expensive to

maintain and can be unreliable

To be unreliable (adj) Không thể dựa dẫm vào được

>< To be reliable/ dependable (adj)

Technology in Education: Opinion

Institutions should supplement

traditional teaching with the use of

Everyday routine (n) Công việc lặp

đi lặp lại hàng ngày

It can enhance a teacher’s lessons To enhance sth (v) Cải thiện cái gì

đó

= To improve sth Students can use online resources

to help with homework

Online resources (n) Các nguồn tài liệu online

To help with homework (v) Giúp đỡ làm bài tập về nhà

Students must still learn to write by

hand

To write by hand: Viết bằng tay

They should still use traditional

sources of information such as

books

Traditional sources (n) Nguồn tài liệu truyền thống

>< Online resources (n)

Education in Developing Countries: Problems

Children often have to work from

Families do not have access to

><Illiteracy rate (n) Tỷ lệ mù chữ Literate (adj) >< Illiterate (adj) People in developing countries

need knowledge and skills

Developing country (n) Quốc gia đang phát triển

Developed country (n) Quốc gia phát triển

Underdeveloped country (n) Quốc gia kém phát triển

Education is the key to improving

the economy of these countries

To be the key to sth/ doing sth: Là chìa khóa cho vấn đề nào đó

= To be a solution to sth

Education in Developing Countries: Solutions

Developed countries could help

developing nations by providing

build schools and pay for teachers

To supply sth to sb/ sb with sth

= To provide sth to sb/ sb with sth Children need to have access to

free schooling

To have/ get access to sth: Có quyền chạm tới, truy cập, sử dụng Computer equipment could be

donated

To donate sth (v) Quyên góp Donation (n) Hành động quyên góp, đồ quyên góp được

Donor (n) Nhà quyên góp

The Internet can expose students

to a world of knowledge and

information

To expose sb to sth: Cho ai đó cơ hội tiếp xúc với cái gìđó

 Exposure (n) Governments should make

education compulsory for all

send their children to school

To encourage sb to do sth: Khuyến khích ai đó làm chuyện gìđó

Governments of developed and

developing countries must work

together

To work together: Làm việc cùng nhau

= To collaborate (with sb)

Higher Education: Advantages (also see ‘Benefits of Education’)

There are many benefits to going

to university

A benefit to sth: Lợi ích cho việc gì đó

A degree can open the door to

better employment prospects

Degree (n) Bằng đại học, thạc sĩ … Certificate (n) Chứng chỉ

To open the door to sth: Mở cánh cửa cho cái gìđó

= To pave the way for sth Economies are becoming

increasingly knowledge-based

To be knowledge-based: Phụ thuộc vào kiến thức

To be technology-based: Phụ thuộc vào kỹ thuật công nghệ

= To depend/rely on sth

= To be dependent/ reliant on sth Most jobs require specific

knowledge and skills

Specific knowledge (n) Kiến thức cụ thể, chi tiết

= Certain knowledge (n) Skilled workers are needed for

sectorssuch as information

technology and engineering

Sector (n) Một lĩnh vực

= Field (n) Such as sth: Như là sth

= Like sth (Không trang trọng)

= namely

Repetitive manual jobs are now

done by machine

Repetitive manual job (n) Công việc được thực hiện bằng tay lặp đi lặp lại

Many factories have moved to

developing countries

Factory (n) Nhà máy

= Plant (n)

Higher Education: Disadvantages

A healthy economy needs a wide

range of workers

A healthy economy (n) Một nền kinh tế khỏe mạnh

= A sound/ stable/ strong economy

>< A fragile/ stagnant/ weak economy

A rangeof/ a variety of + plural nouns

Some manual workers will always

be needed

Manual (adj) Thực hiện thủ công

>< Non-manual (adj)

A university degree is not

necessary for many service

professions

Service profession(n) Nghề trong lĩnh vực dịch vụ

= Service job Practical training is more important

in some industries

Practical training (n) Đào tạo thực

tế, gắn với công việc sẽ làm, không chú trọng lý thuyết

In the UK, for example, there is

currently a shortage of plumbers

A shortage of (n) Thiếu hụt

= A lack of sb/sth Their services are therefore

becoming more and more

expensive

Expensive (adj) Đắt đỏ

= Costly (adj)

Advantage of Home-schooling

Some parents decide to educate

their children at home

To educate sb (v) Giáo dục ai đó

Some families live in isolated areas

with poor transport

Isolatedarea (n) Khu vực xa xôi, xa cách

= Remotearea (n) Other parents are not satisfied with

local schools

To be satisfiedwith (adj) Hài lòng với

= To be pleasedwith

Parents can respond to what their

children need and how they learn

Disadvantages of home-schooling

Most parents do not have the time

to educate their children at home

To educate sb: Giáo dục ai đó

One parent would need to give

up work

To give up sth/ give sth up: Từ bỏ

School subjects are normally

taught by up to ten different

teachers

Up to: Lên đến

Most parents do not have the

necessary knowledge or resources

Necessary knowledge (n) Kiến thức cần thiết

Ngoài ra chúng ta cũng có một số cụm dùng chung với knowledge như sau

Extensive knowledge Expansive knowledge Private tutors are expensive Tutor (n) Gia sư

Expensive (adj) = Costly (adi) Children will miss out on the social

experience that school offers

Miss sth out: Bỏ lỡ

 Miss the point: Không hiểu đượcđiều quan trọng nhất

At school, children learn how to

get on with each other

To get on with sb: Giao tiếp, hòa đồng với người khác

 Lưuý: To get it on with sb= To have sexwith sb

Home-schooled children may lack

social skills

To lack sth: thiếu cái gì đó

 Lưuý: a lack of sth

= a shortage of sth Schools offer a better overall

educational experience

To offer sb sth: Đề xuất, cung cấp

Bad Behavior in Schools: Causes

Bad behavior is due to a lack of

structure and discipline

Due to sth: Bởi vì cái gì đó

= Because of

= As a result of sth

= Owing to sth There are too many children in

some classes

Too many + plural nouns Too much + uncountable nouns Large classes are difficult to

manage

To be difficult to do sth: Khó khăn

để làm chuyện gì đó

 Lưuý: To have a difficult/hard time + doing sth

 Have difficulty + doing sth May disruptive students come from

an unstable family background

Disruptive student (n) Học sinh cá biệt

Unstable family background (n) Hoàn cảnh gia đình bất ốn

 Unstable >< Stable -> Stability (n)

Other parents are too lenient and

spoil their children

To be lenient (adj): Dễ tính, không nghiêm khắc

To spoil sb/sth: Làm hư ai đó, cái gì đó

= To ruin sth

= To overindulge sb Some children are used to getting

whatever they want

To be used to doing sth: Quen với việc gìđó

= To be accustomed to doing sth

Schools can do very little if they

are not supported by parents

To support sb/sth: Hỗ trợ

Bad Behavior in Schools: Solutions

Schools need a clear code of

conduct

Code of conduct (n) Bộ quy tắc ứng xử

Conduct (n) Ứng xử Conduct (v) Thực hiện

 To conduct a survey

 To conduct a research

 To conduct an interview Schools need a clear set of rules

about behavior

Set of rules about behavior (n)

= Code of conduct (n) They need to create a positive

working atmosphere

A positive working atmosphere (n) Bầu không khí làm việc tích cực Teachers must have the power to

punish disruptive students

To punish sb: Phạt ai đó

 Tp punish sb for doing sth

 Punishment (n) Hình phạt Schools should remove difficult

children from lessons

Difficult (adj) khi nói về người thì mang nghĩa là khó tính, khó chịu, và không hữu ích

A difficult child (n) Đứa trẻ không ngoan

Trong bài này có thể hiểu

= A disruptive child Schools need to work closely with

parents

To work closely with sb: Làm việc chặt chẽ với nhau

= To collaborate with sb Discipline could be lacking at

home

Discipline (n) Kỷ luật

 Self-discipline (n) Tự giác, tự kỷ luật

Parents must support the school

rules

To support sb: Hỗ trợ ai đó

They should take responsibility for

their children’s behavior

To take responsibility for sth: Chịu trách nhiệm về việc gì đó

= To be responsible for sth

= To be accountable for sth

Corporal Punishment: Opinion

Corporal Punishment is not a good

idea

Corporal punishment (n) Hình phạt

về thể chất (Đánh đòn) Physical punishment is a way of

controlling children using fear

Physical punishment (n)

= Corporal punishment (n)

To be a way of doing sth: Là một cách để làm điều gì đó

This does not promote trust

between adults and children

To promote sth: Làm tăng, khuyến khích cái gì đó

To promote trust (v)

= To develop trust

= To build up trust Children who are punished

physically may become shy or

resentful

Resentful (adj) Tức giận vì không công bằng, cay đắng

Corporal punishment creates an

atmosphere of fear and anger

Anger (n) Sự tức giận

 Angry (adj)

Single Sex Education: Advantages

Some people believe that male

and female students should go to

separate schools

Separate (adj) Riêng biệt

This is often for religious or cultural

 Culture (n) Văn hóa Reason (n) Lý do

= Cause (n) Discipline problems might be

avoided by separating boys and

girls

To be avoided: Có thể tránh được Trong ngữ cảnh này

= To be prevented

Boys and girls may learn in

different ways and have different

needs

Different need (n) Nhu cầu khác nhau

= Different demand (n) Student at single-sex schools often

get better exam grades

Single-sex school (n) Trường nam sinh/ nữ sinh

Single-sex Education: Disadvantages

Separating boys and girls is

unnecessary

Unnecessary (adj) Không cần thiết

It is unhealthy in terms of children’s

social development

In termsof sth: về khía cạnh nào đấy

Children’s social development (n)

Sự phát triển về mặt xã hội của trẻ nhỏ

Many coeducational schools are

extremely successful

Coeducational school (n)

= Mixed-sex school (n)

>< Single-sex school(n)

A mixed-sex environment is more

representative of real life

To be representative of sth: Đại diện cho cái gìđó

 Lưuý representative (n) Đại diện

Coeducational schools provide

children with better social skills for

Advantages of Streaming (Grouping Children According to Ability)

Some schools separate students

according to their academic

Teachers can work at the right

speed for their students

High-level groups may progress

faster

High-level (adj) Cao cấp Trong ngữ cảnh này

= Advanced Lower level groups can benefits

from a slower pace

To benefit from sth: Kiếm được lợi ích từ cái gì đó

To benefit sb: Kiếm/ mang lại được lợi ích cho ai đó

Disadvantages of Streaming

Grouping by ability may have a

negative impact on students

as less intelligent than others

To be seen (v) Được xem như

To be seen (v) Được trông đợi Streaming could damage

students’ self esteem

Self-esteem (n) Lòng tự trọng

tend to be better prepared

To tend to do sth: Có xu hướng làm chuyện gì đó

Wealthy (adj) Giàu có

= Rich (adj) Children from poorer families may

receive less support from parents

To receive support: Nhận được sự hỗ trợ

Mixed ability classes encourage

everyone to achieve their

6 ENVIRONMENT

Global Warming

Gases such as carbon dioxide

trap heat from the sun

To trap heat: Giữ lại nhiệt độ

= To retain heat This causes global temperatures

the rise of the greenhouse gases

A major factor (n) Một yếu tố quan trọng

= A key factor (n) Greenhouse gas (n) Khí thải nhà kính

Factories and vehicles produce

emissions and exhaust fumes

Emission (n) Khí thải Exhaust fumes (n) Khí thải các phương tiện giao thông

Many developing countries are