Tuy nhien, ben canh nhffng m a t tich cffc cua cac khu SXTT, cd khdng it cac quan ngai da dffpc bay td lien quan tdi viec thffc thi cac quyen cua ngffdi lao ddng lam viec trong cac khu n
Trang 1D D D KINH NGHIEM - THlTC TIEN a D D
X A Y DONG VA A P D U N G CHfNH SACH AN T O A N LAO D Q N G
VA D A O T A O N G H ^ C H O NGl/Ol LAO D Q N G TAI CAC KHU S A N X U A T
N g u y d n T h i K i m D u n g *
T r a n T h i T h u Hi^ofng**
Vao giffa nhffng t h a p nien 1950 va
1960, ly thuyet kinh te ve hien dai hda
da cd a n h hffdng r a t ldn tdi chinh sach
phat trien kinh td d r a t nhieu nffdc Dieu
nay the hien qua viec khuyen khich cdng
nghiep hda dat nffdc bang each theo dudi
chien Iffdc thay the n h a p khau va xay
dffng r a t nhieu khu cdng nghiep san xuat
tap trung (SXTT) va cac n h a may Tren
the gidi, cac khu SXTT da xuat hien tff
dau t h a p ky 1970 va n h a n h chdng trd
t h a n h nhffng khu vffc cd sffe m a n h thu
hut dffpc nhieu vd'n dau tff trong va ngoai
nffdc Viec khuyen khich t h a n h lap va
md rdng pham vi boat ddng cua cae khu
SXTT trd t h a n h chinh sach p h a t t r i e n
kinh td can ban cua nhieu nffdc dang
phat trien, trong dd cd Viet Nam Cac
khu cdng nghiep (KCN), khu chd xuat
(KCX) la nPi tao ra co hpi viee lam cho
nhieu ngffdi lao ddng, dac biet la lao
dpng tre tff ndng thdn va lao dpng nff
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhffng m a t tich cffc
cua cac khu SXTT, cd khdng it cac quan
ngai da dffpc bay td lien quan tdi viec
thffc thi cac quyen cua ngffdi lao ddng
lam viec trong cac khu nay, trong dd ndi
len hai van de lien quan tdi an toan lao
ddng noi lam viec va dao tao nghe cho
ngffdi lao dpng
$635(8+9/2010)
1 K i n h n g h i f m v e x a y dtfng va a p
d u n g c h i n h s a c h a n t o a n l a o d p n g
c u a Xingapo
Theo tinh toan cua Td chffc Lao ddng qudc te (ILO), h a n g n a m t r e n the gidi cd khoang 337 trieu tai n a n trong qua trinh lam viec va khoang 2 trieu ngffdi dang dd'i dien vdi nguy cP b e n h t a t do cdng viec mang lai Cdn theo so' lieu cua Lien doan Det may va Da giay (ITGLWF), sd lao ddng bi chet trong qua trinh lam viec la khoang 2 trieu ngffdi va cd tdi 270 trieu
vu tai n a n nghe nghiep va 160 trieu mac benh nghe nghiep h a n g nam Viec thffc hien dam bao an toan va sffe khoe cho ngffdi lao dpng kem ddng nghia vdi viec tao ra ganh n a n g ldn ve tai chinh Cung theo ffdc tinh cua ILO, gan 1.250 trieu USD la khoan chi phi h a n g n a m de chi cho viec bdi thffdng lao ddng, thieu thdi gian lam viec, gian doan san xuat va thud'c men chffa tri (ILO, 2008) ILO cung
da dffa ra canh bao ve mffc dp tai n a n lao ddng ngay cang t a n g d cac nffdc dang phat trien
* Nguyin Thi Kim Dung, Thac si, Pho trudng ban, Ban The che' kinh te, Vien Nghien cUu Quan ly Kinh te' Trung UOng
** Tran Thi Thu Huang, Thac si kinh te, Vien Nghien cUu Quan ly Kinh te Trung uong
QUAN LY KINH TE Q ]
Trang 2m 11 lii KINH NGHIEM - THIfC T I I N XAY DUNG VA AP DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG VA DAO TAO NGHg
CJ nhieu nffdc dang p h a t trien, Chinh
phu cac nffdc thffdng cd r a t It hoac khdng
cd cac quy dinh, chinh sach va/hoSe sff
giam sat chat che dd'i vdi van de an toan
lao ddng tai noi lam viec va sffe khoe cho
ngffdi lao dpng, dac biet trong cac khu
SXTT Trong khi dd, dffdi sffe ep canh
t r a n h ngay cang m a n h me da khien cho
nhieu doanh nghiep dffdng nhff dat van
de dam bao an toan lao ddng va sffe khoe
ngffdi lao dpng d phia sau Cac tai n a n
nghe nghiep v i n trd t h a n h de tai gay lo
lang trong nhieu khu SXTT, dac biet la d
cac doanh nghiep det may, da giay va
dien tff Cae tai n a n nghe nghiep thffdng
do nguyen n h a n hi di ffng cac loai hoa
chat, hi qua cang t h a n g , met mdi do cdng
viec dPn dieu, lap di lap lai, Nguy cP a n h
hffdng khdng td't tdi sffe khoe ma ngffdi
lao dpng phai dd'i m a t r a t ldn do thieu
trang t h i e t bi an toan lao dpng, chd nghi
ngoi giffa ca khdng phu hpp, cac hd trp
phuc vu ve sinh ca n h a n chffa tdt, he
thd'ng thoat hiem khi gap sff cd chay, nd
thieu hoac hi khoa,
Da cd r a t nhieu nghien cffu chi ra
rang, viec dam bao an toan lao ddng va
sffe khoe cho ngffdi lao dpng la h e t sffe
quan trpng Viec cung cap cac thiet hi hd
trp lao ddng va dich vu cham sdc sffe
khoe tdt se giup cung cd lao dpng, n a n g
cao chat Iffffng san pham, cai thidn n a n g
suat lao dpng, ddng thdi giam thieu sff
vang m a t va ty le quay vdng lao ddng
Dffdi day la kinh nghiem t h a n h cdng cua
Xingapo trong viec giam ty le tai n a n lao
ddng tai noi lam viec
Nhffng cd' gang cua Chinh phu Xingapo
trong viec dat tdi muc tieu giam thieu tai
n a n lao ddng va t a n g cffdng sffe khoe cho
ngffdi lao dpng da va dang thu dffpc ket
qua kha quan Sau khi thdng n h a t khung
ve an toan lao ddng va sffe khoe n a m
2005, cung vdi viec ban h a n h Dao luat ve
'noi lam viec, an toan va sffe khoe' nam
2006, Xingapo da ehffng kien sff thay ddi
ldn, dd la ty le lao ddng chet trong qua trinh lam viec giam tff 4,9 ngffdi/100.000 lao dpng n a m 2004 xud'ng cdn 3,1 ngffdi/100.000 lao dpng\
Hien nay, Bd N h a n Iffc (Ministry of Manpower - MOM) va Hpi ddng tff van ve
An toan lao dpng va sffe khoe (WSHAC) cung nhau xay dffng chien Iffffc qud'c gia
ve sffe khoe va an toan lao dpng tai noi lam viec (trong vdng 10 nam), trong dd chien IffPc n h a n m a n h tdi bdn van de ldn can dffdc cai each, dd la: n a n g Iffc; luat phap; khuyen khich va trao thffdng; va hop tac Theo dng Jukka Takala - giam ddc td chffc an toan va sffe khoe ndi lam viec chau Au - da n h a n dinh 'Xingapo la nffdc chau A dau tien dffa ra chien Iffpc qudc gia toan dien ve an toan noi lam viec va nffdc nay cd the se trd t h a n h t a m gffOng cho nhieu nffdc khac'
Bp N h a n Iffc va Hdi ddng tff van ve An toan lao dpng va sffe khoe da dffa ra mdt
sd y tffdng n h a m khuyen khich doanh nghiep quan t a m tdi van de an toan noi lam viec, dffa v a n de an toan vao sd hffu cua doanh nghiep MOM va WSHAC cdn cung cap nhieu thdng tin cd t i n h muc tieu thdng qua cac t r a n g web dien tff va cac tap san h a n g quy Ben canh dd, de giup cac doanh nghiep, dac biet la doanh nghiep vffa va nhd trong viec t a n g cffdng
an toan noi lam viec, WSHAC da dffa ra mpt chffpng t r i n h dac biet vdi t e n gpi
"bizSAFE" ChffPng t r i n h nay hffdng vao
hd trp cho khoang 130.000 doanh nghiep thdng qua tffng bffdc n a n g cao n a n g Iffc quan ly an toan va sffe khoe t a i noi lam viec Ngoai ra, MOM cung dffa ra mdt chffPng t r i n h mdi dffa vao sff cam k e t (hay cdn gpi la ProBE) vdi muc tieu la giup cac doanh nghiep hpc t a p va rut r a kinh nghiem tff cac vu tai n a n qua khff n h a m lam giam ty le lao ddng bi chet va thffong trong qua trinh lam viec N a m 2006, chffpng trinh ProBe da trung vao mpt
sd loai cdng viec cd dC _ gian giao, s a n
Trang 3XAY DUMG VA AP DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG VA DAO TAO NGHg KINH NGHIEM - THIfC TIJN [^t\\\
xuat kim loai, cdng viec vdi khdng gian
lam viec chat hep va k e t qua la da giam
33% so' Iffpng cac vu tai n a n chet ngffdi so
vdi n a m 2005 N a m 2007, chffPng trinh
ProBe hffdng sff t a p trung vao mdt sd
cdng viec cd lien quan tdi dp cao, cdng
viec sff dung cac thiet hi len xud'ng va
cdng viec trong mdi trffdng dn ao
Thang 4/2006, Chinh phu Xingapo da
cho t h a n h lap Quy Hd t r p Quan ly rui ro
vdi sd vd'n ban dau la 5 trieu dd la
Xingapo (S$) va van h a n h Quy trong thdi
gian 3 nam Tuy nhien, den 7/2007, Bd
Nhan Iffc da thdng bao Quy Hd t r o Quan
ly rui ro dffptc t a n g t h e m 8 trieu dd la
Xingapo Theo Bp N h a n Iffc, Quy Hd t r p
se giup cho khoang 3.000 doanh nghiep
khdi dpng chffPng trinh quan ly rui ro tai
nan lao ddng
Dao luat ve "Noi l a m viec, an toan va
sffe khoe" cd hieu Iffc tff ngay 1/3/2006 va
thay the Dao luat Xi nghiep So vdi Dao
luat Xl nghiep, Dao luat ve Noi lam viec,
an toan va sffe khoe cd r a t nhieu sff thay
ddi, chi trff vai trd cua Bd N h a n Iffc trong
viec dieu t r a cac vu tai n a n , benh nghe
nghiep la khdng cd sff thay ddi Nhffng
thay ddi co ban dffpc neu trong Dao luat
mdi deu dffa t r e n 3 nguyen tac chinh, dd
la: (i) cac bien phap tien phong de d a m
bao an toan noi lam viec theo hffdng
khuyen khich phdng ngffa, ngan chan hon
la giai quyet cac v a n de xay ra; (ii)
khuyen khich sff tham gia cua cac doanh
nghiep nam bat cac tieu chuan ve an toan
noi lam viec va sffe khoe nghd nghiep
hon la b a t ep, cffdng che theo cac quy
dinh luat phap; va (iii) trach nhiem d a m
bao an toan noi lam viec dffpc chia se cho
tat ca cac chu the (doanh nghiep va ngffdi
lao ddng)
Muc tieu cua Dao luat mdi la n h a m
giam sd' Iffpng cac tai n a n lao ddng tai nPi
lam viec thdng qua viec dffa r a mffc p h a t
cao hon cho cac h a n h vi quan ly an toan
va sffe khoe lao ddng kem va thieu bien
phap giam rui ro t a i ngudn Theo quy dinh trong Dao luat mdi, mffc p h a t tien cho cac doanh nghiep va cac ca n h a n khdng thffc hien td't quy dinh ve an toan lao dpng va sffe khoe tff 70.000 - 100.000
dd Xingapo Mffc p h a t cao n h a t cho cac doanh nghiep trong trffdng hprp t a i n a n chet ngffdi la S$500.000 va mffc p h a t cao
n h a t cho ca n h a n la S$200.000 hoac/va 2 nam tu giam, trong khi dd mffc p h a t cao
n h a t ddi vdi trffdng hop vi pham phap luat d a n tdi t h i e t hai ve ngffdi theo Dao luat cu la 50.000 S$ Trong vdng 17
t h a n g ke tff khi Dao luat mdi dffpc thdng qua, da 8 cdng ty va 3 ea n h a n hi budc tdi Cdng ty hi bupc tdi dau tien la Cdng ty trach nhiem hffu h a n Leelloys (cdng trinh
h a n g hai) Cdng ty da phai t r a mdt khoan tien p h a t do b a t can da de mpt ngffdi cdng n h a n bi chet trong qua trinh lam viec, ddng thdi ngffdi quan ly va giam s a t cdng n h a n bi chet (ten Low) cung hi k e t
an vao tu Mdt trffdng hprp khac, Cdng ty Takenaka cung da bi p h a t 70.000 S$ sau khi doan t h a n h tra, giam s a t an toan lao dpng den l a m viec t a i cdng ty va doan
t h a n h t r a da ehi r a mpt vai vi pham phap luat ve an toan noi l a m viec t a i cdng ty, mac du d thdi diem dd cdng ty v i n chffa xay r a trffdng hpp t a i n a n lao dpng nao Ben canh thay ddi ldn ve Dao luat noi lam viec, an toan va sffe khoe (2006), cac sang kidn, chffPng trinh ve cude sd'ng noi lam viec (work-life) thffdng xuyen dffpc dffa ra b a n luan Cac cude b a n luan thffdng cd sff t h a m gia cua Hdi ddng ba ben va Hiep hdi gidi chu Vi du, ngay 24/7/2007 cuoc tpa d a m ve cuoc sd'ng -cdng viec noi lam viec da thu hut hon 500 chu sff dung lao ddng, (phan ldn la cac nha quan ly cap cao va giam ddc n h a n sff)
va cac chuyen gia dia phffpng va qudc te cung chia se cac kinh nghiem thffc h a n h td't va thao luan cac v a n de n h a m p h a t trien va t h e che h d a cac chffOng trinh cuoc sdng - viec lam noi l a m viec Ngoai
$635(8+9/2010)
QUAN LY KINH TE ^
Trang 4[TOI KINH NGHIEM - THI/C TIEN XAY DUNG VA AP DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG VA OAO TAONGHE
ra, Quy Cude sd'ng - cdng viec d nOi lam
viec dffpc t h a n h lap 8/2004 n h a m hd trp
cho gidi chu sff dung lao ddng thffc hien
cac chffpng t r i n h ve cude sd'ng - cdng viec
npi lam viee va Quy nay da tai trp cho
khoang t r e n 400 doanh nghiep Tien tdi
Quy se hd trp cho t r e n 1.000 doanh
nghiep
2 K i n h n g h i e m v e x a y di^ng va a p
d u n g c h i n h s a c h d a o t a o n g h e c h o
ngi^dfi l a o d o n g c u a N h a t B a n
Ngudn vd'n con ngffdi la mdt ngudn Iffc
vd cung quan trpng, mang tinh chien Iffpc
khdng chi cho doanh nghiep ma ca qudc
gia De t a n g cffdng n a n g Iffc canh t r a n h
cua n e n kinh t e , hau h e t cac qud'c gia deu
dat muc tieu p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iffc
nhff la chien Iffpc sdng cdn cho p h a t t r i e n
kinh te dat nffdc, va r a t nhieu doanh
nghiep cho r a n g p h a t trien ngudn n h a n
Iffc la mdt trong cac each tich luy vdn tff
b a n cho doanh nghiep Ngay nay, r a t
nhieu nghien cffu cho r a n g Chinh phu
n e n rut khdi vai trd dau tau trong viec
cung cap dich vu dao tao ma thay vao dd
n e n hd trp, tao sff gan ket cac he thdng
p h a t t r i e n ky nang Chinh phu cd the
thffc hien nhiem vu nay thdng qua viec
ban h a n h khung khd phap luat can t h i e t
va tao mdi trffdng thuan Ipi cho p h a t
trien ky nang nghe nghiep
N h a t Ban trd t h a n h mdt cffdng qudc
kinh te ldn m a n h t r e n the gidi sau chien
t r a n h the gidi thff II Mot trong nhffng
n h a n td hdt sffe quan trpng giup cho sff
t a n g trffdng kinh te day an tffpng d N h a t
Ban la he thdng dao tao hffdng nghiep
cua N h a t Ban Ben canh sU thinh vffpng
ve kinh td, mpt he thd'ng phat trien
ngudn n h a n Iffc hffu hieu cung da dan dan
dffpc t h a n h lap d N h a t Ban Hien nay, he
thdng p h a t trien ngudn n h a n Iffc d N h a t
Ban van dffpc coi la mdt trong nhffng m i u
hinh t h a n h cdng n h a t t r e n the gidi
Trffde khi Luat Dao tao nghe n a m
1958 dffpc ban h a n h , dao tao hffdng nghiep chu yeu bd hep trong p h a m vi ke hoach phat t r i e n ky n a n g cua cac doanh nghiep ldn hoac hpc nghe tai cac n g a n h nghe thu cdng Thdi gian dd cd hai he thdng dao tao, mpt la dao tao nghe (tren
CP sd Luat An toan lao ddng n a m 1947)
va mpt la dao tao eho nhffng ngffdi lao dpng cd ky n a n g (can cff vao Luat Chuan lao ddng n a m 1947) Cac chffong trinh dao tao nghe chi la bien phap dd'i phd
n h a m hd trp n h a n h chdng lao ddng t h a t nghiep, dac biet cho dd'i tffpng quan dpi giai ngu, n a n n h a n chien t r a n h va nhffng ddi tffpng trd ve tff chien trffdng Luat An toan lao dpng dffpc coi la can cff de hinh
t h a n h cac trung t a m dao tao hffdng nghiep cdng
Dffdi khung khd Luat Dao tao nghe (ban h a n h t h a n g 5/1958), he thd'ng dao tao nghe d N h a t Ban bao gdm: Trung t a m Dao tao hffdng nghiep chung chuyen cung cap cac chffdng t r i n h dao tao ky n a n g cP
b a n cho dd'i tffpng tim viec lam; Trung
t a m dao tao hffdng nghiep toan dien (dffpc t h a n h lap bdi td chffc p h a t trien ngudn n h a n Iffc va viec lam cua Nhat Ban) chuyen cung cap cac chffong trinh dao tao ky n a n g dac biet, ky n a n g chuyen nganh cho ngffdi lao dpng va nhffng ngffdi lao dpng mudn chuyen nghe; Vien Dao tao hffdng nghiep Trung ffdng chuyen theo ddi, nghien cffu va dao tao giao vien dao tao nghe
Thang 5/1974, Luat Dao tao nghe lai dffpc sffa ddi mpt phan Sff thay ddi tap trung chu yeu: (i) cai thien viec thffc thi
he thd'ng dao tao hffdng nghiep; (ii) thuc day dao tao hffdng nghiep dffa t r e n sff hpp tac giffa cac khu vffc tff n h a n va (iii) hffdng cac td chffc t a p trung cac hoat ddng cua minh vao khuyen khich dao tao nghe va kiem t r a cae ky n a n g nghe nghiep cua ngffdi lao ddng Ben canh dd,
de dap ffng nhu cau c lam t a i dia phffpng va xu hffdng tl 3di n g a n h cdng
Trang 5X A Y DUT'JG VA A P DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG VA OAO TAO N G H £ KINH NGHIEM • THU'C TIJN [ ^ ' i l H
nghiep, cac trung t a m phat trien ky n a n g
va cac trffdng trung hpc dao tao nghe
dffpc t h a n h lap khap ca nffdc Ngoai ra,
de nhanh chdng p h a t trien dao tao hffdng
nghiep do khu vffc tff n h a n dam nhiem,
Hiep hpi trung t a m dao tao hffdng nghiep
qud'c gia da hpp tac vdi To chffc kiem t r a
ky nang lao ddng Trung ffPng t h a n h lap
Hiep hpi p h a t trien kha n a n g nghe
nghiep Chinh quyen dia phffPng cung
thanh lap cac Hiep hdi p h a t trien kha
nang nghe nghiep tai cac tinh Chffc
nang cua cac Hiep hdi p h a t t r i e n kha
nang nghe nghiep la n h a m khuyen khich
sff hpp tac giffa dao tao nghe nghiep va
kiem tra ky nang nghe nghiep, ddng thdi
cung cap cho cac doanh nghiep cac dich
vu tff van, bd trp, hffdng d i n va phd bien
dao tao nghe
Thang 6/1985, Luat Dao tao nghe lai
dffpc sffa ddi toan bp va dffdi cai t e n la
Luat Khuyen khich phat t r i e n ngudn
nhan Iffc Quan diem xuyen sud't cua Luat
mdi la khuyen khich va p h a t trien kha
nang nghe nghiep cua ngffdi lao ddng
xuyen sudt qua trinh lam viec cua hp d
Nhat Ban Luat mdi n h a n m a n h tdi t a m
quan trpng cua he thd'ng dao tao nghe
trong doanh nghiep va ddng thdi xay
dffng mdt he thd'ng cd ke hoach va toan
dien nham cai thien ky n a n g lao ddng
thdng qua chffPng trinh dao tao hffdng
nghiep cdng tff nguyen va dffdi cae hinh
thffc linh boat Khdng chi t a p trung dao
tao cac ky n a n g nghe nghiep, Luat
Khuyen khich phat trien ngudn n h a n Iffc
cdn tap trung p h a t trien ky n a n g dung
thdi gian cho t a t ca dd'i tffpng lao ddng,
khdng chi cho do'i tffpng lao ddng ma ca
cac nha quan ly va Luat cdn hd trp doanh
nghiep dffdi nhieu h i n h thffc n h a m
khuyen khich doanh nghiep cung cap cac
khoa hpc theo sang kien cua doanh
nghiep cho cdng n h a n cua hp
Trffde bdi canh kinh te xa hpi thay ddi
va dac biet la thay ddi cau true nganh
cdng nghiep, Chinh phu N h a t Ban da sffa ddi Luat Khuyen khich p h a t trien ngudn
n h a n Iffc vao t h a n g 6/1992 va t h a n g 5/1997 Cac sffa doi nay deu hffdng tdi muc tieu la (i) cai thien he thd'ng dao tao hffdng nghiep cdng n h a m dap ffng nhu cau lao dpng chat Iffffng cao, cd kha n a n g san xuat cae san p h a m ed gia tri gia t a n g cao; (ii) cung cap cac dff an hd trp ngffdi lao dpng tham gia cac khoa hpc p h a t trien kha n a n g nghe nghiep tff nguyen; (iii) t a n g cffdng hd trp doanh nghiep p h a t trien cac khoa hpc theo sang kidn cua doanh nghiep va (vi) khuyen khich hpp tac qud'c te de dao tao lao dpng gidi, day tai nang
Nam 2001, ddng di chuyen lao ddng dien ra ngay cang m a n h , Chinh phu N h a t Ban cho r a n g p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iffc
ve dai h a n neu chi phu thupc vao dinh hffdng ciia doanh nghiep thi chffa dii de dap ffng sff thay ddi nhu cau Chinh vi vay, Luat Khuyen khich p h a t trien ngudn
n h a n Iffc tiep tuc dffpc sffa ddi n a m 2001
De khuyen khich doanh nghiep phat trien chffPng trinh dao tao theo sang kien doanh nghiep, Chinh phu da eung cap cho cac doanh nghiep ke hoach hd trp cu the trong viec p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iffc, chang b a n mffc dp bao cap, cac dich vu tff van, hd trp, doanh nghiep
Quy Tai trp khuyen khich p h a t trien nghe nghiep da dffpc t h a n h lap vdi ngudn Iffc tai chinh tff cac Quy bao hiem viec lam Chu sff dung lao dpng se dffpc bao cap mdt p h a n tien Iffong va chi phi khi doanh nghiep xay dufng ke hoach va cd cac boat ddng lien quan tdi dao tao nghe cho ngffdi lao dpng trong doanh nghiep theo ke hoach dat ra Cac khoan tai trp
cu the gdm: (i) hd trp chi phi dao tao va 1/4 (mdt p h a n tff) Iffpng trong qua trinh dao tao (dd'i vdi doanh nghiep vffa va nhd, mffc nay la 1/3); (ii) hd trp phi dang ky giao due va dao tao hoac phi dang ky kiem tra kha n a n g nghe nghiep, ddng
Trang 6[TOI KINH NGHIEM - THUC TIEN XAY D U N G VA AP D U N G CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG VA DAOTAONGHI
thdi hd trP 1/4 IffPng trong sud't qua trinh
hpc (dd'i vdi doanh nghiep vffa va nhd,
mffc hd trp la 1/3); (iii) khuyen khich he
thdng dao tao nghe dai b a n vdi mffc tien
la: 300.000 yen cho gidi thieu he thd'ng
giao due va dao tao hffdng nghiep;
150.000 yen cho gidi thieu he thd'ng
hffdng nghiep theo tffng thdi ky va 50.000
yen cho mdi mdt ngffdi lao ddng khi hp
tham gia hffdng nghiep va (iv) khuyen
khich ngffdi lao dpng t h a m gia kiem t r a
ky n a n g nghe nghiep bang each hd trp
chi phi dang ky thi va 3/4 Iffdng khi tham
gia thi ,
CJ N h a t Ban, dac diem cua dao tao
nghe trong doanh nghiep la ket hop dao
tao chinh quy va dao tao tai chd Dao tao
ngffdi lao ddng dffpc coi la trach nhiem
h a n g dau cua doanh nghiep N h a t Ban
Ket qua cua dao tao (bao gdm ky nang, sff
hieu biet va kinh nghiem) dffpc coi la tai
san cua cdng ty, chff khdng phai la tai
san cua; ca n h a n ngffdi dffpc dao tao
Chinh vi vay, dau tff vao dao tao nghe r a t
da dang, dac biet d cac doanh nghiep ed
he thd'ng viec lam dai b a n Ben canh dd,
de ngffdi lao dpng cd the thich nghi linh
boat vdi mdi trffdng lam viec, ngoai viec
cung cap cac khoa hpc da dang, viec luan
chuyen lao dpng npi bd tff vi tri cdng viec
nay sang vi tri cdng viec khac cung giup
cho ngffdi lao dpng tich luy dffpc nhieu
kinh nghiem hon d cac vi tri khac nhau
Hien nay, de p h a t trien ky nang cho
ngffdi lao ddng, hau b e t cac doanh nghiep
N h a t Ban deu ap dung phffpng phap dao
tao tai chd trong qua trinh lam viec cung
vdi dao tao chinh quy trong thdi gian
ngan Dac diem r a t cP ban trong he
thd'ng phat trien ngudn n h a n Iffc cua
N h a t Ban la p h a t trien ky nang trong dai
han, do vay ma phffdng phap dao tao tai
chd ddng mot vai trd h e t sffe quan trpng,
tao ra ky nang nen tang cho ngffdi lao
ddng Dao tao tai chd cd the dffpc coi la
hieu qua n h a t va tiet kiem chi phi dao
tao n h a t Dao tao t a i cho cung dffgfc chia
ra lam hai loai, dffdi hinh thffc chinh thffc
va phi chinh thffc Dao tao t a i chd chinh thffc cd nghia la cd ngffdi hffdng dan, cd mpt lich t r i n h dao tao rd r a n g va cd dffa
ra tieu chuan d a n h gia trffde Ddi vdi hinh thffc dao tao chinh quy, cac doanh nghiep cd the gffi ngffdi lao dpng den cac trffdng hpc hoac cac vien, hoac doanh nghiep cd the tff md cac khoa hpc ngay trong doanh nghiep vdi thdi gian thffdng
la vai tuan hpc
CJ N h a t Ban, cac tieu chuan va thang bac cho mdi mpt n g a n h nghe la kha rd rang Ben canh dd, cac doanh nghiep
N h a t Ban deu ap dung he thd'ng d a n h gia
ve t r i n h dp ky n a n g tffPng ddi cdng bang
va dffa t r e n k e t qua d a n h gia de thffc hien cP che chi t r a cdng b a n g cho ngffdi lao ddng Cach phd bien n h a t de danh gia
ky n a n g cua mpt ca n h a n la sff dung do thi nghe nghiep va ffng vdi mdi dac diem cdng viec ed dd thi nghe nghiep khac nhau Ngffdi quan ddc se soan thao va sffa ddi dd thi nghe nghiep trong mpt khoang thdi gian n h a t dinh Hau h e t cac doanh nghiep vdi dac thu san xuat day chuyen
cd xu hffdng sff dung dd thi nghe nghiep thffdng xuyen bdi vi cho phep d a n h gia kha n a n g ve ky n a n g nghe nghiep theo chieu rdng va ca kha n a n g k h a e phuc cac van de trong qua t r i n h lam viec Hinh thffc t r a Iffong theo ky n a n g hoac t r a Iffpng theo cap dp (cap dac biet, cap 1, 2, ) la nhffng cdng cu h e t sffe hieu qua
n h a m khuyen khich ngffdi lao dpng p h a t trien ky n a n g cua minh Them vao dd, viec t r a Iffpng cho tffng ca n h a n cung se phu thudc vao khoang thdi gian hp lam viec tai cdng ty, hay la phu thupc vao
t h a m nien cdng tac Mffc t r a se t a n g dan qua cac n a m va dieu nay tao dpng luc cho ngffdi lao dpng d lai cdng ty, va khuyen khich hp n a n g cao ky nang
Sff p h a t t r i e n kha h:5u qua ngudn
n h a n Iffc d N h a t Ban ng chi nhd sff
Trang 7XAY DUNG VA AP DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAO DONG vA DAO TAG N G H I KINH NGHIEM - THU'C TIJN H^^llW
dong gop cua cac doanh nghiep ma vai
trd ciia Chinh phu nffdc nay cung r a t ldn
Hien nay, Chinh phu N h a t Ban da ban
hanh va dang thuc ep thffc hien cac quy
dinh va luat phap lien quan tdi p h a t
trien ngudn n h a n Iffc mpt each tffong dd'i
toan dien Ben canh dd, Chinh phu cdn
bao trp cho viec t h a n h lap cac trung t a m
dao tao hffdng nghiep cdng, vi du nhff
Trffdng Dai hpc Bach khoa, Trung t a m
Bach khoa, Trung t a m P h a t t r i e n ngudn
nhan Iffc sudt ddi (ten tieng Anh la
Life-long Human Resources Development
Center), Ngoai ra, Chinh phu cdn t h a n h
lap cac trung t a m phat trien ngudn n h a n
Iffc cho ddi tffpng la nhffng ngffdi bi t a n
tat Nhff vay, vai trd cua Chinh phu N h a t
Ban trong dao tao, hffdng nghiep la
nham: (i) thiet lap khung khd luat phap
phu hpp; (ii) t h a n h lap va quan ly cac
trung tam dao tao hffdng nghiep cdng;
(iii) xay dffng he thd'ng kiem t r a ky n a n g
nghe nghiep; va (iv) xay dffng cac tieu
chuan khoa hpc dao tao ngoai gid lam
viec va bao cap cho cac khoa hoc tff n h a n
dap ffng cac chuan mffc de ra (I Yan,
2007)
3 Mpt so' b a i h o c k i n h n g h i e m co
the t h a m k h a o doi vdri Vi^t N a m
- Can n a n g cao n h a n thffc va trach
nhiem cua doanh nghiep dd'i vdi van de
an toan lao ddng: Dffdi sffe ep canh t r a n h
ngay cang manh me da khien cho nhieu
doanh nghiep dffdng nhff dat nhe van de
dam bao an toan lao ddng va sffe khoe
ngirdi lao ddng Theo kinh nghiem cua
nhieu nffdc dang p h a t trien, van de giam
sat an toan lao dpng noi lam viec va sffe
khoe ngffdi lao ddng dffdng nhff cdn r a t
long leo, trong khi dd tinh t r a n g tai n a n
lao ddng v i n cd xu hffdng t a n g manh, dac
biet la cac nganh sff dung nhieu lao dpng
nhff: det may, giay da, dien tff, xay dffng,
Xingapo la dat nffdc r a t t h a n h cdng trong
viec giam ty le lao ddng hi tai nan Nffdc
nay da dffa ra mdt so' y tffdng n h a m khuyen khich doanh nghiep quan t a m tdi van de an toan ndi lam viec va dae biet dffa van de an toan vao sd hffu cua doanh nghiep Dao luat ve 'noi lam viec, an toan
va sffe khoe' cd hieu Iffc tff 1/3/2006 d Xingapo, trong dd Dao luat quy dinh mffc
^phat tien cho cac doanh nghiep va cac ca
n h a n khdng thffc hien td't ve an toan lao ddng va sffe khoe r a t cao Ben canh do, Xingapo cdn thffc hien cp che xff p h a t r a t nghiem minh, dieu nay da t a n g tinh phap
ly cua Dao luat mdi
- Chuyen nhiem vu dao tao nghe tff Nha nffdc sang doanh nghiep: Dao tao nghe ddng mdt vai trd h e t sffe quan trpng Lpi ich tff viec p h a t trien t r i n h dp
ky nang, tay nghe cho ngffdi lao dpng la
r a t rd rang Ban t h a n ngffdi lao ddng khi dffpc trang hi trinh dp va ky n a n g tay nghe cao thdng qua cac chffPng t r i n h p h a t trien kha n a n g nghe nghiep se ed nhieu
CO hpi hon trong viec tim kiem viec lam,
di chuyen lao ddng, va cai thien chat Iffpng cude sd'ng noi lam viec, cung nhff cude sd'ng gia dinh va dia vi xa hdi Doanh nghiep dffpc hffdng lpi thdng qua tang n a n g suat lao dpng, chat Iffpng san pham,
Trffde day, dao tao chu ydu dffpc coi la nhiem vu cua Chinh phu va Chinh phu la ngffdi cung cap chu yeu dich vu dao tao Ngay nay, do cd sff thay ddi n h a n h chdng khoa hpc ky t h u a t va doanh nghiep, nhiem vu dao tao do Chinh phu dam
n h a n khdng phai luc nao cung thich hpp,
va trong nhieu trffdng hpp nd khdng dap ffng dffpc nhu cau cua doanh nghiep va ca ngffdi lao dpng Trong nhffng linh vffc ddi hdi ky n a n g tay nghe cao, Chinh phu nhieu khi khdng theo kip vdi tien bp khoa hpc ky thuat Vi vay, nhieu ngffdi cho rang Chinh phu dam nhiem vai trd td't
n h a t trong viec cung cap, hd trp ha t a n g
CO sd cho viee nghien cffu va p h a t t r i e n (R&D) ban la tff dffng ra dao tao
$6 35(8+9/2010)
QUAN LY KINH TE
Trang 8Cj^l'lli^ KINH NGHIEM - THIfC TIJN XAY DUNG VA AP DUNG CHINH SACH AN TOAN LAG O O N G V A D A O T A O ^ I ^
O mdt so' nffdc, chang b a n N h a t Ban,
H a n Qud'c, Chinh phu cd xu hffdng chuyen
hoan toan khdi trach nhiem dao tao nghe
ma thay vao dd chuyen trach nhiem nay
cho doanh nghiep Doanh nghiep dffpc
hffdng nhieu ffu dai, khuyen khich, hd trff
t a i chinh tff Chinh phu de t h a n h lap cac
trung t a m , vien dao tao
Xem them trang web ciaa B6 Nhan lUc Xingapo
(www.mom.gov.sg)
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
ILO (2008), Minimun wages and eollective
bargaining: Towards policy coherence
Global wages report 2008/09, Geneva
ILO (2003), "Employment and social policy
in respect of export - processing zones (EPZs", Discussion paper (GB.286/ESP/3), Geneva
lYan (2007), Study on Training for Senior
skilled Workers: A comparision between Japan and China, The Japan Institute for
Labour policy and training