Li thuy6t ddng ctr^iy cua nha tAm li nguoi M!. e6i "hip .u-du d4ng trong oich thtrc fiib can, qic nghiEn crru c6 sg tl6ng thuin v6.qtr,an di6m cho reng li thuyil ddng chay c6 miii tuorg
Trang 137D./r
Jt-TAp chi Giao duc (2022),22123\,32-36
l)
Nguy-6n Thi Thanh 'Itrng Truong Dqi hgc Su pfum Hn Ndi
Emai I : tungntt@f nue edu vn
Article history
Received: 03/8/2022
Accepted: 3019/2022
Published: 05/1212022
Ke),\f,ords
Flow theory,
Csikszentmihalyi, leaming
flow, flow scale
ABSTRACT
ln the context of the Covid-I9 pandemic, maintaining leaming motivation,
espec,ially in the context ofapplying distance leaming methods, is one ofthe extemely impofiant issues Accordingly, *re inqufy into motivational theories has also attracted considerable interesl in academia This study provides a sysrematic view on the concept, affecting aspects, flow model and the significance ofapptlng the flow theory ofpsychologist Csikszenfinihalyi
in the field of education The research resuls show that although approaches
for nearly half a cennry have varied due to research contexts, th€y are all consistendy based on the concept of flow state, opinral experience and aspects of flow initiated by the psychologist named Csikszentrnihalyi In addition, the study also highlights the positive conelation of applying flow theory in education and schools and promoting leaming motivation of
leamen when the flow-oriented aspects of leaming flow are considered by the school itself, the teacher, the student, including ensuring clear goals, conc€ntratiorL timely response, challenges, controllability, balance between challenges and skills
Tim quan trpng ngay cang ong cta vin d,! duy ti tl6ng lw hqc t6p trong U5i cantr nen giao duc ff xa thirh tmg voi khung hoang do alai dich Covid- I 9 di t4o ra m6i quan tim &ing k6 cua gioi hqc thudt nhdm tim hi€u cic,li thuyet ttdng luc th tdn rgi Li thuy6t ddng ctr^iy cua nha tAm li nguoi M! - Csikszentrnihall khoi xuong voi tinh ph6 rqng &
trd thi,nh mot trong nhirng li thuyet tlQng lw thu hut su quan t6rr" binh luan va phit tri6n boi cic nha nghien ctu trong
nhi6u hoan canh kh.lc ntuu e6i
"hip .u-du d4ng trong oich thtrc fiib can, qic nghiEn crru c6 sg tl6ng thuin v6.qtr,an
di6m cho reng li thuyil ddng chay c6 miii tuorg quan thuin voi ddng luc hm viQc, hac 6p, su hai ldng; tl€ xuAt cric thang tlo, uic-yiu t6 antr truong tdi u?ng tllii ddng chay vn c.ictr ttliclam tni nao C6 dat duqc ddng ctdy t6i m trong
c6rc ngt canh kldc nhau; tl6ng thoi chi ra nhtng ham f 6p {ung trong cric linh vp rong tl6 c6 gitiLo d1tc, auotg hqc Tr€n co so tl6nh gi6 s6u rgng cic nghiCn cuu di truoc v6 li thuyEt ddng cldy, nghi€n.crm.nay nh6m mltc tlich ti6p
c{n khung li thuy6t ve quan n em phan ludng ddng ch,iy, cic m6 hinh ddng chAy va dC xuit nhtng tram ! cua viQc
vin dgng li thuy6t ddng chdy trong duy tri dgng luc hoc t6p cho nguoi hqc
2 K6t qui nghi6n cri,u
2.1 Qwn niin "ditng chiy" vd 'fuhdn lubng dbng chiy"
2 t t Vi quon niin "ddng chqv '
Theo Csikzentmihalyi ( 1975), 'tqng tluii ddng chriy'' li m$t thuit ngi chuy€n m6n de m6 ta cim gi6c tdl hoac
'rrni nghigm ti5i uu" ma mqi ngudi c6, nhu m6t y6u tt h0c diy trong c6c hoal tlQng hang ngny cua h9, chlng fun $i
nol tari viec thd rhao vd bi6u d-iEn nghQ thuit Li rhuyrir nay li6n tuc ttuqc Csikz.entmltratyinghien cttu vi phnt triin
nhim tim c6ch d6 mO ta m$l ft?ng ttxii mA o tlo dQng lw nQi tai xuit hi€n; gidi thich nhtng kinh nghigm t6i uu xuit
hiQn khi mQt nguoi hac d tr4ng th6i tinh thin cua su gin k& trqn ven voi mOt hoqt d0ng; t4o ra nhtng "ddng chay'' kinh nghiQm trong hEc tap c6 lqi d6 thric diy cam gidc ki6m so6t sU hii ldng vi thoa m6n (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990;
Shemoff et al., zot+) BCn canh 116, "ddng chiy''cdn li khdi niQm dung dii md ti tnii nghiQm khi hanh tlQng kh6o ldo vir thirnh c6ng (Csikszentrnihalyi, 202U "Ddng chay'hoic 'tnii nghiem tOi uu" teo thinh mot trang tluii trong
tl6 mqi nguoi tham gia vio mQt hoal dQng mi ducmg nhu kh6ng c6 gi kh6c quan rang (Csikszentrnihalyi, 1990;
Bergsutim et al 2021 ).
;Dong chriy", qang thdi uai
nghCm 6i uu tlugc tlfc trrmg boi su h6p thq hodn toan vdo nhi€m vu trong tim tay;
mQt sU k6t hqp gita hnnh dflng vd nhan thtrc Trong d6, li thuyet ddng clxiy duo c xdy dpg tl6 m6 ta nhtng thay tl6i
Trang 2E T?p chi Gieo dqc (2022],, 22\23), 32-fi ISSN: 2354-0753
vi khi nang vi tich l[y Vi dg kti thlrc hien mot hoat dong, mQt nguoi c6 thi! cdm thly dng mqi tht ddu '?di chiy''
mn kh6ng cin n6 lp lon nao vA kirt qua duqc tnii nghiQm Ie tich cqc, nrc li mQt nguoi co brii ngliQmdong ctuiy
Khi m6t nguoi trd nen c6 nlng lqc hoq mQt hoqr dQng nhat dinh se trdnCn it ttdah thrrc hon, dan tlen I'i0c nguoi tl6
kh6ng cdn trii qua "dong chay" nla (Csikszentrnihalyi, 1990, 2021) DE duy tri trai nghiQm ddng chiy, nguoi ta phrii UrOi lhuc su can bing gita cric rht tluich ttinh hu6ng mQl moi.md hqc sinh c6 quy6n tU do hinh dong chinh) vi ki
nnng (c6c khi nnng ho4c cdng cU mi hec sinh phii c6 d€ c6 th€ ildi ph6 voi m6t tht thi.ah) *Dong chdy" tlung tldi
h6i m$r qu6 trinh nnng dQng trong d6 nguoi hgc truc tuy6n d6p ung nhtng tlr,ich thric cd nhdn trong khi hqc 'iP
nhirng K neng moi fhi ngotf frq" fA, hu th6m nhi6u lir- neng-thi nhtrng tlxich rhtrc phdi tro n€n kh6 khdn hon tlii
git muc dQng luc cao
2.1.2 Phan lrcng dong chay
fii tu t<tri thi6t lip n6n tang cua Li thuy,St ddng chay, mot sii crich tiiip c6n tla <tuqc trinh bdy <l€ m6 tri lo4i trdi
nghiQm nay Csikszentmihalyi (1990) md a 9 ktia qnh cdn thi€t tl€ mot hoet tlong thuc da_f nanq t]fi ddng chdy:
(l) Muc ti6u 16 rang; (2) Phan h6i tich c1rc; (3) SU phn hqp giUa kl $nS oi nh11 ver thich thric; (4) HSp nhat hanh tl6ng vn nhin thtrcl (5) Tao tli6u ki€n tAp trungrio nhigm vp (6); H6 us cirn Ci6c ki€m so6t; (7) Met y thric tu gi6c
trong khi thgc hiQn nhigm vu; (8) Cam giac v€ thoi gian thay d6i: (9) Kinh nghiQm trd thanh tnii nghipm t.u dQng
(Csikszentmihalfl, l9m; Dos Santos et al., 2018; Csikzentrnihalyi, 2021)
Hoffrnan vd Novak (1996) th t6m tit c6a kich thusc tlo mir Csikszentmihalyi <ld xu6t thdnh 5 ludng huong:
( l ) Su huong thq; (2) Khri neng ngoai cnm; (3) T{p trung chri f (4) Su tham gia; (5) BiCn d4ng thoi gian B6n canh
tlq RodriguJz-Sanchez vd Schaufeli (2008) tuy€n b,5 ring, c6c kich thtroc rucrc ilAy c6 the duqc dox girin hoa voi 3
khia canh chinh: ( I ) Su hap thu; (2) SU thich thri; (3) S\r quan tem nOi tar
Theo Schmid (2010), vi* xric tlinh cric khia c4nh thric tDy tr.ang thrii "ddng ctr.iy''{ra tr6n sg phdn loqi "ddng
chay'' thnnh 2 loei: ( I ) Tnii nghiQm ddng chay (The Flow Experience): T4ng th,ii t5i uu ttugc m6.ri boi
96c -ca nhan c6 thc diiim chung li: 6p tnm g cao tlQ vdo nhigm qr dang ldm; ! thtc siu s6c v6 srr tham gia vi hoD nhat cua hinh
d6ng vn nhan thric; f thuc ki6m scret crc hinh tlQng cua mQt nguoi trong viQc giii quyet cdng viQc IiCn tai; thich thti
ho4c quan tim d6n hoat dOng; vd c.irn gi& m6o m6 v6 thoi gian (thuong ld thoi gian t6i qua nit nhanh) Do d6, s6c
trai nghigm ttu.oc dac tnmg bci c6c md tri nhu v{y tluqc gqi li trai_nghiQm ddng ho{c t4ng thei dong clxiy; (2) Gic
diAu kiQn ddng chay (The Flow Conditions): C6c ho4r tlQng cu th6 md tu d6 c6a c6 nhAn thu dugc kinh nghiQm vii
"ddng chdy" iit khic nhau Cic di6u kiQn niy bao g6m: (l) Tham gia vio hoqt dQng duo- c ba.chon vi lgiich cua
ri6ng minh; (2) Nhime ttr,ich thrrc iluqc nhan thrrc v€ nhi€m nr hiQn t4i tuong tl6i cao vd cin b6ng voi oirc ki- n6ng nhan thrrc cna m0t nguoi; (3) Gic mqc ti6u gAn rt rang tluop coi ld quan trgng; (4) Phnn hdi ngay l{p ttrc cho bi€t
thinh c6ng cua mQt nguci trong viQc tl4t tlugc nhtng muc ti6u nay; (5) Su chri i tip tnrng cao tlQ, thay vi phAn tin
ho4c ph6n tin.
Thim chi trong nghi6n ctu cta Sami Abuhamdeh (2020), tic giri cdn chi ra c6 24 cilch khdc nhau vir li do dugc
tlga ra ld boi lich J lau dai cua li thuy6t di c6 nhtng b6 srmg boi ng0 oinh tta d4ng vh khdch thd nghi6n ctru o nhtng
<li€u kien kh6Lc voi thoi ki mi Csikszentmihalyi ti6n hdnh nghi6n crru Tuy nhi6n, thrich thtic vi ki nlng <16 xuAt hiQn nhu hai tlidu kiQn chinh cho tnii nghiQm ddng chiy: nghi6n ctru tl6 li6n qrc chi ra ring khi cec tlt6ch thtic vir ki nAng
tuong d6i cao vi cdn bing, trai nghigm v,! ';ddng ch,iy'' c6 thii xiy ra Diiu quan trgng nhfu aOi voi qyi Einh thu
nghiQm duong nhu ld nh{n thric chir qun cua mQt nguoi vC th6ch thirc, K n6ng, muc ti€u, p}Lim h6i, quy€n tu cht vA
su chri f t$p trung
2.2 M6 hinh vi thang ib dbng chiy
Csikzentmihalyi al975) li nha ;ghi€n cuu tliu ti€n <tE xudt md hinh m6 ta tang thni "ddng chdy'' Ong dd x8it
"dong chiy" nhu mQt qng thrii cdm xfc d6i l{p voi tho o nem giira su ldch thich/lo ltrng&idm so6t lo lang/thu giin/budn ctr.in
Trong md hinh <liu ti6n, Csikszentmihall m6 ta 7 t4ng tlxii ca'rn nic kheg nhry li6n quan tl€n_"ddng chiy'':
(l) Kich thich; (2) Ki6m soit; (3) Su Io ngai, b6n kholn; (4) Thu gidn rong tim li; (5) Lo ling; (6) Bu6n ch6Ln:
izi Su thd o Trong m6 hinh Csikszentrnihalyi ban tl6q "ddng chiy' Ia.tr4ng mai cam xfc mi mgi nguoi c6 thd cd,rn
,han d,r* t ong J,io hoqt dSng cu th6 d4" biet,
",ic hoqr tlQng cung cAp sg cin bing gita mtrc dS K ndng cua con
nguoi vi mtrc tlQ tluich thrrc ho?t dQng ve phriLn hdi ngay lA-p tuc the hien F4ng th6i hoan toe,n dem chim trong cam giria 4p rrung tran qy sinh lgc tham gia tliy dti vd vui ve trong qruiL trinh ho4t tlQng- va ban cldl *ddng chdy" tlugc dac tnmg boi st, hip thu hoAn toan vio nhEng gi nguoi ta ldm vd nlit cim grric v6 khdng gian va lhoi glgn
(Csikzentmihall, 1975) Vdi ndm sau, cic nghiCn cuu moi tl6 tlu-o c ti€n hanh vi cric m0 hinh moi di tlugc d€ xuit.
Trang 3Csikszentmiha$ tta tl€ xuit mQt m6 hinh moi dqa tren md hinh cliu ti6n dai dien cho m6t m6 hinh tlor giim hoa, t6ng hgp c6n b6ng th.ich thtic ki nnng thinh tr4ng thii ddng chay Trong m6 hinh moi cua minh, Csikszentmihall
vriri nh^in tlinh fing tr?ng dlii "ddng clr.iy'' c6 th6 c6 c-rlc mric d0 kh.ic nhaq tuy theo oic ylu tii t<tulc ntrau
(Csikwentmihalf, I 990; Dos Santos et al., 20 I 8)
T?p chi Gi6o duc (20221,22(23),32-36
Abilitl
ISSNr 2354-0753
Hj6h
E
E
!
-a
rfinh t Md hinhTtang n a"?ii' )f"y Csr"E,*i hotyi, t e z 5 )
(Ctnl thich: Arousal - Kich thich; Flow - Ddng chay: Control - KiEm suit; Relddion - Thtr gidn trong tAn :
Boredom - Bu6n chan; Apathy - Sy tho o: Worry - In tdng; Amiety - Str lo ngqi, bdn
khodn)-Sau tl6, cic nhi nghi€n ctru khric tE tl€ xrlit clc m6 hinh vi bi6u di6n "ddng ch,iy" kh,ic nhau ltit cri rtiu fua tren
cdc m6 hinh ddng chriy cua Csikszentnuhalyi) Schell (2014) dd xdt mQr md hinh khriLc (hinh 2) ma trang ttr.ii "ddng
chdy'' co the khrlc nhau o m5i nguoi vi mrrc d0 tang th.ii "ddng chay' c6 thA lor hon ho{c nho hon t4i c.ic thoi <ti€m kh6c nhau cua hoat <l6ng Trong m6 hinh niy, Schell cfing di tl6 xuAt mgi ngr.roi c6 th€ ra vao trang ttxii "ddng clxiy''
mQt crich nhanh ch6ng Truc d6 nhi nghi6-n ctnr Sala ( 20131 tfe gtrii quy6t trang tlr.ii ludng bing ceah chia n6 rhanh c6c module (th6 gioi) kh,ic nhau, tr6n d6 m6i trang ttr.ii nim trong mQt khoang thoi gian kh,iLc nhau M6t tli6m quan
tro ng 14 ca mO hinh cua Sala (2013) vd Schetl(2O14) <l€u huong toi sg ilon gdn hoi cic yiiu tri t6c d6ng toi str van itQng cta ddng chriy, trong tl6 trip trung O yiiu t6 thri neng, ning luc cua cht thd (abiliry), su to ling lanxiety), s.u
bu6n chin (boredom) (hnh 2)
Abililiet Hiah
Hinh 2 MO hinh dong chay cua Sala (2013) vd Schell (2014)
(Chi thich: M6 hinh dong chay da Sala -,b€n tnii vd M6 hinh ddng choy cia Schell - bin phai)
Phep do qang thdi "ddng chdy" cing tld dugc d6 cip trong nhtng thdp ki qua Cho ddn nay t6n t4i mgt sd c6ng
Csikszentmihalyi ( 1990) tl€ xuit Trong nghi€n cfu ctu Dos Santos vA cdng sg (2018), mQt Eong nhtng c6ng cU
tluoc sri dung nhi€u nhit tl6 xic t[nh n4ng th.ii "ddng ctr.iy'' le Thang do trang th6i "ddng c]r.iy" do Jackson vd Manh
( 1996) dC xuet, h mot K thuat dC do t'4ng tldi "ddng chay'' cua mgi nguoi trong oic hoat tlong Hdc nhau, vi dq nhu
th€ thao, gieo dUc thC chat qb hoat dQng vi nhtng hoat tlQng khic Thang tlo trang ttlii "ddng chiy'' thuorg bao gdm clc c6u hdi li6n quan tl6n c6c chi€u "ddng ch,iy'' khric nharl ching han nhu muc li€u r0 rang, ptr.im h6i nrc thi,
sg pht hqp gi0a K nlng oi nhin vd thdch thtc vd nhtng ciu h6i khric
Gan day nhat, gen voi b6i canh rl4i dch vi cic ho4t tlQng di€n ra truc tuyen, trong nghi6n cuu cua.Lavoie vi cQng
sF (2021) .fi ph6t tri€n m6t thuoc do moi iluqc goi ld thang do "ddng chay''hai chi€u Vi€c phrit tri6n thudc tlo nay
;
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"*"
Control
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Trang 4Tap chi Giao duc (2022).22123]|,32-36 ISSN: 239-0753
xuar Dher tu vi6c Dhan rich nhen 6 cua c6c thuoc tlo "dong chay" hiQn tai cho thiy ring ciu truc hai chidu m viet
f,* ,i, * a; Jfrfdu vir hai chiiu nay co miii quan he Jit thrii voi cnrc bi6n s6 khdc Nghi€n cuu cua tic gd vir cQng
;;;;;-.]|,!ff*,c ctrrmg vi moi'quan he gi&a hai yiiu 16 niry bens crlch chi ra ring-cdc.trai nghifm Ii6n quan
dOng, trong tlo co hqc taP
2.3 Li thrqA dbng ch,ty vd mQt s6 hdn i' trong guio llte
cac nehien cuu rren cho ttriy vd henchit ii thuy6t dong chiy cua Csikszenmlhaly vd oic nhi nghi6n ctn ung
t O .m fi ilrv6t ney xet d6n cung d€u g6p nhau boi i6c khia canh cua ddng chdy/chieu ludng cua "ddng chAy" nhu
su t6o rune.-muc ii6u rd rhng piran hdi.'thach thuc tU chu (ki€m sodt) hoa nh{p tuong ulc xd hoi ndng cao kidn -ft;:.;A;;J;s,
,no nr,ml veu .m .ao quam triQt khi v{n dung li thuyilt ddng chdy vio trons cec hoat d6ns phii
dam brio: t I ) Holn toi.,n t6p trung vio cdnB viec: (2 ) Muc ti€u rd rang phin thuong trong ta.m ri vi tha.'.d.'* pl'i"
tf,u*"e, rSl'Lr uiec duong nhu iir te tv nhien trhOng ctn n6 l[c vir d€ dang: (6] Co su cin bang gina th*.thi:l v.i
f.iiar-S iZj Ha"h OOng vd ih6n thirc duqc trqp nhit, mit ai su suy ngdm t1r gi6c; (8) C6 cim giric ki€m sorlt tl6i voi
nhi€m vu."'"'Ci
i.6, q"a ngrricn cuu di tnroc c[ng_ iE chrmg minh m6i tuong quan thuan cua vifo vln dpng li thuyct ddng
cfriv trong qi6o duc, ruong hoc va ttrirc aiy aO"e f; hs" ,ap cua ngld hqc trong su6tqu6ng thoi gian li thuy6t niy
a,6 *ay"a-ung ph6t tri6n-vn mo rQlg Ph4m vi ung dung Trong qua trinh hqc 6p' d€ "dong chay'' co th€ xiy ra'
H; ,'dfid;ir;ai "xnh ra ,u k6tiqp'cua mqt hoa1d6 ng chua dyng thricb thuc ttring k6, vd mQt mirc tlQ K nnng
*""J,irfria ae t rO qua th6ch thtrc do'a?t duorc muc tiCu hqc tip.Ngoii ra, hoqt dqnc.hac tAl nuy.:u nFyI hs'
c6 mu c ti6q mUc tlichr6 rang xuit ph6t nr ben rong, ddng thoi nhin manh vio q,.i trinh cua ho4t <l6ng nhi6u hon
"a" i, pt a Xf,i ,ddng chd!" xiy ra, nguoi.hqcdat duqc tnii nghiQm tili uu sau khi wgt qua th6ch th&c nhd nhing
r.r: nang, n6 rrr
"u ua, ;ha", ,c lai #;'6; aa *"i
"rrrng ,r,a.hlhrrc
cao hon voi m6t K.nang cing cao hor d6 diSn
voi uiS frintr tnanl "ddng chdy" moi CuOi *g, "aOng.hay" diEn ra thuorg xuy€n nhit d nhirng cd nhin c6 muc
<tich 6 rang, nh{n ttuqc phnn hoi hrc th,
"a ti1in'oinr, ait uc tieu cua ha, vt hq cim gi6c duo c ci sy t, cht lin su
ki€m soit Do do vidc vin dung , ,t ryli a"ig *'jv o i ngiu:, *ong uigc tao dQng lgi hqc rap dua o n vifc dd ra
*fl *, VC, Jr, ,fta.f, tft* i,i,, a,i r,'uy tlQng nh[ng y6u t6 ben Eong-(lo- neng' nhng luc tu cht vd kiem so6t ben
tronp hin th6n nsuoi hoc) va sU rac tlong uri ta * nguoi d4y nguoi huong dnn M6i mot dong chdy duo c nguoi
no loirn ttt *, a,i tao ndn tdng cho nhtng "dong chriy" ti6p theo dugc hinh thinh trgng hac lap'
"'-DA
rfrf,ft;liffiei Jo.glnavy.1,i dthi€nl6ngivc hqc qp chonguoihsc thi cAn c6 sun5luc ttrcaphia nguoi
hoc vi phia nhi truorg cing nhu nguoi d4y Cu th€:
"* -';!;;;;; o;r' *8" tet i":lr'al biiu msc ti€u r0 rins" Mqc dich r0ranc.v.1t'alTnc h:l:an thi6t cho
", f,l6u Li6t cril nzuoi hoc vir tlam bio sU rd rirng vi m*c tidu nhiim rrl vir sg
hi,au bi6t Tren co so tlo cin duy tri
Ar* ,n"i aO qryei Am nh6t qurLn su6t cd quri rintr rham gia vio cdc hoat tl6ng hqc 6p khric nhau D6ng thoi tlim
bao sU d6nh thrrc c6c K nang, Hra Jng kiAm sorit, tU chu,-c6c hqc liQu duqc chuin bi san sang di! wqt qua it$ kh6
c,a cic thach thtrc dat ra, chri f giem thiiiu sU lo ling, xao nhing lirm anh huong toi qu.i trinh cua "ddng chay" hgc
@p ve thay vno d6 li duy tri cim-xirc thich thri, hai ldng di5i voi nguoi hqc'
-' _
thfc t1i tlQ kh6 vd trong khri ning c6c K nang cua'nfuoi hgc c6 th6 huy dQng gidi quy6r ituo c Ben cqnh do, nguoi
day vir nhd truong khi-vdn dung li thuyiit ddng chdy cin thdy dugc rmg dung hip din cua li thuy€t niy ld o trung
am aong cnay oo tt6, trong qu6 trinh aav hqc, co thd sip x6p cho nguoi hgc <t6ng vai trd trung tam "ddng chdy" n,,ti *ar"f,q"
"6,i "ac nhi€m vu, th6ch
thric pht hqp voi ch, di m6n hoc, bai hqc Viec dtmg gita trung tim "ddng
"
"iei ", iOi toinet idnr aone "hay mQt cich m4nh me, d6 hq ;othi: nhan ra ban chit
rich cuc cua vigc dung grta trung tim'.dang c-nay" ,a co aqng lgc d6 huy <lgng tdng th€ cdc ki nancl^nanqlu::T
bdn rhdn trong cdc h&iaong trqc 6p odng thoi nguoi d4v cirng cin chudn
!i n]r1d.u.13 clot H'ao ,tiy.dl ":
c6c ho4t tlQng tht th6ch tlii nguoi hqc rham-gia cho cic hoqt itQng gini quy6tv6n dd Vi€c trao nhi€u co h6i d€ trai nehi6m nlng luc cta nguo hqc c[ng chinn ia, c6t toi cua quri tdnh day hqc 6y nguoi hQc ldm trung tim' cho th6y
th6ch, kh6ng bo cu6c, rao su binrriiih'aat auqc trai nghiQm tdi * tro c"i ttinh tta" t{p cua minh qua mdi nam
hoc, cdp hoc
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ISSN: 2354-0753
3 K6t lu4n
Trong nghidn cuu ruy r6c $a tE ti6n hiurh tiep can hQ thdng lich st nghiEn criu vi li thuyiit ddns chav d6 xem x6t khii niQnL m6 hinlr cric khia canh cua ddng ctr^iy''vi ham i khj vpn dUng li rhuyiit rong mOi duong giao dU
Mgc ti€u cua bai hio nhim ning cao hi6u ui6t ve ti ttruya aong chiy va tirn"tciiim * lti""** *-n'|r,? t *ri
nghifm ddng ctuiy vir d$ng lyc hoc trip cda nguoi hqc Hiu h6r oic nghicn crru aiu kd thua va pkit trien ti th-uyet cua
9 ]k^:*ilrlll: *., nhiCn vi luqng q6c nghi€n ctu vd su vin dung-ti rhuyiit niy trong gi6o duc con khi6m t6n dec
bifl h d6i voi vigc duy tri tlQng lw hqc gp chq nguoi hoc dga tren nhtng *ulci rtrtrc va amr thrrc n6 lp, to nang
ctu nguoi hqc Vi& pc tlinh ilWc cic chi6u luiing vd ciLc thang tto cua n6 nong cric m6i auong gi6o duokS.ic nhau
li cen cri khoa hqc dd tric gia ti6n hanh <to lutmg trang t!4 'ddrE cluiy" hoc gp iua ngudi rrq" dole 6i E r*g e6o duc Viet Nam, dac biCt trong giai doan hac 6p n1rc tuy6n thich ung voi tiii dnh fu dich
TAi liQu tham khio
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