Hóa đại cương vô cơ (tập 2 sách đào tạo dược sỹ đại học) phần 2

PHAN LOAI CAC NGUYEN TO THEO CAU HINH ELECTRON oa'i TRANG THAI CO BAN • MOt trong nhiing thanh tutu vi dai cUa khoa hoc la thuyet Wong cUa the kY XX da dila ra cd sa J.S7 thuyet cho viec

MUC TIEU

1 Viet du'gc eau hinh electron ceca ccic logi nguyen

2 Giai thich nguyen nhan su kluic nhau ye tinh chdt ceza cac loaf nguyen to's, p,

PHAN II

Chi sing 11

PHAN LOAI VA TINH CHAT CHUNG

CCM CAC NGUYEN TO

1 PHAN LOAI CAC NGUYEN TO THEO CAU HINH ELECTRON oa'i TRANG THAI CO BAN •

MOt trong nhiing thanh tutu vi dai cUa khoa hoc la thuyet Wong cUa the kY XX da dila ra cd sa J.S7 thuyet cho viec sap xgp Bang tun hoan cua cac nguyen to hod hoc theo cdu hinh electron d trang thai cd ban (bang 11.1) D6 chinh la min lien quan giita trinh tit dign electron vao cac phan lap orbital va su hinh thanh cac chu kSr, cac loai nguyen to s, p, d, f (bang 11.2)

Be hieu cdch mo to va phan loai cac nguyen to, can nhac lai mot so khdi niem va dinh nghia

1.1 Ca-u hinh electron

— Cdu hinh electron nguyen tip caa cac nguyen to d trang thdi cd ban c6 the viet ducc bang each dien dan electron vao cac phan lop orbital cUa day nang Wong tang dan (xem bang 11.2B) vai s6 electron toi da duoc phep tren moi phan lap là s2,

p6 , d10 7 f14

- Cau hinh electron day clic dia mot nguyen to la cau hinh chi ra tat ca cac phan lap c6 electron trong nguyen tit cUa nguyen to dos trang thai

co ban

— Cdu hinh electron rat gon cua mot nguyen to chi vie-t cac phan lop orbital c6 electron sau khi trd li6n truck d6

+ Vi du:

S6 hVeu

Cgu hinh electron clgy du

Cgu hinh electron rut gon

Neu trong s6 cac phan lop sau khi tro c6 phan lop lop trong da bao hoa thi c6 the khong viet va cau hinh electron rut gon duoc vik ddn gian hdn Chang han, cau hinh electron cUa Se (Z = 34) chi vik 4s24p4 (xem bang 11.1)

Cdu hinh electron bao hod phan lap la eau hinh cua phan lop chlia s6 electron toi da Chang han, Cu (Z = 29) [Ar]3d164s1 thi phan lop 3d c6 eau hinh electron bao hoa vi chila so electron toi da (3d10) Cac cau hinh cua phan lOp s2, p6, fl4 cling la cau hinh electron bao hoa

Cdu hinh electron neta bao hod phan lap là eau hinh cua phan 16p moi

chlia 1/2 s6 electron tea da Chang han, Mn (Z = 25) [Ar]3d54s2 thi phan ldp 3d cc!) Can hinh electron niia bao hoa vi mdi có 5 electron, trong khi toi da dtidc pile') la 10 Cac cau hinh sl, p3, f7 cling la cau hinh nifa bao hoa vi mdi chlia 1/2 s6 electron toi da dtioc phep d cac phan lop ay Chi ST rang, cac cdu hinh electron bao hod va neict bcio hod phan lap la nhicng cdu hinh ben, thuong dudc van dung d4 giai thich tinh chgt cila mot so nguyen to

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1.2 Cac loci nguyen to

- Khi vigt cau hinh electron nguyen tii cua cac nguyen to theo chigu tang dan cua tri so di8n tich hat nhan (Z) thi cau hinh lop electron' ngoai ding (n) lap di lap lai mot each tun hoan tit nsl dgn ns2np6 (bang 11.1) Vay:

Chu kST 1a day nguyen to xgp theo chigu din tich hat nhan tang dan, c6 ding s6 lop electron n, bat dau la nguyen to c6 mot electron lop ngoai ding (nsi) va kgt thlic la nguyen to c6 8 electron lOp ngoai cling (ns2np6), trit chu kY

1 kgt thilc voi 2 electron (6 He 1s2) Su hinh thanh mot chu ky moi là su hinh thanh mot lop electron n S6 this MI cua chu ky = s6 lop electron trong nguyen tii cila cac nguyen to = s6 Wong tit chinh n

• Dgn nay, h8 thong tudn hoan cac nguyen to go'm 7 chu ky day du voi 118 nguy8n to [theo congb6 riled nhat, nguyen to co Z = 118 la nguyen to cuoi ding cua chu ky 7 da duoc digu dig] Tuy nhien, chi c6 92 nguyen to, den U (Z = 92) ton tai trong to nhien, s6 con lai la nhan tao va khong bgn

- Can cut vao eau hinh electron tom tat (bang 11.1), cac nguyen to dildc chia thanh 2 loci lon

1.2.1 Nguyen to chinh la nhfing nguyen to thuOc cac nhom A, c6 ldp vO

electron ngoai cling dang du'o'c xay dung tren phan ldp s (goi la cac nguyen to s) hay tren phan lap p (goi la cac nguyen to p) Vi lOp ngoai ding chi chita t6i

da 8 electron, ling voi cau hinh bao hoa ns2np6, dan dgn sit hinh thanh 8 nhom nguy8n to A tit IA dgn VIIIA Cac nguyen to trong cung mot nhom c6 s6 elcetron lop ngoai ding giong nhau va bang s6 that tut cua nhom

Cau hinh electron nit gon cua nguyen to s la ns'

Cau hinh electron rut gon cua nguyen top la ns2np'

Nhit vay, moi chu kk chi c6 tea da 2 nguyen to s va 6 nguyen to p Cac

nguyen to nay con &toe goi la cac nguyen to khong chuyen tiep , nguyen to chinh

1.2.2 Nguyen to chuye9n tap la nhang nguyen to thuOc cac nhom B, gdm 2 loaf:

+ Nguyen to chuygn tigp ngoai hay cac nguyen to d là nhcing nguyen to

ma nguyen di dia chiing dang xay dung lop v.6 electron tren phan lop

d dia lap thus hai ke tii ngoai vao

10 nguyen to d cho moi chu kST, bat dau tit chu kk 4 HiOn c6 4 day chuygn tigp ngoai da hohn chinh d cac chu liST 4, 5, 6 va 7

+ Nguyen to chuygn tie'p trong hay cac nguyen to f la nhung nguyen to

ma nguyen tit cua chung dang xay ditng lop va electron tren phan lop f cua lOp thus ba kg tit ngoai vao

2)f- Cgu hinh electron rut gon cac nguyennguyent6f la (n-guy 1 414 (n- 1)d°(1) ns2

yay,,có 14 nguyen to f cho m8i chu kY, bat ddu tit chu ky 6 Hien có 2 day

chuyen tiep trong da hoar] chinh 6 cac chu ky 6 va 7 Do la cac lanthanid va actin

- Tom lai, cac nguyen to dtioc chia thanh 2 loai lon:

+ Nguyen to chinh (cac nhom A) go'm cac nguyen to s va cac nguyen to p + Nguyen to chuyen tiep (cac nhom B) go'm cac nguyen to d ya cac ngUyen to f

Cha

• Cgu hinh electron rut gon cua cac nguyen t6 d va f c3 mot vai nguyen

to cu the có the thay d6i de schn dat duoc cgu hinh electron bao hoa hoac nita bao hoa ben hdn (xem vi du (3 cac nhom nguyen to tiep sau)

• Theo day nang ltiOng tang ddn (bang 11.2B), phan lop 4s thgp hdn 3d (do cac orbital s c6 kha nang xam nhap sau vao cac lop ben trong) nen electron phai dign vao 4s trttdc, sau do moi den 3d

Tuy nhien, khi phan lop 3d co electron, no se gay hieu itng chan lon doi vOi 4s, Can den nang Wong cua phan lop 4s tit do cao hdn 3d Hien Wong tucing to cling xdy ra doi vdi cac ns khac cila day chuyen tiep ngoai (cac nguyen to d) do hieu itng chan cua (n-1)d va cling ca d6i voi cac ns cua day chuyen tiep trong (cac nguyen to f) do hieu Ung chin dm cac orbital 1)d, (n-2)f Theo do, cdu hinh electron rut gon cua cac nguyen to chuyen tiep can viet thing theo trinh tki cac phan lop nhii da viet it tren va a bang 11.1

Goi cac nguyen to d va f là cac nguyen to "chuyen tiep" vi chUng nam giaa cac chu kY, c6 tinh "chuyen tiep" tii cac nguyen to s sang cac nguyen to p thuQc cac nguyen to cac nh6m chinh A (bang 11.2A)

Goi nguyen t6chuyen tiep "ngoai" vi cac electron dang lgp ddy phan lop d ciia lop sat ngoai (n-1) ya nguyen to chuyen tiep "trong" vi cac electron dang lgp ddy phan lop f lop sau phia "trong" niia (lop this 3 kg tit ngoai vao)

- Co nhieu cach sap xep cac loai nguyen to nInt da kg tren thanh Bang tun hoan

Thing tudn hoan clang ngcin chia thanh 8 cot china 8 nhom nguyen to

duoc ghi theo s6 La Ma tit nhom I den nhom VIII 8 nguyen to chinh (2 nguyen to s va 6 nguyen to p) cua moi chu ky duoc chia vita du vao 8 cot va có ten la nguyen to nhom IA, HA._ den VIIIA Nhd la, He chi có

2 electron nIning van dttoc xep vao nhom VIIIA la nhom cua cac khi trd có 8 electron leip ngoai cling

10 nguyen to chuygn tiep ngoai (nguyen to d) xugt hien tit chu kY 4 va

sau 2 nguyen to s 6 m8i chu ky Wang ling, &foe xep bat dau tit cot III va Mn

ltidt mang ten la nguyen to nhom IIIB, IVB den IB, IIB

Hai day nguyen t6chuye'n tiep trong (nguyen to f) xugt hien 6 chu kY 6, 7 va

sau cac nguyen to La (kiwi mao (6d1) cho day nguyen to d chu kST 6) va Ac (kiwi

mao (7d1) cho day nguyen to d chu ky 7) dtioc x6p ra ngoai bang 8 cot D6 la 14 nguyen t6 ho lanthanid (co ten nay vi chung dfing ngay sau nguyen to lantan va c6 nhigu tinh chat gi6ng lantan) va 14 nguyen to ho actinid (co ten nay vi chUng dUng ngay sau nguyen to actini va c6 nhigu tinh chat Wang tit actini)

7 chu ky nguyen to trong Bang tuan hoan dang ngan nam tren cac hang ngang va CO so thus ti di 1 den 7:

• Chu kY 1: chu ky dac biet, chi ggm 2 nguyen to s

• Chu kY 2, 3: In& chu ky c6 8 nguyen to (2 nguyen to s, 6 nguyen to p)

• Chu kY 4,5: m6i chu kyr co 18 nguyen to (2 nguyen to s, 6 nguyen to p,

10 nguyen to d)

• Chu kY 6,7: ing'i chu ky c6 32 nguyen to (2 nguyen to s, 6 nguyen to p,

10 nguyen to d va 14 nguyen to

Tit chu kY 4 den chu ky 7 duct goi là cac chu ky 16n, vi m6i chu ky chigm 2 hang ngang Ngoai viec c6 2 hang ngang trong khung Bang tuan hoan 8 cot, chu

kY 6 con ggm ca day lanthanid va chu kY 7 ggm ca day actinid x6p ngoai bang

+ Thing tuan hoan clang dai hoan chinh thg hien m6'i chu kY nguyen to

chi bang mgt hang ngang nintO bang 11.2A

+ Bang twin hoan clang dai khong hoan chinh ghi mgi chu ky nguyen to

cling bang mgt hang ngang,.nhung van x6p cac lanthanid va actinid ra ngoai khung chung dg bang dtioc gon hon (bang 11.1)

Thiic ra, cac Bang tuan hoan clang dai duoc xem la sit gian ra cua Bang tuan hohn clang ngan Vi the, s6 hieu cac nhom nguyen to A, B a bang dai van duoc ghi theo s6 hieu cila bang ngdn Om 8 cot chinh

2 TINH CHAT CHUNG CIJA CAC NGUYEN TO NHOM CHINH (A) Truoc.khi xem xet chi tigt tinh chat va ling dung cila m6i nguyen to trong cac nhom theo chigu doc, chUng ta khao sat su bign de;i chung theo chigu

Tinh chat cila cac nguyen to chu ky 2 tit Li den Ne bign crdi dung nhu ta c6 thg suy ra tit can tao nguyen tii cua chUng Bang 3 bieu thi xu hitting cua cac tinh chat nguyen tit, vat ly, hod hoc quan trong nhat cua cac nguyen to chu kY 2 Nhin chung, nhfing xu hudng nay cila cac tinh chat cling dp dung duoc cho cac chu kY khdc Can luu y nhung digm chinh sau:

- Cac electron lam day 1 orbital ns va 3 orbital np theo nguyen ly loai trfi Pauli va quy tac Hund

- Kich thuoc nguyen tit nhin chung giarn, trong khi nang Wong ion hod thu nhat va dg am dien nhin chung tang, la 'ket qua cim si.1 tang dien tich hat nhan Z va s6 electron duoc dign them vao cling mgt mac nang Wong (nen Z' tang dgu clan)

Tinh kim loai gfam, cac nguyen t6bie'n d6i tit kim loai den a kim va phi kim Hoat tinh hod hoc manh nhat d cac nguyen to d'au ben trai va d'au b8n phai cua chu kST, trif nguyen to khi hi6m

Lien ke't glita cac nguyen tit cUa cang nguyen to (don chat) bign d6i tit lien k6t kim loai den mang deing hod tri, r6i den phan tit rieng va nguyen tit rieng Tinh chat vat lS7phan 6.nh digu nay Co mot su bie'n doi d6t ng6t ranh gic3i mang phan tit gifia carbon (ra.'n) va nito trong chu kST 2

Lien ke't cUa cac nguyen to voi mot phi kim boat -hi/1h manh bie/n doi tit ion dgn tong hod tri phan ale nhigu, r6i dgn Ong hod tri phan c~tc it hoac khong phan elle •

Lien ke't cua cac nguyen to vOi mot kim loai manh bign d6i tit lien ke't kim loai den d6ng hod tri phan cuc, r6i d6n ion

Tinh acid - base cilia cac oxyd thong dung trong nuoc thay d6i tit base den hieing tinh roi den acid khi lien ke't gifta nguyen to v6i oxy tra nen d6ng hoa tri hon

Tinh khit cua kim loai giam, tinh oxy hoa cua cac phi kim tang Trong chu kST 2, s6 oxy hoa ph6 bign bang s6 this to nhom A d6i v6i Li va Be va bang so- this tit nh6m A trii di 8 do'i voi 0 va F Bo c6 vai so oxy hod, Ne khong c6, con C va N c6 tat ca cac s6 oxy hod theo each tinh tren

Luon ghi nho digu ktu y sau: do kith tit& nh6 va s6 orbital han ch6,

nhfing nguyen to chu kj, 2 co, mot so tinh chat khong dcti din cho nhfing

nguyen to khdc clung nh6m d cac chu lqrsau

3 TINH CHAT CHUNG CUA CAC NGUYEN TO CHUYEN TIEP (B) 3.1 Dac tinh chung

Nguyen to chuygn tie'p chigm gift cac nhOm B trong Bang tun hoan, la cac nguyen to d va cac nguyen to f (bang 11.1 va bang 11.2A)

Cdc nguyen to chuyen ti6p c6 nhigu tinh chat lS7 hod khdc biet voi cac nguyen to chinh Tinh chat dm cluing it bie'n d6i hon: chang han, trong khi cac

nguyen to chinh trong moi chu kST bign d6i tit kim loai sang phi kim, thi tea cd cac nguyen to chuyen tie' de'u let kim loaf Hon nfia cluing c6 nhigu bign d'6i da

dang va that thuong: trong khi phan lon cac kim loai nhom A dgu khong c6

mau va nghich tit, thi nhieu kim loci chuye'n tie'p vet Op chat cica chting the hien meat vet thu4n tut Nguyen nhan cua nhfing khac nhau ay chinh là sit

khdc nhau vg cau hinh electron gifia hai loai nguyen to

3.2 CSu hinh electron

- Phia tren, c3 muc 1.2, ta da bi6t nhiing dac diem cau hinh electron ciia nguyen to d va nguyen to f 6 day, qua bang 11.4 ta thay ro rang lion cau hinh electron cila cac nguyen to d, lgy chu liST 4 lam vf du

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