Mấy vấn đề về lược khảo văn học (3 nghiên cứu và phê bình văn học) phần 2

J,TGON NGD" VAN CHUaNGKieu cua bach Khoa; cony ngoai Bac, chU'a thoat khOi thu- duy gUo dieu, khOng phai de ra ltboi Mn chu nghia duy nhU'ng it ra de vU'O'n t,H rnQt thu- duy Sang suot»

BG()N NGfJ" VAN CHUa-Ne

CHUaNG II

I n

binb vall AQC cUngo nhU' nghien CtfU van hQcla

chi trCr thanh mQt sillh v&i I&p ngU'o-i dau tieR

van hoa Phap

Vao khoang 1934-35, cod mQt cai «djchll phe binb

Sirih pbe binh<Y ttU'&c ta b£t dau nhfrng

pM bioh va ciiog chtra co nhii'ng ly thuyet,

Nhfrng bai pM binh trong cac bao thU'o-ng chi

phai do nhfrng ngU'o-i chuyen hiln ve pM binh, ma do chinh nhfrng nba van bien

N6i cho dung, hau het nhiing bai diem sach nay

Qiing khOng dAng gQi la pM blnh vi m9c dichthU'O'ng

Wntluheach dn

hOc-ta ph! Mrth bing tfch khen bay ch! ,A kJien ch! tUy nhtl" tac 8ii cuOn c6 cUng pbe alnh

D&i khi liri qua tiing Itti -glhcae chi khoDl

-C6ag khuyah hri , u(jo,tQbh: ahitDB btit •

.•lIUJIg tr$a chli-i baLm"t sat-oh,au m9t ;de -1ICaohf

Diy g1lr·khi' nghi den ,nft&ng NM't Linh!

.1 Mung nha van rna ta Jilu-y Pllv-C'J$ic6

,1!ifb nq6m 1\t',I¥"(: :v:6i,dt ca pA&ne'

VaQ tra cfi. m6'i thvc SV c6 nhitnw

'1»li phe,bmh dUngdin ya -<:6 tac

bay gic7, via con' etuve xu d1lJ2g.

mien Naill.ngtf;Oi yin cbVa qua ml!t» dU'VC

J,TGON NGD" VAN CHUaNG

Kieu cua bach Khoa; con(y ngoai Bac, chU'a thoat khOi thu- duy gUo dieu, khOng phai de ra ltboi Mn chu nghia duy nhU'ng it ra de vU'O'n t,H

rnQt thu- duy ((Sang suot» coi mOo kieu Lukacs, hay Goldmann

Dieu cbtlyla 0- mien Nam, c6 dieu ki?n tiep tnu nhu ng quan meri cua tay phuO'ng tir nai mU'O'i nlrn nay ho-n, ma kh6ng co nhfrng TrU'O'ng 'fuu, Vfi ng'Qc Phan khac ap nhfrrg quan meri d6

cua Tuyen, ve Chinh phlJ ngam, De

long Van v6i «Nguon uU'6c trong thO' Hi) xuan HuO'ng) ehU'a phai Ia nhfrng ap thanh cong hay mhfrng cong trinh dang rna loi thoat khOi 1'lhfrng .(;l.n dl1'Crng moD

Mt;1c dieh chU'O'ng nay Hong ph.ii nhiim trinh bay lieh sir phe binh van hQc Vi?t-nam, ding kh3ng phit nham gi6i tat cd nhfrng quan van hQc cua the gio i nhU'ng de 5th cho van de ra & ehU'O'ng ba: Ngon ngiT Van chlrO"ng va phe van hQc : qua sinh ho.t phe binh, qua nhfrng quan phe blnh

£6 phe binh dU'Q'c khOnl!' the n?iO la phe blnht va

la gi6i etia.mc;>i phe binh ?

N6i each khac khong phai dirngaquan diem phebiah

van hQc de trinh bay lieh su pM binh van hQc, nhtrng '" quan diem ly van hQc de phe binh pM blnh van

NGuyh¥ vANTRUNG

Trong vien ttrQ'ng d6, chU'O'ng nAy se chi

etang bien 0- Au-Ch£iu nhU'Dg chU'a 4U'Q'c

eli&-lIl9i phe blah trong chU'O'ng ba

Nhii'ng quan niem pM binh ci1 nhU': ph! binh luSn phe binh an tU'9"ng chu quan giao dieu, phe:

binh gUo khoa, ph! blnh tam Iy va ph! blnh xa Mi.

Jdta slob e4a Same t&m phan h9C vtt cMt ella

Bac1telard, tim phan binb etia C Maul'On, phC binb coo dl, pile blnh CO'ciu

r lVG6N NGO' VAN CHUaNG

PH1N I

quan pile blnh cO Phi blnh 6n-tU'C]'ng chu quan, g160

PM biob an tU'gng la mQt hU'&ng phe bioh khOng

c·,ja ngtr<'ri dQc, tac ngU'&i phe binh di tim minh

France da n6i: «nba phe binh gioi la ngtr&i

Phe binh tU'gng dU'a den thai dQ thU'Crng

ngU'&i dQc chi muon t?O dU'gc nhfrng cam giac khoan

minh v&i tac gia

:qinhien trong khi bay to nhfrng cam tU'Crng, phe binh an tU'Q'ng khong tranh khOi st}' khen che, d

chuln ttOl1g ahi't111 tl!u chulu cbinh phil U9'P vcYi

thuQc sO- thfch chu quan cua m&i ngU'o-i

pM blnh muon gan cho nhiing cam tU'ang phe phaa d"a do cM quan cua mlnh mQt gia trj phl> bien

V1!Cvan chU'O'ng khong dung nhfrng ylu tiS ngoai v.an

1'akhoi sir xli h9i tho-i dii cua tic gao ]);rngIii {T

hay ve thttc 1$i, 11. xl &fl.••

: NOON NGfJ" V AN CHUaNG

net tren ctia 16i pM blnh an tlrQ'ng Co tim thiy 0- no-i m¢t so nha phe blnh cfau tien nhU' Bao-duy Anh, Thieu Son, Hoai Thanh, Vfi ng9c Phan,

Tftr0'ng Chinh •

Ong f)ao duy Anh mqt nha n ghien cu-u dl1 nhU'ng kbi di vf10 phe binh ong theo quan 50

t1.rQ'ng Oug dinh Kieu, !1ghien cu-u

Str tU' ttro-ng cua Du, nhU'ng khong dung nhii'ng

s1! kien thu-c do giai tJ:tichvan chU'O'Tlgtt Kieu trM oag chu trtrO'ng mQt· thai dQ thU'o-Dg khi

dQc van chtfO'ng Kieu nhU" ong· da viet: (,{chung

ta sO- di yeu chuQng Kieu khOng phii vi no Co lam skh Iy cho d&i, rna chi vi trong sich 5y Du da dung nh frog Uri van

de rung dQng tam hon ta ,» ma lai van than 5y

theo hQ Bao «khOng ai la khOng cam thOng! NhU'ng biet het cat hay 5y Ia dieu rat khO, ma giai thich cho ra het cai tinh vi khUc ay la dieu

kh6 nUal)

OngThieu SO'n trong «(PM bloh d Cio (I9'Jt

rie dinh mt;1c dich ctia phe binhIa a:dqc dum cho ngtriri khac', nghIa 13 n6i len cai nghia ly eua cau cai h;1Y dO- ella lai van, nhtrng Thieu Soon khOng cho biEt car C1Z V20 diu Dc djnh cai hay dir, nghia It va vi

·n8 NGuyt.N VAN TRUNG'

Iy ella rn9t tae N6i deh khac, nhu-ng dinh

pM phan, Soon de ra chi cO dnh cach C' ;; quan

va gi;io dieu Ngoai'fa trong tae phe bin! Thieu 'Soon llhlm pM binh nhiing nhin nha val" hl'o'ng th6'i, nhU'ng Thitu SO'n dt it cM j den' ,; , gi&i

ty mi sir, than va s't! cua , \ van

va nhat la khOng dting nhfrng kien thtrc ve : ':u sir,

·than the lOt;' gidi thick van chttcyngeu: lCgii Nha phe binh di vao tac gil !ac pham nhu' tim mQt stf gO' doi va doi chut," -panh llhfrng \Ian de rna chinh nha pM bioh th:ie mftc, y. Thieu Soon da ehi coi tae gia minh pM binh nh11' m¢t -cO' h9i eng neu len m<}t van de, m<}t van de rna e6 tae gia da de va nha pM blnh lay ban them tAn rQng, de roi bay to quan diem cia mlnh

'1, khOng dongy v&i tac gia, hay ca t'(1ng taegia

hoic dinhehfnh bi) khuyet nhiing y t11'o-ng da tac

gii ma nba phe blllh cho la ihieu x6t, hay khong h9'P IY Thieu SO'n khOng nham tdnh bay m9t each eo'M thong mq.ch l:;le eM trUOODg cua mQt tac gia, phan nhfrng diem cUa m9t nha van, lam n6i b$t th't!c dQc dao cua m6i tac gia; trai 8ng, chi 19'i d'(1ng nhfrng tac pham cia ngU'o-i khac de suy

w. va bay to thai cam nghi cua ong ve nhfrng van

4i ollg neu len.

NG()N NGtt VAN CHiTaNG

pbai yan chtrO'ng, coi van chuO'ng itbt, mQt iioi biet

gi;ii thfch van chuO'ng Khi viet «Thi nhan Yitt-nam» Hoai Thanh tuy c6 cho' ta hiet qua loa ve tieu sir 811'

cua nba thO', nhung khong dung nhii'ngS1!

dang 0- cae chi Trang an, Tieu thuyet th'U' bay v.v.

va pM blnh 5n tU'9'ng

Hoai Thanh cho rang khOng nen giai thich dt nghia

, NGuyAN vAN TRUNG

dieh khong phai C'lia hal thO', de ma

chi nen rung cam boa dong vi g;ai thieh dt nghia

Setieu chat.thO', chat van ehtrO'ug:« Chat thO'

bang trong can phai dtrQ'c cam tMy deh hOn nbien.-Cir phan tach, giang giai n6 se tan die

mn day phai im hO'i phii btr6'c meri hong nMn thay cli khi diu dang thuy khi traug huy ho}ng»

Trong bal {( van phe binh» Hoai Thanh quan

mQt tfnh akh : tim cai tim cal trong tlJ'

binb•••

«Nitavan pbai 00 mQt tam hon gi3U tinp cam

I JH1gdQng tr1.!Vc mQi cai t\1'nlden;nhl phe'blnh

elng ph3i e6 m9ttam hon guu tin,b camhiltrung truO'c cai dl;Ptrong van Rup.g mQt cacbt\1

&hi@n Kh6 la 0- eM nay. Ch4ngt\; phaD deu

m:ang nhfrng thanh nbir.:,g qQin·do hoan dnb do sach vbtlem nbiem tir }Au doin vi tht

UtrCrng c6 ve chenb t.ch

muon pb@' binil mQt thO' hay m¢t'.yln

tfUtYC hlttaphii qutnmQi thinh kien ,phaidQc

_h tvnhitn Xe.m van nhtr t,W.mbi dsn

NG6N NGt! VAN CHUaNG

L11c dliu khang nen tim uguyln nhlo vi sao 1$1 hay ;

c6-t tim m6i cam se hcic lit lSi, hoij,c khong th1,fc))

T.T, thu- 7-s6-35 :.26-II-Ig3r

hay a mQt bong hoa Lam sao ngU'Cri ta l:;ti cU' ep bong boa phai thanh qua 1a ngbia Iy gi "? MQt ti hU'O'Dg man mac luc canh trU'cYng, nhii'ng m!u xinh tU'O'i rung rinh dU'6'i anh treri -khi ban s6':n khien cho kbach giang

hoa hay sao)) (Trang an 15-8-35)'

'(rong mQt bai bao khac, Holi Thanh cbi tclch

«nhu-ng y kiea cUa nha phe bi nh CO khi chlnh tac gia

14- 9-193 5).

NGUYEN V.4.N TRUNG

.U' 110M khong cho biet phai can ett

-hay _ca·4.p, nhfrng deu chu5n d6 c6 gia tri pho

haly kht>ng

T.ng th\fc te "lnb, Hoai Thanh ding 'chi biet ,d\fa va di cantIVC qu n, khieu th1m my chU quae ctta minh • dinh khen che rnathai

000

V DI<te Ph,n 13 tac gia bQ • nba van »

ma aay C1 mien Nam con dtrQ'c trQng dt;1ng lh\fc ra Vii ngQc Phan chi c6 rotlg dl mQt bQ sach

chien Thf thOi quan pM binh va dinh -pM binh trong bg sach co mQt gia tri dit dang nghi ,nglY, la d6i v&i chUng ta agay nay

0 0 0

Viillg9CPhan da chi chu tr9ng den van chtrO'ng 'va ding van chtrO'ng ra khoi nhfrng gi:ii thich tjm

ly, X3 Mi,ljch 811-.Chinh vi the rna Vii ngQc Phan phan phe blt:\h kMc v&i var hQcsfr Van hQc S1Xd\n xet 't6'i sir, than "the cu¢c diYi nha van, cOn pM binh

vi chi l'd€n nhat IIItaC pbZim hi?\'1 d?J, khOng can xet t6'i siX, CU9C Oal nha van Trong

Nha van hi?n trtr tam anh eu;> 11M van

fNOON NGtJ' Tl'iN' ciiuaNG

!Vii ngQc Phan khong cho dQc gia biet gi ve ngay s;nh

R<>i (ft'rng trong Hinh vtyc thuan tuy van

ella nha van

11t:a b1:nh phU'Q'ng ph?p phe blnh cia miuh: «Oli

phtrO'ng phap cot yeu ctia nha pM binh chan chinh va

c6 tai Ia trong m9t v-an nhu-ng dl hay va

ca·a pMi lam nhtr the n3(':o <:\:0 hay, vi neu (fa hay thl

nay trong phep pM blnh [,";0 gify cung pMi dl sat vai

nhau thi S1f pM biah m,:':-j c6- the coi l.a &y ati. Mqt

11aO 1I trang Is8 :,';:j1 van HE>)

do-r;GTJYEN VAN TRUNG

(van phai can xu-ng: deo gQt, tam11 thOng thU'o-ng), ,cng ·d'ing chi long khen che roi trich vann;la

nghe thtp t Mn hoi vacIS tinh cachkhoa hQc cMng

tthifng chcr da dU'Q'c ghep lam sao, can c{r vaO nhih.g

t:ung c!l.tng theo h£n mOt 11 thuyet oao r5 ret,

pMn doan cua cac nba phe blnh tay pbU'ong va lam cho ngU'<ri ta co cam -tlro-ng eng lay nbii'ng nha van, nhung

nhfi'ng nha van Vi?t nam

va phe bang nhfrng c'unhtr : «Trong mii khOn6 dU'Q'c thilt th\1'c, nhU'ng ai da dQc diog d.eu phai chu y

van tay phU'O'og : «Cai 161 lip mgtycao nhU' ng.trQoi

"NG6N NGtJ' V AN CHua KG

ta thU'Crngthay trorg n' tl'ng ng:b c&a Ana-E>fe

chti t 12'0'118 roail:ghi » ( ;jp. trang 34)

N6i each nhfrng xet phe phan coa Vi]

c?cu gili churrhfrng dm tU'o-ng, phan trng cr,u quan cUa ngtt'OoiaQCva nhfrng cau van trich vinkhOng ph;»

de t:Sch mot deh khoa rQc, mQt quan tI1U?' rna chi de hI'( c};o ell-m

t\fo-ngt phan {rng chu qu::m".ital1},a pH binh

000

T r l1'O'ngChf.nh cling theo mQt15i pM blohfU'e'''V t1,t'

cuaThieu 50'n : 19'i d{lr g tac pI ella ng'i'O'i kha de

bay to nhfrng van de, nhfrng tinh cam rua minh,·oi

la se tandong qu.n ni{ m (ua tac ga viphtl J1Q'p

them de tac gia neu len, de nban nJq,nh "lao tam quan trQng tinh each tr)im trl;lDg ctia n6 cM: g khi TrU'O'ng Chinh phe binh «f)oq,n cua N-a' Linhhay

«Thanh nien S.OSo eua T1U'O'ng Tim, eng bay tb s1,t'

yeuaang ve nhfrng van de xa hQi tn', Nhat Linh

va TrU'O'ng Tu-u, da neu len, nhfrng van Seding lam c-ho ang ban khoan, mai, va pM blnh 0- doi v60i

,ilng chila gi6ng them tieng chuong cho van de tro -tbanh trQng, cap bach hO'n :II

Vande tbanh nien trQ,Y Iq,C, vi the Ja van di

NCUYEN VAN TRUNG

thiet dtn tt'O'ng tai nei giong ta :ll' {Dtt'&i toi,

t:ang13B

()()o M(>t eua .! pHbinhan tU'(tng,

ella quan, gHo dieu Iil 1i,:, '1"; dlJ'a vic nhfrng yeu t5

ngoaivan ":HrO'ng detim "1(;' va giai t1;;:chvanchU'O'ng

(dnetr v> an-hQc sir, v;; \"','-Geri, t1;« Qq.!tacgia,

vilo-1uaAnl'y :?:,' ",y, a h6"_,1v,V _, t",ng kh" !lu;?ng" quan nly'"'''A_

phebinh g:"J khoa, luan ly, 't :'rr> Iy, Xa-)<i deu d\fa

van eh'lO'Dg Nha p:le bi:nh da dJi din e-tr vao- h'" , ' f , , kh\, h

c p am vatwng tac pnam em xet {1l-n 1-a

Quan phe blnb chi C?;1 cu- VaGtac ph!im-k-hong dung, ciing khong sai, vi laffi'?t !l;adlQU m'}t quan trong nhieu quan M¢t quat?- ni(m phe hinh

(phe biah chii de"C:i,i.Ci etC pM binh

CO'cau cititique structurale) (-Ling chi din elf vao tac

Nhu'ng nh'fng quan phc b nn nay that: lSi phe blnh tU'gng dl ,rC.hai U'U \ii:m :

I -Tren phtt'O'ng b9 giiii thich

1:9c, n 5tr'phap",-but phap hQc, Ij tuo-ug ttt'Q'og 511'

-binll thana mQt van hh, S\f t<}-o mgt -cau van

.NOON NOU V ANCHUaNG

2 - Tren phU'O'ng nQ.i dung: hQ ding khOng

b6 Hmly,.Xii MiT Triet 19 'Ii hQ tim Iy

Triet Iy X3 hQi, nhU'ng la tir tac khOng phii lay t:lm 19 Xli-h9f, triet It khaeh quan giai thieh tac

Ghinhu- mQt philn aon cua nhung th1fe khOng ph2i

-van ehU'O'ng,

ltlng bay to nhn ng dm ttro-ng rung dQng eua nha phl

blnh khi dQe fa: 13 gicii thich theo nhii'ng

bO nhii'ng lib cuet:k ph11m v6'i tac gia, theri

degia khuyet danh hay vo dat,h

Phi binh 9160 khoa

ta :nQt loi phebinh c6n rat thfnh Mnb Hau het Rhung sach giao vanhQc sUo, hay sac\} pM

binll tfic gia nay deu it nhieu' d1!a tren quan

phe bloh nay ThO'i tJcn chien, m9t so nha' binh nhtr Tran thanh Le Thanh, Kicu thanh DtrO'ng qcang cii,ng eta: ap d\lng nhfrng doi hi?i

cuaphtrO'ng phap phe binh giao

diem eua phU'O'og phap nay la dung van 1i9c'

sUo,Cu9cd<ri, thoi clla t.kgia tim va; cua gia Do d6 pM bloh giao khoa khac v&i phi blnh:lti tUQ'ng vi lien tac pharo v6'i tac gia, th(ri nhtrng cflng khac nhfrng phtrO'l1gphap dt}.'avaoTim It,

XlihQi h9C,Triet bQc,nghiatanhfrng yeuto khOng phac

van chtrO'ng degi3i thich, clt nghia van chuO'ng

NgtrCri tieu hO'n ca cita phU'O'ng phap phe \:'Ii

gi30 khoa la Lanson taC van hQc sir Phap II

tHistoire de 1a literatune francaise) xuat ban vao

cae nha trU'<rng Trong bai 11!a, Lanson d5 phac hQa nhung doi hoi, nhu-ng lam cbinh cua nba phe 'binh

Y dinh eua Lanson rl1t khiem ton: giup di'

ahu-ng ngtroi mM btr6'c vao dia van hQc (hQc sit,h sieh vien) hieu van chU'O'ng va hieu Mng each giai thich Ijeh sirvanhQc nghla 13 tac tac giaV30 trong van hQc sUo Htr6'ng t;p1 hilu chia lam hai

, lfG6N NGfJ'vANCHUO'NG

x.- Tim d6'i s(Sng t!c gia ma Lanson

cho-dng colien Mden tac

2 -Bloh van bang each tim hieu xuat xtr, nguiln goc ban van, xac dinh anh htrlrng t;ac gilda nMn dU'Q'c

vl yva 1<'ri Van

Tinh th3n pM blnhla tim lzieu hO'n H ph! ph:5n doan Noi each khac, co going trinh bly each tbanh blnh, khach quan vai thai dl? rnl?t ngU'&i aghien ctru M\1c dieh 1a chi l:)m sao xac djnh dU'Q'C dung nhirng S1,1' va tim ra dU'Q'c nhieu511"

lien quan den' dlu tac veYtU'o-ng, c6t l&i van, ma khOng co v<;>ng ci1:t nghia

tac pharo nhirng1y do quan ngoai vb ohtifO'Jlg d1,1'3 vao lam 1y, xa hOi hQC)

Trong tinh than tim cho dtrQ'c nbieu 81;1' va

I\t' xac dang, nha pM binb se eo tim nhfrng chi trong do-i song tac gia, nhitng bien ci5 da xay

ra trong cUQc deri tac gia, nhfrng hOaD dnh song vai nhfrng ngU'&i, chung quanh tac gia, d1i lien quan the 0;;0 den nhfrng yttl-ang, nhirng khung canh: hay nhfrng tinh t1,1' gia rno ta !rong tac pham

nhtr m¢t caicO-,cal dip cho tac gia lambat

thO' do, hay cai khung cho t:k gii xay d1,1'og cat!1

d6 ; nha pM bioh eung se danh taft flhfrng thien

nl9 nhii"ng diem toi, nghiva. d&i song tAclia

NGUytN V4N TRUNG

blng eacb tim ra dU'Q'c nhfrng tat mo-i; xac th1J'c

do-i song ,ac gil Tat ca nhfrng S\1' kien d6 se giup

et6, diu vando hay lily rotI' U \ do.Ho?c nha phe binh

va anh hU'Crng nha van aa nMn :

.-Tac pham c6 phaia dung tac pham v)in dU'Q'c nhin

!thIn kh6ng, c6 phai la dung cua dc gia van dU'Q'c gan

den tac tac gia b1ng ca<:h co tim dU'Q'c nhfrng ban

VaD chU'a ai tim rae Roi trong chinh diu van, xac dinh'

CMng ve ytu:&ng nay tac gia da dQc dU'Q'c .(y tac

chu-ng nhfrng qua quyet tren cua minb chir kbOhg phai

mQt cong trinh nghien ctru tim kiem khoa hQc, d\fa vaG

ti; LyttrCrngIatim ra dU'Q'c nhieu s\1' xac dangcho

moivan deneu len nhlt' Lansondavi& :«Um sao Mlam