Ebook pueraria the genus pueraria part 1

Pueraria The genus Pueraria Edited by Wing Ming Keung Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA London and New York Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis First published 2002 by Taylor & Francis 11 New Fetter L[.]

The genus Pueraria

Edited by

Wing Ming Keung

Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

London and New York

First published 2002

by Taylor & Francis

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Taylor & Francis Inc,

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

© 2002 Taylor & Francis

Typeset in Garamond by

Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,

or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers

Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information

in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility

or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available

from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0–415–28492–9

List of contributors Foreword Preface to the series Preface The editor

1 Pueraria: botanical characteristics

L.J.G VAN DER MAESEN

2 Ethnobotany of Pueraria species

CONNIE COX BODNER AND THEODORE HYMOWITZ

3 Pueraria (Ge) in traditional Chinese herbal medicine

YOU-PING ZHU, HAN-MING ZHANG, AND MING ZENG

4 Pueraria tuberosa DC: contraceptive efficacy and toxicological profile

SANGEETA SHUKLA AND R MATHUR

5 Chemical constituents of Pueraria plants: identification and

methods of analysis

HAOJING RONG, DENIS DE KEUKELEIRE, AND LUC DE COOMAN

6 Chemical components and pharmacology of the rejuvenating plant

Pueraria mirifica

JOHN L INGHAM, SATOSHI TAHARA, AND GERALD S POPE

7 Biosynthesis and natural functions of Pueraria isoflavonoids

TAKASHI HAKAMATSUKA AND YUTAKA EBIZUKA

8 Pharmacological effects of Pueraria isoflavones on cardiovascular

system

SIANG-SHU CHAI, AI-PING ZHAO, AND GUANG-YAO GAO

9 Preclinical studies of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) as a treatment for

alcohol abuse

WING MING KEUNG

10 Human studies of kudzu as a treatment for alcohol abuse

SCOTT E LUKAS

11 Chemopreventive effects of isoflavones on estrogen-dependent

diseases: osteoporosis and cancer of the breast, prostate and

endometrium

CHUN-KOWK WONG

12 Chemistry and hepatoprotective effect of Pueraria saponins

JUNEI KINJO AND TOSHIHIRO NOHARA

13 Mammalian metabolism of Pueraria isoflavonoids

KEISUKE OHSAWA AND TAKAAKI YASUDA

14 Synthesis of naturally occurring isoflavones and their analogs

ANWAR JARDINE

15 Research and development of Pueraria (Ge)-based medicinal

products in China

GUANG-YAO GAO AND WING MING KEUNG

16 Kudzu, a valuable potential commercial resource:

food, paper, textiles and chemicals

LLEWELLYN J PARKS, ROBERT D TANNER, AND ALES PROKOP

17 Friend or foe? Changing cultural definitions of kudzu

KATHLEEN S LOWNEY

Connie Cox Bodner

Genesee Country Village & Museum

1410 Flint Hill Road

Mumford, NY 14511-0310, USA

Siang-Shu Chai

Department of Physiology

Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences

Ji-nan, Shandong 250062

People’s Republic of China

Luc De Cooman

State University of Gent

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Harelbekestr 72

B-9000 Gent, Belgium

Denis De Keukeleire

State University of Gent

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Harelbekestr 72

B-9000 Gent, Belgium

Yutaka Ebizuka

Graduate School of Pharmaceutical

Sciences

The University of Tokyo

7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku

Tokyo 113-0033

Japan

Guang-Yao Gao

CBBSM

Harvard Medical School

250 Longwood Avenue

Boston, MA 02115, USA

Takashi Hakamatsuka

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Science University of Tokyo

12 Funakawara-machi, Ichigaya Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0826 Japan

Theodore Hymowitz

Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois

Urbana, IL 61802, USA

John L Ingham

Department of Food Science &

Technology University of Reading Whiteknights, P.O Box 226 Reading, RG6 2AP, England

Anwar Jardine

Gillette Advanced Technology Center, US 37A Street, Needham

MA 02492-9120, USA

Wing Ming Keung

Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine Harvard Medical School

250 Longwood Avenue, Boston

MA 02115, USA

Junei Kinjo

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science Fukuoka University

8-19-1 Nanakuma Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan

Kathleen S Lowney

Department of Sociology,

Anthropology, and Criminal Justice

Valdosta State University

Valdosta, Georgia 31698

USA

Scott E Lukas

Behavioral Psychopharmacology

Research Laboratory

East House III

McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical

School

115 Mill Street, Belmont

MA 02178, USA

Dr L.J.G van der Maesen

Department of Plant Taxonomy

Agricultural University

PO Box 8010

6700 ED Wageningen

The Netherlands

R Mathur

School of Studies in Zoology

Jiwaji University

Gwalior 474 011

India

Toshihiro Nohara

Laboratory of Pharmacognosy

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Kumamoto University

5-1 Oe-honmachi

Kumamoto 862-0973

Japan

Keisuke Ohsawa

Tohoku Pharmaceutical University

4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku

Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558

Japan

Llewellyn J Parks

Rhizoma Corporation

120 Rivermont Court, Sheffield

Alabama 35660

USA

Gerald S Pope

c/o, Department of Animal and Microbial Sciences

University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AJ, England

Ales Prokop

Department of Chemical Engineering Box 1604, Station B

Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA

Haojing Rong

State University of Gent Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Harelbekestr 72

B-9000 Gent, Belgium

Sangeeta Shukla

School of Studies in Zoology Jiwaji University

Gwalior 474 011 India

Satoshi Tahara

Department of Applied Bioscience Faculty of Agriculture

Hokkaido University Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589 Japan

Robert D Tanner

Department of Chemical Engineering Box 1604, Station B

Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA

Chun-Kowk Wong

Department of Chemical Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital

The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong

Takaaki Yasuda

Tohoku Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1, Komatsushima, Aoba-ku Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan

Ming Zeng

Department of Pharmacognosy

School of Pharmacy

Second Military Medical University

Shanghai 200433

China

Han-Ming Zhang

Department of Pharmacognosy

School of Pharmacy

Second Military Medical University

Shanghai 200433, China

Ai-ping Zhao

Department of Physiology Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Ji-nan, Shandong 250062

People’s Republic of China

You-Ping Zhu

Foundation Hwa To Centre University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1

9713 AV, Groningen The Netherlands

It is with great pleasure that I have the opportunity to evaluate the manuscript of

Dr Keung’s book Kudzu, Pueraria lobata, and its relatives are important economic

plants They are valuable resources for medicines, food, fiber and fine chemicals The

earliest written record for the use of Ge (the Chinese name for Pueraria) in China dates

back to 1000 BC The long history of human relationship with Pueraria can be traced

from at least 600 BC via written records from Asia to Europe and America During the last two decades, we have witnessed an explosion of research on the medicinal and indus-trial applications of this genus Thus, a comprehensive book with both the concise description of the age-old knowledge, as well as authoritative scientific information that

parallels the rapid increase in our scientific understanding of Pueraria, is long overdue.

Wing Ming Keung pioneered the work on the scientific validation and molecular

basis of the alcohol craving suppressive activity of Pueraria lobata His thorough and elegant research on this pharmacological activity of P lobata, from the identification of

active principle to the elucidation of site and mechanism of action, serve to illustrate

a rational process for identifying and evaluating high potential drug candidates from traditional Chinese, and for that matter other indigenous, medicine This book could not have been put together by a more appropriate scholar than W.M

This is the first comprehensive work on the genus Pueraria It covers the science,

history, chemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, industrial applications, socio-cultural aspects, etc., virtually all that we currently know about the genus In line with the increasing current interest in phytomedicines, herb-based dietary supplements and

health-care products, the recent discoveries of new medical properties of Pueraria are

also reported

This book provides detailed accounts on the use of Pueraria in traditional Chinese

medicine (TCM) and on the new scientific findings that led to its applications in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in modernized Chinese medicine (MCM) The convergence of ethnopharmacological evidence from a number of Asiatic countries/ races such as China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Burma, and India, strongly speaks for the medical value of Pueraria The evidence has been amply validated by modern science The active ingredients responsible for Pueraria’s diverse pharmacological activities, includ-ing antifertility, antiaginclud-ing, anticoronary artery and cardiovascular diseases, anticancer and antialcohol abuse, are identified as isoflavonoids and saponins

In the past, treatment has been too often the sole approach to medicine But with the world changing, there has been a shift in effort towards the integration of prevention and treatment of diseases Factors that have propelled such changes are, among others, aging of the world population and the continuously rising health budget with the

growing demand of the general public for health care In this age, a better approach to the eradication of illnesses like cancer and heart disease is by placing more emphasis on prevention and relying less on treatment The chemo-preventive activities of Pueraria-based medications for cardiovascular diseases and stoke, for osteoporosis and cancer of the breast, prostate and endometrium, and for liver diseases in general, are authoritatively presented in this book Pueraria-based medications or health food products can be used

to prevent these medical problems of the aging population and the associated economic burden of this on society

This is a truly comprehensive coverage of the genus Pueraria The expertize of

con-tributing authors range widely from taxonomy, botany and cultivation, herbal medicine, sociology, anthropology, zoology, food sciences and technology, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, phytochemistry, synthetic chemistry to psychology Research scientists, graduate students and professionals working in these fields will find this book a valuable resource In light of the tremendous publicity and misinformation generated around the market place, this book also provides laymen with accurate descriptions of what is really known about the therapeutic efficacy of various medicinal products derived from this genus

Hin-Wing Yeung, Ph.D

Director Institute for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine

Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

Preface to the series

Global warming and global travel are among the factors resulting in the spread of such infectious diseases as malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and HIV All these are not well controlled by the present drug regimes Antibiotics too are failing because of bacterial resistance Formerly, less well known tropical diseases are reaching new shores A whole range of illnesses, for example cancer, occur worldwide Advances in molecular biology,

including methods of in vitro testing for a required medical activity give new

opportun-ities to draw judiciously upon the use and research of traditional herbal remedies from around the world The re-examining of the herbal medicines must be done in a multi-disciplinary manner

Since 1997, 20 volumes have been published in the Book Series Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants – Industrial Profiles The series continues It is characterized by a single plant

genus per volume With the same Series Editor, this new series Traditional Herbal

Medi-cines for Modern Times, covers multi genera per volume It accommodates for example,

the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), the Japanese Kampo versions of this and the Ayurvedic formulations of India Collections of plants are also brought together because they have been re-evaluated for the treatment of specific diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis, cancer, diabetes, etc Yet other collections are of the most recent investi-gations of the endemic medicinal plants of a particular country, e.g of India, South Africa, Mexico, Brazil (with its vast flora), or of Malaysia with its rainforests said to be the oldest in the world, etc

Each volume reports on the latest developments and discusses key topics relevant to interdisciplinary health science research by ethnobiologists, taxonomists, conservation-ists, agronomconservation-ists, chemconservation-ists, pharmacologconservation-ists, clinicians and toxicologists The Series is relevant to all these scientists and will enable them to guide business, government agencies and commerce in the complexities of these matters The background to the subject is outlined below

Over many centuries, the safety and limitations of herbal medicines have been estab-lished by their empirical use by the “healers” who also took a holistic approach The

“healers” are aware of the infrequent adverse affects and know how to correct these when they occur Consequently and ideally, the pre-clinical and clinical studies of a herbal medicine need to be carried out with the full cooperation of the traditional healer The plant composition of the medicine, the stage of the development of the plant material, when it is to be collected from the wild or when from cultivation, its post-harvest treatment, the preparation of the medicine, the dosage and frequency and much other essential information is required A consideration of the intellectual property rights and appropriate models of benefit sharing may also be necessary

Wherever the medicine is being prepared, the first requirement is a well documented reference collection of dried plant material Such collections are encouraged by organ-izations like the World Health Organization and the United Nations Industrial Develop-ment Organization The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in the United Kingdom is building up its collection of traditional Chinese dried plant material relevant to its purchase and use by those who sell or prescribe TCM in the United Kingdom

In any country, the control of the quality of plant raw material, of its efficacy and of its safety in use, are essential The work requires sophisticated laboratory equipment and highly trained personnel This kind of “control” cannot be applied to the locally produced herbal medicines in the rural areas of many countries, on which millions of people depend Local traditional knowledge of the “healers” has to suffice

Conservation and protection of plant habitats is required and breeding for bio-logical diversity is important Gene systems are being studied for medicinal exploit-ation There can never be too many seed conservation “banks” to conserve genetic diversity Unfortunately such banks are usually dominated by agricultural and horti-cultural crops with little space for medicinal plants Developments such as random amplified polymorphic DNA enable the genetic variability of a species to be checked This can be helpful in deciding whether specimens of close genetic similarity warrant storage

From ancient times, a great deal of information concerning diagnosis and the use of traditional herbal medicines has been documented in the scripts of China, India and else-where Today, modern formulations of these medicines exist in the form of e.g powders, granules, capsules and tablets They are prepared in various institutions e.g govern-ment hospitals in China and Korea, and by companies such as Tsumura Co of Japan with good quality control Similarly, products are produced by many other companies

in India, the United States and elsewhere with a varying degree of quality control In the United States, the dietary supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 recognized the class of physiotherapeutic agents derived from medicinal and aromatic plants Further-more, under public pressure, the United States Congress set up an Office of Alternative Medicine and this office in 1994 assisted the filing of several Investigational New Drug (IND) applications, required for clinical trials of some Chinese herbal preparations The significance of these applications was that each Chinese preparation involved several

plants and yet was handled as a single IND A demonstration of the contribution to efficacy, of each ingredient of each plant, was not required This was a major step forward

towards more sensible regulations with regard to phytomedicines

Something of the subject of western herbal medicines is now being taught again to medical students in Germany and Canada Throughout Europe, the United States, Australia and other countries’ pharmacy and health related schools are increasingly offering training in phytotherapy

Traditional Chinese medicines clinics are now common outside of China An Ayurvedic Hospital now exists in London and a degree course in Ayurveda is also available here The term “integrated medicine” is now being used which selectively combines trad-itional herbal medicine with “modern medicine.” In Germany there is now a hospital

in which TCM is integrated with western medicine Such co-medication has become common in China, Japan, India, and North America by those educated in both systems Benefits claimed include improved efficacy, reduction in toxicity and the period of medication, as well as a reduction in the cost of the treatment New terms such as adjunct therapy, supportive therapy, supplementary medicine, now appear as a consequence