GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH 4 (Dành cho sinh viên ngành Toán – Tin)

For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical

LỜI TỰA 3

UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS 4

UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER? 11

EXERCISES 12

UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS 16

UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS 22

EXERCISES 23

UNIT 5: STATISTICS 31

UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES 37

EXERCISES 38

UNIT 7: CALCULUS 44

UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING 50

EXERCISES 52

UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 56

EXERCISES 57

UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 62

EXERCISES 63

GLOSSARY 70

UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS

Pre-reading:

1 Would you like to do science?

2 Which branch of science do you like?

3 You are studying mathematics, why do you like it?

Mathematics plays an important part of your lives Today mathematics is of the great use to many sciences, so more and more mathematical books are printed in many languages, especially in English

Anyone who works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able to talk about numbers and shapes Notice how following numbers and shapes are said in English

Numbers:

28% : Twenty-eight per cent

10.3 : Ten point three

9

4 : Four ninths (four over nine)

42 : Four squared

53 : Five cubed

54 : Five to the power of four

1.623.457 : One million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand,

four hundred and fifty seven

2

+ : Absolute value of two

Derivation of y’= 4x+1 (y’ equals four x plus 1)

Function of y = 2x2 + x + 1 (y equals two x squared plus x plus 1)

+2 : Positive number two

-2 : Negative number two

4

3 : Three is numerator and four is denominator

103 : Fraction three over ten

10

3

2 : Mixed number of integer two three over ten

AxB/(A)(B) :Parentheses (A)(B)

AxB/A.B : Dots A.B

How we can read the following mathematical formulas in English: 2x + 3y – 2 =

x

Z

4

3

(Two x plus three y minus 2 equals three Z devided by four x)

Four basic operations of arithmetic are:Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

6 x 7 = 42 (six times seven is forty two)

The symbols and their expressions:

b - (minus) l > (is more than)

c x (multiplied by) m ∈ (is an element of)

d : (divided by) n ∞ (infinity)

e = (is equal to) o 3 (cube root)

f ≈ (is equivalent to) p (square root)

g ≥ (is more than or equal to) q x2 (x squared)

h ⊂ (is a subset of) r x3 (x cubed)

i < (is less than) s x4 (x to the power four)

j ≤ (is less than or equal to) t Π (pi) ∞ (infinity)

How would the names of the shapes below be read in English?

- Two dimensional shapes:

- Three dimensional shapes E

B

B

Teaching points:

Active: The simple present

Passive: The simple present

Suffix: - ion

(2)

WORKING WITH VOCABULARY

A Focus on the reading:

Choose the best words or phrases above for each sentence, if you need help, look

at the reading again (use each word only once)

1 Any one _ works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able

to talk about numbers and shapes

2 Notice how the following numbers and shapes are in English

3 Mathematics an important part of our

4 Six _ seven is forty two

5 How we can read the following mathematical _ in English

6 Four basic operations of _ are

7 Addition, subtraction, _ division

8 Two x plus three y minus 2 three z divided by four x

9 Two shapes are…

B Focus on new context:

Here is more practice with the new words from the reading choose the best word for each sentence (use each word only once)

2 _ is one branch of mathematics

3 Do you know the girl _ is standing outside the door

4 It is _ that English is an international language

5 It’s difficult to read mathematical in English

6 When she was seven, she learnt by heart the table

7 _ out of number today he is absent from lesson again

8 Because we are students our _ are different from theirs

9 Some students don’t understand the term of _ analysis

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A Comprehension questions:

* Answer the questions about the reading:

1 Why are more and more mathematical books printed in English?

2 Why do scientists and technologists need to be able to talk about numbers and shapes in English?

3 Why does mathematics play an important part of our lives?

4 Can you read: +2; -2 in English?

5 Can you do the algebraical maths: If 3a+4 is greater than 16, then a must be

a greater than 4 c equal to 4 e greater than 3

b less than 4 d less than 5

B Details: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is False

1 Mathematics is necessary for us because it helps to research

2 Sciences need mathematics

3 Some branches of science don’t need mathematics

4 Two halves of a circle can be called semi-circle

5 A rectangle has four right angles

6 The symbol: ≥ can be read: more than or equal to

C Main idea: Check b the two most important ideas from the reading

1 Some mathematics symbols

2 How to do maths

3 Mathematics and its use in our lives

4 The names of shapes

5 The methods of studying mathematics

A The passive and active in the simple present tense

1 In passive, we are more interested in the objects of the active sentence

2 This is because the subjects are not important at the moment or because we don’t know who or what is responsible for the event

Form: The passive is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb The subject of the active verb becomes the “agent” of the passive verb

Passive: This tree is planted by my grandfather (The example above indicates that the passive of the simple present requires the simple present form)

The simple present is used: - To express a habit

- To express a fact which is always true Ex: Vegetarians don’t eat meat

- To express a fact which is always true for a long time Ex: We study at Dalat University

Practice: Put the verbs in the correct forms, all the verbs are in simple present, either in

the active or in the passive

1 Complex algebraical fraction by the same method used in arithmetic (simplify)

2 The oldest villagers to attend a meeting (invite)

3 They science books in English (print)

4 English in many parts of the world (speak)

5 The doctor on the patient (operate)

6 She from bad headaches (suffer)

7 She in touch with her family by phoning home every Sunday (keep)

8 Wood in water (not sink)

9 Three persons in a car cash (injure)

10 Water from the rivers by women and children (bring)

11 That film on TV tonight (not show)

B Word forms: Nouns

Sometimes verbs and nouns are the same forms; sometimes we can change

verbs to nouns by adding suffix

ION SAME FORM

Verbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

Subtract - Subtraction Play - Play

Communicate - Communication Change - Change

Retract - Retraction Use - Use

PRACTICE: Choose the correct forms of the words above to complete each sentence

(use each word only once)

1 We can the form of y-x by factoring out -1

2 The government plans to make important to the tax system

3 In the serf system people could a sheep for a hammer

4 Casino is a place where people gambling games for money

5 Youth is the time for , Age is the time for repose

6 I didn’t get into with him for long

7 If we _7 from 10, we have 3

8 Many of Shakespear’s are tragedies under the feudalism

9 He is a person who kindly toward everyone

10 I saw her last on the flight to Hanoi since then we haven’t _for years

11 The boss the workers too hard

12 The of building the bridge spaning Danh River took two years

13 Ten from seven is a very simple

BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS

Vocabulary review

Match each word in column A with the word in column B that has opposite meaning:

1 Negative number Less than or equal to

2 Subtracting Is the same as

3 Greater than Positive number

4 Absolute value Less than

5 Negative infinity Multiplication

6 Not equal to Minimum value

7 Greater than or equal to Positive infinity

Adding

5 The enjoyable thing about travelling by train rather than by car is that you can sleep

or read during the journey

7 She has always enjoyed taking care of her sister

a training b looking after

UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

1 A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what

we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores

2 The basic job of computers is the processing of information For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory

3 Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc

4 Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals The computer’s input device (which might

be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen

5 Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: ‘Who would win a war between two countries? or ‘Who is the richest person in the world?’ Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

6 A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands,

of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the

instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously A person can do everything a computer can

do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

_ 1 A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received

_ 4 Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, make decisions,

and communicate in some way with the user

_ 5 Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’t communicate

with the user

_ 6 There are many different devices used for feeding information into a

computer

_ 7 There aren’t as many different types of devices used for giving results

as there are for accepting information

_ 8 Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to

_ 9 Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to rest unless there

is a breakdown

3 Locating information

Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed Give line references

_1 Computers accept information, perform mathematical and/or logical

operations then supply new information

_ 2 All computers have three basic capabilities

_ 3 A computer is a machine that can be made to operate by receiving

signals

_ 4 A computer cannot work without being told what to do

_ 5 A computer can make three types of decisions

_ 6 The fundamental job of a computer is processing information

_ 7 A computer can do the work of hundreds of people in a very short

CRT display

1 Every computer has circuits for performing arithmetic operations, operating _ or magnetized _

2 A _ with a screen is normally referred to as a unit

3 A computer is a _ that processes information in the form of and and can store this information in a _

4 Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are different _ for inputting information

Focus: Contextual reference

Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is

smoother to read When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who, whose, that, such, one and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and those, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned

earlier in the sentence or paragraph Their function is to take your thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned Thus they serve as synonyms or

substitutes Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former, the latter, the first, second, etc., the last

Sample paragraph

A computer like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and more efficiently than humans It can receive more information and process it faster then any human The speed at which a computer works can replace weeks or even months of pencil-and-paper work Therefore, computers are used when the time saved offsets their cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in business, industry and research

Exercise 1

Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word, or words, that the underlined words refer to Then join the underlined and the with arrows

Computer are electronic machines that process information They are capable of communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and

of making three kinds of decisions However, they are incapable of thinking They accept date and instructions as input, and after processing it, they output the results When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while processing the data

The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has evolved a great deal There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer These all have one thing in common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems

Exercise 2

Now look back at the text ‘What is a computer?’ and find out what the words in

bold typeface refer to

1 that operate switches (p 1) electronic circuits _

2 which accept information (p 2)

4 which tells the computers (p 2)

5 which prints the new information (p 4)

6 which shows the results (p 4)

7 which can make decisions (p 5)

8 It can find the solution (p 6)

9 it has no originality (p 6)

10 tells it what to do (p 6)

UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS

It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and that arithmetic, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics Numbers consist of whole numbers (integers) which are formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and

by combinations of them For example, 247- two hundred and forty seven- is a number formed by three digits Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in terms of fractions, but in scientific usage they are given as decimals This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if decimals are used instead of fractions The main operations are: to add, subtract, multiply and divide; to square, cube or raise to any other power; to take a square, cube or any other root and to find a ratio or proportion between pairs of numbers or

a series of numbers Thus, the decimal, or ten-scale, system is used for scientific purposes throughout the world even in countries whose national systems of weights and measurements are based upon other scales The other scale in general use nowadays is the binary, or two-scale, in which numbers are expressed are expressed by combinations of only two digits, 0 and 1 Thus, in the binary scale, 2 is expressed as 010, 3 is given as 011, 4 is represented as 100, etc This scale is perfectly adapted to the ‘off-on’ pulses of electricity, so it is widely used in electronic computers: because of its simplicity it is often called ‘the lazy schoolboy’s dream’!

Other branches of mathematics such as algebra and geometry are also extensively used in many sciences and even in some areas of philosophy More specialized extensions; such as probability theory and group theory, are now applied to an increasing range of activities, from economics and the design of experiments to war and politics Finally, a knowledge of statistics, is required by every type of scientist for the analysis of data Moreover, even an elementary knowledge of this branch of mathematics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers, or the ordinary citizen to detect the attempts which are constantly made to deceive him

I Comprehension

1 What is the relationship of mathematics to the other sciences?

2 What’s the science of numbers called?

3 Name a two-digit integer

4 Name two ways of expressing parts of the number one (unity)

5 Name the common arithmetical operations Using actual numbers, give examples of each

6 What are the two number-systems commonly used throughout the world?

7 Give examples of numbers in the binary system

8 What are the advantages of each system?

9 Name some other branches of mathematics

10 What branch of mathematics is very useful to the ordinary citizen? Why?

II Word study

Synonyms

Find words in the passage which mean approximately the same as:

1 entire 2 simpler

3 usually 4 in the place of

5 widely 6 be put to use in

7 lastly 8 continually

9 discover 10 kind, sort

11 system of measurement _

12 action of trying to do something _

13 cause someone to make a mistake by

giving wrong or incomplete information _

Word building

∗ Use the suffix –ion, -ment, -ity to form nouns from the following words:

∗ Add the prefix-suffix –en to form verbs from the following:

strength tight weak loose

Revision exercise

Complete the following by choosing appropriate words from the above exercises The main of the scientist is the _ and _ of the world around us To him to do this, he uses many different kinds of _, and in order to make them more _ to his purposes he frequently makes to them which lead to their For

example, he may _ a part which is too weak, one which is too short and _ something which is too loose, and thus causes too much _, so that the instrument does not have the necessary _ So even the most specialized scientist needs to be an engineer, sometimes!

Vocabulary in context

Use appropriate words from the text to complete the following:

1.Many scientists consider _ as the base of mathematics

2.We can form numbers from (or )

3.An integer is usually formed by

4. are parts of numbers smaller than 1, which are in some other usages expressed in terms of fractions

5.It is easier to perform if decimals are used instead of

6.The scale in which numbers are expressed by combination of two digits 0 and1

is called _

7.In the field of mathematics, and are considered to

be specialized extensions

8.In the binary scale 3 is _ as 011

9.Algebra and geometry are of mathematics

10 The branches of mathematics are _used in both natural and social sciences

III Revision

Use correct prepositions to complete these sentences

1.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are represented _ fractions, but in scientific usage decimals

2.It’s not easy to find proportion pairs of numbers

3.The ten-scale is used the world

4.Some countries use systems of weights and measurements based other scales

5.Another scale general use is the binary one

6.Some mathematical extensions are being applied _ an increasing range of activities

7.In computer science, people use some other scales _ the ten one

IV Structure study

A It preparatory subject

Study the example:

It’s easy to perform various mathematical operations

In this sentence, It is not the real subject It stands for ‘to perform various

mathematical operations’ which is the real subject So the above sentence means

To perform various mathematical operations is easy

When the subject of a sentence is a To-infinitive or a That-clause, we usually begin

the sentence with It and put the real subject later

It’s nice to be with you

It worried me a bit that she didn’t phone

Exercises:

∗ Complete these pairs of sentences using It as a preparatory subject

1 Set theory is difficult We can’t study it well

………

2 We can’t go on like this This fact is obvious ………

3 Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was It shocked me ………

4 We all missed the train It was a pity ………

5 Statistical methods are useful It’s worth studying this branch ………

∗ Complete the following sentences in a suitable way 1 It appears ………

2 Is it customary ………

3 Will it suit you ………

4 It cost me $ 5………

5 It would be much to his annoyance………

B Participle as adjective

Both –ing form and –ed form can be used as adjectives Care must be taken not to confuse them –Ing forms mean ‘having this effect’; -ed forms mean ‘affected in this way’

Exercise

Complete these sentences with –ing form or –ed form The first letter(s) of the

participle are given each time

1 I’m starting a new job next week I’m quite ex _ about it

2 The s _ jewelry was recovered

3 Success in one’s work is a sa _ experience

4 The te _ villagers ran for their lives

5 I found myself in an em _ situation last night

6 A da _ earthquake occurred recently

7 I elbowed my way through the cr room

8 Why do you always look so b ? Is your life really so b ?

9 No one lives in that d house except a few ghosts

10 Parents have a la _ effect on their children

C Revision: Passive Voice

Exercise:

(a) Make the following sentences Passive thus eliminating the unspecified doer of the action and emphasizing the object or the main verb

1 People apply mathematics in many different activities

2 People use the binary scale in electronic computers

3 People from the square of a number by multiplying the number by itself

4 In the binary scale, people express numbers by combination of 0 and 1

5 People usually use decimals rather than fractions for scientific purposes

6 People develop new products everyday

7 People call mathematics ‘the language of science’

8 People use the decimal system even in countries with non-decimalized systems

of weights and measurements

9 It is easier to perform mathematical operations with computers if we use the binary system instead of the decimal system

10 People use electronic computers for many different purposes

11 People often find relationships in incomplete data

12 People make attempts to deceive the ordinary citizen

Note: If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object),

or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given, e.g

‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientist’

Notice that there is a small problem of word-order in all but the most simple form

of this type of sentence

e.g The scientific investigator applies logical and persistent thought to his problems (active sentence)

becomes:

Logical and persistent thought is applied by the scientific investigator to his problems (passive sentence)

The order of words is thus: object-verb in the Passive-subject-rest of sentence

(b) Make the following sentences Passive, mentioning the doer of the action but shifting the emphasis to the object:

1 A combination of the digits 0-9 forms integers

2 Engineers require an advanced knowledge of algebra and geometry

3 Scientists, especially physicists and engineers, often use electronic computers

4 Journalists, who seldom have a knowledge of statistics, frequently mislead the ordinary citizen

5 Every day, applied scientists and technologists produce new drugs, fibres, chemicals and equipment

6 A combination of two elements forms a chemical compound

7 The ordinary citizen often requires an elementary knowledge of statistics

8 Economists also use mathematics

9 Every type of scientist requires a knowledge of statistics

10 Scientists use accurate systems of measurements

11 Philosophers employ specialized extensions of mathematics

12 Physicists also use probability theory

(c) Make up sentences similar to the ones given in Exercises (a) and (b) above, and then change them from Active to Passive

UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS

1 Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data Handling or manipulating the information that has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, adding

information or making comparisons is called processing Computers are made up of

millions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speeds, through complex circuits with different functions

2 All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make or design Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned The information presented

to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; and the result, the output These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occur

in almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment

INPUT -> COMPUTER -> OUTPUT

SEC STORAGE

3 Above figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in a

computer system The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or, usually, the central processing unit (CPU) The term ‘computer’ includes those parts

of hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual

execution of programs Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices such

as card readers and keyboards (two common examples of input devices) When data or

programs need to be saved for long periods of time, they are stored on various

secondary memory devices or storage devices such as magnetic tapes or magnetic

disks

4 Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, but this is a very narrow view of their function Although a computer can only respond to a

certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since these

instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it

5 In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run Moreover, their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel were needed to keep the equipment operating This has all changed now that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper

6 In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way in which many kinds of work are performed Computers can remove many of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting, creative work It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development

EXERCISES

1 Main idea

Which statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?

_ 1 Computers have changed the way in which we live

_ 2 All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storage device _ 3 Computers have decreased man’s workload

_ 4 All computers have the same basic hardware components

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text Then, make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

1 All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the

computer will understand it

2 Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be

either stored or moved about at high speeds

3 Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results 4 The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone 5 The processor is the central component of a computer system

6 All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU 7 Memory devices are used for storing information

8 Computers are very much restricted in what they can do

9 Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to

operate them than in the past

10 Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much

3 Locating information

Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed Give the line references

1 All computers are basically the same

2 The arithmetic and/or decision-making operations are performed

3 Computers are limited by man’s imagination more than anything else

4 All the equipment used in a computer system is the hardware

5 Computers are electronic machines used for processing data

6 If programs or data need to be kept for a long time, they are stored on

tapes or disks

7 First the computer accepts data

8 Finally, new information is presented to the user

4 Contextual reference

Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to

1 which are termed data (paragraph 1)

2 or moving them (paragraph 1)

3 the machine acts on it (paragraph 2)

4 they are stored on (paragraph 3) _

5 it is not a single-purpose machine (paragraph 4) _

6 the kinds of things it can do (paragraph 4) _

8 they were very expensive to own (paragraph 5) _

9 Moreover, their size and reliability (paragraph 5) _

10 that did not exist (paragraph 6) _

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e words with an opposite meaning) for the following words

1 imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary

a A computer is limited in its ability by the of man

b Some people are good at inventing stories

c It is practically impossible to _ the speed at which a computer calculates numbers

2 addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additive

a Many terminals can be _ to a basic system if the need arises

b and subtraction are two basic mathematical operations

c When buying a system there is often no charge for the programs

3 complication, complicate, complicated, complicating, complicatedly

a There can be many involved in setting up a computer in and old building

b It is sometimes a very process getting into a computer installation for security reasons

c It is sometimes very _ to explain computer concepts

4 difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate

a There isn’t a very big in flowcharting for a program to be written in Cobol or Fortran

b There are many computer manufacturers today, and a buyer must be able to _ between the advantages and disadvantages of each

c The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problem often greatly

5 reliably, rely on, reliable, reliability

a Computers are machines

b If you don’t know the meaning of a computer term, you cannot always an all-purpose dictionary for the answer

c Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and

7a Content review

Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in Glossary

Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some can be

used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form, i.e singular of plural

4 A computer isn’t usually a _ machine and may require quite

specialized _ to operate it and all it related equipment

7b Content review

Summarize the text on ‘Characteristics’ by completing the following table

In sample paragraph, the first sentence ‘All computers, whether large or small,

have the same basic capabilities’ expresses the main idea of the paragraph

All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic

Example

All computers, [topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities

[about the topic]

In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much of

your studying you need to grasp details It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and

understand details than main ideas You will find it helpful if you think of details as

growing out of the main idea In sample paragraph, there are three major details

growing out of the main idea These are the major details:

1 They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations

2 They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them

3 They also have circuits for making decisions

A major detail often has minor details growing out of it These minor details tell more

about a major detail, just as major details tell more about a main idea In studying, you often find a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp and

remember Breaking up a paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main idea, major details and minor details will help you to understand and remember what

it is about

Exercise 1

Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the

block diagram after reading the following paragraph

The computer has changed the production of copy in the newspaper industry There are three steps involved in the process: input, correction and output First, the computer numbers each story, counts words and gives a listing of the length of each story Then a page is made up, advertisements are placed in, the copy is shifted or deleted and corrections are made Finally, the computer hyphenates words and the result of all this is a newspaper page

Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the

diagram after reading the following paragraph

Railways use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give immediate information on the status of its trains The computer system is connected

by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket reservations for customers are made through these The passenger’s name, type of accommodation and the train schedule is put into the computer’s memory On a typical day, a railway’s computer system gets thousands of telephone calls about reservations, space on other railways, and requests for arrivals and departures A big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity because a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few seconds later Railways computer systems are not used for reservations alone They are used for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight and cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control

UNIT 5: STATISTICS

Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information in a form of numerical data and drawing conclusions by analyzing the information Consider, for example, the following problems:

1 deciding whether or not a certain game is fair;

2 estimating the number of fish in a lake;

3 determining the unemployment rate;

4 deciding whether or not a drug is effective;

5 comparing mileage obtained using several different brands of gasoline;

6 testing the possible relation between the length of the ‘life-line’ on the hand and life expectancy;

7 deciding whether or not cigarette smoking causes cancer; or

8 estimating the yield of wheat for different amounts of a standard fertilizer applied

In each of the above problems, the only practical scientific approach is to perform some sort of experiment or survey and base the solution on the information obtained But what kind of information and how much? And after we have the information, what

do we do with it to solve the problem? Statistics deals with answering these kinds of questions by specific techniques

Statistics usually consists of four broad processes, although there are not always clear boundaries between them: collection, organization, analysis of numerical data, and the decision process

Collecting data is the process of obtaining measurements or counts after some sort

of experiment or survey is conducted Valid conclusions can result only from properly collected data

Organization of data is the process of preparing and presenting the collected data in

a form suitable for description as well as for further analysis

Analysis of data is the process of performing certain calculations and evaluations in order to extract relevant and pertinent information buried in the data

The decision process is the task of interpreting and reaching valid conclusions based

on the analysis of the data and the mathematical theory of probability

Statistical concepts and methods are widely applied in many areas of human activity They are extensively used in the physical, natural, and social sciences, in business and public administration, and in many other fields

In the sciences, the applications are far-ranging, extending from the design and analysis of experiments to the testing of new and competing hypotheses In industry, statistics makes its contributions in short- and long-range planning and decision making

Many firms use statistical methods to analyze patterns of change and to forecast economic trends for the firm, the industry, and the economy as a whole Such forecasts often provide the foundation for corporate planning and control; areas such as purchasing, production, and inventory control depend on short-range forecasts, and capital investment and long-term development decisions depend on long-range forecasts Statistical methods are also employed in areas such as production control, inventory control, and quality control In order to control the quality of manufactured products, for example, statistical methods are used to differentiate between variation attributable to chance causes and variation too great to be considered a result of chance The latter type of variation can be analyzed and remedied A large number of cases have been recorded in which applications of these statistical quality control methods have resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of products and in lower costs because of reduction in rework and spoilage Such statistical quality control methods have been considered a major factor in the vast improvement in the quality of Japanese-manufactured products in the post-World War II period

I Vocabulary in context

Complete the following sentences using the words from the text

1.Information used in the statistics is often in a form of

2.Drawing conclusions, which can be obtained by , is one of the four processes of

3. _ and are only practical scientific approaches in statistics 4.In data organization, the collected data is usually presented in a form suitable for and

5.The process of performing some is the third process of statistics 6.The plays an important role in making decisions using statistical methods

7.To control the quality, methods are used to distinguish the chance _ and too great

8. depends on short-range forecasts, meanwhile on range ones

long-9.Statistical methods are used to analyze and forecast for the firms

10 Quality control methods have resulted in improvements

II Understanding the text

Decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) or no information (NI) by referring to the information in the text

_ 1 Valid conclusions can result from analyzing data

_ 2 Mathematical theory of probability can be used in decision-making _ 3 Statistics deals with data of various forms

_ 4 In quality control, great variation is usually paid much more attention _ 5 Statistical methods are applied in most aspects of human activities _ 6 Statistics is much more used in natural science than in social science _ 7 New and competing hypotheses should always be tested

_ 8 Statistical methods provide both long-range and short-range forecasts _ 9 Statistical quality control methods were first used in Japan

_ 10 Statistical methods show themselves effective methods in quality control

II Understanding the details

1 Statistics consists of four process: , _, _, _

2 The process of collecting data = _ or _ -> _ or -> taking

5 Give some problems to which statistical methods can be used to find solutions

Study the sentences:

∗ Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information

∗ The testing of new hypotheses seems to be his interest

∗ Thinking fast is difficult

In these sentences V-ing is used more like a noun though it can act like a verb

Some common uses of the ing-form:

+ Subject:

Smoking is bad for you

Drawing conclusions is considered the last process

+ After prepositions:

Organization of data is the process of preparing the data

+ The + ing-form + of:

The sinking of the Titanic has never been forgotten

+ After some verbs:

I dread visiting the dentist

All of us enjoy studying statistics

Exercise: Put the words in brackets into the correct form

1.If you go on (let) your dog _ (chase) cars, he’ll end by _ (be) run over

2. (lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than _ (sit) in the office

3. _ (estimate) of the number of fish in a lake is a typical problem in statistics

4.I appreciate _ (you/ analyze/ careful) of data

5. (prepare) and _ (present) the (collect) data seem to

be his main task

6.By (perform) experiment or (survey) and _ (base) the solution on the information (obtain), we can draw valid conclusions

7.We really don’t fancy (carry out) any measurements and counts 8.Do you object to _ (make decisions) without any proofs?

9.How long do you intend (go on) (deal with) that problem?

10 I’m annoyed about (John/ put forward) these conclusions

Too ………… To

Study the example:

∗ The variation is too great to be considered a result of chance

Too comes before the adjective and has the sense of ‘excessive’ (c.f very, which merely strengthens the adjective) With to-infinitive, too often combines negative

ideas:

∗ He isn’t strong He can’t lift it -> He is too weak to lift it

∗ He’s too heavy I can’t lift him -> He is too heavy for me to lift

Exercise: Combine these pairs of sentences

1 He only supplies general data We can’t believe his conclusions

2 This statistical problem is difficult All of us are not able to find solution to it

3 Very little information is obtained Variation of many kinds can’t be differentiated

4 The representing of data is not simple None of us can understand it

5 The applications of statistics are far-ranging We can’t classify them

Revision:

Use appropriate prepositions

1.The scientific method of collecting information a form of numerical data is called statistics

2.We usually present data in a form suitable description

3.People use statistics to forecast economic trends _ a firm

4.Long-term development decisions depend on long-range forecasts

5.We should differentiate chance variation and great variation

6 Quality control methods have resulted substantical improvement