Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers: OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS pptx

Xyleutes ceramica Walker Other scientific names: Zeuzera ceramica; Duomitus ligneus; Eudoxyba bosschae Lepidoptera: Cossidae Common names: beehole borer; teak beehole borer Host type:

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Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers

January 2007

Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/32E

Forestry Department

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1

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T ABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Forest pests 1

Naturally regenerating forests 1

Insects 1

Diseases 3

Other pests 3

Diebacks and other conditions 4

Planted forests 4

Insects 4

Diseases 20

Other pests 23

Diebacks and other conditions 24

Capacity for forest health protection 24

Government level 24

Monitoring and detection 24

Data management 24

Pest management 24

Private landowners 24

References 24

Index 25

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Background

This paper is one of a series of FAO documents on forest-related health and biosecurity issues The purpose of these papers is to provide early information on on-going activities and

programmes, and to stimulate discussion

In an attempt to quantify the impacts of the many factors that affect the health and vitality of a forest, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005) asked countries to report on the area of forest affected by disturbances, including forest fires, insects, diseases and other

disturbances such as weather-related damage However, most countries were not able to provide reliable information because they do not systematically monitor these variables

In order to obtain a more complete picture of forest health, FAO continues to work on several follow-up studies A review of forest pests in both naturally regenerating forests and planted

forests was carried out in 25 countries representing all regions of the world This Overview of

forest pests represents one paper resulting from this review Countries in this present series

include Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Chile, China, Cyprus, Colombia, Ghana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Kyrgyz Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Thailand, Romania, Russian Federation, Uruguay; this list will be

continuously updated

Comments and feedback are welcome For further information or if you are interested in

participating in this process and providing information on insect pests, diseases and mammals affecting forests and the forest sector in your country, please contact:

Gillian Allard

Forestry Officer (Forest Protection and Health)

Forest Resources Development Service

Forest Management Division

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T HAILAND

Introduction

Thailand is moderately forested, although its forest cover has roughly halved since 1960

Of Thailand’s 51 million hectares of land, 14.5 million hectares, or 28 percent, are

forested (FAO, 2006) Most of the forests are restricted to relatively inaccessible

mountainous areas The main forest types are evergreen montane rain forest; mixed

deciduous monsoon forest; and open dry dipterocarp and savannah forests Dipterocarpus spp., Shorea spp and Hopea spp are among the most prevalent species Teak (Tectona

grandis) has generally been the most important timber species

The country has about 3.1 million hectares of planted forests (about half of which are rubber plantations) representing over 21 percent of the total forest area (FAO, 2006) A network of parks and reserves encompasses more than 10 percent of the total land area

By 1999, 56 percent of the existing forest areas had been declared national conserved forests

Thailand’s forest resources have been subjected to continuing pressure and devastation Between the 1960s and the 1980s, forest resources were reduced by shifting cultivation, land resettlement, dam and road construction and conversion to agricultural use Demand for land for subsistence farming, commercial agriculture, physical infrastructure, tourism and other uses remains high

Thailand banned all commercial logging in naturally regenerating forests in 1988 and has instituted supporting measures to protect the remaining forests and to promote private-sector involvement in forest management and plantations Nevertheless, deforestation and forest degradation have continued, and efforts to combat forest loss remain a leading issue in the country From 2000 to 2005 forest cover decreased at an annual rate of 0.4 percent, down from 0.7 percent between 1990 and 2000 (FAO, 2006)

Reforestation has been practiced in Thailand since the beginning of the twentieth century, when teak was planted in taungya plantations, but only small areas were planted annually until the reforestation programme was expanded in 1961 In 1988, the country undertook

an accelerated reforestation programme after devastating floods destroyed two villages During the mid-1990s, Thailand initiated various programmes to reforest 800 000 ha Because of budgetary constraints, land-use conflicts and various structural impediments, the target has not been reached

Forest pests

Naturally regenerating forests

Insects

Indigenous insects

Eutectona machaeralis Walker, 1859

Other scientific names:

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Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Common names: teak skeletonizer; teak leaf skeletonizer

Host type: broadleaf

Hosts: Tectona grandis

Eutectona machaeralis is a major pest of teak, occurring throughout South Asia and some

parts of Southeast Asia Complete defoliation by the pests results in more or less

leaflessness during most of the growing period

Outbreaks of this species occur in most years with exceptionally heavy build-up in some years Although the insect is present throughout the year, outbreaks develop towards the end of the growing season before normal leaf shedding (Nair, 2001)

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1603

Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777)

Other scientific names: Phalaena puera; Noctua saga; Noctua unxia; Heliothis apricans

Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae

Common names: teak defoliator

Hosts: Alstonia scholaris; Avicennia spp.; Callicarpa spp.; Pterocarpus macrocarpus;

Rhizophora spp.; Tectona grandis; Vitex spp

The larvae of this moth species feed on the leaves of a wide range of plants including

Avicennia spp., Callicarpa spp., Rhizophora spp., Vitex spp and Tectona grandis In

Thailand, it is a pest of Alstonia scholaris, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Tectona

grandis It is considered to be a major pest of teak plantations in areas of Asia

The larvae create shelters for themselves by cutting pieces of leaves and rolling them

together They come out of the shelters to feed by night Hyblaea puera is widespread

throughout the tropics occurring in Asia, Australia, the Pacific Islands, Africa, Central America and South America

Xyleutes ceramica Walker

Other scientific names: Zeuzera ceramica; Duomitus ligneus; Eudoxyba bosschae

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Common names: beehole borer; teak beehole borer

Hosts: Callicarpa spp.; Clerodendrum spp.; Gmelina spp.; Tectona spp.; Erythrina spp.;

Sesbania spp.; Spathodea spp.; Duabanga spp

This species of moth is considered by some as “teak’s worst and least understood pest” The larvae of this moth bore into the heartwood of teak where it causes significant

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damage It is known to feed on species of Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Gmelina, Tectona (Verbenaceae), Erythrina, Sesbania (Leguminosae), Spathodea (Bignoniaceae), and

Duabanga (Sonneratiaceae) It occurs in Asia through to New Guinea

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/nbcrc/xc_e.html

http://www.forest.go.th/fig/nbcrc/nbcrc_e.html

http://www.mothsofborneo.com/part-1/cossidae/cossidae-4-4.php

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner, 1861

Other scientific names: Zeuzera oblita

Common names: cocoa pod borer; cocoa stem borer; red borer; red coffee borer; red branch borer; wood moth

Hosts: Coffea spp.; Eucalyptus deglupta; Terminalia brassii; Acalypha spp.; Psidium spp.; Crataegus spp.; Citrus spp.; Theobroma spp.; Casuarina spp

Larval wood moths tunnel the heartwood of living trees They create large holes in the timber which degrades its value The development from an egg to an adult can take several years during which the larvae create a J-shaped tunnel of very large diameter The large holes usually cause smaller trees to become more susceptible to wind damage Adult wood moths are some of the largest and heaviest moths in the world with a body weight up to 25 grams Cossids are not common and are usually considered minor pests

but their damage is usually discovered in the saw mill Zeuzera coffeae usually attacks

coffee plants but can also cause some damage on a wide range of other hosts including

Eucalyptus deglupta, Terminalia brassii, and species of Acalypha, Psidium, Crataegus, Citrus, Theobroma and Casuarina

No information was available on indigenous diseases impacting the naturally

regenerating forests of Thailand

Introduced diseases

No information was available on introduced diseases impacting the naturally regenerating forests of Thailand

Other pests

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Indigenous other pests

No records were available of other indigenous pests (e.g mites, nematodes, mammals, etc.) affecting naturally regenerating forests in Thailand

Introduced other pests

No records were available of other introduced pests (e.g mites, nematodes, mammals, etc.) affecting naturally regenerating forests in Thailand

Diebacks and other conditions

No records were available for diebacks and other conditions affecting the naturally regenerating forests of Thailand

Planted forests

Insects

Indigenous insects

Acalolepta cervina (Hope)

Other scientific names: Dihammus cervinus

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Common names: teak canker grub

Adults feed on the bark of teak saplings 2-8 years old and lay eggs on the stem beneath the bark, near ground level Feeding and tunnelling by larvae causes formation of a

bulging canker all around the stem at which point the saplings may break Acalolepta

cervina occurs in northern India, Myanmar and Thailand

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/acalolepta/acalolepta_t.htm (In Thai)

Alcidodes frenatus Feisthamel

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Common names:

Alcidodes frenatus feeds on the twigs and leaves (midribs) of teak

Alcidodes ludificator

Other scientific names: Alcides gmelinae

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Hosts: Gmelina arborea; Tectona grandis

Alcidodes ludificator is a small beetle that lays eggs in galleries made in the green shoot

of seedlings in nurseries causing dieback or death of seedlings (Nair, 2001)

Apoderus notatus (Fabricius 1792)

Common names: giraffe weevil

Hosts: Dipterocarpus alatus; D tuberculatus; Eucalyptus spp.; Eugenia spp.; Eugenia

jambos; Lagerstroemia spp.; L loudonii; L macracarpa; L speciosa; L tomentosa; Mangifera spp.; Shorea obtusa; S roxburghii; S siamensis; Spondias pinnata;

Terminalia catappa

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/apoderus_t.htm (In Thai)

Archips micaceana (Walker)

Other scientific names: Cacoecia micaceana (Walker)

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Common names:

Hosts: Acacia mangium

Archips micaceana is a pest of the exotic Acacia magnium in Thailand (Nair, 2001)

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/archips_t.htm (In Thai)

http://plantpro.doae.go.th/plantclinic/clinic/plant/sunflower/leaf.htm (In Thai)

Aristobia approximator (Thomson, 1865)

Other scientific names: Celosterna approximator Thomson, 1865

Common names: long-horned beetle; Aristobia longhorn beetle

Hosts: Pterocarpus macrocarpus; Casuarina junghuhniana

Aristobia approximator is a longhorn beetle known to attack Pterocarpus macrocarpus in

Thailand It has also been reported causing minor damage to young shoots of Casuarina

junghuhniana in planted forests

http://food-security.info/food-security.info/Winrock%20Archive/c_jung.html

Aristobia horridula (Hope, 1831)

Other scientific names: Lamia horridula Hope, 1831; Cerosterna fasciculata

Common names: Pradu stemborer; long-horned beetle

Hosts: Dalbergia cochinchinensis; Pterocarpus macrocarpus; P indicus; Xylia xylocarpa

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Aristobia horridula is reported as the most important stem borer of Pterocarpus

macrocarpus in Thailand where damage to P macrocarpus plantations was as high as 83

percent (Hutacharern and Panya, 1996) This insect also attacks P indicus, Dalbergia

cochinchinensis and Xylia xylocarpa

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/aristobia_t.htm (In Thai)

Batocera rubus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Other scientific names: Batocera albofasciata De Geer, 1775; Batocera albomaculatus

Retz

Common names: rubber root borer; lateral-banded mango longhorn; mango longhorn beetle

Hosts: Hevea brasiliensis

Batocera rubus is a large wood borer that has been recorded on Hevea brasiliensis in

Thailand, particularly on trees damaged by other causes such as fire and lightning (Nair, 2001) Larvae also feed on freshly felled timber

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/BATORB.htm

Calopepla leayana (Latreille, 1807)

Other scientific names: Craspedonta leayana; Imatidium leayanum Latreille; Cassida

leayana Olivier; Calopepla leayana ab nigriventris Weise

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Common names: gamar defoliator; gamhar defoliator; yemane defoliator; yemane tortoise beetle

Hosts: Gmelina arborea

The defoliator Calopepla leayana appears to be most important insect pest of Gmelina

arborea in plantations within the natural range of the tree (Wingfield and Robison, 2004)

It is perhaps the most widely reported and studied defoliator of G arborea in Asia

Young larvae feed mainly on the undersurface of gamar (Gmelina arborea) leaves,

leaving only the mid-ribs and main veins intact The adult beetle feeds on the leaf, cutting large circular holes, and also eats young buds and shoots Heavy infestation leads to drying up of shoots of young trees and the trees remain leafless for about 4 months of the growing season leading to ultimate death

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/CLPPLE.htm

http://www.springerlink.com/content/j41r34826g7h0620/fulltext.pdf

Catopsilia crocale crocale Cramer

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

Common names: common emigrant; yellow Asian butterfly

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Hosts: Cassia siamea; C fistula; C baderiana; C alata; C tora; Bauhimia spp.; Butea

monosperma; Sesbania grandiflora

Catopsilia crocale crocale is a pest of many species in Thailand, Cassia spp in

particular

http://meghalaya.nic.in/butterfy/pieridae.htm

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cassia_fistula.html

Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775)

Other scientific names: Callidryas crocale

Common names: lemon migrant; lemon emigrant; cassia butterfly

Catopsilia pomona pomona is a pest of many species in Thailand, Cassia spp in

http://yutaka.it-n.jp/pie/20490001.html

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cassia_fistula.html

http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/pier/pomona.html

Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Fabricius, 1775)

Common names: mottled emigrant

Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe is a pest of many species in Thailand, Cassia spp in

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Other scientific names: Cerosterna pollinosa sulphurea

Common names: Yangna stem borer

Hosts: Dipterocarpus alatus; Anisoptera costata

The cerambycid, Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea attacks Dipterocarpus alatus in

Thailand

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/celosterna_t.htm

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1774

Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Other scientific names: Coptotermes robustus

Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Common names: termite; white ants

Host type: broadleaf and conifer

Hosts: Pinus spp.; Hevea brasiliensis; Acacia mangium; Paraserianthes falcataria;

Gmelina arborea; Koompassia malaccensis; Buchanania sessifolia

Coptotermes curvignathus is a subterranean termite that attacks a wide range of trees and

is capable of killing healthy trees Forest plantation trees attacked by this termite in

Southeast Asia include pines and all other species of conifers, rubber trees (Hevea

brasiliensis), Acacia mangium, Paraserianthes falcataria and Gmelina arborea Many

native tree species that occur in naturally regenerating forests are also susceptible

including Koompassia malaccensis and Buchanania sessifolia Pinus species are

particularly susceptible to this termite and are frequently killed by attacks from this termite

http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/termites/termite_ch5.htm

Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann, 1896)

Other scientific names: Coptotermes havilandi Holmgren

Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

Common names: Asian subterranean termite

Hosts: Hevea brasiliensis

Coptotermes gestroi is a subterranean termite that is a destructive pest of standing trees,

agricultural crops and timber in service This species of termite lives in tropical areas As with all termites, it is social, living in large colonies where there are distinct castes (body types) that align with the functions that an individual carries out There are few

individuals that reproduce within the colonies; the other individuals are sterile and have functions such as food gathering or protection of the colony The reproductive individuals are often long-lived (sometimes years), whereas the other individuals are usually not as long-lived They can build nests in tree trunks or voids in buildings; however a source of moisture is required for survival

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Two main means of dispersal are by winged reproductive adults that shed their wings after the dispersal flight and transportation in freshly felled logs or infested timber

Craspedonta mouhoti is a pest of native plantations of Gmelina arborea in Thailand

Hosts: Dendrocalamus strictus; D giganteus; D asper; Gigantochloa hasskarliana;

Bambusa blumeana; B arundinacea; B randisii; B nana; Thyrsostachys siamensis; Cephalostachyum pergracile; Rhapis excelsa; Phyllostachys bawacamus; P mannii Cyrtotrachelus dichrous is a pest of many bamboo species in Thailand

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/cyrtotrachelus_t.htm

Cyrtotrachelus longimanus

Common names: bamboo shoot weevil

Hosts: Dendrocalamus strictus; D giganteus; D asper; Gigantochloa hasskarliana;

Bambusa blumeana; B arundinacea; B randisii; B nana; Thyrsostachys siamensis; Cephalostachyum pergracile; Rhapis excelsa; Phyllostachys bawacamus; P mannii Cyrtotrachelus longimanus is a pest of many bamboo species in Thailand

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/cyrtotrachelus_t.htm

Dasychira mendosa Huebner

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Common names: tussock moth; tiger moth caterpillar

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Dasychira mendosa is known to attack Acacia mangium in Thailand (Nair, 2001)

Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Guenée)

Common names: castor pod borer; yellow peach moth

Dichocrocis punctiferalis is a main pest of flowering shoots and young fruits of teak in

Thailand (Nair, 2001)

http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_1379.htm

http://www.invasive.org/browse/subimages.cfm?sub=9258

Ectropis bhurmitra (Walker, 1860)

Other scientific names: Boarmia bhurmitra Walker, 1860; Boarmia diffusaria Walker, 1860; Scioglyptis semifascia Warren, 1897; Ectropis sabulosa Warren, 1897;

Heterostegane semifasciata; Ectropis brevifasciata Wileman, 1912

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Common names: common looper; tea twig caterpillar; twig caterpillar; inch worm; earth measurer

Hosts: Azadirachta excelsa

Ectropis bhurmitra is a pest of Azadirachta excelsa in Thailand where it has caused

considerable damage, particularly in Chumporn and Rayong provinces

http://www.mothsofborneo.com/part-11/Boarmiini/boarmiini_29.php

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/ectropis_t.htm (In Thai)

http://www.forest.go.th/research/Journal/Vol1_No2/insect.htm (In Thai with English Abstract)

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/CPC/Full/ECTRBH.htm

Eutectona machaeralis Walker, 1859

Hosts: Alstonia scholaris; Pterocarpus macrocarpus; Tectona grandis

Eutectona machaeralis is a major pest of teak, occurring throughout South Asia and some

parts of Southeast Asia In Thailand, it has also been reported on Alstonia scholaris and

Pterocarpus macrocarpus Complete defoliation by the pests results in more or less

leaflessness during most of the growing period

Outbreaks of this species occur in most years with exceptionally heavy build-up in some years Although the insect is present throughout the year, outbreaks develop towards the end of the growing season before normal leaf shedding (Nair, 2001)

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It has been suggested that species identified as Eutectona machaeralis in Thailand are actually Paliga damastesalis (Nair, 2001)

http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1603

Glena indiana

Common names: sapwood borer

Glena indiana is a serious pest of Gmelina arborea in India, Myanmar and Thailand It

has destroyed plantations in northern Thailand Attacks begin in year-old saplings and continue in following years, often resulting in death of the trees at 8-10 years (Nair, 2001)

Holotrichia sp near longicarinata (Brenske)

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Common names: melolonthine beetle; white grub

Hosts: Azadirachta excelsa

Holotrichia sp near longicarinata is a pest of Azadirachta excelsa in Thailand where it

has caused considerable damage, particularly in Chumporn and Rayong provinces

http://www.forest.go.th/research/Journal/Vol1_No2/insect.htm

http://www.dnp.go.th/FIG/pests/others/holotrichia_t.htm

Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777)

Other scientific names: Phalaena puera; Noctua saga; Noctua unxia; Heliothis apricans

Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae

Common names: teak defoliator

Hosts: Alstonia scholaris; Avicennia spp.; Callicarpa spp.; Pterocarpus macrocarpus;

Rhizophora spp.; Vitex spp.; Tectona grandis

The larvae of this moth species feed on the leaves of a wide range of plants including

Avicennia spp., Callicarpa spp., Rhizophora spp., Vitex spp and Tectona grandis In

Thailand, it is a pest of Alstonia scholaris, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Tectona

grandis It is considered to be a major pest of teak plantations in areas of Asia The larvae

create shelters for themselves by cutting pieces of leaves and rolling them together They

come out of the shelters to feed by night Hyblaea puera is widespread throughout the

tropics occurring in Asia, Australia, the Pacific Islands, Africa, Central America and South America

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/hyblaea/hyblaea_t.htm (In Thai)

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http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Nair.pdf

http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Insect-pests.pdf

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/HYBLPU.htm

http://www.usyd.edu.au/macleay/larvae/hybl/puera.html

Hypomeces squamosus (Fabricius, 1792)

Other scientific names: Curculio pulverulentus Fabricius; Curculio aurulentus Herbst;

Curculio orientalis Olivier; Atemtonychus gossipi Matsumura; Atemtonychus peregrinus

Matsumura

Common names: green weevil; gold-dust beetle; gold-dust weevil

Hosts: Samanea saman; Cassia fistura; Casuarina junghuhniana; Eucalyptus spp.;

Siphonodon celastrineus; Sindora siamensis; Passiflora foetida; Dipterocarpus

obtusifolius; Melia azedarach; Acacia auriculiformis; Peltophorum pterocarpum;

Tectona grandis; Swietenia spp.; Pterocarpus macrocarpus; Xylia xylocarpa

Hypomeces squamosus is a pest of many broadleaf species in Thailand

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/hypomeces_t.htm (In Thai)

http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=78

http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPest.aspx?id=78

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_auriculiformis.html

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/HPMCSQ.htm

Hypsipyla robusta Moore, 1886

Other scientific names: Epicrocis terebrans Oliff, 1890; Magiria robusta Moore, 1886;

Hypsipyla scabrusculella Ragonot, 1893; Hypsipyla pagodella Ragonot, 1888

Common names: mahogany shoot borer; cedar tip moth; toon shoot fruit borer

Hosts: Cedrella spp.; Chukrasia tabularis; Khaya spp.; Swietenia mahogani; Swietenia

macrophylla; Tectona grandis; Toona australis; Toona ciliata

Hypsipyla robusta caterpillars bore into the tips and shoots of several species of high

quality timber species They feed on a range of plants in Meliaceae and Verbenaceae

including Swietenia macrophylla, Toona ciliata, Cedrella spp and Tectona spp They are particular pests of Swietenia mahogani, Toona australis, Toona ciliata and Chukrasia

tabularis in Thailand The caterpillars destroy the apical shoot causing the tree to form

many side branches and frequently a deformed trunk This leads to a decreased value of the timber

This species mainly attacks trees in high light areas, hence the biggest effects are

observed in young planted forests, particularly those planted with a single species Young understorey trees in naturally regenerating forests suffer far less damage Plantings of mahogany have been almost completely abandoned in some areas because of the damage caused by this insect

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/hypsipyla/hypsipyla_e.htm

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Hosts: Cassia bakeriana; Acacia auriculiformis; Albizia procera; Anogeissus acuminata;

Casuarina equisetifolia; Tectona grandis; Gmelina arborea; Eugenia spp.;

Largerstroemia spp.; Mangifera spp.; Shorea obtusa; Shorea siamensis; Xylia xylocarpa; Bixa orellana; Terminalia chebula; Eucalyptus spp.; Dipterocarpus alatus

Indarbela spp feed on the bark of a variety of broadleaf trees

http://www.dnp.go.th/FIG/pests/others/indarbela_t.htm (In Thai)

Ips sexdentatus (Börner, 1776)

Other scientific names: Dermestes sexdentatus Börner; Bostrichus pinastri Bechstein;

Tomicus stenographus Duftschmidt; Ips typographus De Geer

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Common names: six-toothed bark beetle; twelve-spined ips; pine stenographer beetle; six-spined engraver beetle

Host type: conifer

Hosts: Pinus spp.; P sylvestris; P nigra; P pinaster; P brutia; P heldrichii; Abies alba;

Abies normanndiana; Larix decidua; Larix sibirica; Picea abies; Picea orientalis;

Pseudotsuga menzeisii

Ips sexdentatus is considered a secondary pest and attacks trees already suffering stress,

either environmental or from other pests It can kill trees of commercial importance however Pines are the predominant hosts of this insect across its natural range In Europe

and the Near East, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) and (Pinus heldrichii) are reported hosts Other conifer hosts in Europe and Asia include Abies alba, Abies normanndiana,

Larix decidua, Larix sibirica, Picea abies, Picea orientalis and Pseudotsuga menzeisii Ips attacks also introduce blue stain fungi, Ophiostoma spp., into host trees, which hasten

the death of trees, discolour the wood and can result in loss of lumber grade and value

Ips sexdentatus prefers to attack large trees with thick bark This insect typically has two

generations per year with adult flight periods from April to May and July to August In

Mediterranean regions of Europe, I sexdentatus can undergo a third generation Attacks

are initiated by the males, who construct nuptial chambers under the bark and are

subsequently joined by 2-5 females After mating, each female constructs a longitudinal egg gallery and deposits eggs in individual niches along each side of the gallery The

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young larvae feed in galleries perpendicular to the egg galleries Larval galleries increase

as the larvae increase in body size Pupation takes place in round chambers constructed at the ends of the larval galleries Adults require maturation feeding before reaching sexual maturity

Adult beetles are capable of flying up to 4 km in search of suitable host material and they are also subject to wind dispersal Transport of unprocessed logs, wood products or wooden packing materials, dunnage or pallets containing bark strips can provide a means

of introduction of immature stages and adults

http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Ips_sexdentatus/IPSXSE_ds.pdf

http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/data/pestreports.cfm?pestidval=79&langdisplay=english http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=162

Leptocentrus spp are a main pest of flowering shoots and young fruits of teak in

Machaerota elegans Maa

Other scientific names:

Hemiptera: Cercopidae

Common names:

Machaerota elegans causes significant damage to the flowering shoots and young fruits

of teak in Thailand (Nair, 2001)

Micropistus sp

Coleoptera: Buprestidae

Common names:

Hosts: Hopea odorata

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/micropistus_t.htm

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Mylabris phalerata Pallas

Coleoptera: Meloidae

Common names: Chinese blister beetle; blister beetle

Mylabris phalerata causes significant damage to the flowering shoots and young fruits of

teak in Thailand (Nair, 2001)

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/mylabris_t.htm (In Thai)

Pagyda salvalis Walker

Common names:

Pagyda salvalis is a main pest of the flowering shoots and young fruits of teak in

Paliga damastesalis Walker

Paliga damastesalis is a pest of teak in native plantations It has been suggested that

species identified as Eutectona machaeralis in Thailand are actually P damastesalis

Common names: sapling stem borer

Phassus signifier is a large caterpillar that feeds on teak saplings They make a tunnel in

the central pith and emerge at night to feed on the bark under a cover of mat of frass, silk and wood dust (Nair, 2001) Such feeding causes a canker to form at which point the stem may break While damage in young plantations is conspicuous overall damage is not believed to be significant

Physomerus grossipes (Fabricius)

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Coleoptera: Coreidae

Common names: large spined-footed bug

Pionea aureolalis is known from native plantations of Gmelina arborea in Thailand

Three Prioptera species are known from native plantations of Gmelina arborea in

Pseudoregma spp

Hemiptera: Pemphigidae

Common names: bamboo aphid

Hosts:

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/pseudoregma_t.htm (In Thai)

Psilogramma menephron (Cramer, 1780)

Other scientific names: Macrosila jordana

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Common names: Australian privet hawk moth

Hosts: Millingtonia hortensis; Paulownia fortunei; Tectona grandis

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/psilogramma_t.htm (In Thai)

http://www.arbec.com.my/moths/sphingidae/sphingidae_5_1.php

http://www-staff.mcs.uts.edu.au/~don/larvae/sphi/menephr.html

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http://www.ento.csiro.au/gallery/moths/Psilogrammamenephron

http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_s/b_3496.htm

http://anic.ento.csiro.au/entomid-png/taxon_details.asp?BiotaID=9925

Sagra femorata (Cramer, 1780)

Common names:

Hosts:

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/pests/others/sagra_t.htm (In Thai)

Sinoxylon anale Lesne, 1897

Coleoptera: Bostrychidae

Common names: auger beetle

Hosts: Acacia mangium; Koompassia melaccensis; Acacia spp.; Dalbergia spp.; Delonix spp.; Hevea brasiliensis; Leucaena spp.; Mallotus spp.; Shorea spp.; Terminalia spp.;

Xylia spp

Sinoxylon anale is a significant pest of agricultural, forestry and forest product industries

as they are very harmful to trees, bamboos and wood It is a common species in the forests, timber depots, sawmills and furniture industries, and is a primary borer in the sapwood of logs, and timbers used in house building, boxes, and packing cases

In Thailand, S anale is known to bore into the branches and twigs of Acacia mangium trees (Nair, 2001) and it has also been recorded infesting Koompassia melaccensis In

India, it is considered one of the most destructive wood borers in India, attacking a wide

variety of plants Other recorded host species include Acacia spp., Dalbergia spp.,

Delonix spp., Hevea brasiliensis, Leucaena spp., Mallotus spp., Shorea spp., Terminalia

The larvae of Sternocera spp bore into the root collar of Acacia mangium trees in

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Tingis beesoni

Hemiptera: Tingidae

Common names: lace bug

Tingis beesoni causes serious damage to Gmelina arborea saplings (Nair, 2001) These

bugs feed gregariously at the base of the leaf blade and soft shoots Necroic lesions

develop leading to defoliation and shoot dieback The fungus Nattrassia mangiferae is often associated with attacks of T beesoni on Gmelina arborea; the two agents

contributing to the dieback and death of saplings (Nair, 2001)

Xyleutes ceramica Walker

Other scientific names: Zeuzera ceramica; Duomitus ligneus; Eudoxyba bosschae

Common names: beehole borer; teak beehole borer

Hosts: Callicarpa spp.; Clerodendrum spp.; Gmelina spp.; Tectona spp.; Erythrina spp.;

Sesbania spp.; Spathodea spp.; Duabanga spp

This species of moth is considered by some as “teak’s worst and least understood pest” The larvae of this moth bore into the heartwood of teak where it causes significant

damage It is known to feed on species of Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Gmelina, Tectona (Verbenaceae), Erythrina, Sesbania (Leguminosae), Spathodea (Bignoniaceae), and

Duabanga (Sonneratiaceae) It occurs in Asia through to New Guinea

http://www.forest.go.th/FIG/nbcrc/xc_e.html

Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)

Other scientific names: Xyleborus morstatti Hagedorn, 1912; Xyleborus compactus Eichhoff; Xylosandrus morstatti (Hagedorn)

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Common names: black twig borer; ambrosia beetle; shot-hole borer; tea stem borer; black coffee twig borer; black coffee borer

Hosts: Swietenia macrophylla

In Thailand, Xylosandrus compactus is a species of scolytid beetle that bores into the stem of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in nurseries and lays eggs in galleries causing the seedlings to collapse (Nair, 2001) Native to Asia, X compactus has spread to many

coffee growing areas throughout the world where it causes damage not only to

agricultural crops, but also to native forest trees

http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/species/ecology.asp?si=175&fr=1&sts

http://www.barkbeetles.org/browse/subject.cfm?SUB=426

http://www.insectimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?sub=426

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http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/black_twig_borer.htm

http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/xylosand.htm

http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/XYLSCO.htm

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner, 1861

Other scientific names: Zeuzera oblita

Common names: red borer; cocoa pod borer; cocoa stem borer; wood moth; red branch borer; red coffee borer

Hosts: Chukrasia tabularis; Coffea spp.; Eucalyptus deglupta; Terminalia brassii;

Acalypha spp.; Psidium spp.; Crataegus spp.; Citrus spp.; Theobroma spp.; Casuarina

spp

Larval wood moths tunnel the heartwood of living trees They create large holes in the timber which degrades its value The development from an egg to an adult can take several years during which the larvae create a J-shaped tunnel of very large diameter The large holes usually cause smaller trees to become more susceptible to wind damage Adult wood moths are some of the largest and heaviest moths in the world with a body weight up to 25 grams Cossids are not common and are usually considered minor pests

but their damage is usually discovered in the saw mill Zeuzera coffeae usually attacks

coffee plants but can also cause some damage on a wide range of other hosts including

Eucalyptus deglupta, Terminalia brassii, and species of Acalypha, Psidium, Crataegus, Citrus, Theobroma and Casuarina In Thailand, it has also been reported on Chukrasia tabularis

http://www.fzi.uni-freiburg.de/InsectPestKey-long%20version/lepidopt.htm

Introduced insects

Brontispa longissima (Gestro, 1885)

Common names: coconut leaf beetle; coconut hispid beetle; coconut chrysomelid hispine beetle; coconut hispine beetle

Hosts: Cocos nucifera

Brontispa longissima is potentially the most serious pests of coconut palms Both larvae

and adults of the beetle inhabit the developing, unopened leaves of the coconut palm where they feed on leaf tissues Where an attack is severe, complete defoliation of the palms may result Prolonged attack, particularly to young or unhealthy palms, may result

in tree death

B longissima represents a threat to the coconut industry of southern and central Thailand

with US$30 million production and 50 000 smallholder farmers It is also a threat to the tourist industry of Koh Samui and Koh Pa-ngan

Tiêu đề	Overview of Forest Pests Thailand
Tác giả	Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Trường học	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Chuyên ngành	Forest Health and Biosecurity
Thể loại	working paper
Năm xuất bản	2007
Thành phố	Rome

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Số trang	47
Dung lượng	244,92 KB