Using factor analysis to find source atmospheric pollution by moss technique

Tuyển tập báo cáo Hội nghị Khoa học và Công nghệ hạt nhân toàn quốc lần thứ 14 Proceedings of Vietnam conference on nuclear science and technology VINANST 14 276 ỨNG DỤNG PHÂN TÍCH NHÂN TỐ ĐỂ TRUY SUẤ[.]

Tuyển tập báo cáo Hội nghị Khoa học và Công nghệ hạt nhân toàn quốc lần thứ 14

Proceedings of Vietnam conference on nuclear science and technology VINANST-14

ỨNG DỤNG PHÂN TÍCH NHÂN TỐ ĐỂ TRUY SUẤT NGUỒN GÂY Ô NHIỄM

TRONG KHÔNG KHÍ QUA CHỈ THỊ SINH HỌC CÂY RÊU

USING FACTOR ANALYSIS TO FIND SOURCE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

BY MOSS TECHNIQUE

DOAN PHAN THAO TIEN 1 , TRINHTHI THU MY 2 , LE HONG KHIEM 3,MARINA V FRONTASYEVA 2 , NGUYEN

AN SON 4 , DO VAN DUNG 1 , HA XUAN VINH 1

1Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, VAST, Vietnam

2

Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

3Institute of Physics of Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

4

Dalat University - Vietnam

Abstract: The Barbula moss samples were collected at sixteen sites in the areas of Thua Thien Hue province - the central

Vietnam, and subjected to conventional and epithermal neutron activation analyses at the reactor IBR-2 in Dubna The

analytical results have been determined the concentration of thirty elements in Barbula moss samples Factor analysis was

applied to the obtained results to reveal possible pollution sources Rotated factor loadings suggested three factors, that could explained more than 80% of variability Additionally, factor scores were calculated, that confirmed the presence of pollution sources in the corresponding sites The main aims of this investigation were as follows: (1) to find out the elemental

accumulation capacity of Barbular moss; (2) to evaluate the main sources of atmospheric pollution in the Thua Thien Hue

province

Keyword: Barbula, factor analysis, atmospheric pollution

Tóm tắt: Các mẫu rêu Barbula thu ở 16 địa điểm thuộc tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế - khu vực miền Trung Việt Nam Kết quả đã

xác định được hàm lượng 30 nguyên tố trong các mẫu rêu bằng kỹ thuật phân tích kích hoạt neuttron dụng cụ tại lò phản ứng IBR2 – Viện Liên hiệp Nghiên cứu Hạt nhân Dubna Ứng dụng phân tích nhân tố để truy xuất các nguồn phát ra gây ô nhiễm trong không khí qua kết quả phân tích hàm lượng nguyên tố trong mẫu rêu Kết quả đã giả thích được hơn 80% giá trị các biến và truy xuất được 3 nhân tố tương ứng 3 nguồn gây ô nhiễm chính Thêm vào đó, kết quả phân tích nhân tố điểm đã xác định được các vị trí bị ảnh hưởng bởi các nguồn đó Mục đích chính của bài báo này: (1) tìm ra các nguyên tố

hấp thụ tronn rêu Barbula; (2) đánh giá được các nguồn chính gây ô nhiễm không khí ở tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế

Từ khóa: rêu Barbula, phân tích nhân tố, ô nhiễm không khí

1 INTRODUCTION

In Vietnam, the environmental quality has been gradually degraded by the new economic policies, which promote increasing industrialization, urbanization, construction, traffic, as well as agricultural developmental For a long time, environmental quality monitoring has often been neglected in the country While several studies assessing metal pollution in aquatic environments have been carried out, metal atmospheric environment monitoring data have remained limited and often focused on large cities such as Hanoi and Hochiminh city (Pham et al 1999, 2004)

The moss technique first introduced in Scandinavia has proved to be feasible for studying atmospheric deposition of heavy metals as well as other trace elements (Frontasyeva M.V et al 2000) Heavy metals accumulate in moss due to their morphological and physiological characteristics Moss leaves are highly oermeable for inos of trace elements and mineral salts Ions found in moss come from atmospheric precipitation and dry deposition through simple processes of ion exchange, while the uptake from substratum is negligible (Steinnes 1993)

Generally, Hypnum moss is hardly found in Vietnam, which kind normally is using bio-indicator in

Europe; The first pilot study is using moss technique to monitoring metal atmospheric deposition in the north of Vietnam was found as an effective method (Nguyen et al., 2010) Our study was compared ability

elemental accumulation in three moss species in central Vietnam, and chose the Barbula moss is the indicator for biomonitoring (Doan Phan Thao Tien et al., 2020) In this study, we were using Barbula moss

which samples were collected in Thua Thien Hue province of central Vietnam

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Area Sampling

Thua Thien Hue (16.300N, 107.350E) is a province in central Vietnam It is located in the seashore, with an area of about 5,048 km2 The region features a coastal narrow strip land, leaning against the Truong Son Mountains; the Hue area holds a tropical monsoon climate There are two seasons (dry and rainy); the

Tiểu ban C: Ghi đo bức xạ, An toàn bức xạ và Quan trắc môi trường

Section C: Radiation measurement, Radiation safety and Environmental

rainy season is from August to January (next year)

The moss collection was carried out at the end of the rainy season in the areas of Thua Thien Hue

province, Fig.1 shows sixteen sites, each site was collected about 3 – 4 Barbula moss samples The white

circle is the central of Hue city

Figure 1 Positions of the moss collection in Thua Thien Hue province

Moss Sampling

To minimize the influence of substrate, moss was picked out from the tree trunk at the high at least 1.5m from the ground and only the top (Fig 2.a) Morphology of these moss types seems to be

considerably distinctive as showed in the Fig 2.b Barbula moss is commonly ranging from 2 to 3 cm high

and rarely higher (up to 5 cm) Leaves are ovate to ovate-lanceolate and plant is green to brownish-green

Figure 2 Picture the Barbula moss

The sampling was carried out mainly, in accordance with the strategy of MONITORING MANUAL

of the UNECE ICP 2015 All sampling sites were located at least 200 m from main roads, 50 m from local roads Moss were cut out from its carpets by plastic tools and put in polyethylene zip-lock bags; both tool and bag were made from materials with low impurity level However, by special conditions of Viet Nam cities, in many places moss was covered with soil dust so that, in laboratory, the moss samples were thoroughly washed by distilled water and cleaned from extraneous materials (large soil particles, leaves,

Tuyển tập báo cáo Hội nghị Khoa học và Công nghệ hạt nhân toàn quốc lần thứ 14

Proceedings of Vietnam conference on nuclear science and technology VINANST-14

dust, etc.).The top part of the mosses (living, green) was separated from the lower part (brown, dead), and only the top part was used for analysis In the last stage, all moss samples were dried until unchanged weights (Frontasyeva and Harmens, 2015)

Analytical method

The instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was carried out at the Department of Neutron Activation Analysis, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia Table 1 was display the neutron flux density and set time parameters using irradiation the moss samples

Table 1 The main parameters using irradiation the moss samples in reactor IBR2

Irradiation type Neutron flux density (x10

12 n.cm

-2 s -1 )

Time Irradiation Decay Measurement Short-term

Long-term

(Channel 1)

3.31 (Cd-coated)

3 - 4 day 4 day 30 min

20 day 90 min

About 300mg dry weight of moss sample was heat-sealed in polyethylene foil bags and packed in aluminum cups for short-term irradiation and for long-term irradiation respectively (Fig.3)

Figure 3 The pictures of the packed of samples moss

Statistical analysis

The subprogram Factor Analysis of the software STATISTICA was used to find out groups of correlated elements; each group also known as a factor represents a possible source of pollution on the studied sites This process also gave out statistics that help to assess potentials of these sources in each corresponding site

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Concentration of thirty elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K,Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se,

Br, Sr, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm,Tb, Ta, Th, and U) were determined in the Barbula moss by INAA

(Table.2).The concentrations of thirteen selected elements with the errors of about 3 to 10 percentages, except for Cr (14%) were subjected to factor analysis to identify possible pollution sources of the studied

sites

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Section C: Radiation measurement, Radiation safety and Environmental

Table 2 The concentration (mg/kg) of chemical elements in the moss samples

Hu_S4 Hu_S3 Hu_S2 Hu_S1 Hu_N4 Hu_N3 Hu_N2 Hu_N1 Hu_E4 Hu_E3 Hu_E2 Hu_E1 Hu_W4 Hu_W3 Hu_W2 Hu_W1

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Section C: Radiation measurement, Radiation safety and Environmental monitoring

280

Extracted factors and possible pollution sources

The result of factor analysis of thirteen elements was extract three factors (FAx), that could explained more than eighty percent of the variability showed in Table 3

Factor loading value characterizes the correlation of element with related factor Factor loadings of the thirteen selected elements and the mentioned factors are presented in the Table 3 Based on factor loadings, these main possible pollution sources are suggested in the following

Table 3 Factor loading and the percentages, cumulative of the factors

% of expl.variance 48.8 19.5 16.5

• Factor 1 (Al, Sc, Ti, Cr, Co, As, La with loading range: 0.69 ÷ 0.94) has a typical crustal composition; it could be characterized local soil dust

• Factor 2 (As, Se, Zn, Ba – loading range: 0.51 ÷ 0.88) could be derived from vehicle emission and waste industry (Pacyna and Pacyna, 2001);

In Viet Nam, condensed traffic in the cities could be one of main sources of Zn and Ba there The tire-wear particles have been recognized as a source of Zn to the environment (Councell el al., 2004); moreover, a composition of Ba and Zn is released from lubricant used in vehicle engine

• Factor 3 (Cl, Se, K –loading range: 0.65 ÷ 0.95) this factor contains elements normally associated with the fuel combustion process, especially in the burned area containing a lot of chlorine (Grzegorz 2012)

The association of arsenic with both factor 1 from soil, and factor 2 from characterizes the severe contamination of the element in local environment; that agrees to data showed in many titles about the threat of arsenic pollution in Vietnam (Hahn 2015)

Checking suggested sources with pollution sourcesin corresponding sites

Factor scores (FS) are used to estimate the cases' scores (sites’ scores) on the factors The Table 4 shows possible pollution sources associated with related sites

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Proceedings of Vietnam conference on nuclear science and technology VINANST-14

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Table 4 Factor score

• High scores of soil dust factor 1 were found in some sites of Hue: Hu_S4 (1.03); Hu_E4 (1.16); Hu_E1 (1.98); Hu_W4 (1.43) where are situated in areas focusing many peoples and with high traffic ways around Evidently, soil dust would be the dominant pollution source in these sites

• High scores of anthropogenic factor 2 connect with Zn and Ba Two elements mainly release in the air from many industrial processing that could be found wherever in literature about potential contaminants associated with industrial sectors

The site HU-N4 in Hue with the highest concentration of Ba;the site located on industrial complex

Tu Ha – HuongVan where focus different factories producing paper,plastic packaging and construction materials (cement, brick) Especially, there is the big Portland cement factory Luks operating for over twenty years These industrial activities must be the sources of high-level accumulation of the non-volatile metal Ba in the site (Greer et al, 1992);

• High scores of combustion factor 3 connect with Hu_S4, Hu_S2, Hu_S1 sites especially in periphery zone, where many households have been using traditional fuels as firewood, charcoal (by local government report in 2015)

4 CONCLUSION

This work demonstrates that the Barbula moss technique combined with INAA method and factor

analysis could reasonably detect principal pollution sources and provide data to confront them with the present sources at the studied sites By the study results, dominant pollution features of these sites in Thua Thien Hue from dust, the traditional fuel combustion, and the vehicle emission

The purpose of this work is to study elemental atmospheric deposition in different sites in Thua Thien Hue Province of Vietnam and find out their potential sources; confirmed again the high potency of the methods to monitor atmospheric deposition in the area study

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