2 ND EDITION k ❚ 3❚ How to Use This Book ❚ 2❚ ❚ ❚ Article Title ❚ ❚ Definition in italics with Latin translation provided ❚ ❚ First-level subhead ❚ 1❚ ❚ ❚ Timeline for subject of biography, including general historical events and life events ❚ 4❚ ❚ ❚ Sidebar expands upon an issue addressed briefly in the article ❚ ❚ Quotation from subject of biography ❚ ❚ Biography of contributor to American law ❚ ❚ Internal cross-reference to entry within WEAL ❚ ❚ In Focus article examines a controversial or complex aspect of the article topic ❚10 ❚ Cross-references at end of article ❚11❚ Full cite for case ❚ 5❚ ❚ 6❚ ❚ 7❚ ❚ 8❚ ❚ 9❚ ❚10 ❚ ❚11❚ ND EDITION Volume 13 Dictionary and Indexes Detroit • San Diego • San Francisco • New Haven, Conn • Waterville, Maine • London • Munich West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd Edition Project Editors Jeffrey Lehman Shirelle Phelps Editorial Support Services Ryan Cartmill, Mark Hefner, Sue Petrus Data Capture Katrina Coach, Nikita Greene, Beverly Jendrowski, Elizabeth Pilette, Beth Richardson Editorial Andrew C Claps, Pamela A Dear, Jason M Everett, Lynn U Koch, John F McCoy, Jeffrey Wilson, Jennifer M York, Ralph Zerbonia Imaging and Multimedia Dean Dauphinais, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Mary Grimes, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, David G Oblender, Chris O’Bryan Product Design Cynthia Baldwin, Kate Scheible Indexing Services Lynne Maday Permissions Margaret A Chamberlain © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license For more information, contact The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems— without the written permission of the publisher Manufacturing Rhonda Williams This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair condition, and other applicable laws The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information Research Barbara McNeil Composition and Electronic Capture Evi Seoud, Mary Beth Trimper Inside cover photographs reproduced by permission of the Library of Congress (Thurgood Marshall) For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permission or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax of mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc 27500 Drake Rd Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein The Gale Group, Inc accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West’s encyclopedia of American law / Jeffrey Lehman, editor, Shirelle Phelps, editor.— 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (hardcover set : alk paper) Law—United States—Encyclopedias Law—United States—Popular works I Lehman, Jeffrey II Phelps, Shirelle KF154.W47 2004 349.73’03—dc22 2004004918 ISBN 0-7876-6367-0 (set), ISBN 0-7876-6368-9 (vol 1), ISBN 0-7876-6369-7 (vol 2), ISBN 0-7876-6370-0 (vol 3), ISBN 0-7876-6371-9 (vol 4), ISBN 0-7876-6372-7 (vol 5), ISBN 0-7876-6373-5 (vol 6), ISBN 07876-6374-3 (vol 7), ISBN 0-7876-6375-1 (vol 8), ISBN 0-7876-6376-X (vol 9), ISBN 0-7876-6377-8 (vol 10), ISBN 0-7876-6378-6 (vo1 11), ISBN 0-7876-6379-4 (vol 12), ISBN 0-7876-9420-7 (vol 13) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN 0-7876-9373-1 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information Printed in the United States of America 10 DEDICATION West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) is dedicated to librarians and library patrons throughout the United States and beyond Your interest in the American legal system helps to expand and fuel the framework of our Republic k Contents VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii A–Ba Abbreviations 507 Preface iii Contributors vii Mc–Pl Abbreviations 467 VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Be–Col Abbreviations 511 Preface iii Contributors vii Po–San Abbreviations 461 VOLUME VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Com–Dor Abbreviations 511 Preface iii Contributors vii Sar–Ten Abbreviations 465 VOLUME VOLUME 10 Preface iii Contributors vii Dou–Fre Abbreviations 509 Preface iii Contributors vii Ter–Z Abbreviations 459 VOLUME Preface iii Contributors vii Fri–Jam Abbreviations 501 VOLUME 11 Milestones in the Law VOLUME 12 Primary Documents VOLUME VOLUME 13 Preface iii Contributors vii Jap–Ma Abbreviations 469 Dictionary of Legal Terms Cases Index General Index vii Preface Definitions Every entry on a legal term is followed by a definition, which appears at the beginning of the entry and is italicized The Dictionary and Indexes volume includes a glossary containing all the definitions from WEAL he U.S legal system is admired around the world for the freedoms it allows the individual and the fairness with which it attempts to treat all persons On the surface, it may seem simple, yet those who have delved into it know that this sytem of federal and state constitutions, statutes, regulations, and common-law decisions is elaborate and complex It derives from the English common law, but includes principles older than England, along with some principles from other lands The U.S legal system, like many others, has a language all its own, but too often it is an unfamiliar language: many concepts are still phrased in Latin The second edition of West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) explains legal terms and concepts in everyday language, however It covers a wide variety of persons, entities, and events that have shaped the U.S legal system and influenced public perceptions of it T Further Readings To facilitate further research, a list of Further Readings is included at the end of a majority of the main entries Cross-References WEAL provides two types of cross-references, within and following entries Within the entries, terms are set in small capital letters—for example, LIEN—to indicate that they have their own entry in the encyclopedia At the end of the entries, related entries the reader may wish to explore are listed alphabetically by title Blind cross-reference entries are also included to direct the user to other entries throughout the set In Focus Essays MAIN FEATURES OF THIS SET In Focus essays accompany related entries and provide additional facts, details, and arguments on particularly interesting, important, or controversial issues raised by those entries The subjects covered include hotly contested issues, such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay rights; detailed processes, such as the Food and Drug Administration’s approval process for new drugs; and important historical or social issues, such as debates over the formation of the U.S Constitution Entries This encyclopedia contains nearly 5,000 entries devoted to terms, concepts, events, movements, cases, and persons significant to U.S law Entries on legal terms contain a definition of the term, followed by explanatory text if necessary Entries are arranged alphabetically in standard encyclopedia format for ease of use A wide variety of additional features, listed later in this preface, provide interesting background and supplemental information ix x PREFACE Sidebars Sidebars provide brief highlights of some interesting facet of accompanying entries They complement regular entries and In Focus essays by adding informative details Sidebar topics include the Million Man March and the branches of the U.S armed services Sidebars appear at the top of a text page and are set in a box Biographies WEAL profiles a wide variety of interesting and influential people—including lawyers, judges, government and civic leaders, and historical and modern figures—who have played a part in creating or shaping U.S law Each biography includes a timeline, which shows important moments in the subject’s life as well as important historical events of the period Biographies appear alphabetically by the subject’s last name ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THIS SET Enhancements Throughout WEAL, readers will find a broad array of photographs, charts, graphs, manuscripts, legal forms, and other visual aids enhancing the ideas presented in the text Indexes WEAL features a cases index and a cumulative general index in a separate volume Appendixes Three appendix volumes are included with WEAL, containing hundreds of pages of docu- ments, laws, manuscripts, and forms fundamental to and characteristic of U.S law Milestone Cases in the Law A special Appendix volume entitled Milestones in the Law, allows readers to take a close look at landmark cases in U.S law Readers can explore the reasoning of the judges and the arguments of the attorneys that produced major decisions on important legal and social issues Included in each Milestone are the opinions of the lower courts; the briefs presented by the parties to the U.S Supreme Court; and the decision of the Supreme Court, including the majority opinion and all concurring and dissenting opinions for each case Primary Documents There is also an Appendix volume containing more than 60 primary documents, such as the English Bill of Rights, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Brimingham Jail, and several presidential speeches Citations Wherever possible, WEAL entries include citations for cases and statutes mentioned in the text These allow readers wishing to additional research to find the opinions and statutes cited Two sample citations, with explanations of common citation terms, can be seen below and opposite Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S 436, 86 S.Ct 1602, 16 L.Ed 2d 694 (1966) Case title The title of the case is set in italics and indicates the names of the parties The suit in this sample citation was between Ernesto A Miranda and the state of Arizona Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter name indicates the reporter volume containing the case (The volume number appears on the spine of the reporter, along with the reporter name.) Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The suit in the sample citation is from the reporter, or series of books, called U.S Reports, which contains cases from the U.S Supreme Court (Numerous reporters publish cases from the federal and state courts.) W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Reporter page The number following the reporter name indicates the reporter page on which the case begins Additional reporter citation Many cases may be found in more than one reporter The suit in the sample citation also appears in volume 86 of the Supreme Court Reporter, beginning on page 1602 Additional reporter citation The suit in the sample citation is also reported in volume 16 of the Lawyer’s Edition, second series, beginning on page 694 Year of decision The year the court issued its decision in the case appears in parentheses at the end of the cite A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n PREFACE Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, Pub L No 103–159, 107 Stat 1536 (18 U.S.C.A §§ 921–925A) Statute title Public law number In the sample citation, the number 103 indicates that this law was passed by the 103d Congress, and the number 159 indicates that it was the 159th law passed by that Congress Reporter volume number The number preceding the reporter name indicates the reporter volume containing the statute Reporter name The reporter name is abbreviated The statute in the sample citation is from Statutes at Large Reporter page The number following the reporter name indicates the reporter page on which the statute begins W E S T ’ S E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F Title number Federal laws are divided into major sections with specific titles The number preceding a reference to the U.S Code Annotated is the title number title 18 of the U.S Code is Crimes and Criminal Procedure Additional reporter The statute in the sample citation may also be found in the U.S Code Annotated Section number The section numbers following a reference to the U.S Code Annotated indicate where the statute appears in that reporter A M E R I C A N L A W , n d E d i t i o n xi GENERAL INDEX Webster, Daniel and, 10:321 Whig Party, 10:352–353 Tyranny, 8:346 Tyson, Mike, 8:237 U UCC See Uniform Commercial Code (UCC); Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) UCCC See Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) UFW (United Farm Workers of America), 2:333–334, 10:161– 162 Ultimate facts, 10:139–140 Ultra vires, 10:140–141 Umpires, 10:141 Unanimity and jury verdicts, 6:82 Unauthorized practice, 10:141– 142 Unauthorized Practice of Law (UPL) Committee, 10:142 Unborn children, abuse of, 2:347 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or, Life Among the Lowly (Stowe), 9:365 Unconditional pardons, 7:355 Unconscionable, 10:142–143 adhesion contracts, 1:93 contracts, 3:169 leases, 6:225 property settlements, 8:151 sales contracts, 8:445 The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception (television documentary), 10:226–227 Undercapitalization, 3:222–223 Undercounting, census, 2:293– 295 Undercover investigations, 5:495–496 Underground Railroad, 1:12, 9:365 Underground water rights, 10:311 Underinclusiveness, 10:143 Understanding, 10:143 Undertaking, 10:144 Underwrite, 10:144 Undue influence, 10:144–145 cancellation of an instrument, 2:232 constructive trusts, 3:138 contracts, 3:176 deeds, transfer of, 3:375 duress distinction, 4:45 property seettlements, 8:151 wills, 10:380 W E S T ’ S UNIFORM PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT Unemployment compensation, 4:361 duration, 10:146 Federal Unemployment Compensation Act (1939), 4:360–361 notice of business closings, 2:189–190 rate (1950-1995), 4:361 rate during the Great Depression, 4:360 reasons for, 10:145 tax, 4:361 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 10:336–337 Unemployment compensation, 10:145–147, 385 Unenumerated rights, 10:147– 148 Unethical conduct, 10:148 Unfair competition, 10:148–152 consumer protection, 3:149 trade dress, 10:66–67 tying arrangements, 10:136– 137 Unfair labor practices, 10:152– 154 collective bargaining, 2:489– 493 labor law, 6:174–176 National Labor Relations Act (1935), 4:131 secondary boycotts, 9:55 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 9:431 Unforeseeable causes, 2:277 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (1995), 3:167 Unger, Roberto Mangabeira, 3:297–298 UNICEF, 10:164 Uniform acts, 10:154 alternative dispute resolution, 1:241 child custody, 3:325 comity, 3:1–2 Commissioners on Uniform Laws, 3:24 divorce, 3:473 Model Acts, 7:98 Model Penal Code, 7:98–99 sentencing, 9:106–107 surrogate motherhood, 9:415 Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (1968), 7:324–325, 328–329 Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act, 2:354, 4:317 Uniform Code of Military Justice, 1:332, 10:154–156 codification, 2:472 courts-martial, 3:244, 247 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N judge advocates, 6:43 military criminal justice system, 7:59 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 10:139, 156–158 automobile sales, 1:423–424 bulk transfer, 2:164 codification, 2:472 commercial law, 3:14 commercial paper, 3:15 contracts, sale, 3:182 implied warranties, 8:129–130 installment contracts, 8:449 law merchant, 6:213 Mentschikoff, Soia, 7:39–40 reasonable time, 8:247 requirements contracts, 8:320– 322 risk, 8:366 sales law, 8:444, 448–449 secured transactions, 9:64 warehouse receipts, 10:285 “X” as a signature, 10:441 Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, 10:158–159 Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC), 10:139, 159 consumer credit, 3:145–146 usury, 10:187–188 Uniform Controlled Substances Act, 4:28–29 Uniform Crime Reports, 10:159– 160 Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (1964), 4:307 Uniform Durable Power of Attorney Act (1979), 8:54 Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA), 4:490 Uniform Guardianship and Protective Proceedings Act (1982), 5:159 Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act (1963), 6:369–370 Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (1992), 2:360, 365 Uniform Limited Liability Company Act (1995), 6:317– 318 Uniform Management of Institutional Funds Act (1992), 4:142 Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, 8:151 Uniform Militia Act (1792), 7:65 Uniform Parentage Act (1973, 2000), 7:398–399 Uniform Premarital Agreement Act, 8:66 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 451 452 UNIFORM PROBATE CODE Uniform Probate Code (UPC), 8:119, 120, 122, 10:160, 377 Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 4:318 Uniform Rules of Evidence, 4:356 Uniform Securities Act, 9:74–75 Uniform Simultaneous Death Act, 9:189 Uniform Vendor and Purchaser Risk Act, 10:202 Uniform Workmen’s Compensation Law, 10:419– 420 Unilateral changes and collective bargaining, 2:492–493 Unilateral contracts, 3:168, 10:160–161 acceptance, 3:171 bilateral distinction, 2:27–28 consideration, 3:105–106 irrevocable offers, 3:170 wrongful discharge, 10:436 Union Pacific Railroad, 3:267, 7:343 Union shops, 10:161 Unions See Labor unions United Airlines, 1:191 United Church of Christ, 5:217 United Counseling Service of Bennington County, 5:115 United Farm Workers of America (UFW), 2:333–334, 10:161–162 United Kingdom See Great Britain United Nations, 10:162–165 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 3:309, 310 doctrine of equality of states, 3:497 extraterritoriality, 4:295 Hague Tribunal, 5:175 human rights efforts, 5:305– 306 International Court of Justice, 5:442–443 international law, 5:445–446 International Monetary Fund, 5:447–448 International Trade Organization, 5:448–449 law of the sea, 6:214–215 lawful wars, 8:426 League of Nations’ structure, 6:222 refugee policy, 8:267–268 renunciation of war, 8:299 reprisals, 8:308–309 W E S T ’ S GENERAL INDEX Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 8:397 rules of war enforcement, 8:426–427 U.S ambassadors, 5:105–106 United Nations Convention Against Torture (1984), 1:268 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 8:267 United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 5:137 United States Government Manual, 10:165 United States Information and Educational Exchange Act (1948), 10:177 United States National Bank, Los Angeles (CA), 1:475 United States Naval Academy, 7:215 United States Reports, 8:193 United Steelworkers of America, 5:104 Unities, 10:166 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (2001) See USA PATRIOT Act (2001) Unitrusts, 10:166 Universal City Studios, 9:246– 248 Universal Copyright Convention (UCC), 3:203 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 5:446 Universal Music Group (UMG), 7:147 Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 5:42 Universities See Colleges and universities University of Alabama desegregation order, 10:269 University of Alabama v Garrett (2001), 3:440 University of California Davis, Angela Yvonne, 3:347, 348 Regents of the University of California v Bakke (1978), 1:152–153 University of Chicago Law School Chicago Jury Project, 2:340 Freund, Ernst, 4:506 Levi, Edward Hirsch, 6:293– 294 University of Colorado, 3:5–6 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N University of Michigan affirmative action, 1:155–157 Doe v University of Michigan (1989), 2:504 Gratz v Bollinger (2003), 8:270 Internet pornography case, 5:452–453 law school, 3:188 University of Mississippi integration, 7:40–42 Lott, Chester Trent, 6:372–373 University of Texas Law School Hopwood v Texas (1996), 1:154–155 Sweatt v Painter (1950), 7:132 University of Virginia, 2:380– 381, 506 Unjust enrichment, 10:167–168 quantum meruit, 8:196 quasi contracts, 8:198 Unlawful, 10:168 Unlawful-act manslaughter, 6:423–424 Unlawful assembly, 8:363, 10:168–169 Unlawful communications, 10:26–27, 169 Unlawful detainer, 4:446, 10:169–170 Unlawful entry See Trespass Unliquidates, 10:170 Unocal Corporation, 2:191 Unpublished works, literary property, 6:337–339 Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile (Nader), 1:418, 419, 7:160–161 Unskilled vs skilled labor force, 1:218–219, 223 Unsolicited commercial e-mail See Spam Unwritten law, 10:170–171 Upjohn Co., 1:393 Upset price, 10:171 Urban areas movement of African Americans, 7:193 school integration, 9:19–20 U.S Airways, 1:190 U.S Attorneys, 6:89 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA), 2:228 U.S Chamber of Commerce, 10:171–172 U.S Civil War See Civil War, U.S U.S Code Annotated (USCA), 4:275, 10:174, 186 U.S Code Service, 4:275 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX U.S Code (USC), 2:472, 4:429, 10:174, 186 U.S Commissioners, 10:174 U.S Copyright Office See Copyright Office, U.S U.S Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, 4:342, 7:61–62, 10:156 U.S Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 3:247–248, 4:339, 10:176 U.S Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 2:148–150 U.S Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, 4:342, 9:262, 10:174–175 U.S Court of Federal Claims, 4:340, 9:262, 10:126 U.S Courts of Appeals, 10:175, 175–177, 176 U.S District Court (USDC), 10:186 U.S English (advocacy group), 4:159 U.S Information Agency, 10:177–178 U.S International Communication Agency, 10:177 U.S Marshals See Marshals Service, U.S U.S Military Assistance Command in Vietnam, 10:226 U.S Olympic Committee (USOC), 2:120 U.S Postal Service See Postal Service, U.S U.S Reports (Supreme Court publication), 6:149 U.S Sentencing Commission, 2:116, 10:180–182 U.S Taxpayers Party See Constitution Party U.S Trade Representative, Office of, 10:182–183 USA PATRIOT Act (2001), 10:183–185 aiding the enemy acts, 1:183 Ashcroft, John David, 1:366– 367 attorney general, expanded power of the, 6:90–91 civil rights of aliens, 1:215, 227 deportation of aliens, 3:403 enactment, 10:8 flying schools, 1:148 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, 4:452–453 presidential powers, 8:74 privacy, 8:104–105 W E S T ’ S VERDICTS search warrants, 9:44, 46 Secret Service, 9:57 speedy trial, right of, 9:275 visas, 10:241 wiretapping, 10:398 See also War on terrorism Usage, 10:185 Usage of trade, 2:236 USCA See U.S Code Annotated (USCA) USDC See U.S District Court (USDC) Use, 5:254–255, 10:186 Use and occupation, 10:186 Use taxes, 10:186–187 Use variances, 10:199–200 Used cars, 1:424, 6:267 USOC (U.S Olympic Committee), 2:120 USS Cole, 10:282 USS Ronald Reagan, 8:244 Usufruct, 10:187 Usurpation, 10:187 Usury, 10:187–189 consumer credit, 3:142 credit, 3:266 forbearance, 4:445 loan sharks, 6:356 Utah apportionment issues, 1:321 Bosone, Reva Beck, 2:83–85 census data lawsuit, 2:297 Compromise of 1850, 3:60 English-only law, 4:160–161 Mormon Church, 7:117–119 polygamy, 8:27 Utah War (1857), 7:118 Uti possidetis, 10:188 Utilitarianism, 10:188–190 Bentham, Jeremy, 2:20, 6:245 legal realism, 6:76 Utility, nuisance cases, 4:172–173 Utility companies See Public utilities Utter, 10:190 Uxor, 10:190 V Vacate, 5:253, 10:191–192 Vagrancy, 10:192 homeless persons, 5:280 prostitution, 8:156 vagueness, 10:244, 404 visible means of support, 10:241 Vagueness, 10:192 anti-gang laws, 5:34 high crimes and misdemeanors, 5:251–252 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N least restrictive means test, 6:226 liability for punitive damages, 8:189 loyalty oaths, 6:377–378 rule according to law, 8:419 within the statute, 10:404 void for vagueness doctrine, 10:244–20:245 Valenti, Jack, 7:134 Valid, 10:192–193 releases, 8:280–281 wills, 10:378, 380 zoning regulations, 10:457 Valuable consideration, 10:193 Valuation, 8:150–151, 10:193 Value, 10:193–194 actual cash value, 1:79–80 assessed valuation, 1:373 book value, 2:79 going concern value, 5:103– 104 market value, 4:125, 6:432 par value, 9:350 Van Buren, Martin, 4:492, 492, 10:194, 194–195 Van Devanter, Willis, 10:195– 197, 196 Vandalism, 1:277–278, 10:197– 198 Vanderbilt, Arthur T., 10:198– 199 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 8:437 Variances, 10:199–200, 458 Vassals, 4:391–392 Vaughn, George L., 10:200–201 Vehicles right of way, 8:358 Vel non, 10:201 Vendee, 10:201 Vendor credit, 3:142 Vendors, 10:201 Vendors and purchasers, 10:201– 202 Venezuela, British Guiana dispute (1895), 7:313 Vengeance, 2:64–65 Venire facias, 10:202 Ventura, Jesse, 8:265 Venue, 10:202–204 civil procedure, 2:391–392 determining, 10:103 jurisdiction distinction, 6:73 Verba, 10:204 Verdicts, 10:204 directed, 2:393, 3:433, 10:108 forms, 10:108 general, 5:61 guilty, 5:163 insanity defense, 5:406–407 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 453 454 VERIFY GENERAL INDEX judgment notwithstanding the verdict, 2:393, 6:47–48 juries, 6:82–83, 10:108–109 polling the jury, 8:23 sealed, 9:38–39 Verify, 10:204–205 Verizon Communications, 1:492 Verkuil, Paul, 2:89 Vermont Chipman, Daniel, 2:371 domestic partners law, 3:388, 5:53, 322 Sargent, John Garibaldi, 9:3 Vernireman, 10:202 Versus, 10:205 Vertical mergers, 7:45, 10:205– 206 Vertical restraints, 1:301 Vest, 10:206 legacies, 10:206 remainders, 8:149, 294 rule against perpetuities, 8:416–417 Veterans American Legion, 1:258–259 benefits, 7:59 Bonus Army March (1932), 5:289 civilian veteran population, 10:209 Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, 4:342 GI Bill, 5:74–77, 75 health care, 10:208–209, 211– 212 loyalty oaths, 6:378 rights of, 10:211–213 U.S Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, 9:262, 10:174–175 Veterans Administration See Veterans Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of, 10:206–210, 207 Veterans Affairs and Rehabilitation Commission (VAR), 1:259 Veterans Assistance Service, 10:210 Veterans Benefits Administration, 4:86, 10:209 Veterans Claims Assistance Act (2000), 10:175 Veteran’s Day, 1:342 Veterans’ Employment and Training Service, 6:170 Veterans Health Administration, 10:208–209 Veterans Judicial Review Act (1988), 10:174 W E S T ’ S Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), 10:210–211 Veterans’ rights, 10:211–213 Vetoes, 10:213–215 Congressional procedure, 3:91 executive, 6:259, 8:71–72 legislative, 1:107 line-item, 5:350, 8:70 Pocket Veto case (1929), 7:95 without day, 10:404 Vexatious litigation, 6:406, 10:215–216 Vicarious liability, 10:216 employers, 10:419 exclusive control by the defendant, 8:325 Vice, 10:216–217 Vice crimes, 10:217 Vice Presidents, 10:217–218 Adams, John, 1:82 Agnew, Spiro T., 4:448, 6:135, 135–136 Burr, Aaron, 2:174–177, 175, 5:180 Calhoun, John Caldwell, 2:213 Cheney, Dick, 5:57 chronology, 12:553t Gore, Albert Arnold, Jr., 5:116–119, 117 Humphrey, Hubert Horatio, 5:311, 311–312 official seal, 10:218 replacement, 10:130–132 role in Senate, 9:95 selection, 10:129 terms, 10:130 Victim and Witness Protection Act (1982), 10:221 Victim assistance programs, 10:218–219 Victim Compensation Fund, 10:184, 185 Victim Offender Reconciliation Programs, 8:338–339 Victimless crimes, 10:219 Victims of Child Abuse Laws (VOCAL), 2:346 Victims of crime, 10:219–221 domestic violence, 5:321 homicide, 5:283 identity theft, 5:325 offender’s parole, 7:371–372 plea bargaining, 7:460 presentence investigation, 8:69 property rights, 3:139 rape victims, 8:235 reparations, 8:304 restorative justice, 8:338–339 September 11 terrorist attacks, 9:114, 264 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N sex offenses, 9:143 shield laws, 8:236–237, 238 Son of Sam laws, 9:244–245 victim assistance programs, 10:218–219 victim impact statements, 10:221 victims’ advocates, 10:221 Victims of Crime Act (1984), 10:222 victims’ rights, 10:223, 224 Victims of Crime Act (1984), 10:218–219, 222–223 Victims’ rights, 10:223–224 Victim’s Rights Amendment (proposed), 10:223 Videocassette recorders, 9:246– 248 Videoconferencing depositions, 3:405 Videotaping depositions, 3:405 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), 3:429–430, 432 Vietnam, vice president Nguyen Thi Binh, 1:243 Vietnam War, 10:225–230 amnesty for draft dodgers, 4:448–449 antiwar efforts, 3:408, 9:301, 425 Church committee hearings, 2:303–304 Clifford, Clark McAdams, 2:441 criticism of Johnson, 5:138– 139 Douglas, William Orville, 4:12 election of 1964, 5:111 election of 1968, 7:252 Fulbright, James William, 5:14 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 6:24 Kissinger, Henry Alfred and, 6:146–147 McCain, John Sidney, 7:1–2 McCarthy, Eugene Joseph, 7:6–7 My Lai Massacre (1968), 7:152–153 Operation Oregon, 10:229 Pentagon Papers, 7:239–240 post-war amnesty, 1:266 Rankin, Jeannette, 8:232 target planning, 6:43–44 timeline, 10:228 Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964), 10:55–56 Welsh v United States (1970), 10:342–343 Vigilantism, 10:230–231 Reconstruction, 8:254 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX San Francisco Vigilance Committees, 8:452–453 Vill, 10:231 Vinson, Frederick Moore, 10:231–233, 232 clear and present danger standard, 2:432–433 Dennis v United States (1951), 3:43 Vinson, Michelle, 9:154 Violence advocated by anarchists, 5:97 anti-abortion activities, 1:15, 22–24 Anti-Biased Violence Project, 2:298 battered child/spouse syndrome, 1:502–503 Brazil, human rights, 9:316 cruel and inhuman treatment, 3:304 cruelty, 3:308 deadly force, 3:355–356 gangs, 5:30–34 gun control debate, 5:165, 166 juvenile offenders, 6:101 labor movement, 5:217–218 Mobile Enforcement Team program, 4:25 organized crime, 7:332–333 pornography, 8:34–35 schools, 5:353 SWAT teams, 9:421 television, 2:286–287 three strikes laws, 10:28 video games, 4:501 vigilantism, 10:230–231 against women, 4:48–51 See also Overthrow of government; Pacifism Violence Against Women Act (1994), 10:233–234 Commerce Clause, 10:413 domestic violence, 3:270, 505 Dworkin, Andrea, 4:48–49, 51 feminist jurisprudence, 4:376 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994), 2:248, 10:234–236 capital punishment, 4:29 domestic violence, 3:270 drug courts, 4:23 ex post facto, 4:261 mandatory life-imprisonment sentences, 10:28 recidivism, 8:251 sentencing, 9:107 Virgin Islands, 5:200 W E S T ’ S VOTING Virginia Barbour, Philip Pendleton, 1:487–489 Bill of Rights, 2:33 Buck v Bell (1927), 2:159 Glass, Carter, 5:99 Henry, Patrick, 5:246–247 Hill, Oliver White, Sr., 5:259 Hoffman, Walter Edward, 5:271–272 Jefferson, Thomas, 6:11–12 jury trial history, 10:102–103 Martin v Hunter’s Lessee (1816), 6:448–449 Mason, George, 6:451–452 Monroe, James, 7:105 murder cases, 3:86–87 New House of Delegates, 6:387–388 parole, 7:371 service marks, 9:117 slavery, 9:205 Virginia and Kentucky Resolves, 1:211, 6:12, 129, 9:325–326, 10:236–237 Virginia and Kentucky Resolves (document), 12:133–135 Virginia Conventions (17741776), 10:237 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 2:33, 10:238 Virginia Declaration of Rights (document), 12:85–86 Virginia Military Institute (VMI), 2:501–502, 5:96, 9:137, 10:238–240 Virginia Plan Madison, James, 6:389 Randolph, Edmund Jennings, 8:230 Virginia Plan (document), 12:107–109 Virtual adoption, 1:123 Virtual child pornography, 2:359–360, 8:36 Virtual state court, Michigan, 3:242 Viruses and worms (computer), 3:63–66, 5:455, 459 Vis, 10:240 Visa U.S.A (company), 3:263– 265 Visas, 10:240–241 aliens, 1:217–224 green cards, 5:139 Visible means of support, 10:241 Visitation rights, 10:241–242 court-ordered, 2:351 grandparents, 4:317–318, 7:361–362 parental, 4:316–317 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N prisoners, 8:94 Vitiate, 10:242 Vitoria, Francisco de, 10:242–243 Viva voce, 10:243 Viz., 10:243 VOCAL (Victims of Child Abuse Laws), 2:346 Vocational and Adult Education, Office of, 4:65 Vocational Rehabilitation Service, 10:209 Vocational training, 10:209, 213– 214 Voice of America, 10:177 Void, 8:168, 10:243–244 Void for vagueness doctrine, 10:244–245 Voidable, 10:245 contracts, 3:169, 173, 176, 5:368 marriages, 1:284 titles, 7:434, 8:146–147 Voir dire, 6:81, 10:245–246 Volenti non fit injuria, 10:246 Volstead, Andrew John, 10:246– 248, 247 Volstead Act (1919), 4:77–78, 8:140, 10:246 Voluntary bankruptcy, 1:472 confessions, 4:401–402 consent, 7:401 Voluntary acts, 10:248–249 Voluntary manslaughter, 6:422– 423 Voluntary waste, 10:305–306 Volunteerism American Association of Retired Persons, 1:245 militias, 7:66 von Bulow, Claus, 3:409 von Neurath, Konstantin, 7:290 Voteauction.com, 4:97 Voting, 10:249–254 absentee voting, 1:30–34, 31 African Americans, 2:250, 10:249–253 American Association of Retired Persons, 1:245 apportionment issues, 1:318, 320–321, 9:159–160 Civil Rights Movement, 1:449 convicts, 2:386, 388 cumulative voting, 3:313 discrimination, 3:23–24, 452, 5:196, 313–314, 7:366 disfranchisement, 3:453–455, 9:356 District of Columbia, 3:466– 468, 10:135–136 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 455 456 VOTING RIGHTS ACT Dorr’s Rebellion (1842), 3:507–508 Eastman, Crystal, 4:57 enfranchisement, 4:148 equal protection, 4:192–193 franchise, 4:476 fusion method, 7:236 gerrymandering, 5:72–74 grandfather clauses, 5:127–128 homeless persons, 5:279 Johnson, Frank Minis, rulings of, 6:19 Latino Americans, 6:223 machines, 4:97 NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, 7:159 National Woman Suffrage Association, 10:408–410 one person, one vote, 7:316 poll taxes, 8:20, 10:133 primaries, 5:200, 9:314 prisoners, 1:32 Puerto Ricans, 8:181 Rankin, Jeannette, 8:232 residency requirements, 8:332 Selma-to-Montgomery march (1965), 6:345–346 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments (document), 12:394–396 shareholders, 2:201–202, 3:218–219, 221 states’ denial of, 4:94 statistics, 4:95 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 5:176 territories, U.S., 10:5 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 10:135 viva voce, 10:243 voteauction.com, 4:97 voter turnout for presidential elections, 10:253 Warren Court rulings, 10:293 white primaries, 10:250–251, 343, 362 women, 1:289–291, 7:245, 410, 9:99–100, 358 See also Elections; Registration, voter Voting Rights Act (1965), 10:251–253, 254–255 Civil Rights Movement, 2:407 discrimination, 3:452 disfranchisement, 3:454–455 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 6:24 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 6:143 redistricting, 5:73 significance, 8:213 W E S T ’ S GENERAL INDEX Voting Rights Act (1965) (document), 12:385–391 Voting Rights Act Address (Johnson) (document), 12:482–483, 482–483 Voting trusts, 10:255, 256–257 Vouchees, 10:255 Vouchers, 7:173, 9:26–27, 30, 10:257 Vouching-in, 10:257 W W-4 forms, 10:403 Waco (TX) See Branch Davidian raid (1993) Wadset, 10:259 Wage Appeals Board, Dept of Labor, 3:345 Wage assignments, 10:259–260 Wage earner’s plans, 10:260 Wager of battel, 10:260 Wager of law, 3:60, 10:113, 260– 261 Wages and Hours Law See Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) Wages and salaries See Compensation and income Wagner, Robert Ferdinand, 10:262–263, 263 Wagner Act (1935), 7:255–256, 10:261–262 closed shops, 2:453–454 collective bargaining, 2:490, 4:131 discrimination, 2:398 labor unions, 6:179 NLRB v Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp (1937), 8:396 overview, 6:172–176 quality circles and total quality management, 6:174–175, 176–177 unfair labor practices, 10:152– 154 Wagner, Robert Ferdinand, 10:262, 263 wildcat strikes, 10:373 yellow dog contracts, 10:447 Wait-and-see doctrine, 10:263– 264 Wait-and-see statutes, 8:417 Waite, Morrison Remick, 10:264–265 Waiting periods marriage licenses, 6:436 mergers and acquisitions, 7:46–47 Waive, 10:265 Waivers, 10:265–266 arraignment, 1:349 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N continuance, 3:164 descent and distribution, 3:415–416, 417 lien, 6:315–316 Miranda rights, 3:81 statute of limitations, 9:333 Waiving time, 10:266 Wald, Patricia McGowan, 1:336, 10:266–268 Walker, David M., 5:57 Walker spy ring, 4:211–212 Wallace, Aaron, 7:437 Wallace, George Corley, 10:268– 270, 269 civil rights march (1965), 6:345 desegregation court order, 6:19 election of 1968, 5:382 Wallace, Henry, 8:139, 139 Wallace, John William, 10:270, 270–271 Walnut Street Prison, 10:272– 273, 273 Walsh, John, 6:139 Walsh, Lawrence, 3:111, 5:477, 477 Walt Disney Corp See Disney Corp Want, 10:273 Want of consideration, 10:273 Wanted posters, 2:361, 363 Wanton, 10:273–274 Wapentake, 10:274 Wapner, Joseph A., 2:216 War, 10:274–275 aerial warfare, 8:425 aiding the enemy acts, 1:182– 183 alien enemies, 1:212 amnesty, 1:265–266 armistice, 1:342 articles of war, 1:363 asymmetrical warfare, 6:87 casus belli, 2:272 citizens’ rights and status, 10:274–275 Clark, William Ramsey, clients of, 2:419 clear and present danger, 9:14 declarations, 3:129–130, 368, 5:148 embargoes, 4:117 enemy combatants, 4:142–143 executive orders, 4:275 fishing vessels, 4:428 free speech, 2:312–313, 422 Geneva Conventions (1949), 5:68–69 international waterways, 5:449–450 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX just war, 6:86–87 loyalty oaths, 6:377 marque and reprisal, 6:433 martial law, 6:444–446 mobilization, 10:275 naval warfare, 8:426 neutrality, 7:230–232 Nuremburg principles, 8:422 passports, 7:386 presidential war powers, 8:69– 70, 73–74 prevention, 5:446 prize courts, 8:116 prize law, 8:116 recognition, 8:253 renunciation of, 8:299 reparations, 8:303 target planning, 6:43–44 treason, 10:89 See also Pacifism War, rules of, 8:421–427 judge advocates, 6:43–44 law of armed conflict, 7:62 military government, 7:55–56 privateering, 8:110 War Brides Act (1945), 8:268 War crimes, 10:275–277 civilians, 8:424 genocide, 5:71 Hague Tribunal, 5:175 Nuremberg trials (1945-1949), 5:494, 7:285–286, 291 rules of war, 8:422 Tokyo Trial (1946-1948), 10:53–55, 54 War of 1812, 10:277–279, 278 Dallas, George Mifflin, 3:330 Democratic Republican Party, 3:397 Essex Junto opposition, 4:215 Harrison, William Henry, 5:198 Madison, James, 6:390 War of Independence, 10:279– 281, 280 Adams, John, 1:81 Chase, Samuel, 2:328 Coke, Sir Edward, influence of, 2:485 Common Sense (Paine) (document), 12:83–84 Declaration of Independence, 3:368–369 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (document), 12:79–82 Dr Bonham’s Case (1610), 4:153 Franklin, Benjamin, 4:486 freedom of the press, 4:416 W E S T ’ S WASH SALES Henry, Patrick, 5:246–247 militias, 7:65 Paine, Thomas, 7:350 Treaty of Paris (1783), 10:95– 96, 96 Treaty of Paris (1783) (document), 12:90–93 Washington, George, 10:300– 301 War on drugs, 4:30–32 War on terrorism, 10:282–284 Address to Congress, September 20, 2001 (Bush) (document), 12:488–492 Afghanistan, 9:113 alien enemies, 1:212 American Civil Liberties Union, 1:252 attorney general, expanded power of the, 6:90–91 aviation, 4:326 border security, 2:230 Bush, George Walker, 2:184– 185, 10:9 Central Intelligence Agency, 2:305–306 civil liberties curtailment, 2:11–12 Defense, Department of, 3:386 deportation, 3:403 duties of citizens, 2:385–386 enemy combatants, 4:142–143, 8:423 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 4:333 federal laws, 10:8 incarceration of citizens, 5:359–360 just war concept, 6:87 military tribunals, 7:62–63 news media, 4:505 presidential powers, 8:74 privacy, 8:104–105 racial profiling, 8:217 reprisals, 8:309 Ridge, Thomas Joseph, 8:354– 355 State, Department of, 9:59 U.S Marshals Service, 10:179 use of armed services, 1:341 wiretapping, 10:398 See also September 11 terrorist attacks (2001); USA PATRIOT Act (2001) War Powers Resolution (1973), 3:130, 8:74, 10:274 Ward, Nathaniel, 10:284–285 Ward, Samuel, 6:357 Wards, 10:284 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N Wards Cove Packing Company, 3:460 Warehouse banks, 3:111 Warehouse receipts, 10:285, 286 Warehousemen, 5:268, 10:285 Warranties, 10:287–289 commercial leases, 6:225 consumer protection, 3:150 express, 4:287 habitability, 5:174 homeowner’s, 5:280 implied, 2:279, 5:345–346 Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (1975), 6:395–396 product liability, 8:126, 128– 130 sales law, 8:446–447 warranty deeds, 3:375 Warrantless searches automobiles, 1:410–415, 3:282 Fourth Amendment exceptions, 4:473–474, 9:41– 42 fruit of the poisonous tree, 5:9–11 hot pursuit, 5:293–294 persons on probation, 4:475– 476 reasonableness, 3:286 Terry v Ohio (1968), 10:9–11 See also Search and seizure Warrants, 10:285, 287 bench, 2:13, 14 Exclusionary Rule, 4:265–266 probable cause, 8:118–119 Warrants of attorney, 10:287 Warranty deeds, 8:204–205, 10:289–290 Warren, Charles, 10:290–291 Warren, Earl, 10:294–297, 295 antitrust cases, 1:301 blue laws opinion, 2:67 Miranda v Arizona (1966), 7:83–84 Reynolds v Sims (1964), 8:349–351 Sweezy v New Hampshire (1957), 1:46 Warren Court, 10:292–294 Warren Commission, 10:291, 291–292 Ford, Gerald Rudolph, 4:447 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 6:122 Ruby, Jack, 8:415 Warren, Earl, 10:296 Warren Court, 10:292–294 Warsaw Pact, 3:184–185 Wash sales, 10:297 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 457 458 WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO Washington, Booker Taliaferro, 4:35, 10:297, 297–299 Washington, Bushrod, 10:299, 299–300 Washington, D.C See District of Columbia Washington, George, 10:300– 302, 301 Attorney general Edmund Randolph, 1:396 Chase, Samuel, Supreme Court nomination of, 2:328–329 Constitution, U.S., 3:119–120, 122 executive privilege, 4:276 Farewell Address (document), 12:461–469 Federalist party, 4:368–369 Hamilton, Alexander, deputy, 5:178–179 Lee, Charles and, 6:229 Rutledge, John and, 8:430–431 War of Independence, 10:280– 281, 281 Washington College of Law, 5:87, 7:148 Washington Monument, Washington, D.C., 1:73 Washington (state) assisted suicide law, 7:407–408 comparable worth reform, 3:51 grandparents’ visitation rights, 4:317–318 National Guard, 1:336 Native American rights, 7:200– 201 oil spill control, 4:178–179 Washington v Glucksberg (1997), 10:302–305 Waskal, Samuel, 3:226 Waste, 6:189, 10:305–306 Waste management See Solid wastes, hazardous substances, and toxic pollutants Water pollution, 10:306–309 Clean Water Acts, 8:26 environmental law, 4:176–178 Environmental Protection Agency controls, 4:183 Water rights, 10:309–312 eminent domain, 4:123–124 inland waters, 5:400–401 international waterways, 5:449–451 islands, 5:485 log floating, 6:369 Native Americans, 7:201–202 prior appropriation doctrine, 1:323 W E S T ’ S GENERAL INDEX United States v Texas (1896), 3:193–194 U.S.-Mexico, 7:51 See also Riparian rights; Rivers and streams Watergate scandal (1972-1974), 7:253, 10:312–314 Bryant, William Benson, rulings of, 2:154 Buchanan, Patrick Joseph, 2:157–158 Cox, Archibald, 3:259–260, 5:377–378 Ethics in Government Act (1978), 4:229 executive privilege, 4:197, 277, 277–278, 8:419–420, 10:452 Ford pardon of Nixon (1974), 7:356 grand jury, 5:124 impeachment, 1:361 Jaworski, Leon, 6:6, 7–9 Kleindienst, Richard Gordon, 6:148 Mitchell, John Newton, 7:94 obstruction of justice, 7:299– 300 political questions, 8:15 Richardson, Elliot Lee, 8:352 Saxbe, William Bart, 9:8, St Clair, James Draper, 8:439– 440 tape recordings, 2:169 United States v Nixon (1974), 7:254–255, 9:384 Watkins, Sherron, 10:356 Wattleton, Alyce Faye, 10:314– 316, 315 Watts, Thomas Hill, 3:76–77 Wayne, James Moore, 10:316, 316–317 Wealthy class criticism of New Deal, 7:234 higher education, 5:75–76 sumptuary laws, 9:399 Weapons, 10:317–318 arms sales, 3:110–111, 5:476– 477, 7:231 of mass destruction, 10:283– 284 rules of war, 8:426 stop and frisk, 9:359 zero tolerance, 10:455 See also Firearms Weather fatalities, 3:441 Hurricane Georges (1998), 4:445 intervening causes, 5:470 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 3:10 property losses, 3:441 Web sites Census Bureau, 2:297 Farm Credit Administration, 4:322 Federal Communications Commission, 4:333 Federal Register, 4:352 Library of Congress, 6:312 Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, 6:450 Uniform Crime Reports, 10:160 Weber, Max, 10:318–319, 319 Webster, Daniel, 10:123–124, 319–321, 320 Wedding ceremonies, 5:48, 6:436 Weddington, Sarah Ragle, 10:323, 323–324 Wedtech investigation (1980s), 7:35 Weichmann, Louis, 6:325 Weight of evidence, 10:324–325 Weights and measures, 10:325 Weinberger, Caspar W., 5:479– 480 Weinstein, Jack Bertrand, 10:326–328 Weis, Joseph Francis, Jr., 10:328– 331 Welch, Joseph Nye, 10:331–332 Welfare, 10:332–339 aliens, 1:218–220 Burke, Edmund, 2:173 Center for Law and Social Policy, 2:299 Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law, 2:300 child support, 2:365 Children’s Defense Fund, 2:366–367 denial of benefits, 1:107 homeless persons, 5:278–279 Jobs Opportunity and Basic Skills program, 2:349 man-in-the-house rule, 6:411– 412 Medicare and Medicaid, 7:26– 29 New Deal programs, 7:234 recipients, 10:333 reform history, 10:334–335 residency requirements, 8:331– 332 Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell, 10:339– 342, 340 Wellstone, Paul, 1:33–34 Welsh, Illiot A., II, 10:342 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX Wesley, Carter Walker, 10:343– 344 West, John B., 6:242 West Group Key Numbers, 6:134 KeyCite, 6:134–135 legal publishing, 6:243 West Legal Directory, 10:344– 345 WESTLAW, 10:344, 345–346 Words and Phrases, 10:416 West Legal Directory, 10:344– 345 West Nile virus, 8:170 West Saxon Lage, 10:345 West Virginia Davis, John William, 3:351 sexual assault laws, 8:234, 236 Western states Homestead Act (1862), 5:281– 282 insurrection plan of Aaron Burr, 2:176–177 land-use control, 6:190–191, 192 miner’s codes, 7:77 water rights, 7:201–202 WESTLAW (Thomson Corp.), 3:60–61, 10:344, 345–346 Westminster, First Statute of, 10:346–347 Westminster, Second Statute of, 10:347 Westminster Hall, 10:347 Westmoreland, William C., 10:226–227 Wetlands court case, 1:175 Whaling, 4:427, 10:347–348 Wharves, 10:348–349 “What Shall Be Done with the Practice of the Courts?” (Field) (document), 12:500– 502 Wheat farming, 1:172 Wheaton, Henry, 10:349–350, 350 Wheaton’s Reports, 10:350–351 Whereas, 10:351 Whereby, 10:351 Wherefore, 10:352 Wherefore clauses, 1:285 Whig Party, 10:352–353 Benjamin, Judah Philip, 2:17– 18 Choate, Rufus, 2:379 Whip system (Senate), 6:374 Whiskey Rebellion (1794), 1:199, 10:302, 353–355, 354 Whistleblowing, 10:355–356 W E S T ’ S WILLS AND INHERITANCE RIGHTS White, Byron Raymond, 10:356– 358, 357 freedom of the press, 4:504 Furman v Georgia (1972), 5:19 Miranda v Arizona (1966), 7:84 White, Edward Douglass, 10:360–362, 361 White, Ronnie, 1:366 White-collar crime, 10:358–360, 360 White House, Washington, D.C., 1:99 White primaries, 10:250–251, 343, 362 White Slave Traffic Act See Mann Act (1910) White supremacy groups, 10:362–364 Whiteacre, 10:364 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 1:128– 129, 431–433, 4:320, 8:314, 9:410 Whiteman, Marjorie Millace, 10:364–365 Whitewater investigation, 10:365–368 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 2:447–448, 5:124 Clinton, William Jefferson, 2:451–452 executive privilege, 4:278 independent counsel statute, 4:230 Starr, Kenneth Winston, 9:310 Whitney, Charlotte, 3:41–42 Whittaker, Charles Evans, 10:368–370, 369 Wickersham, George Woodward, 10:371–372 Wickersham Commission, 10:370–371 Chaffee, Zechariah, Jr., 2:314 Hoover, Herbert, policies, 5:288 Pollak, Walter Heilprin, 8:23 Widows, dower, 4:15–16 Wigand, Jeffrey, 10:47 Wigmore, John Henry, 10:372, 372–373 Wildcat strikes, 10:373 Wilde, Oscar, 10:373–375, 374 Wildlife preservation environmental law, 4:181 fish and fishing, 4:420–423 game refuges, 5:26 Roosevelt, Theodore, 8:399 Wilkes, Charles, 10:97–98 Wilkins, Roy Ottoway, 10:375, 375–376 Will, Hubert Louis, 10:383–384 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N Willful, 10:384–385 misconduct, 10:385 nonpayment of fines, 4:410 William I, King of England English law, 4:152–153 Lanfranc and, 6:201 wager of battel, 10:260 Williams, Ella, 3:440 Williams, Franklin Hall, 10:386 Williams, George Henry, 10:387 Williams, Ted (baseball player), 3:228 Williams Act (1968), 10:385 Williston, Samuel, 3:207, 10:387– 388 Wills and inheritance rights, 5:398, 10:376–382, 379 acknowledgment, 1:64 ademption, 1:92 administrators, 1:115 adopted children, 1:129, 3:34 advancements, 1:135–136 after-born children, 1:160, 8:76 children conceived by artificial insemination, 6:441–442 codicils, 2:470 coercion, 2:472 collateral, 2:489 community property, 3:48 competent, 3:53, 5:369 constructive trusts, 3:139 contested probate proceedings, 8:122 court of probate, 3:248 cum testamento annexo, 3:311 cy pres, 3:327–328 demonstrative legacy, 3:400 dependent relatives, 3:401 descent, 3:410 descent and distribution, 3:410–418 devise, 3:425 disinherit, 3:455 distributees, 3:464 dower, 4:15–16 elective share, 4:98 endowment, 4:142 escheat, 4:206–207 estate, 4:216–220 executors, 1:98 failure of issue, 4:300 fee tail, 4:370 general legacies, 5:59 guardianship of minor children, 8:122 heirs, 5:241 hereditaments, 5:247 holographs, 5:276 honorary trusts, 5:285 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 459 460 WILMOT, DAVID GENERAL INDEX hotchpot, 5:294 illegitimacy, 5:326, 327 incorporation by reference, 5:370–371 in terrorem, 5:354 interpretation, 5:462 lapse, 6:205 legacies, 6:230 legatees, 6:255 letters of administration, 6:274 living wills, 7:406–407 lost property, 4:408 Mortmain Acts, 7:125 no contest, 7:257 nuncupative wills, 7:285 obliteration, 7:295 order denying probate, 8:121 paternity, 7:398 per capita, 7:424–425 per stirpes, 7:425 personal representatives, 7:435 posthumous children, 8:43 pour-over, 8:46 precatory language, 8:56–57 pretermitted heirs, 8:75–76 primogeniture, 8:83 probate, 8:119–123 publication, 8:174 representation, 8:308 republication, 8:320 residuary clauses, 8:333 revocation, 8:345 right of election, 8:355–356 right to retainer, 8:342 rule against perpetuities, 8:416–417 rule in Shelley’s Case, 8:417– 418 specific legacies, 9:268 Statute of Wills, 9:335 tenancy in coparcenary, 9:457 testacy, 10:12 testamentary, 10:12 testate, 10:12 testators, 10:12 transfer of assets, 10:79 vested legacies, 10:206 Vidal v Girard’s Executors (1844), 10:224–225 worthier title doctrine, 10:427 See also Bequests; Executors and administrators; Gifts and donations; Intestate Wilmot, David, 10:388–389, 389 Wilmot Proviso (1846), 10:389– 390 Wilmot Proviso (document), 12:146 Wilson, Dick, 1:256 Wilson, James, 10:390–391, 391 W E S T ’ S Wilson, James Quinn, 10:391– 393 Wilson, John Lyde, 4:42–43 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 10:393, 393–395 and Congress, 3:95 Democratic Party, 3:394 Espionage Act (1917), 4:213– 214 Fourteen Points (document), 12:473–475 Gregoy, Thomas, Attorney General, 5:145–146 international law, 6:220 Palmer, Mitchell, Attorney General, 7:353 Treaty of Versailles (1918), 10:96–97, 97 Wind up (corporations or partnerships), 7:382–383, 10:395, 395 Windows operating system, 7:104 Winfrey, Oprah, 6:304–305 Winn, Marie, 3:108 Winters rights, 7:201–202 Wireless communications, 6:459 Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, FCC, 4:334 Wireline Competition Bureau, FCC, 4:334 Wiretapping, 10:397–398, 398 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz, 2:104–105 Butler, Pierce, 2:199 Douglas, William Orville, 4:11 Fourth Amendment, 4:106 Olmstead v United States (1928), 7:312 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (1968), 8:103–104 Sargent, John, 9:4 Watergate scandal (19721974), 7:93–94 See also Electronic surveillance Wirt, William, 1:397, 6:90, 10:398–400, 399 Wisconsin DNA evidence, 3:487 hate crimes law, 5:202–203, 205–206 La Follette, Robert Marion, 6:167–168 McCarthy, Joseph, 7:8 Medicaid eligibility, 7:28 school desegregation, 3:116 school vouchers, 9:27 state legislature, 6:264 Wisdom, John Minor, 9:18, 10:400–402, 401 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N Wise, Stephen, 1:279 Witan, 10:402 Withdrawal of appearance, 1:310 from conspiracies, 3:109 limited liability companies, 6:320 Withholding of deportation, 1:226 Withholding of funds, 4:41 Withholding tax, 10:403–404 Within the statute, 10:404 Without day, 10:404 Without prejudice, 10:404–405 Without recourse, 10:405 Witness protection programs, 8:159 Witnesses, 10:405–407 accomplice witnesses, 1:56–57 administrative agencies’ investigations, 8:165–166 attest, 1:391 attestation, 1:391 avowal, 1:429–430 cameras in court, 2:219 cases in chief, 10:106–107 character witnesses, 2:317–318 competence, 10:105 compulsory process, 3:60 compurgators, 3:60 confrontation, 3:85–87, 9:11, 142–143, 198–199 Congressional hearings, 3:95, 7:12 corroborate, 3:232 cross-examination, 3:304 demeanor, 3:392 direct examination, 3:433 evidence, 4:248–249 eyewitnesses, 4:296 favorable, 9:199–200 grand juries, 5:123–126 hearsay, 5:234–237 holographs, 5:276 hostile, 1:139, 5:293 hypothetical questions, 5:322 immunity, 8:111, 9:62 information and belief, 5:396 lawyer-witness rule, 6:219 leading questions, 6:220 lineups, 6:331–332 marital communications privilege, 6:431 material, 6:461 matters of fact, 6:463 motions, 7:128–130 perjury, 7:427–428 photo lineups, 7:438–439 prior inconsistent statements, 8:85 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX privileged communications, 8:112–113 protective custody, 8:158–159 refreshing memory, 8:266 self-incrimination, privilege against, 8:111 sequestration, 9:114 show-ups, 9:183 testimony, 10:12–13 truthfulness, 10:105 viva voce, 10:243 wills, 8:120, 122, 10:378, 380 See also Expert testimony; Testimony WLD (West Legal Directory), 10:344–345 Wolcott, Alexander, 10:407–408 Wolters Kluwer, 6:243 Woman Rebel (periodical), 8:457 Women admission to bar, 1:122, 4:437–438 in the armed services, 1:334– 335, 338–339, 3:103 Brief for the Defendant in Error, Muller v Oregon (document), 12:518–520 child care arrangements of employed mothers, 2:350 college graduates, 1:158 in Congress, 7:246 contraceptive use, 2:41 factory workers, 3:50 fetal protection policies, 4:388–389 heart balm acts, 5:239 Indigenous Women’s Network, 10:86 judgeships, 2:10–11 in law schools, 5:87, 6:237 in literature, 7:75 Magna Charta, 6:395 Military Selective Service Act, 8:408–409 murder in the workplace, 7:142 names, 7:162 occupations, 9:136t pregnant women and harm to unborn children, 2:347 reasonable woman standard, 8:247–248 reproductive hazards and employment, 8:314 roles in society, 3:68 sexual harassment, 9:153, 154 small businesses, 9:213 sports, 2:503, 9:286–287 stalking victims, 9:294–295 student alcohol use, 1:200 W E S T ’ S WORKERS’ COMPENSATION violence against, 3:270, 9:139 Violence Against Women Act (1994), 10:233–234 whistleblowers, 10:356 working hour restrictions, 6:361 Women’s Business Ownership, Office of, 9:213 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1:202–203 Women’s rights, 10:408–413 abortion, 1:13–26, 9:250 Abzug, Bella Savitsky, 1:43–44 Addams, Jane, 1:90 “Ain’t I a Woman” (document), 12:396–397 Allred, Gloria, 1:233–236 Anthony, Susan Brownell, 1:289–291 Bradwell, Myra Colby, 2:98– 99, 99 Bradwell v Illinois (1872) (document), 12:398–403 child custody, 9:457–458 comparable worth, 3:49–52, 52t consortium, loss of, 3:106–107 credit, 3:144 Dworkin, Andrea, 4:48–51 Eastman, Crystal, 4:56–58 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 4:198–199 feminist jurisprudence, 4:373– 376 Fenwick, Millicent Vernon Hammond, 4:379 fetal rights vs., 4:385–389 Friedan, Betty, 5:1–4 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 5:95–96 Ireland, Patricia, 5:481–483 Jaycees, 4:494 Lockwood, Belva Ann, 6:364– 365 Mussey, Ellen Spencer, 7:149 National Organization for Women, 7:186 National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose (document), 12:404–406 Paul, Alice Stokes, 7:410–411 property, 4:316, 5:319, 8:65 prostitution, 8:156–158 Roberts v United States Jaycees (1984), 8:371–372 Roe v Wade (1973) (documents), 11:497–568 Roe v Wade as compromise, 8:385 Schlafly, Phyllis Stewart, 9:14– 16 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N Seneca Falls Convention (1848), 9:98–100 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments (document), 12:394–396 sex discrimination, 9:132–134 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 9:306–307 Steinem, Gloria, 9:339 Stone, Lucy, 9:357–358 suffrage, 7:245 Terrell, Mary Eliza Church, 10:3 Truth, Sojourner, 10:124–125, 125 Women’s Strike for Equality (1970), 5:2 Wong Sun (Wong Sun v United States), 5:10–11 Woodbury, Levi, 10:413–414, 414 Woods, William Burnham, 10:415–416, 416 Woods and forests, 10:414–415 Woodward, Louise, 6:441 Woolworth Building, New York City, 5:85 Words See Language and words Words and Phrases, 10:416 Words of art, 10:417 Words of limitation, 10:417 Words of purchase, 10:417 Work Accidents and the Law (Eastman), 4:57 Work for hire, copyright issues, 3:193 Work hours Brief for the Defendant in Error, Muller v Oregon (document), 12:518–520 collective bargaining agreements, 2:496 Employment Standards Administration, 6:170 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 4:133, 304 Lochner v New York (1905), 3:353, 4:38, 131, 5:275, 6:359–361 Work product rule, 10:417–418 Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (1988), 2:189 Workers’ compensation, 10:418– 422 acceptance of risk, 1:382 accidents, 1:53 casual employment, 2:272 course of employment, 3:240 Employers’ Liability Acts, 4:127 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 461 462 WORKING CAPITAL GENERAL INDEX fellow-servant rules, 4:372 harbor workers, 1:116 New York Central Railroad Co v White (1917), 7:454 state laws, 4:131–132 willful misconduct, 10:385 Working capital, 2:206 Working class communism, 3:37, 45 oppression, 1:272, 273 unions, 3:338–339 Workplace accidents, 1:53 dangerous conditions, 7:428– 429 employees with AIDS, 1:71 history of women, 9:134 murder in, 7:142 Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 7:300– 302, 301 See also Employment issues; Sexual harassment Workplace safety See Occupational safety and health Works of art and literature, 3:190–200, 191, 202, 5:426 Works Progress Administration (WPA) building projects, 7:234, 234 Federal Art Project, 1:355 World Administrative Radio Conference, 2:129 World Bank, 10:422–423 World Church of the Creator, 10:363–364 World Court See International Court of Justice (ICJ) World International Property Organization (WIPO), 3:199 World leaders assassination attempts, 1:369 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 6:375 Brezhnev, Leonid, 1:292, 345 Castro, Fidel, 3:309–310, 6:368 Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 4:157 Edward I, King of England, 10:346–347 Edward II, King of England, 9:335 Edward VIII, King of England, 1:5, Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1:434, 2:483, 4:300 Gandhi, Mohandas, 5:28–30, 29 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 3:185 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1:345– 346, 5:436, 436 W E S T ’ S Henry I, King of England, 6:392 Henry II, King of England, 2:4–5, 4:154–155, 5:245, 245–246, 6:392–393 Hirohito, 5:260, 260–261 Hitler, Adolph, 5:263–264, 264, 7:288 Hussein, Sadam, 10:283–284 James I, King of Great Britain, 1:434–436, 2:484, 4:153 James II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 9:124, 127 John, King of England, 3:36, 4:155–156, 156, 6:391–395 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 5:450 Justinian I, emperor of Roman Empire, 6:93–95, 94, 8:387 Khruschchev, Nikita, 3:309– 310 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 3:37, 6:268–269, 269, 9:292 Mao Tse-Tung, 3:40, 40 Milosevic, Slobodan, 5:71 Moscoso, Mireya, 5:450 Mussolini, Benito, 6:221, 7:149, 149–150 Pinochet, Augusto, 4:294 Stalin, Joseph, 3:37–39, 9:292– 293, 293 William I, King of England, 4:152–153, 6:201, 10:260 World War II armistice, 1:342 Yeltsin, Boris, 9:312 Zhao Ziyang, 3:41 World Series Black Sox scandal (1919), 9:284 tickets, 3:237 World Trade Center bombing (1993), 10:7 World Trade Organization (WTO) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 5:58 protest (1999), 8:364, 365 World War I, 10:423–424 American Civil Liberties Union, origins, 1:248 antiwar efforts, 5:108 armistice, 1:342 Baldwin, Roger Nash, 1:458 Espionage Act (1917), 4:213– 215 Fourteen Points (Wilson) (document), 12:473–475 free speech, 2:312–313 Gregoy, Thomas, Attorney General, 5:146 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N industry resources, 5:113 liquor laws, 8:140 Rankin, Jeannette, 8:232 refugees, 8:267 reparations, 8:303, 10:449–450 Sedition Act (1918), 1:211–212 Treaty of Versailles (1918), 10:96–97 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 10:394–395 World War II, 10:425–427 aerial warfare, 8:425 armistice, 1:342 atomic bombs, 9:348 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 2:179–180 Byrnes, James Francis, 2:207 Casey, William Joseph, 2:270 child care, 2:348–349 Civil Rights Movement, 2:403 Clark, Tom Campbell, 2:416 Eisenhower, Dwight David, 4:82 equal pay for women, 4:186– 187 expropriation, 4:288 Great Britain, 7:187 Hirohito, 5:261 Hitler, Adolph, 5:264 Japanese Americans, 1:212, 4:193, 483, 6:1–6, 8:74 Korematsu v United States (1944), 6:158–159 League of Nations, 6:222 Lend-Lease Act (1941), 6:267– 268 loyalty oaths, 6:377 Marshall Plan, 6:442 martial law, 6:445–446 military governments, 7:56 Mussolini, Benito, 7:150 neutrality, 7:231 Nuremberg trials (1945-1949), 7:285–291 Office of War Information, 10:177 racial discrimination in the defense industries, 8:228– 229 racial profiling, 8:216–217 radio broadcasting, 2:125 Rankin, Jeannette, 8:232 refugee policy, 8:268 reparations, 8:304 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 8:396–397 rules of war enforcement, 8:427 Soviet Union, 9:293 L A W , N D E D I T I O N GENERAL INDEX Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals, 6:430 Tokyo Trial (1946-1948), 10:53–55, 54 Truman, Harry S., 10:113–114 war crimes, 10:276–277 women in the workplace, 9:134 Yalta Agreement (1945), 10:445–446 See also Holocaust World Wide Web See Internet WorldCom, Inc., 3:213, 226, 10:356 Worthier title doctrine, 10:427 Wounded Knee (SD), occupation (1973), 1:256, 257, 483 Wrecking and salvage, 1:427–428 Wright, James Skelly (Judge), 10:427–429 Wright, Jim (Congressman), 5:91 Wright, Susan Webber, 3:157– 158 Write off See Charge-off Writers and editors Abbott, Benjamin Vaughn, 1:4 Ambrose, Stephen, 7:455 Bacon, Sir Francis, 1:435 Bates, Daisy Lee Gatson, 1:498–501, 499 Bickel, Alexander Mordecai, 2:24–26 Bigelow, Melville Madison, 2:27 Blackstone, Sir William, 2:59– 61, 60 Bracton, Henry de, 2:94–95 Chafee, Zechariah, Jr., 2:312– 315 Chambers, Whittaker, 5:262 Chase-Riboud, Barbara, 1:265 Cohen, Felix Solomon, 2:477 Coke, Sir Edward, 2:482–485, 483 Collier, William Miller, 2:507, 507–508 Cranch, William, 3:260–262, 261 Cushing, Caleb, 3:317–319 Davis, John Chandler Bancroft, 3:350, 350–351 Dershowitz, Alan, 1:41 Dworkin, Ronald Myles, 4:51– 52 Garrison, William Lloyd, 5:40– 41 Gilpin, Henry Dilworth, 5:88– 89 Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 7:455 Lemkin, Raphael, 5:69 Littleton, Sir Thomas, 6:343 W E S T ’ S YUGOSLAVIA Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson, 6:353–355 Maine, Henry James Sumner, 6:397–399, 398 Miller, Arthur, 3:156 Millett, Katherine Murray, 7:74–75 Pollock, Frederick, 8:23–24 Posner, Richard Allen, 8:37–40 Robinson, Randall M., 9:206 royalties, 8:412 Salinger, J.D., 3:198, 6:337 Schuyler, George Samuel, 1:447 Sinclair, Upton Beall, 9:190– 191 Steinem, Gloria, 9:338–339 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 9:364, 364–365 Sweezy, Paul M., 1:45–46 Thoreau, Henry David, 10:23– 25, 24 Totenberg, Nina, 3:156–157 Twain, Mark, 5:130 Ward, Nathaniel, 10:284–285 Wigmore, John Henry, 10:372–373 Wilde, Oscar, 10:373–375, 374 Wise, Stephen, 1:279 Writs, 10:429–430 alternative, 1:241–242 of attachment, 9:165 certiorari, 2:309–311, 310, 5:78, 9:405–406 close writs, 2:453 concurrent, 3:71 coram nobis, 6:5 de odio et atia, 4:155 of execution, 4:267, 399 fieri facias, 4:399 judicial sale, 6:59 judicial writs, 6:59 mandamus, 6:414–416, 415 praecipe, 8:56 prerogative, 8:68 prohibition, 8:142, 143 scire facias, 9:35 subpoena duces tecum, 4:37 supersedeas, 9:400 venire facias, 10:202 Wrongful death, 5:392, 10:433– 435 burden of going forward, 2:165 clergy malpractice, 2:437 demand letter, 10:434 parents and children, 7:363 Settle, Ron, 2:463 suicide, 5:485 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N Wrongful discharge, 4:127–129, 10:436 Wrongful life or birth, 10:432– 433, 436–437 doctors’ negligence, 7:442–443 genetic screening, 5:67–68 infants’ rights, 5:393 parents and children, 7:363 Wrongful pregnancy, 10:437 Wrongfully rejected goods, 8:448 Wrongs, 10:432 Wyatt, Walter, 10:437–438, 438 Wyoming limited liability companies, 6:317 private militias, 9:50 Ross, Nellie Tayloe, 8:407–408 Wythe, George, 10:439–440, 440 X X, Malcolm See Malcolm X “X” as a signature, 9:185, 10:441 X ratings, 10:441–442 X-rays, 3:398 XYY chromosomal abnormality defense, 10:442–443 XYZ Affair (1796), 3:397, 10:443 Y Yablonski, Joseph A., 2:154 Yahoo! Inc., 3:65–66 Yakovlev, Anatoli, 8:402 Yale University Law School, 3:205–206 Yalta Agreement (1945), 8:397, 10:427, 445–446 Yates, Andrea, 7:143 Year Books, 10:446 Yee, Johnny, 5:10–11 Yellow dog contracts, 6:178–179, 7:263, 10:446–447 Yellow journalism, 7:216 Yeltsin, Boris, 9:312 Yield, 10:448 Yonkers (NY), 9:84 York-Antwerp Rules, 9:177, 10:448–449 Young, Brigham, 7:117–118, 118 Young, Owen D., 10:449–450, 450 Young, Whitney M., Jr., 7:193 Young Democrats for Roosevelt, 2:226 Yucca Mountain waste site (NV), 4:146, 6:191, 192, 7:278, 280, 282 Yugoslavia genocide, 5:71 L A W , N D E D I T I O N 463 464 ZENGER, JOHN PETER International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 5:175, 10:267 Z Zenger, John Peter, 10:453–454 defended by James Alexander, 1:210 jury nullification, 6:83 libel defense, 7:209 W E S T ’ S GENERAL INDEX Zero bracket amount, 10:454 Zero tolerance, 9:28, 10:454–456 Zhao Ziyang, 3:41 Zionist movement, 2:105 Zoning, 10:456–458 adjoining landowners, 1:94 adult theaters, 9:342–343 City of Erie v Pap’s A M., 4:416 discriminatory practices, 8:213 land-use control, 6:187 E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F A M E R I C A N nonconforming use, 7:259–260 nude dancing establishments, 4:503 ordinances, 7:324 police power, 8:10 property law, 8:150 spot zoning, 9:292 strategic lawsuits against public participation, 9:366– 367 variances, 10:199–200 L A W , N D E D I T I O N File not found (FNF) ... the BURDEN OF PROOF to convince the trier of fact of all elements of his or her case In a criminal case the burden of the government to produce evidence of all the necessary elements of the crime... language all its own, but too often it is an unfamiliar language: many concepts are still phrased in Latin The second edition of West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (WEAL) explains legal terms... separate volume Appendixes Three appendix volumes are included with WEAL, containing hundreds of pages of docu- ments, laws, manuscripts, and forms fundamental to and characteristic of U.S law Milestone