sir TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC P H A T GIAO • • • • TRONG TAC PHAM THIEN PHAI TRUC LAM THICH PHl/aC DAT • Tu khi dao Phat ra dai a xu An Dp, hem 25 the ky ton tai va phat trien, Phat
Trang 1sir TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC P H A T GIAO
• • • •
TRONG TAC PHAM THIEN PHAI TRUC LAM
THICH PHl/aC DAT (•)
Tu khi dao Phat ra dai a xu An Dp,
hem 25 the ky ton tai va phat trien,
Phat giao da de lai cho nhan loai nhieu
di san van hoa vat chat cflng nhu van
hda tam linh ma cho tai nay du con
nguai no luc toi da van khong khai thae
het y nghia an tang cua chung Trong
do, kho tang van hpc Phat giao dugc ket
tap tu Tam tang kinh dien da co dong
gop to lan trong qua trinh truyen ba
Chanh phap va da tac dpng manh me
tren nhieu linh vue kbac nhau tai cac
nudc trong khu vue Nam A, Ddng A
(Ddng Bic A, Ddng Nam A)
Rieng tai nudc ta, ngay tu' budi dau
dao Phat du nhap, khoang cuoi the ky 1,
Phat giao Viet Nam da hinh thanh trung
tam dich thuat kinh dien cd ten gpi la
Trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau Va den
thai Ly, vao nhung nam 1009, 1020,
1034, 1259, duai su bao trg cua trieu
dinh, cac phai doan do cac cao tang dan
dau da sang Trung Hoa thinh Dgi tang
kinh, tuy nhien mai den 1295 thi vua
Tran mdi sac lenh cho kbac in va dich
thuat pho bien rgng rai"' Muc dich la
dap ung nhu cau tat yeu cua lich sir Viet
Nam, trong do cd sir dinh hudng va phat trien cho Phat giao Viet Nam bay gid trong qua trinh hgi nhap Phat giao the gidi vai su ra ddi Thien phai True Lam*^' Su kien nay da gdp phan xay dung va phat trien nen van hoa, van hgc nuac nha Ro net nhat la dong van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran vai su phat trien ve ngi dung lan hinh thuc, tu su phat trien cac de tai, chu de phan anh, den phuang phap sang tac qua viec dinh hinh cac the loai mai, va ngay ca thu phap nghe thuat ngdn ngii Bai viet nay chi tap trung de cap den van de "Sir tiep bien the loai van hgc Phat giao trong tac pham Thien phai Tnic Lam" nham thay dugc gia tri ve mat hgc thuat va van chuang Thien phai trong ddng chay van hgc cua nuac nha
1 Cc SO" hinh thanh va phat trien
Tam tang kinh dien Phat giao
He thong Tam tang kinh dien Phat
giao ma ngay nay chung ta thay kha dd
so, thuc chat dugc hinh thanh bat dhx gdm nhieu Phdp thoai (Sutta) do Phat
**' TS Hoc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai TP
Ho Chi Minh
3
Trang 2TAP CHi HAN NOM s6 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHW&C DAT
thuyet giang nai nay, nai kia cho nliidu
ddi tugng khae nhau Didm dang ndi
mdi Phdp thoai deu dugc ndi bang cau
"if ^ ^ Fifl Nhu thi nga vdn Tdi nghe
nhu vdy", ngu y cho sir ghi nha ngi
dung bai phap bai mgt hay nhieu ty
kheo true tiep lang nghe bac dao su va
chinh hg ndi lai bai phap ay trong nhung
liic thuyet giang hoac trong truang hgp
giao phap cua bac dao su dugc tung dge
nliieu lan tai cac ky ket tap Su phong
phu ve cac de tai thuyet phap keo theo sir
da dang cac the loai thich ung cho tung
doi tugng nghe phap qua nliieu Phcip
thoai dugc bao luu trong Tam tang kinh
dien hien nay, chung td da cd su no luc
ldn cua cac ty kheo qua nhieu the he
trong viec sun tap, sap xep nhiing lai day
cua The Ton vao ky uc va dac biet qua
cac hgi nghi ket tap
Can cu vao cac tai lieu Cullavagga
(Tieu phcim), Dlpavamsa (Ddo sie),
Mahdvamsa (Dgi sir) vd Samanta
pdsddikd (Thien kien hied Ty Bd Sa) thi
mky thang sau ngay Phat nhap diet, cac
de tu uy tin lien nhdm hgp tai Rajagaya
(Vuang Xa) dd tung dge lai ldi day cua
Phat ma phSn ldn hg da ghi nhd nam
long Nguyen nhan dan den hgi nghi ket
tap kinh didn lan thu nhat la do cd su
hidu bidt va hanh tri sai giai luat Phat
che cua mgt sd ty kheo, cung vdi lai
tuyen bd thidu chin chan cua Subhadda
khiln Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep)
quydt dinh trieu tap hgi nghi, dudi su
bao trg cua vua Ajatasattu (A Xa The)
Hgi chiing quy tu 500 ty kheo va da suy
cu Maha Kassapa (Dai Ca Diep) lam
chu tri hgi nghi, ben canh hai vi than
can khae nua la Anada (A Nan Da) va
Upali (Uu Ba Ly), cd trach nhiem tuyen
dge Phcip (Dhamma) va Lugt (Vinaya)
Sau dd, CO su kien cac ty kheo Vajjili ch§p tri muai van de vugt qua giai luat
Sa mdn (Dasavatthuni - Thap dieu) da din den hgi nghi ket tap lan hai dugc td chuc a Vesali (Ty Xa Ly), khoang 100 nam sau ngay Phat nhap diet, duai trieu vua Kalasoka, hau due cua vua Ajatasattu (A Xa The) Lan nay quy tu gan 700 ty kheo, duai su chu tri cua ty
kheo Sabbakami, tap trung dge Phcip
(Dhamma) Nhung theo Buddhaghosa
(Phat Am), hgi nghi tap trung dge ca
Phc'tp (Dhamma), Luiit (Vinaya) va buac
dau bien tap ve Pitcika (Tang) Nikctya {Tieu
bd), Anga (Ung gid) va Dhammakkhcindha (Phcip tang) Chua dung tai do, su kien
cac tu sT ngoai dao gia nhap Tang gia va hanh tri sai lac giao phap Nhu Lai dan den cudc hgi nghi ket tap lan thu ba dugc td chuc tai Pataliputta, dudi su bao trg dai dd Asoka (A Due), khoang the
ky thii ba truac Tay lich Hgi nghi quy
tu g4n 1000 ty kheo, dudi su chu tri cua
ty kheo Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa Muc
Lien Tu), tap trung thao luan ve Tam
tang (Tipitctka) Thai gian hdi nghi ket
tap keo dai trong 9 thang Trong thai gian nay Tissa Moggaliputta (De Sa
Muc Lien Tu) cho ra ddi tap Kathdvatthu
(Bien thuyet, dugc xem la Lugn tang)
danh bat mgi quan diem sai lam ve Phat giao Nhu vay, it nhat c6 ba cuoc hgi nghi dugc ket tap kinh dien dugc td chuc tai An Do trudc khi giao ly cua due Phat dugc truyen sang Tfch Lan, dan den su ket tap kinh dien lan thii tu dudi sir bao trg cua vua Abahaya Vattagamani vao cudi the ky thii nhat
Trang 3s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
sau Tay lich, trong dd Tam tang kinh
dien (Tipitaka), bao gdm Kinh tang
(Suttapitaka), Ludt tang (Viyanapitaka),
Lugn tang (Abhidhammapitaka) lan dau
tien dugc viet thanh van ban Tuy nhien,
quan diem Phat giao Bac truyen cho
rang lan ket tap thu tu nay dugc to chuc
khoang nam 100 sau Cong nguyen dudi
trieu vua Kaniska (Ca Ni Sac Ka) Co
the ndi, trai qua 4 ky ket tap kinh dien,
tinh hinh van ban kinh dien Phat giao
dugc y cu tir he thdng Tam tang kinh
dien da dugc dinh hinh va phat trien it
nhat trong khoang thai gian 3 the ky dau
d An Do, tu thdi Phat tai the den thdi
Asoka (A Due), sau do lan toa phat trien
tai Tich Lan va cac nuac trong khu vue
vai nhiing dac trung rieng biet cua cac
thanh td van hgc Phat giao nhu ngdn ngu,
thii phap nghe tliuat, dac biet la the loai
2 He thong the loai van hpc Phat giao
Phat giao vdn dugc xem la mgt tdn
giao cd he thdng Tam tang kinh dien vi
dai nhat so vdi tat ca cac tdn giao tren
the gidi Day chfnh la ca sd dugc xac
lap nen van hgc Phat giao phong phii tu
ndi dung cho den hinh thuc the hien
Dieu dd cd nghia, bat cii ai mudn tiep
can cac loai hinh ngdn ngu uyen ao nhat
cua kho tang van hgc Phat giao, can
phai tim hieu the loai van hgc dugc giai
trinh qua tac pham kinh dien Yen td the
loai se giai ma cac thdng diep ma cac
ban kinh de cap, nhat la viec xac dinh
tdm vdc tu tu'ong triet ly, pham vi cua lich
su Clia mgt tac pham van hgc Phat giao
Mat kbac, su phan dinh the loai se
la nhQng dieu kien tat yeu khdng thd
thilu ddi vai vice nghien ciiu va phan
tich van ban Ngudi ta se khdng the hieu ngi dung mgt each ro rang neu nhu khdng xac dinh dugc hinh thiic ca ban Clia nd nhu xuat xu thai gian, dia diem, the loai, dac trung ngdn ngu? Theo each phan loai cua tu dien hien hanh do Hda thugng Kim Cuong Tu chu bien' '; hay Doan Trung Cdn bien soan''*', van hgc Phat giao dugc chia thanh 12 the loai,
bao gdm Khe kinh; Triing tyng; Tho ky;
Phimg tung; Tu thuyet: Nhdn duyen: Thi du; Bon su; Bon sinh: Phuong guang; Vi tdng hint; Lugn thuyet C6
mgt each phan loai kbac nua, dugc ghi
lai trong Kinh Xa Du thugc Kinh Trung
Bd''^\ bao gdm 9 the loai Kinh, Ung tung, Gid thuyet, Ke tung, Cdm hirng ngii; Nhu thi ngii; Bon sinh, Vi tdng hint phcip, Phuang qudng
Ca hai sir phan loai ndi tren nham lam ndi bat phuang thuc truyen dat giao nghla kinh dien Phat giao Tren het, sir phan loai nay nham giup cho ngirdi tiep can hieu ro gia tri thdng diep va gia tri hudng den giai thoat ma tac pham dem lai Sir phan chia the loai chi mang tfnh each tuang ddi, nghia la su phan loai deu chi dira vao mgt sd net dac trung theo cac tieu chi "nlian duyen thuyet phap", "each trinli bay khi thuyet phap",
"each ghi nlian cua thdi thuyet phap" va
"ngi dung thuyet phap" da dugc diic Phat
xac lap nhu trong Kinh Xa du nhu sau:
Kinh la nhiing dieu due Phat ndi
cho hang de tu tu tap hirdng den giac
ngg giai thoat; U'ng tung la sir truydn
tung, ghi lai ldi due Phat day theo thd
tan van; Ke tung la su truyen tung, ghi lai ldi due Phat theo thd tha ke Nhu thi
ngu la su ghi chep lai nhung deu dugc
Trang 4TAP CHI HAN NOIM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHW&C DAT
nghe tu due Phat ndi true tidp hoac gian
tiep; Bdn sinh la su ghi chep lai chuyen
tien than cua diic Phat theo ldi due Phat
da ke Vi tdng hitu la su ghi chep lai
nhung su viec hy huu (hidm cd) trong
ddi, nhu chuyen cac diic Phat qua khu
v.v do Phat ke lai; Cdm hirng ngd cdn
ggi kinh Phat tu thuydt chi cho sir ghi
chep lai nhung deu due Phat noi ra vai
nhiing trudng hgp dac biet; Phuang
qudng la sir ghi nhan nhiing cudc thao
luan cua cac vi Thanh de tu dugc due
Phat xac nhan la phu hgp vdi Phat y;
Gidi thuyet la su ghi chep lai nhiing
dieu luan giai ve chinh phap cua diic
Phat va cac bac A - la - ban
Ve sau, cac nha trudc tac van hgc
Phat giao dugc van dung cac the tai
khae nhau trong he thdng the loai ndi
tren de xay dung cac tac pham kinh dien
ndi tieng Rieng d nudc ta, den thai Ly
-Tran, thi van hgc Phat giao dugc phat
trien rue ra Loai hinh the loai (type)
cua van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran theo
cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc nhan dinh
"Thai nay da cd day dii cac loai van
van, tan van, bien van vdi cac the tai
tieu bieu cua van hgc trung dai Hau het,
cac the loai nay deu mang tinh chiic
nang ro net Tfnh chiic nang la san pham
tat yeu cua van hgc trung dai Ngoai
chuc nang hanh chinh khdng de cap a
day, thi chiic nang le nghi tdn giao bao
trum cac the tai: kinh, ke tha Thien, ngii
luc, tung cd, niem tung ke, bi, minh, ky,
luan thuyet tdn giao, truyen truyen dang,
truyen cac Thanh"*''' Tuy nhien, trong
tien trinh phat trien van hgc Phat giao
Viet Nam, do xu hudng phat trien cua
ngdn ngii, do su linh dgng uyen chuyen
Clia cac nha truac tac, cung nhu do mdi lien he tu than giiia cac the loai thuang tao ra nhung quan he dan cheo phiic tap
va cd su chuyen hoa qua lai, dan den su hinh thanh cac the loai cd kha nang tdng hgp Moi khi cd su chuyen hda ve the loai thi bao gia cung c6 sir bien ddi sau sac ve hinh thuc nghe thuat, cung nhu phuang thirc phan anh tac pham
Nhin lai he thdng the loai van hpc Phat giao Ly - Tran, tu dai Ly sang dai Tran da cd su chuyen bien ro ret Neu van hgc Phat giao dai Ly, he thdng the loai hinli thanh chua day du, chi cd nipt
sd the loai chu yeu nhu: ke tha Thien tha ta canh, tu khue, bi ky, minh, ngir luc thi sang dai Tran nen van hgc Phat giao cdn xuat hien them phu, ca, tung, niem tung ke, luan thuyet tdn giao, cac the truyen, tha tru tinh Cac the loai ay chiu su qui dinh tinh chat van hgc trung dai, trong dd sir phan dinh cu the va sap xep theo quy luat Van - Su - Triet bat phan ma chiing ta da biet
Van hoc Thien phai Tnic Lam la bao gdm nhung tac pham van hgc kinh dien Phat giao do cac thien gia, thien sir trudc tac, nd xuat hien tu dau ddi Tran, han nhien chju sir tac dgng bien chuyen trong qua trinh phat trien he thdng the loai van hgc Phat giao thai Ly - Tran Khao sat cac the loai van hgc Phat giao
ma cac nha van - tha Thidn phai Triic Lam van dung vao tac ph4m se giiip chiing ta hieu sau tac pham ban a dilm nhin nghe thuat tac pham
3 Su- van dung cac the loai van hpc Phat giao trong tac phiim cua Thien phai
Trang 5s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC P H A T GIAO TRONG Nhin tu goe do thi loai dl danh gia
thi cac tac phSm van hgc Thiin phai da
thanh tuu lan ve sir phat triln phong phii
cac the loai cua dong van hgc Phat giao,
ma dinh cao la van hgc Phat giao Ly
-Tran Day la sir phat trien cua cac thi
loai van hgc Phat giao cd gia tri vl mat
hgc thuat lin nghe thuat van chuang
trong ddng chay van hgc
3.1 Luan thuyet tdn giao
Cac nha nghien ciin trudc day chia
the loai luan thuylt thanh hai loai: Luan
thuyet chinh tri va luan thuylt tdn giao
0 luan thuyet chfnh tri, chung ta thudng
gap trong cac bd su khi cac sir gia ghi
lai nhiing lai ban, ldi binh vl viec tri
nuac; con thi loai luan thuylt tdn giao
la nhung ldi binh luan vl trilt ly tdn
giao ndi chung*^' Rieng thi loai luan
thuyet tdn giao (Phat giao) hk ngudn tu
the loai giai thuylt dugc diic Phat Thich
Ca xac lap trong cac ban Kinh A Hdm
hay Nikaya, nham luan giai nhiing nghia
ly sau xa ciia giao ly Phat da Khi Phat
giao mdi truyen vao nudc ta, thi thi loai
nay da dugc su dung vdi tac phdm Ly
hodc lugn cua Mau Tir vilt khoang nam
195 - 198; Dgo Cao phdp su tap cua
Dao Cao viet khoang tu nam 450 - 460
Ly hoac ludn la tac pham luan thuylt
ban ve nhiing ly le sai l4m cua gidi Nho
- Lao ddi vai Phat giao, gdm 37 dilu'^'
Cdn Dgo Cao phcip su tiip cd thi la tap
luan thuyet ly giai nhiing trilt ly nha
Phat Ca hai tac pham nay da co mdt su
ddng gop nhat dinh trong viec kl thua,
tiep thu va van dung thi loai luan thuylt
tdn giao vao trong tac pham van hgc cua
Thien phai Triic Lam
Dai Ly, the loai luan thuyet tdn giao chua dugc cac thien su sir dung nhieu Hien chi con mgt vai doan nhu Ciiu Chi
viet ve Tdm phdp'-'^^; va may doan luan
thuyet cua Van Hanh khuyen Ly Cdng Uan nen len ngdi vua tri vi thien ha''''^ Nguyen Thudng khuyen vua Ly Cao Tdng khdng nen dam say diic lac ma phai de tam vao viec nudc, viec dan*''' Hai doan nay dugc xem la luan thuylt chinh tri chii khdng phai la luan thuylt tdn giao
Den ddi Tran, ngudi tien phong dung the loai luan thuylt tdn giao la
Tran Thai Tdng vdi Khoa hir luc va
Thien tong chi nam (tac pham nay da
mat, chi cdn bai tua) K I din la TrAn
Nhan Tdng vai Tdng gid todi sy (da mat), sau do la Phap Loa vdi Dogn sdch
luc va Tham Thien chi yiu (da mSt), chi
cdn vai doan Dieu can km y la nhung tac pham ndi tren khdng chi la thanh tuu
ve the loai ma cdn thi hien tu tudng Phat - Thien, thdng qua phuang thuc bieu dat giau hinh tugng nghe thuat
Khoa hu luc la mgt luan thuylt tdn giao
dugc viet ket hgp ba ldi van: tan van bien van, van van ma hinh thuc tan van
va bien van la chinh Trong tac phSm luan thuyet nay thi tiiu loai phd thuylt dugc Tran Thai Tdng sir dung nhilu ban
ca Phd thuylt chi la mgt tiiu thi loai cua the loai luan thuylt tdn giao, muc dich van dung tiiu thi loai nay la dl thuylt phap, tiic ban vl cac ndi dung Thiin - Phat, nd ra ddi tu thdi Dai Tue Tdng Cao (1089 - 1163) d Trung Hoa Neu truac day, viec truyin giang Phat phap chu yeu thuang chi dien ra giua thiy va trd theo tinh th§n "dT tam truyin
Trang 6TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHWaC DAT
tam" thi den den thai Dai Tue Tong
Cao, bang hinh thiic pho thuyet, tu
tuang - triet ly Phat - Thien da dugc
truyen giang rdng rai trong tang chiing
va trong tin do Phat giao
d Viet Nam, vao dai Tran, Thien
dugc chgn la tong phap co the dap iing
mdt nhu cau dai sdng tam linh ciia con
ngirdi, cho nen dung tieu loai pho thuyet
la each tdt nhat de co the thuyet phap
rgng rai, phd cap cho cac ddi tugng
khae nhau de quan chung hieu ro ao
nghia giao ly Thien
Trong cac sach Phat hgc thai nay,
ngoai ke va tha, cac bai viet ban ve giao
ly Thien da dugc viet bang ldi van bien
ngau bdng bay, mang ve dep cd kinh
trang trgng Cau triic bai thuyet phap
dugc cac tac gia Thien phai viet thudng
chia lam hai phan, phan tren la hinh
thirc phd thuyet dugc viet theo ldi bien
van, ngdn ngii giau hinh tugng sdng
ddng, cd sue cudn hiit ngudi dge, vdi
gigng van vira thiet tha mai ggi, vua
thdi thiic con ngudi tinh thiic; phan dudi
la mdt bai ke dugc viet theo the tha
Dudng luat that ngdn bat cu hoac tu
tuyet, nham tdm tat ndi dung tu tuong
da giang giai d phan tren, giup ngudi
hgc dao de dang tiep nhan chan ly Cd
the ndi, tieu the loai nay la su ket hgp
giii'a hai the tai van hgc Phat giao truyen
thong CO tu thofi diic Phat: Ung tung,
Truyen tung theo ldi tan van va Ke tung
theo the tha Tran Thai Tdng da viet cac
bai Phd thuyet Td san, Phd thuyet Sdc
thdn, Phd khuyen phdt Bd De tc'im vdn,
Phd thuyet Hudng thugng nhdt lg Ke
den la Phap Loa c6 cac bai Khuyen xudt
gia tien dgo ngdn Trite Ldm dgi Tdn
gid thugng tod thinh su thi chiing, Thugng thita tam hgc khuyen chiing phd thuyit, Yiu minh hoc thuat Nhu vay la
trong tac phAm ciia Thien phai Tnic Lam CO din 8 van ban ciia 2 tac gia viet theo tiiu the loai phd thuyet
Bdn bai Phd thuyet ma Tran Thai
Tong viet ra vdi miic dich la nham den quang dai quan chung, huong mgi ngudi hieu ro cac van de cdt loi ciia Thien de
cd thai do sdng phu hgp tam nguyen giai thoat Cu the la Tran Thai Tdng mudn giai quyet cac van de ldn xoay xung quanh con ngudi, tiic sac than va sinh lao benh tu thdng qua bieu tugng bdn mii tuang ung vai bdn mua nham khai ggi nguai hgc dao phat Idng Bd
De, hudng den giai thoat Niet ban Ddi vdi van de sac than, Tran Thai Tong chi ra su trdi budc ciia cai sac than gia huyen Chinh su he liiy truoc cac tran ma con ngudi nhu con thieu than lao vao vdng xoay cudc ddi va trdi lan trong ddng sinh tu Tung cau van, con chii gigng dieu cat len nhu la tieng ndi con tim thdn thiic de tir than y thuc vugt thoat sinh gia benh chet cua mdt kiep ngudi: "Chu nhan dang! Dai tu ca quan khdi ldi, toan bang ti tuyen khien triru; long lai long khu dii sinh ddng, phdng hau thu thai chan tu dang Tu khdi van ban ke hieu, dd duyen luc tac giao cdng; bat u lao benh tii lai, quan tham tiiu sSc tai khii?"*'^' (Cac ngudi, nao khae gi con rdi; deu nha ta sgi keo ldi Dua qua gian lai, gidng sdng ma thoi; budng tha, thu hdi, thirc la xac chit BSt chudc nhau lay mudn nghin muu chuac; diu duyen do sau giac tranh gianh Khong lo
Trang 7s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG gia benh chi din gAn; tham tiec rugu,
sac, taidi mSt "^'
Tuong tu bdn bai Phd thuyet ciia
Phap Loa: Khuyin xudt gia tien dgo
ngdn True Ldm dgi Tdn gid thugng tod
thinh su thi chung, Thugng thica tam
hgc khuyen chung phd thuyet, Yeu minh
hgc thudt, bang trai tim Thien dinh, khdi
dc tue giac, su dung biit phap vira chinh
luan, ta thuc het siic song ddng, van cu
giau hinh anh so sanh, Tdn gia mdi ggi
mgi ngudi hay tinh thiic, sdng theo dao
ly Thien tdng ma an tni trong the giai an
lanh, hanh phiic that sir "Chu tieu tu!
Ky nhap tiing lam, trudc nhat tu dia Dd
hoa nhi di cau danh du bat phuc tham
thii de xii Na ca thi chu Phat, Td, su ha
thii xii; na ca thi nhi thua, ngoai dao
dung tam xu Dd tu nhat lai nguyet
vang, dich dich tha cau; nhat dan bat
buy, tuang nai chi ha!"*'"*' (Nay, cac
mdn del Da vao riing sau, nen cam lay
mdt mieng dat Ludng chi cham vao hoa
la de cau tieng tam, khdng quay lai can
nhac, lira chgn nai cac vi Phat, Td, su da
true chi nai nao la nai dam nhi thua va
ngoai dao dung tam; ludng tu de cho
ngay thang qua lai, loay hoay tim kiem
nhirng dau, mdt mai nam xudng thi biet
lam thi nao?)*'''
3.2 Ke va tha Thien
Hien c6 nhieu y kien kbac nhau khi
de cap den ten ggi the loai nay Sach
Vdn hgc Phat gido thdi Ly - Trdn: Dien
mgo vd ddc diem da tdng ket cac y kien
cua cac nha nghien ciiu ve the loai nay,
tu dd giai thuyet ke va tha Thiin gdm
cac loai nhu sau: "Loai thu nhat la ke
(ke tan, ke tung, ke ngg gia) Nhung bai
ke nay trirc tiep trinh bay giao ly, tu
tuang nha Phat bang hinh thiic ngan ggn, cd dgng, chuyen tai nhung ndi dung sue tich, nhiing tu tudng uyen ao Clia Thiin hgc, Phat hgc Ve ngudn gdc
ke la nhiing bai van van (tha thudng la bdn cau, co khi tam cau vdi nhiem vu thau tom mgt each cd dgng ldi kinh bang van xudi da giang thuyet a phan trudc Chinh tu ghep "kinh ke" da ndi len mdi quan he gan bd dd Loai thii hai
la ke dugc thi vj hda Co the xem day la tha triet ly boi le ve hinh thiic, cac tac gia
da su dung ngii ngdn hoac that ngdn, vdi ngon ngii' lung linh, day hinh anli dep va ggi cam, giau chat tha nhimg dang sau cai
vd hinh thiic ngdn ngii ay an tang triet ly nhiem mau cua nha Phat Loai thu ba la tha mang cam hung Thien hgc Day la nliung bai tha cam xiic tru tinh nhimg npi dung cd de cap den tam, Phat, sinh, tir, Niet ban, chan nhu, sac khdng; Loai thir
tu la tha tuc canh sinh tinli, bdc Id cam xiic tam trang ciia thien su ddi vdi cai lung linh, my le cua ngoai canh thdng qua cam quan Thien hgc"
Cac y kien noi tren, chi la sir phan loai mang tinh chat tuang ddi Chung ta cung khd ma phan chia rach rdi, chinh xac chuyen biet ve cac dang tha Thien
Su phan loai ay nham de so sanh vai cac the loai kbac trong van hgc Phat giao Tuy vay, the loai ke va tha Thien dugc cac tac gia sir diing nhieu trong van hgc
Phat giao Ly - Tran Khda hu luc la tac
pham cua Tran Thai Tdng da su diing
the loai ke va tha kha ro net Thuang si
ngir luc ciia Tran Tung Thien uyen tap anh Clia nhieu tac gia cung deu c6 su ket
hgp cac the loai nay Nhirng tac pham vua neu tren da sii dung ba ldi van: tan
Trang 8TAP CHi HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHU-aC DAT
van, bien van va van van, trong dd thi
ke va tha Thien (thugc van van) la thi
loai dugc sii dung nhieu nhit
Cac bai ke va tha Thien xuat hien
kha nhieu trong Khda hu luc, khdng ke
phan Ke trong Niem tung ke, da co 21
bai ke Cudi mdi bai Phd thuyet deu cd
bai ke tha nham diic ket ngi dung cdt loi
Clia Thien viia dugc giang bang mdt the
tha Dudng luat, ma the tha nay vdn rat
nghiem ngat ve niem, luat, van, ddi,
nhip; vai ngon ngii' khiic triet, y tai ngdn
ngoai, ggi nhieu ban ta, nha the mdi dap
ling het dieu ly nhiem mau cua giao dien
Tliien tdng ma ngudi viet muon truyen
dat Vi vay, nhiing bai ke tha nay co mdt
ngdn ngii dien dat rieng, ngudi dpc phai
CO chia khoa de giai ma thi mdi thau dat
Cac bai ke khae cua cac bai van nhu
Gidi sdt sinh vdn, Gidi thdu dgo vdn,
Gidi sdc vdn, Gidi vgng ngir vdn, Gidi
tic vdn nhat la cac bai ke cua cac bai
van thugc Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa nghi da
dua tac gia trd thanh nha tha sam hdi
Mdt gigng tha la ddc dao giira ddng tha
Thien, vdn rat thien ve su kliai phdng hoa
quang ddng tran, tuy duyen tiiy tuc
Ngoai cac bai ke d Ddi ca va Tung
cd trong Tue Trung Thugng sT ngic luc,
Thugng sT ciing cd den 5 bai mang hinh
thuc ke Kien gidi, Thi hgc, Thi chiing,
Thi do, Khuyen the tien dgo trong so 49
bai tha ma Tha vdn Ly - Trdn ghi nhan
So vdi cac bai Nguyen hda cua Khuong
Viet; Tdm khdng ciia Vien Chieu, Thi
dgo cua Trudng Nguyen; Hieu tu tdt hiru
sinh ciia Tri Bat dugc sang tac a ddi
Ly thi nhiing bai ke cua cac nha trudc
tac Thiin phai vao ddi Tran deu cd mdt
ngi dung va hinh thuc dien dat ve viec
ran day de tir truac khi tich diet hay sach tin dd chiing tu hanh O do, the giai ngi tam ciia cac thien su dugc giai bay qua cac bai thi ke ngap tran cam
xiic, thi hiing Dge bai Ddn thi cdnh
sdch ke Hiin huong ke, Hien hoa ke
cua Trin Thai Tdng, moi bai cd mgt net dep Clia thi gidi tham my rieng biet, ddi khi tach ra khoi vudn Thien thi cd the boa nhap vao vudn tha chung cua dan
tdc Chang ban, khi dge Thic thdi vd
thudng ke se thay rd: "Miet nhan d luan
tai xuat chan, Hdi dau hy ngu hun duong ly Than tham hu mgc tam vuu thiic, Na tinh cao hoe anh di di Thuc thot hoa am triing phuc dao, Tuan tuan khuan menh thinh hoan suy Chu nhan hap tao hdi quang chieu, Tu kho khu tri luge lg ky"* ' (Chop mat viing d vii'a mai mgc, Quay dau bdng nhat da trdn xoe Chi ham giac ngii say me mai, Nao biet quang am tham thoat di Phut chdc hoa tuoi rdi lai heo, Quanh co menh nam thinli lien suy Ai ai xin hay quay dau lai, Rong aidi dudng me mai the chi! )* Tha hay ke khd ma phan biet Bang
su trirc cam tam linli, tac gia da hoa nhap giua trdi dat bao la c6 gidng td bao bung, may den phii kin, gio xd sdng vd lap lap cudn ghenli, phut choc trdi xanh, trang sang, sdng lang TTnli hay ddng, ai biit? Duy chi ngir ong an nliien tir tai giira ddng dai R6 rang, dang sau lap vo ngdn tir giau hinh anli, het sue ggi cam, dugc sang tac bang the tha ngu ngdn, thit ngdn, lai an chua triet ly Phat giao, tit ca da kliiln nguai dge dl dang tilp nlian dl
thirc nghiem tam liiili Hay Idii dge Su de
van ddp Clia Tran Nhan Tong, ta bit gap
hinh anh de tu hoi "Nhu ha thi hien tai
Trang 9s u TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC P H A T GIAO TRONG Phat gia phong?" (Thi nao la gia phong
cua Phat hien tai) dugc Tnic Lam tra lai:
'Bach thuy gia phong me hilu yin, Hdng
dao tien uyIn tuy xuan phong."*'^' (Nudc
trang menh mong chim en bac, Vuon tien
dao thim gid xuan say*^**'
Nhu vay, cac bai ke cua cac nha
trudc tac Thiin phai dugc thi vi hoa ban
nira Day la su kl thira trong su biln
chuyen doi thi loai tu ke sang tha, tir
ddi Ly sang dai Trin kha ro net Nlu
cac tac pham van hgc Phat giao ddi Ly
cd nhiing cau ke, bai ke dugc thi vi hoa
trong Tham dd hien quyit ciia Vien
Chieu; Nhdt nhdt hdi chiing cua Tinh
Khdng; Cdo tat thi chung ctia Man
Giac thi sang ddi Trin, cac tac phim
Thien phai co nhiing cau tha, bai tha
diing nghia tha trong Ngic luc vdn ddp,
Niem tung ke, Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa
nghi cua Trin Thai Tdng; Chdn tdm chi
dung, Sinh tu cua Trin Thanh Tdng;
Vgn su quy nhu, Thi thdi hu huyin,
Nhgp trdn, Sinh tic nhdn nhi di, Ddi ca
Tung cd cua Tue Tmng; De cd Chdu
Huong thdn tu, Dgi Ldm Thdn Quang
tu cua Tran Nhan Tdng; Nhgp tuc hiyin
thanh son cua Phap Loa; Tdng sidd tic de,
Dien Hint tu cua Huyin Quang
Ben canh d6, cdn c6 nhilu bai tha
mang cam hiing Thiin hgc chilm mdt s6
lugng Idia lon trong tha ke cua Thiin phai
so vdi cac bai tha ciia cac thiin su ddi Ly
Ndi dung trinh bay den ban thi giai thoat,
cac van de sinh tu Niet ban, chan nhu, sic
khdng, huu vd Chiing ta cd thi thiy
mdt vai bai tha a ddi Ly nliu Ngdn hodi
cua Kliong Lg; Him huang Nhu Lai ciia
Quang Nghiem; Hoa diep cua Giac Hai
phat bieu ve de tai nay Nhu la sir tilp ndi
"truyen dang tuc diem", cac thien sir ctia Thien phai cung trinh bay sa dac chirng ngd qua su minh giai cac van de thugc ban the giai thoat ndi tren Tue Tmng
tm-ac tac mgt loat bai: 77?// ne nguii,
Phong Tdng Dien dgi su, Vdn Phiic Dicdg dgi su; Ngdu tdc ; Tran Thanh Tdng
sang tac cac bai nhu Doc Dgi Tue ngu tuc
hint cdm, Tu thudt, Ddc Phcit Dgi minh luc him cdm; Tran Nhan Tdng c6 cac bai
nhu San phdng mgn hirng, Dgi Lam Thdn
Quang tu Him cu vd cu ; Phap Loa vai
bai Thi tich; Huyen Quang cd cac bai nhu
Yen Tic son am cu Thgch Thdt, Di Dgng Hien ddn viet gid son Moi bai cua mdi
tac gia cd mdt each dien dat rieng biet khi thi trirc tiep, luc thi gian tilp trinh bay cam hung Thien hgc ve sa die, sa chung nhung deu xuat phat tir dilm nhin ciia sy chiing ngd thuc tai duyen sinh vd nga, vd thirdng
Chang han, bai Di Cd Chdu huong
thdn tu; Tran Nhan Tdng nhin nhan "sd
ddi" that md mit trudc sir sinli lao benli tir klii ve tham cdng chua Thien Thuy nga benh nang The nliung, mdt ngudi tinli thuc thi c6 cai nhin thiu dat van phap la duyen sinh dl chuyin hda tam thuc, nliini budc ra khoi vdng he luy "ai luyin" Day ciing chinli la cai nhin cua ddi mit tue giac ma tac gia dien giai bing hinh anh
"Thai tinh luong hai ngan" (Tinh trong ddi mat trong) Tai day, "ma quan" sau can khdng nliiem sau trin, "cdi Phat" hoa hien ngap tran sic xuan: "The so nhit sach mac, Thdi tinli luong hai ngan Ma cung hon quan tham, Phat qudc bit thang xuan"'-" (Sd dai ma mit ca, Tinh trong ddi mat trong Cung ma neu quan chat, Coi Phat xuan Idiong ciing)*^"* Doc bai
11
Trang 10TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 6 (103) - 2010 THiCH PHUaC DAT
De Ddng Hien ddn viet gia son, ta thay,
Huyen Quang ciing tu tai giai thoat vai
mdt tam thiic thanh tinh, kliong con he
luy tuc tran: "Hoa mdc di duyen chiing
tac son Lung yen trao nguyet, lac hoa
ban Tdng tu niem lu dd vd tuc, Doanh
dac tlianh phong nhat chain an"*"^' (Quaiili
quat cay leo, mii chat chdng Hoa roi lanh
giua klioi trang long Tii' na}' niem tiic thoi
Mi'ong \'an, Chiee goi an nlian trudc gio
trong)*-"*'
Chua dimg tai day, ta con thay cac
bai tha Thien bgc Id cam xuc tam trang
thuc chirng giac ngd dugc giai trinh
thong qua XQ dep thien nhien dep de
huyen ao bang mgt cam quan Thien hgc
Nguon cam biing sang tao truoc canh
\-at him tinh, thien nhien boa canh Phat
la sd truang sang tac ciia cac thien su tir
ddi Ly den ddi Tran ma cac nha nghien
cim gpi la tha tire canh sinh tinh Bai
Ngu nhdn ciia Khdng Ld (theo Le Dire
Niem neu ra, rdi y nay dugc Biii Duy
Tan viet lai dang tren Tgp chi Vdn hgc
sd 5-2002 tr.85-86 thi bai tha nay chfnh
la ciia Han 6 (842-923) ddi Duong a
Trung Hoa x'di thi de la Tiiy trudc chir
khdng phai la Khdng Ld (1016-1094)
ddi Ly d Viet Nam) va Cdo tat thi
chiing ciia Man Giac ddi Ly la mdt
trong nhung bai tieu bieu Nhung dau an
ldn ve loai tha nay \an la cac tac gia
thien sir a ddi Tran thugc phai Thien
True Lam nliu bai Ky Thanh Phong am
tdng Dice San cua Tran Thai Tdng; De
Huyen Thien dgng, Hgnh Thien Trudng
hdnh cung ciia Tran Thanh Tdng; Hga
Hung Tri thugng vi hdu, Giang hd tu
thich ciia Tue Tmng; Xudn hieu, Dgng
Thien hd thugng Xudn cdnh ciia Tran
Nhan Tong; va nhilu bai tha khae ciia Huyin Quang dat din dinh cao ciia thi
ca nhu Cue hoa (6 bai), Chu trung
Phiim chu, Trite mien, Ngg thuy, Nhdn
su dS Ciru Lan tu, Dia Id tiec su
Bai Chu trung, Phiim chu la mdt thf
du diln hinh Ca hai bai deu iiy hinh anh con thuyin lam ngudn cam hirng de diln dat thi gidi thuc tai hien huu ciing song hanh vdi the gidi sieu nghiem trong mgt khdng gian bien trdi bao la, mdt thdi gian vd bien de den nai ciing tan Con thuyen ciia Huyen Quang la con thuyen vugt thoat khd dau ma kinh dien nha Phat ggi la thu\en Bat Nha Nguoi dge se cam nhan sir thanh thoat,
su huyen dieu giua bien trdi menh mdng, c6 sir hien hiiu cua mdt chiee thuyen con ludt qua be dai tram luan, xa
xa chi mgt canh chim hai au trang de
ma ldi cho cudc hanh trinh ve mien giai thoat "Giang thiiy lien thien nhat au bach" (Chim au mdt canh trang phau
{Chu trungf'^\ Den bai Phiem chu thi
nguoi dge khdng chi cam nhan bang ngdn ngii thi ca ma con tiep can dugc the gioi chimg thuc ndi tam luon hoa quyen giira cuoc dai xao dgng vdi song nudc dat dao va coi "sac khong" an tinh vdi "Nguyet lac ba tam giang man suong" (Trang rai day nuac, day sdng
N(26)
suang ma) Nhin chung co su chuyen djch \'e ndi dung chuyen tai va hinh thirc thi loai trong ke va tha Thien tir doi Ly din ddi Tran, cu the la Thiin phai Tnic Lam Ve ndi dung chuyen tai, chiing tdi nhit tri vdi y kien tdng kit la ke va tha Thien true tiep hay gian tiep ban \'l giao
ly Phat giao, triet ly ban thi giai thoat van