C& nhan, nh6m xS hpi, tieu vin hoi vk vkn hoi Khi tien hanh nghien cuu cac bmh dipn phgm tru trong giao tilp giao vdn hod, chung tdi ludn y thftc dugc rdng do la nhung binh dipn phgm tr
Trang 1N G 6 N NGtr
s o 1 2011
GIA THUYET VE QUAN HE VAN HOA - GIAO TIEP
GS.TS NGUYfiN QUANG
1 C& nhan, nh6m xS hpi, tieu vin hoi vk vkn hoi
Khi tien hanh nghien cuu cac bmh dipn phgm tru trong giao tilp giao vdn
hod, chung tdi ludn y thftc dugc rdng do la nhung binh dipn phgm tru rat nhu
hogt va tinh tl Chung phy thugc rit nhilu vao cac an tang vdn hoa nhu gid
trj, quan niem, ditc tin, edm kj cung nhu cac thanh td giao tilp nhu cdc thong
so nhdn thdn cua chu the vd ddi the giao tiip, quan he giifa cdc ddi tdc giao
tiep, quyen lite ciia chii the ddi vdi ddi the giao tiep, muc dich giao tiep, ngi
dung giao tiep, hinh thitc thdng diep, i"oi trudng giao tiip Do vgy, chung
tdi thien nghi vipc dua ra cac phd nipm tuypt doi ve bilu dgt cua cdc binh dipn
phgm trft nay trong cdc cpng ddng ngdn ngft - vdn hod dugc xet dl khdng djnh
rdng cac cd nhan, cac nhdm xd hgi, cac tieu vdn hod va cac nin vdn hoa khdc
nhau deu vipn den cdc chien luge va tieu chien luge giong nhau do diu chia
se cac phd nipm dd la mgt each nhin nhgn chua thoa dang Nd lam "xa cftng"
va "danh ddng" cac ddi tu(7ng dugc xet Song, nlu ta lgi thdi qud ma cho rdng
con ngudi sinh ra von la nhumg ca nhan dan le, khdc bipt vdi nhimg ca nhan
khdc, cho nen vipc tim kiem nhimg d$c diem hanh vi ndi chimg vd hdnh vi
giao tilp ndi rieng dl nhgn dipn cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hoa, va cac nen
vdn hod la khdng taong thi dd ciing lgi la mgt cdch nhin nhgn can dugc xem
xet lgi Con ngudi sinh ra von tien thien mang tu each kep (double status): vfta
mang tu each ca nhan, vfta mang tu each thdnh vien Cac hdnh vi hanh tac
(action), tuong tdc (interaction) va xuyen tdc (transaction) cfta mgt con ngudi
mgt m^t the hipn va minh chftng cho tu each ca nhan cua ngudi do (thi dy: anh
A khac vdi anh B), m^t khdc giup ta nhin nhan dugc tinh dong nhdm cua ngudi
dd vdi mgf nhftng ngudi khdc (thi dy: anh A vd anh B deu la ngudi Bdc Bg)
Dfta tren quan nipm ve tu each kep cua con ngudi, chung tdi xin dugc dua
ra cdc sa dd sau: _
Trang 220 Ngon ngiif so 1 ndm 2011
lUnh -vtia
Tveicbi ci ab&B Tatieh U nhin
CACCANHAN
Tir etch ci nhin
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Nb6m I i hOi C
Nh«m x l bOi B
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CACNHdMXAHOl
T U a v i n h o l A
Titu vin hoi B
cAc Tifcu VAN H6A Ti^n vin hoi C
Trang 3Gia thuyet §f
Tieu viln ho;i A | 1 _ J Tif u \ iln lio;l B
\
NKN S ' I N IKVV ' I'icuvfiii lio;i (•
Vdi cdch nhin nhgn tren, chung tdi thilt nghi, khi nghien cftu vl giao tilp
giao vdn hod xet theo bkih dipn phgm tru, ta chi cd thi vd chi nen tun ra nhirng
d^c diem phd qudt, nhirng khudn mau giao tilp (ca ngdn tft va phi ngdn tft) phd
dyng, diln hinh cua cdc nhdm xd hgi, cac tilu vdn hod vd cac nin vdn hoa md
thdi Ndi cdch khdc, nhitng kit qud md ehiing ta ed dugre thdng qua cdc cdng
trinh nghien citu (ed djnh lugmg vd djnh tinh), vdi bdt eu tdm mite ndo, eiing
ehi ed the dung vdi sd ddng, vdi dgi da sd, thdm chi vdi tuyet dgi da sd ehu
khdng the dung vdi mgi cd nhdn ciia nhdm xd hgi, tiiu vdn hda hay nin van
hod do dugre Levine va Adelman (1993) dd cd li khi vi vai trd cfta vdn hoa
va cd nhan nhu vai trd cfta dgo dien vd dien vien Tuy cimg ddng mgt vai vd
cung dugc mgt dgo dien chi dan, nhtmg hai dien vien, dft rit xuit sdc va rit
no lyc de ddng dung theo yeu ciu cua dgo dien, nhtmg chdc chdn hg sg khdng
ddng hodn toan nhu nhau, thgm chi, tuong ty nhau
Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh nghien cftu vl cac binh dipn phgm tru trong giao
tiep giao vdn hod xet theo cac thanh to giao tilp va cac in tang vdn hod, chung
tdi cung din nhgn thiy rdng nlu chi xet chung thuin tuy tren binh dipn giao
tilp ngi ngdn (intralinguistic communication), chftng ta rit cd kha ndng sg di
din nhQng kit lugn, nhirng phan djnh, nhumg nhgn xet sai Ipch ve hdnh vi
giao tilp cfta nhimg ngudi din tft (cac) nin vdn hoa khac Mpt hanh vi phan
hdi ngdn tft boa (verbalised response) cd the dugc mong dcpd va dugc nhin nhgn
Id mgt hdnh vi ljch sy ft-ong mpt nin vdn hod ndy, nhung nd rit cd thi lgi la
Trang 422 Ngon ngiif so 1 nam 2011
mgt hdnh vi khdng dugc mong dc^i vd bj coi la sao rong, khdng thgt ldng trong mgt nen vdn hod khdc Mgt thi dy ma chung tdi dd neu ra trong cuon
Giao tiep vd giao tiep giao vdn hod (2002) ve hdnh dgng xin loi ftong cgng
dong Uc vd cgng dong Hoa, Vipt cd thi Id mgt minh hog Trong nhieu cgng
dong vdn hod - ngdn ngu A chau, cdc phan hoi phi ngdn tft hod (nonverbalised responses) the hipn sy bilt loi, sy an hgn td ra phu hgp ban trong nhieu tinh
huong cy the Thi dy, vd tinh xd vao ngudi khdc, cui diu, mim cudi cau hod roi budc tilp Do vgy, nlu muon dgt tdi mgt cdi nhin thiu dao vl Uch sy (ca duong tinh vd am tinh) trong giao tilp, ta khdng thi khdng xet den cdc ylu to cgn ngdn vd ngogi ngdn (phi ngdn tft) vd tinh phft hgp cua chung trong cdc
tuong tac cy thi, vai cac quan hp vai cy thi, d cac chu canh tmh hudng va chu
canh vdn hod cy the
2 Bkn chat k£p, tv cich k^p vk cic binh difn ph^m trii
Chung tdi cho rdng con ngudi (human being), khi sinh ra, von tien thien
mang theo bdn chat kep (double nature) cua minh; cd nghia la con ngudi vua
Id sinh thi xa hgi (social being), vfta la sinh the cd y thirc (conscious being)
I SINH THfi XA HOI
V(5i bdn chit Id sinh the xd hgi, vd ciing nhu cdc loai vgt cd chung ban chat (lodi ong, lodi kiln ), con ngudi phdi tuong tdc vdd cdc thanh vien khac trong xd hgi (thu nhd va/ ho^c md rgng) cua mmh Ndi cdch khac, ban chit xd
hgi bdt huge con ngudi, bdng each ndy hay cdch khdc, phdi tuang tdc (interacting) Ngay cd trong cdc tuang tdc npi nhan (intrapersonal interactions) - chuypn
trd vdi chinh bdn than minh - cac ylu to ciu thdnh cd nhan P-A-C (Cha mp/
Parent: P; Ngudi tnrdng thdnh/ Aduh: A; Con tre/ Child: C), vdn dugc tgo
nen thong qua cdc trdi nghipm xd hgi vd dugc tich ty thdnh cdc vai xd hgi trong moi cd nhan, cting giao tilp theo cdc c|lp vai khdc nhau nhu "Cha mp - Con
Trang 5Gia thuyet 23
tie", "Ngudi ldn - Ngudi ldn" Thi dy: Giao tilp ngi nhan giua ylu to "Cha
mp" vd "Con ti'e":
Khi di dgo ben ho, Quang - mgt gido vien dgi hgc tre - nhin thay mgt cd
gdi dang thd bg phia trudc, mdi tdc budng lai, than hinh thon thd, dang dipu
khoan thai Anh ta (ylu to "Con ft-g") ty nhft:
- Chd, cd be cd thdn hinh hdp ddn qud nhi? Mnh thit vugt ten liec xem
CO be xinh den muc ndo mdi duQc
Nhtmg mgt gigng ndi trong anh ta (ylu to "Cha mp") chgt vang len:
- Nccy, cdn than day I Cd khi cd ta lgi Id sinh vien cua cgu thi sao Nd md
ve trudng ki chuyen vdi mgi ngudi thi phien ddy
(SINHTHi
Vdi bdn chat la sinh thi cd y thftc, vd hodn toan khac vai cdc lodi vgt trong
thi gidi ty nhien von dugc coi Id khdng cd y thftc (mgt so nhd nghien cftu d$t
vin de nghi ngd lugn dilm ndy), con ngudi thyc hipn cac hogt dgng li tinh cfta
mmh Ndi cdch khdc, ban chat y thuc bdt bugc con ngudi phdi tu duy (thinking)
SINH TH^ C6
tTHtrc
i
• • • • •
TUDUY ^
Trong qud trinh tuang tdc (tucmg tdc ngi nhdn, tucmg tdc lien nhan, tucmg
tdc nhdm, tuang tdc xd hgi ) vd tu duy (tri nhgn, so sdnh, ddi chieu ), con
Trang 624 Ngdn ngiif so 1 ndm 2011
ngudi nhdn dipn dugc chuih ban tiian mmh va nhimg ngudi khdc; cd nghia Id
con ngudi cd dugc tu niem (self- oncept) va tha niem (other - concept)
TV MEM V.4THA NIKM
Trong qua trinh ty nipm va tha nipm ay, con ngudi nhan thay d minh va nhiing ngudi khac cd mpt diem chung: Hp ddng thdi vua Id nhirng ca nhan khu biet (anh A khdc vcii chi B, 6ng C ) vfta la nhiing thanh vien hda dong (ciia gia dinh, ldp hpc, ca quan, cau lgc bg ) Ndi cdch khac, hp deu cd chung tu
each kep {double status) la tu cdch thdnh vien (membership) vd tu edeh cd
nhdn (individualship) - - ; ~-
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T L C A C H T11A\HVIEN
Trang 7Gia thuyet 25
Chinh sy qudn binh giua hai tu each ndy hay sy nhan manh vao mgt trong hai tu cdch dd cua sd ddng ftong mgt cpng ddng ngdn ngu - vdn hod da gc^i cho
chftng tdi y tuc!mg dua ra cac binh dipn phgm trft (categorrical dimensions)
trong nghien cftu giao tiep npi vdn hod vd giao vdn hod Dd la:
Tir CACH CA NHAN
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De giup dpc gid ndm bdt rd rang hem va hp thdng ban ve cac ludn diem
vfta neu, chftng tdi xin dugc thiet ke vd dua ra so dd sau:
Trang 826 Ngdn ngiif sd 1 ndm 2011
Sinh the xS h$i
CON NGUdi s J
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Khich quan tinh;
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True hep
Tinh
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^- Khing dinh minh
^ Tu c^ch th^nh viSn
Chu c&nh cao
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Chu quan tinh Duy cam
Phi quy Ihon;
Hu<!nig ngogi T6nti Ngdn rudm Trim twgng Gi4n t i ^
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n R6(ti46 i n i W i ) • Ri I * 46 dio 70%)
~ KMiurtllnteliaiilJSj l - i KMo| i« lio (m 11 dfc 2«4)
Trang 9Gia thuyet 27
3 So-do quan hp vdn hda - giao tiep
Trong boat dpng giao tilp hang ngay, chiing ta th\rc hipn cdc hdnh dpng
giao tiep (communicative acts) khac nhau trong cac s\r kipn va tinh hudng giao
tiep (commumcative events/ situations) khac nhau Neu xet ve mdi quan hp
gifta vdn hod vd giao tiep, chftng tdi xin dugc dua ra gid thuyet sau:
Vdn hod, nhu mgt nggn Ifta vd hinh dugc hdng dudng hai cac "dn tdng"
(cultural hiddens) cua nd nhu: gid trj, dftc tin, quan nipm, thdi quen, truyen
thdng, cam kj , dd tao ra sftc song cho toan bg cdc tdng sau: > '
a) Tdng thdnh td giao tiep b) Tdng binh dien phgm trii giao tiep ' ''1 'l'.'^ "' c) Tdng ngdn ngii giao tiip , ,
• ! ^ J U ' W ') - V." V Vi,:^ ii\: • ' ;
d) Tdng hdnh dgng giao tiep .,
Cd thi hinh dung cdc tang nay nhu bon mdt cdt cua mgt hinh pheu vd dugc
phan bo nhu sau:
*Tang 1 - Thdnh to giao tiep: Tang nay chju dnh hudng tr\rc tilp cua
"Nggn Ifta vdn hod" (Flame of culture) Nd bao gom cdc thdnh to giao tilp sau
(Cac thdnh to ndy, din lugt chung, lai bao gom nhilu tham to):
1) Cdc thdng sd eiia ehii thi giao tiip (Addresser's parameters - Adr)
2) Cdc thdng sd ciia ddi the giao tiep (Addressee's parameters - Ade)
3) Quan he giUa ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' relationship - Re)
4) Quyen luc cua chii the giao tiep ddi vdi ddi the giao tiep (Addressor's
power over addressee - Po) ' ' ' , : ;
5) Trgng thdi tdm li eiia cdc ddi tde khi giao tiep (Participants' mood when
commimicating - Mo)
6) Khi chdt eiia ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' temperament - Te)
7) Tinh cdm ciia ede ddi tde giao tiep (Participants' feelings - Fe)
8) Thdi dg ciia cdc ddi tdc giao tiep (Participants' attitudes - At)
9) Muc dieh giao tiep (?virpose-Yn)
10) De tdi giao tiep (Topic - To)
11) Hinh thitc giao tiep (Form-Fd)
12) Ngi dung giao tiep (Content - Co) : :;
13) Khung cdnh giao tiip (Setting - Se)
14) Thdi gian ddnh cho giao tiep (Time availability - TA)
* Tang 2 - Binh dipn ph^m tru: Tdng nay ndm tren tang "Thanh td giao
tilp" vd chju tac dgng gidn tiep ciia cac an tdng vdn hod (gid trj, quan nipm, due
Trang 1028 Ngdn ngiif so 1 nam201j_
tin, ) tiidng qua tang "Thdnh to giao tilp" Nd bao gdm cdc buih dipn pham tru cu the sau:
1) Chu quan tinh - Khdch quan tinh (Subjectivity vs Objectivity: Su-Ob) 2) True tiip - Gidn tiip (Direcmess vs Indirectiiess: Di-In)
3) Chinh xdc - Phi chinh xdc (Accuracy vs Inaccuracy: Ac-In)
4) Dgng - Tinh (Dynamicality vs Staticality: Dy-St)
5) Hg minh Khdng dinh minh (Selfabasement vs Selfassertion: SAb
-Sas)
6) Lich su duang tinh - Lich su dm tinh (Positive politeness vs Negative
politeness: PP-NP)
7) Tritu tugmg - Cu the (Absttactness vs Concreteness: Ab - Co) 8) Duy cdm - Duy li (Sentimentality vs Rationality: Se - Ra)
9) Tdn ti - Binh ddng (Hierarchy vs Equality: Hi - Eq)
10) Hudng ngi - Hudng ngogi (Introversion vs Extroversion: In - Ex) 11) Qui thirc - Phi qui thitc (Formality vs Informality: Fo - In)
12) Thien ve nhdm Thien ve ed nhdn (Group orientation vs Self
-orientation: GO - SO)
13) Chu cdnh cao Chu cdnh thdp (High context vs Lowcontext: HC
-LC)
14) Ngdn rudm - Ngdn kiem (Redimdancy vs Economicality: Re - Ec)
*Tang 3 - Ngon neir giao tiep: Tang nay ndm phia tren ting "Bmh dipn
pham trft" Nd chiu tdc dpng gian tiep cfta "Ngpn Ifta vdn hod" thdng qua tdng
"Thanh to giao tiep" vd tang "Binh dipn pham tru" Tang 3 dugc cdu thdnh bdi cac yeu td sau:
1) A^p; «^d« (Intralanguage - Intra.Iang)
2) Can ngdn (Paralanguage - Para.lang)
3) Ngogi ngdn (Extralanguage - Extra.Iang) ' *• ''''•'•
3.1) Ngdn ngir thdn the (Body language - BL)
3.2) Ngdn ngii vgt the (Object language - OL)
3.3) Ngdn ngii mdi trucmg (Environmental language - EL)
*Tang 4 - Hdnh dpng giao tiep: Day Id tang tren cung vd Id ting ho^t
dpng giao tilp tii\rc tl Nd chiu tdc dpn^ gian tilp cua "Ngpn Ifta vdn hod" tiidng qua ting "Binh dipn pharn tiii" vd tang "Thanh to giao tilp" Dong tiidi
nd dugc "hipn thvrc hod" bdi ting "Ngdn npu giao tilp" Ting 4 la ting md Ixri nd bao gdm tat cd cac ho^t dgng giao tiep thvrc tl nhu: khuyen rdn, thdng bao, ddng y, bat ddng, ggi y, cam cm, khen nggi
Trang 11Gia thuye't 29
De giftp quy dgc gid de ddng hinh dung, chftng tdi xin dugc thiet ke vd dua ra md hinh "Quan hp v§n hod - giao tiep" sau:
" '1 liong ;iao
Doiin iljnh i l i i j hcii
KJiuytn ~
-V:if\ y h.vi
Hiia hpn
A l l iji
I II6i" liC'C
, '^ NhSc n h a i;ii;,ni; dini] ,^x.^,.:
( 0 6 nghi C i n u l o ™ ' " i - _
Khen ,
"'•^''^"g rhjcli !hi.Yc' Nhan xet
^ ^ ^ Xin loi Wiudiiili , ' l
"• •" - ^ • <-''ir'li h a " ijij 1^,,; • ,., Chji! buoi
Intra.lang Para.lao:;
\ S '
1
1 T h i i j ;
Gia Irj
'1 he che C •-:cH
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/
\
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: i ; n : i M ; ii~;i;,:
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4 Tinh dpng ciia quan hp vdn hoa - giao tiep
Xin dugc ltm y rdng quan hp gifta giao tiep va vdn hod la quan hp "dpng" Khai nipm "dgng" d day dugc hieu nhu sau: ; , <
1) Tinh lieu lugng cfta cdc an tang vSn boa vdn mang ban chat dpng Nhipt
do (Heat - map) cfta chftng ludn thay ddi; do vay, tdc dgng cfta chiing len cac
hanh dgng giao tiep cy the trong cdc s\r kipn/' tinh hudng giao tilp cy thi ciing ludn thay ddi
Thi dy: * C5 hanh dgng "khen mpt be so sinh", tdc dpng cua "cim kj" ddng
vai trd ndi tigi trong ngdn ngft - vdn hod Vipt, va do v$y, thay vi ndi: '"Chdu