Civil Society 2.0?: How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Cuba potx

GIGA Research Programme: Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems ___________________________ Civil Society 2.0?: How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations in Authoritaria

GIGA Research Programme:

Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems

_

Civil Society 2.0?:

How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations

in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Cuba

Bert Hoffmann

˜›ȱ ‹˜˜”ǰȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜››ŽŒȱ Œ’Š’˜—ȱ ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ Š—ǰȱ ’ȱ ™˜œœ’‹•Žǰȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜››Žœ™˜—’—ȱ •’—”ȱ  ’••ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ‹Žȱ

’—Œ•žŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ ȱ˜›”’—ȱŠ™Ž›œȱ Ž‹œ’ŽȱŠȱǀ   ǯ’ŠȬ‘Š–‹ž›ǯŽȦ ˜›”’—™Š™Ž›œǁǯȱȱ

ŠŒ’Ÿ’œ–ȱ ǻ Š–Š•ȱ ŘŖŖŝǰȱ Š››Ž—ȱ ŘŖŖŖǰȱ›–˜—¢ȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ —ȱ ‹˜‘ȱ •’—Žœȱ ˜ȱ Š›ž–Ž—Š’˜—ǰȱ œ˜Œ’ŽŠ•ȱ

˜›¢ȱ˜ȱȃŸ˜’ŒŽǰȄȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŽ—Œ˜–™ŠœœŽœȱŠœȱ–žŒ‘ȱŠ›’Œž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’œŒ˜—Ž—ȱŠœȱ’ȱ˜ŽœȱŠŒ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ

ž—Š–Ž—Š•ȱ’œȱ—ŽŒŽœœŠ›¢DZȱŠ—ȱŠ›Ž—Šȱ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŸ˜’ŒŽœȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱ›Š’œŽȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽŠ›ȱŠ—ȱ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ

˜ŸŽ›—–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱœ˜Œ’Ž¢ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒǯȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŒ’Ÿ’•ȱœ˜Œ’Ž¢ǰȱ‘žœǰȱ’œȱ’—›’—œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱ•’—”Žȱ˜ȱ

–Ž›’ŒŠ—ȱ Œ˜ž—›’Žœȱ ˜ȱ “˜’—ȱ ‘Žȱ —Ž›—Žǰȱ ‘ŠŸ’—ȱ ˜—Žȱ œ˜ȱ Šœȱ ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ Šœȱ ŗşşŜȱ ǻŠ•·œȱ ŗşşŝǼǯȱ

’—ŒŽȱ‘Ž—ǰȱŒ˜–™žŽ›ȱžœŽȱŠ—ȱ’’Š•ȱŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—ȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜’Žœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱœ™›ŽŠǰȱ‹žȱŒ˜—›˜•Ȭ

•’—ȱŠ—ȱ•’–’’—ȱŠŒŒŽœœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ—Ž›—ŽȱŠ—ȱ Ž‹Ȭ‹ŠœŽȱ–Ž’Šȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŠȱŒ›žŒ’Š•ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ›—ȱ˜›ȱ

œŠŽȱŠž‘˜›’’Žœǯȱȱ

ȱ ŝ

Ş

›Š—’£Š’˜—Š•ȱ ŠŒ’Ÿ’’Žœȱ ‘Šȱ ›Ž–Š’—Žȱ ǻŠȱ •ŽŠœȱ ™Š›’Š••¢Ǽȱ ˜žœ’Žȱ ˜ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ ™Š›Š–ŽŽ›œȱ Ž›Žȱ Ž ȱ Š—ȱ —Š››˜ •¢ȱ ›Žœ›’ŒŽDzȱ Š›žŠ‹•¢ǰȱ ‘Žȱ –˜œȱ ’–™˜›Š—ȱ ˜—Žȱ ‹Ž’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š‘˜•’Œȱ

ȱ ş

ȱ ŗŗ

’—œ’ž’˜—Š•ȱ Š—ȱ Šȱ ™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱ œ’ŽDZȱ Š••ȱ ›Ž’œŽ›Žȱ  œȱ  Ž›Žȱ ˜›–Š••¢ȱ ȃŠœœ’—Žȃȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ œŠŽȱ

’—œ’ž’˜—ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž¢ȱ Ž›ŽȱžœžŠ••¢ȱ•Žȱ‹¢ȱ™Ž›œ˜—œȱ ‘˜ȱ Ž›Žȱ“žŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ’ŸŽ—ȱœž’Œ’Ž—ȱ

™›˜˜ȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱ•˜¢Š•¢ǯȱȱ’–Žœǰȱ‘Ž¢ȱ˜ŸŽ›•Š™™Žǯȱ˜›ȱŽ¡Š–™•Žǰȱ‘ŽȱŽŒ˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ȱȃ›˜Šž›Š•Ž£Šȃȱ Šœȱ˜ž—Žȱ’—ȱŗşşřȱ–Š’—•¢ȱ‹¢ȱœŽ—’˜›ȱ‹ž›ŽŠžŒ›ŠœȱŠ—ȱœŒ’Ž—’œœȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ

œ¢–‹˜•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Š¢ȱ –˜ŸŽ–Ž—ǰȱ ’—ȱ ›˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŠŽȱ •ŽŠŽ›œ‘’™ȱ ž›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š¢ȱ ŗȱ Š›ŠŽǯȱ ȱ Šœȱ—ŽŸŽ›ȱ˜’Œ’Š••¢ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’£ŽDzȱŠŽ›ȱŽ ȱ¢ŽŠ›œȱ˜ȱŽ¡’œŽ—ŒŽǰȱ’ȱ Šœȱ’œœ˜•ŸŽǯȱ

ȱ ŗř

‘ŽȱŽŒ’œ’˜—Ȭ–Š”’—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ Šœȱ‘˜›—¢ȱŠœȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱœŽ–Ž—œȱ˜ȱž‹ŠȂœȱ›ž•’—ȱŒ’›Œ•ŽœȱœŠ ȱ

‘Žȱ —Ž›—Žȱ ™›’–Š›’•¢ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ ™˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱ ‘›ŽŠȱ Š—ȱ Šœȱ ȃŠȱ  ŽŠ™˜—ȱ ˜ȱ  Š›ȃȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ —’Žȱ ŠŽœȱǻ¤—Œ‘Ž£ȱ’••ŠŸŽ›ŽȱŗşşśǼǯȱ’Ž•ȱŠœ›˜ȱ‘’–œŽ•ȱ Š›—ŽȱŠȱŠȱ™ž‹•’Œȱ›Š••¢ȱ˜—ȱžžœȱśǰȱŗşşśǰȱ

‘Šȱ‘Žȱ—’ŽȱŠŽœȱ˜ŸŽ›—–Ž—ȱȃœ™ŽŠ”ǽœǾȱ˜ȱȁ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ‘’‘ Š¢œȂȱǽdzǾȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Ž¢ȱ Š—ȱ

˜ȱ ’–™˜œŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ  ˜›•ǰȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ ™›˜™ŠŠ—Šȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š—’™ž•Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘ž–Š—ȱ –Ž—Š•’¢ȃȱǻŒ’Žȱ’—ȱ¤—Œ‘Ž£ȱ’••ŠŸŽ›ŽȱŗşşśDZȱřşǼǯȱ

˜——ŽŒ’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ—Ž›—Žǰȱ‘Ž—ŒŽǰȱ ŠœȱŠ—ȱŽ–’—Ž—•¢ȱ™˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱŽŒ’œ’˜—ǯŗŚȱȱŒ›žŒ’Š•ȱ’–™˜›Ȭ

Š—ŒŽȱ Šœȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡Š–™•Žȱ˜ȱ‘’—Šǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Šȱ“˜’—Žȱ‘Žȱ—Ž›—Žȱ ’‘ȱŠȱž••ȱȱŒ˜——ŽŒ’˜—ȱ‘›ŽŽȱ

¢ŽŠ›œȱŽŠ›•’Ž›ǯȱ‘Žȱ‘’—ŽœŽȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱœ‘˜ Žȱ‘Šȱ—Ž›—ŽȱŠŒŒŽœœȱ ŠœȱǻŠȱ•ŽŠœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœ‘˜›ȱ˜›ȱ

ȱ ŗś

Œ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›ȱ ˜ȱ  Ž‹Ȭ‹ŠœŽȱ–Ž’Šȱ Š—ȱ Šȱ—Š’˜—ȬœŠŽȬ‹ŠœŽȱ –Ž’Šȱ –˜—˜™˜•¢ǰȱ —˜›ȱ Œ˜ž•ȱ ’ȱ ™›ŽȬ

ŸŽ—ȱ‘Žȱœ™›ŽŠȱŠ—ȱžœŽȱ˜ȱœžŒ‘ȱ–Ž’ŠǯȱŽœ™’ŽȱŠȱ›Žœ›’Œ’ŸŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ǰȱŠȱŽŒŠŽȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ—Ž ȱ Ž‹Ȭ‹ŠœŽȱ–Ž’Šȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŒ˜–ŽȱŠȱ’›–ȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ’—ȱž‹ŠȱŠ—ȱŠ—ȱŽŸŽ›ȱ–˜›Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ȱ

˜ȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ǰȱŒ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱŠ›’Œž•Š’˜—ǯȱȱ

Ž˜›Žȱ Žȱž›—ȱ˜ȱ‘’œǰȱŠȱ‹›’Žȱ ˜›ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱœŠ’ȱ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ‘Žȱ™˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜—Ž¡DZȱ—ȱ ž•¢ȱŘŖŖŜǰȱ’Ž•ȱŠœ›˜ȱŽ••ȱœ˜ȱœŽ›’˜žœ•¢ȱ’••ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŽ•ŽŠŽȯŽ–™˜›Š›’•¢ǰȱŠœȱ Šœȱœ›ŽœœŽȱ’—’’Š••¢ȯ

›ŽŠŒ‘Žȱ Šȱ•ŽŠœȱ ™Š›ȱ ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ ˜–Žœ’Œȱ Šž’Ž—ŒŽǼǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ –ŠŽȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ Š¢ȱ ˜—˜ȱ ˜žž‹Žǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Ž¢ȱ’—œŠ—•¢ȱ Ž›ŽȱŠŒŒŽœœ’‹•Žȱ˜ȱŠȱ•˜‹Š•ȱŠž’Ž—ŒŽǯȱ‘Žȱ–˜œȱŽ–‹•Ž–Š’Œȱ’•–œȱ‹ŽŒŠ–Žȱ

‹Š—ȱ•ŽŠŽ›ȱ ˜›”’ȱž’•Šȱ ŠœȱŠ››ŽœŽȱ’—ȱŘŖŖŞȱ˜—ȱŒ‘Š›Žœȱ˜ȱȃœ˜Œ’Š•ȱŠ—Ž›˜žœ—ŽœœǰȄȱ‘’œǰȱ˜˜ǰȱ‹ŽŒŠ–ŽȱŠȱ™ž‹Ȭ

•’Œȱ’œœžŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ Ž‹ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ‹Š—ȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱ‹•˜Ž›œȱ•’”Žȱ˜Š—’ȱ¤—Œ‘Ž£ȱ™˜œŽȱ‘Ž’›ȱȃ›ŽŽȱ ˜›”’ǷȄȱ™›˜Žœœǰȱ

ȱ ŗŝ

Šȱ‘Žȱž‹Š—ȱ›œȱ—œ’žŽǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ˜‘Ž› ’œŽȱŽ ȱ‹žȱ‘˜œŽȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ˜ž•ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ

‘ŽŠ›ȱŠ‹˜žǯȱ—ȱŠ••ȱ‘ŽœŽȱŒŠœŽœǰȱ ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱ’’Š•ȱŽŒ‘—˜•˜’Žœȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žȱ‘Žȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ–ŽŠ—œǰȱ’ȱ ŠœȱŒ’Ÿ’ŒȱŸ˜’ŒŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—˜—ȬŸ’›žŠ•ȱ ˜›•ȱ‘Šȱ Šœȱ’•–ŽȱŠ—ȱ’ŸŽ—ȱ™ž‹•’ŒȱŽ¡™˜œž›ŽǰȱŠœȱ–žŒ‘ȱ

Šœȱ’ȱ›Žšž’›ŽȱŒ’’£Ž—œȂȱŠŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ›ŽŒ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽŽ’—œȱŠ—ȱœŽŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ’œ›’‹ž’˜—ǯȱ

Ȭ–Š’•ȱ‘Šœȱ–ŠŽȱŠȱ‹›˜ŠȱŽ—›¢ȱ’—˜ȱž‹Š—ȱœ˜Œ’Ž¢ǯȱ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ—˜ȱ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ˜’Œ’Š•ȱŠŠȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ

—ž–‹Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ ŽȬ–Š’•ȱ ŠŒŒ˜ž—œȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Š—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’—’œ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ —˜›–Š’Œœȱ Š—ȱ ˜––ž—’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ

˜’Œ’Š••¢ȱ’ŸŽœȱ‘Žȱ’ž›Žȱ˜ȱŗǰŚśŖǰŖŖŖȱž‹Š—œǰȱ˜›ȱŗŘǯŝȱ™Ž›ŒŽ—ǰȱŠœȱȃ—Ž›—ŽȱžœŽ›œȄȱǻȱŘŖŖşǼŘŗȱ ’‘˜žȱœ™ŽŒ’¢’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽŒ’œŽȱžœŽœȱ‘’œȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ’—Œ•žŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ’ž›ŽȱŒŽ›Š’—•¢ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ—˜ȱ‹Žȱ

ȱ ŗş

’›ŽŒ˜›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Œž•ž›Š•ȱ Ž™Š›–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜––ž—’œȱ Š›¢Ȃœȱ Ž—›Š•ȱ ˜––’ŽŽǰȱ ˜˜”ȱ ž™ȱ

‘’œȱŒŠ••ȱ’—ȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›Ÿ’Ž ȱ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘Žȱœ›˜—•¢ȱŒ›’’Œ’£Žȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›’Šȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜’Œ’Š•ȱ™›Žœœǯȱžȱ ‘’•Žȱ ‘’œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Š™™Ž—Žȱ ‹Ž˜›ŽǰȱŒ˜œŠȱŽ—Ž›Žȱ —Ž ȱ Ž››’˜›¢ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡™•’Œ’•¢ȱ œ™˜”Žȱ ˜ȱȃ‘’œȱ›ŽŠȱ—˜—Ȭ’—œ’ž’˜—Š•ȱ™›ŽœœȯŽȬ–Š’•œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŒ˜–Žȱ˜ȱœŠ¢ǯȃȱ˜›Ž˜ŸŽ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱ

Šœȱœ‘Žȱ˜Ž—ȱ™ž‹•’œ‘Žœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ Ž‹ȱ ’‘˜žȱŠŒžŠ••¢ȱ‹Ž’—ȱŠ‹•Žȱ˜ȱŠŒŒŽœœȱ‘Ž›ȱ‹•˜ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ—Ž›—Žǯȱ—’’Š••¢ǰȱ˜Š—’Ȃœȱ‹•˜ȱ™ŠœœŽȱ‹Ž•˜ ȱ‘Žȱ›ŠŠ›ȱ˜ȱœŠŽȱŒŽ—œ˜›œȱ—˜ȱŠ–’•’Š›ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ–ŽȬ

ȱ Řŗ

ŠŽ—’˜—ȱ’ȱ ˜ž•ȱ›Š Dzȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž›ǰȱ‘Žȱ‹•˜ȱ Šœȱ˜›’’—Š••¢ȱœ˜–Ž ‘Šȱ˜ȱŠȱȃ™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱŽ¡˜›Œ’œ–ǰȱŠȱ

‘Ž›Š™¢ȱ˜ȱ’‘ȱ‘ŽȱŠ™Š‘¢ȱŠ—ȱ›žœ›Š’˜—ǰȱ˜ȱ›Ž•ŽŒȱ‘’—œȱ‘Šȱ Ž›Žȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ–¢ȱ›ŽŠ•’¢ȱ‹žȱ Ž›Žȱ—˜ȱŠŒ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›Žœœǰȱ˜›ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›Š’˜ȱ˜›ȱ˜—ȱǯȃ

ž‹Š—ȱœŠŽȂœȱ’‘ȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ–Ž’Šȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱœŽ›ŸŽœȱŠœȱŠȱ™˜•’’ŒŠ•ȱ–Š—’¢’—ȱ•Šœœȱ ‘Ž—ȱ

ŽŸŽ—ȱœŽŽ–’—•¢ȱ–’—˜›ȱŠ›’Œž•Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱŸ˜’ŒŽȱŽœŒŠ™Žȱ’œȱŒ˜—›˜•ǯȱ›˜–ȱŠȱ™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱŽ¡˜›Œ’œ–ȱ‹¢ȱŠȱ

¢˜ž—ȱ ž—”—˜ —ǰȱ ˜Š—’ȱ ¤—Œ‘Ž£Ȃœȱ ‹•˜ȱ  Šœȱ ™›˜™Ž••Žȱ ˜ȱ ’—Ž›—Š’˜—Š•ȱ Š–Žȱ ’—ȱ —˜ȱ ’–Žǯȱ —ȱ

™›’•ȱŘŖŖŞǰȱ˜—Žȱ¢ŽŠ›ȱŠŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ‹•˜Ȃœȱ•Šž—Œ‘ǰȱ¤—Œ‘Ž£ȱ ŠœȱŠ Š›Žȱ‘Žȱ™›Žœ’’˜žœȱ›ŽŠȱ¢ȱ ŠœœŽȱ™›’£Žȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŒŠŽ˜›¢ȱ˜ȱ’’Š•ȱ“˜ž›—Š•’œ–ǰȱŠ—ȱŠ Š›ȱœ˜˜—ȱ˜••˜ Žȱ‹¢ȱ–Š—¢ȱ˜‘Ž›œǯȱ

ŒŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž•ŽŒ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ›¢ȂœȱŽ—Ž›Š•ȱœŽŒ›ŽŠ›¢ȱǻŠȱ™˜œȱ’Ž•ȱ›ŽŠ’—œȱŽŸŽ—ȱŠŽ›ȱ‘Žȱ‘Š—˜ŸŽ›ȱ˜ȱœŠŽȱ

•ŽŠŽ›œ‘’™ȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ‹›˜‘Ž›Ǽǯȱ

™Ž›–’œœ’‹•Žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ–Š›”Žȱ‹¢ȱœŠ—Œ’˜—œȱŠŠ’—œȱ‘˜œŽȱ ‘˜ȱȃ Ž—ȱ˜˜ȱŠ›ǯȄȱžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ‘Žȱ

ŒŠœŽȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ ‘Žȱ Šž‘˜›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹•˜ȱ ȃ•ȱ q•’–˜ȱ  ’—Ȅȱ ǻ   ǯž•’–˜œ ’—ǯ ˜›™›ŽœœǯŒ˜–Ǽǰȱ ‘’•Žȱ’Ž—’¢’—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›¢ȱ™›˜“ŽŒǰȱ™›˜Ÿ’ŽȱŠ—ȱ’››ŽŸŽ›Ž—ȱŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ˜›Ȭ

ž‹ŠǾȱ ’œŠ™™ŽŠ›œȱ ˜›ǰȱ  ‘Šȱ  ˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ  ˜›œŽǰȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žœȱ Šȱ ŒŠ›’ŒŠž›Žȱ ˜ȱ ’œŽ•ǯȄȱ ˜ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ ‘Š™Žȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ›Ž™•’Žœȱ ȃ‘Š—”œǰȱ‹›˜‘Ž›ǯȄȱ

ȱ Řř

ȱ Řś

ŘŜ

‘ŽȱœŠŽȂœȱŠ’žŽȱ˜ Š›œȱ•ŽŠ’—ȱ‹•˜Ž›ȱ˜Š—’ȱ¤—Œ‘Ž£ȱŽ¡Ž–™•’’Žœȱ‘’œȱ™˜•’Œ¢ǯȱ‘’•Žȱ

‘Ž›ȱ ‹•˜ȱ ’œȱ Žȱ ŠŒ˜ȱ ˜•Ž›ŠŽȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜žœ’Žȱ  ˜›•ǰȱ ˜–Žœ’Œȱ ŠŒŒŽœœȱ ˜ȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ ‹•˜Œ”Žǯȱ —ȱ ‘Ž—ȱ‘Žȱ‹•˜Ž›ȱ–˜ŸŽȱ˜ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’œ–ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ ˜›•ȱ’—ȱŘŖŖşǰȱ‘Žȱ›Ž’–Žȱ›ŽŠŒŽȱ

‘ŽŠŸ¢Ȭ‘Š—Ž•¢ǰȱ ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ žœ’—ȱ ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ ’—’–’Š’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ˜›Œ‘Žœ›ŠŽȱ –˜‹’•’£Š’˜—œȱ ˜ȱȃŽ—›ŠŽȱ ›ŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›’ŽœȄȱ ŠŠ’—œȱ ‘Ž›ȱ Š—ȱ Ž••˜ ȱ ‹•˜Ž›œǯȱ ’–’•Š›•¢ǰȱ ‘˜œŽȱ œ’••ȱ  ˜›”’—ȱ ’‘’—ȱŠ—ȱ‘˜œŽȱŽ™Ž—Ž—ȱ˜—ȱ˜’Œ’Š•ȱœ›žŒž›ŽœȱŠ›ŽȱŠ–˜—’œ‘ŽȱŠ—ȱ˜•ȱ˜ȱ”ŽŽ™ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ’œȬ

ȱ Řŝ

Ž•Š¢Šȱ ˜—£¤•Ž£ǰȱ’›’Š–ȱǻŘŖŖşŠǼǰȱŽ›’˜’œ–˜ȱŒ’žŠŠ—˜DZȱž—ȱŒŠ—Š•ȱŽȱ•Šȱœ˜Œ’ŽŠȱŒ’Ÿ’•ǰȱ‘™DZȦȦŽœȬ

ŽŒž‹ŠǯŒ˜–ȦŽ—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—¢Ȧǵ™ŠŽȏ’ƽŜŖŖǯȱ

ȱ Řş

œŠ‹Ž—ȬŽȬšžŽȬœŽȬ›ŠŠȦǯȱ

ȱ řŗ

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