Bdi canh lieh s i c i a dat nfldc qua cac thdi ky lich s i ldn ludn Id diem tiia thiic tien quan trgng de lam nay sinh, hinh thanh va phat trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong ki
Trang 1DAC SAC Tir DUY QUAN SIT VIET NAM
NGUYEN TRONG TUAN'•'
Bdi viei de cap de'n mdt so net dgc sdc cua tU duy qudn sU Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n Tu duy qudn syC vdi tU cdch la hinh thUc cua tU duy ndi chung vd net dgc sdc cua nd dugc tdc gid khdi qudt thdnh bd'n phUOng dien, dd la: tU duy qudn sU • qud'c phong; tU duy ndng binh bdt phdn; tU duy qudn dun bdt biet; tU duy tdc chien bdt cUOng Tren cd sd do, tdc gid tien hdnh khdo sdt tU duy qudn sU Viet Nam qua cdc thdi dgi phong kie'n
ich s i dan tde Vidt Nam la lich s i
I ft dflng nfldc di ddi vdi gifl nfldc Ngay
<^3 tfl thdi phong kie'n, dan tde ta do tinh
dae thu ve dieu kien sinh tdn da tfl hinh
thdnh cho minh mdt cdch thdc tU duy
qudn siC ddc ddo Nhd dd, lieh s i dan tdc
Viet Nam tuy cd luc thdng t r i m , nhflng
ve cd ban, chfla bao gid lu md tinh t h i n
tfl lflc va tfl cfldng, bat khuat va dung
cam, dam dau tranh va bie't dau tranh
Nghien cflu lich s i gifl nfldc c i a Viet
Nam mgt each thflc sfl khoa hgc t h i c i n
phai cd phfldng phap luan dflng dan
trong tie'p can khoa hgc ve tU duy qudn
sU Theo chung tdi, dd Id cic nguyen tac
sau: nguyen t i c he thd'ng - ehinh the,
nguyen t i c ke't hdp phd bien dae thfl
-ddn nhit, nguyen t i c ket hdp Idgie vd lich
si, dam bao mdi lien he bien chflng gifla
dong dai vd lieh dai Nguyen tdc he thd'ng
• chinh the nghia la phai luan giai sfl
hinh thanh, phat trien tfl duy quan sfl
theo trinh tfl Idgie nhat dinh de nhan
thflc thflc chat cac gia tri trong cac nhan
to ciu thanh c i a nd Nguyen tdc ke't hdp
pho hien - dgc thu - ddn nhdt giup cho
viec nghien cflu tinh dae sac tfl duy quan
sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kien phan anh
dfldc sfl thd'ng nhat vdi tinh phd bien c i a tfl duy vd tinh dae thfl c i a tfl duy quan
sfl Viet Nam ndi chung Nguyin tdc ket
hdp Idgic vd lich sd nghia la cin phai
bam sat cac tfl lieu lich s i tflng thdi ky de due rut nhflng net dae sac c i a tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam xuyen sud't thdi dai phdng kie'n Vd cudi cflng, viec dam bao
md'i liin hi bien chdng giita ddng dgi vd lich dgi se khien cho viec tie'p can tfl duy
quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n vfla the hien theo tflng lat c i t lieh s i , vfla mang tinh he thd'ng xet theo ddng chay lich s i dan tdc, lam ro tinb ke' thfla, lien tuc phat trien theo tie'n trinh lich s i c i a sfl khai quat
Cflng vdi viec tuan t b i nhflng nguyen
t i c phUdng phap luan tren, cin bdo ddm
sU nhd't qudn trong quan niim khoa hgc vi
tu duy qudn sU, tranh sii n h i m l i n gifla
tfl duy quan sfl vdi tfl duy ndi chung xuat hien trong linh vflc td chflc va boat dgng quan sfl Tfl nhflng tien de tren, cd the
quan niem tU duy qudn sU Viit Nam thdi
phong kie'n Id hi thao tdc nhdn thdc hgc
(*) Dai ta, TrUcing khoa Mac - Lenin, Tu tiicing Ho Chi Minh, Hpc vien Ky thuat quan sU
Trang 2NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
cao cua cdc chu the qudn sii nhdm phdn
dnh d tdng ly lugn khoa hgc dd'i vdi todn
bd thUc tien qudn sU trong lich siC diing
nUdc di ddi vdi giU nUdc cua ddn tdc Viet
Nam d thdi dgi phong kie'n, mang nhitng
net dgc sdc cd ve muc dich ldn phUcfng
thiic td chdc hogt ddng qudn siC, nghe
thugt tdc chie'n cua liic lUdng vu trang,
dUdc ket tinh thdnh tdng thetU tudng nghi
thugt qudn sii vd dUdc hiin thiic hod trong
thiic tien ocay diing, bdo ve ddt nUdc
Bdi canh lieh s i c i a dat nfldc qua cac
thdi ky lich s i ldn ludn Id diem tiia thiic
tien quan trgng de lam nay sinh, hinh
thanh va phat trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet
Nam thdi phong kie'n Nen tang kinh te
-xa hdi nfldc ta trong lieh s i phong kien Id
sfl gan bd Idi ieh c i a giai cap quy tde
phong kie'n vdi van menh c i a qud'c gia
dan tde va nhu cau ddc lap dan tdc, n h a t
la d nhflng thdi ky dang len c i a che do
phong kie'n Tinh t h i n ddc lap tfl c h i la
nhan to' xuyen sud't thdi ky ndy, la nen
tang tinh t h i n cd ban de hinh thanh, phat
trien tfl duy, tfl tfldng quan sfl ve gianh va
gifl nen ddc lap dan tde Cude dau t r a n h
chd'ng ddng hoa chie'm vi tri quan trgng
hang d i u trong sfl nghiep gianh va gifl
nen dgc lap tfl c h i c i a dan tde ta Bdi
canb thflc t i i n i y da dUdc tich hdp trong
nhiing diim tUa ly ludn cd bdn eho sfl
binb thanh, phat trien nhflng net dae sac
c i a tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi phong
kien, dd la tfl duy quan sfl - qud'c phdng, tfl
duy ndng binh bat phan, tfl duy quan dan
bat biet, tfl duy tac chie'n bat cfldng
Tu duy qudn sii - qud'c phong phan
anh muc dich boat dgng quan sfl c i a dan
tde ta, ve ed ban, la hoat ddng quan sfl
gifl nfldc Cac cudc chie'n t r a n h ma dan
tdc Viet Nam tie'n h a n h trong lich s i ehu
ye'u la chie'n t r a n h bao ve hoae chie'n
tranh giai phdng dat nfldc Mue dich i y
c i a boat ddng quan sfl da ehi phdi each nghi va each lam c i a dan tgc Viet Nam, tfl xay dflng the trdn, xay dflng Iflc Ifldng
vu trang den chuan hi each danh The
t r a n c i a ta la the t r a n giii nfldc, khdng phai the t r a n di xam Ifldc Lflc Ifldng vu trang ta la lflc Ifldng vu t r a n g toan dan
va b i n g mgi h i n h thflc, chfl khdng phai la nhflng dao quan chuyen nghiep thdng thao chuyen chinh phat Cach danh c i a dan tgc ta chu ye'u va trfldc he't la danh phdng, danh cdt dudi chfl khdng cdt diet, danh ld'y kheo chfl khdng lay manh
Tu duy ndng binh hdt phdn phan i n h
dieu kien xay dflng nen qud'c phdng c i a mdt nfldc dat khdng rdng, ngfldi khdng ddng, can phai huy ddng tiem Iflc ca nfldc vfla san xuat, vfla d a n h giae Viec dfla vao dan de cham lo viec binh khdng phai
la ehinh sach n h a t thdi, ma dfldc phfldng Ifldc hoa t h a n h ehinh sach "ngu binh fl ndng" - che' do binh dich vdi t a t ea dinh trang va cbe' do quan Hnh chia phien vfla canh phdng, luyen tap, vfla san x u i t , tao the t r a n rgng k h a p va t h u a n Idi trong
dieu dgng Iflc Ifldng, b dau ed dan la d dd
cd nhflng trai t r a n g tiing dfldc luyen tap
quan sfl, cd ten trong sd, thdi binh b nha
san xuat, khi cd chinh bien dfldc huy dgng vao quan ddi
Tu duy qudn ddn hdt hiet la mgt diem
tfla Iy luan quan trgng va mang net rat
dae s i c Viet Nam Theo tU duy qudn sU
ndy, khdng cd sii tdch hiet vai trb cua qudn hinh trieu dinh vdi ddn hinh, ma
ehi ed sfl p h a n cdng t i e chie'n cho phu hdp Quan trieu dinh la Iflc Ifldng t i c chie'n chie'n Iflde Q u a n cac p h i Id va c i a cae vfldng h a u chie'n dd'u trong dgi hinh chung hoac dam nhiem nhflng hfldng va phfldng an t i e chien sd trfldng Dan binh
la Iflc Ifldng chien d i u tai chd Td't ca cic lflc Ifldng vu t r a n g dd deu chien da'u vdi
Trang 3hieu qua eao n h i t khi dfldc dan bet Idng
chd che, nudi dfldng
Tu duy tdc chie'n hdt cUdng ciing Id net
quan sfl dae sac khdng gid'ng vdi nhflng
nguyen t i c binh phap "ehinh quy" Do
yeu cau g i t gao c i a viec s i dung bao lflc
vu trang ma linh vflc quan sfl phai dat ra
he thd'ng nhflng quy pham bet sflc
nghiem khic, n h a t la ddi vdi tac chie'n
Song, chinh dieu dd lai ddn de'n cdch tfl
duy tac chien va nhflng nguyen t i e tac
chie'n cflng n h i c Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac
trieu dai phong kien nfldc ta, do chien
tranh toan dan la hinh thai ed ban nen
cac hinh thflc tac chie'n dfldc tuy ed ma
van dung, tham chi hdn hdp, lien ke't vdi
nhau cung nhfl vdi eac hinh thflc phi vu
trang (chinh tri, binh vdn, ngoai giao, )
nen tfl r i t sdm, trong dan tde ta da hinh
thdnh tfl duy tdc chie'n khdi Cac nguyen
tic tac chie'n vfla theo dung binh phap,
vfla uyen chuyen, khdng cflng nhac
NhQng n6t dae s i c trong sfl hinh
thanh, phdt trien tfl duy quan sfl Viet
Nam thdi phong kie'n dfldc hieu Men sinh
dgng qua cdc thdi ky lich siC
Ndi den tfl duy quan sfl thdi phong
kien h Viet Nam khdng the khdng ndi de'n
Ngd Quyen, ngfldi tieu bieu cho sfl phdt
trien mang tinh dot phd vi tU duy qudn
sii Vfla la vua, vfla la danh tfldng ed tfl
duy quan sfl sieu viet, Ngd Quyen da kip
thdi diet thfl trong de ranh tay ddnh giac
ngoai; biet Idi dung dia hinh, thdi tiet bd'
tri tran dia mai pbuc; ke't hdp quan thuy
bg, quan e h i Iflc va quan dia phfldng
trong chien dau tieu diet dich Tfl duy
quan sfl c i a dng the hien ndi bat d e h i
trfldng dap tan lUc lUdng chu lUc dich, de
hep y chi xdm lUdc cua nhd Nam Hdn
bang don qudn sU quye't dinh Vdi quyd't
tam chie'n Ifldc dd, dng e h i ddng chgn c i a
song Bach D i n g ldm tran dia quye't chien
chien Ifldc (bing eac bai cgc bd' tri sin), day dich vdo the hoan toan bat ngd, hi ddng vd tan ra
Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam tiep tuc cd nhflng bflde phat trien manh me, mang tinh dot pha va cich mang qua cac trieu dai phong kien tfl c h i sau nay
Thdi nhd Ly, tfl duy quan sfl da dfldc chuyen hdn sang hinh thdi tU duy qudn sU cua mdt qud'c gia ddc lap cd chu quyin
Nhflng net quan sfl truyen thd'ng cd ban dfldc hinh thdnh, nhfl ngu binh fl ndng trong dflng binh, tien phdt che nhan bao
ve tfl xa trong dung binh, xay dflng he thd'ng phdng tuye'n vflng chic trong tao lap the tran, Sfl ddng gdp c i a tfl duy quan sfl cdn the hien trong nhieu linh vflc, nhfl bie't td chflc cdng tac tinh bao, s i dung cac ddn chie'n tranh tam ly, thie't lap phdng tuye'n can dich ndi hiem ye'u, phdng
t h i nhieu t i n g Cdc nguyen t i c cd ban
ve xay dflng quan ddi cung da dUde dinh hinh Thdi Ly cung Id thdi ky x u i t hien nhflng bflde cdch tan ldn ve tfl duy quan sii - qud'c phdng gdn lien vdi cugc khang chie'n chd'ng quan xam Ifldc nha Td'ng Khi trieu dinh nhd Td'ng gap rut chuan bi tich trfl Ifldng thad, bie'n Ung Chau, Kham Chau va Liem Chau thanh nhflng can cfl quan sfl - hau cin lam ban dap tie'n cdng Dai Viet, thi nha Ly, vdi tfl duy quan sfl - ehinh tri tdng hdp, da c h i
trfldng thflc hien r a t tao bao chie'n lUdc
"tiin phdt chi'nhdn" danh sang dat Td'ng
n h i m tieu diet cac can cfl xuat phat tien edng xam Ifldc c i a ke thfl, rdi mdi rflt ve phdng t h i dat nfldc Khi thdi cd den, trieu
dinh kien quye't chuyen tii phdng ngU
sang phdn cdng, thiic hdnh trdn quyit chie'n chie'n lUdc d i n h thang vao trai giac,
khien chung khdng kip chd'ng dd Sau chien t h i n g , trieu dinh lo ngay de'n viec
sda dinh hinh chi', ddi mdi bd mdy chi
Trang 4NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
huy qudn ddi, td chdc cdc dcfn vi trong
Cdm qudn, cdi tie'n phUdng phdp luyen
ren qudn si
Tie'p ndi nha Ly, tfl duy quan sfl nhd
Trdn eung ed nhflng bflde dot pha quan
trgng Cung vdi viec ke' thfla vd phat
trien manh me cac ehinh sach flu viet
thdi Ly, cac n h a ly luan quan sfl thdi
Tran da dae biet quan t a m phdt trien
mgnh me tU duy mdi ve qudn sU - qud'c
phdng Dd Id, nha T r i n da huy dgng vd td
chflc toan dan danh giae, xay dflng lflc
Ifldng vu t r a n g nhieu thfl quan, xay dflng
can cfl dia chie'n Ifldc va h a u phfldng
chien Ifldc c i a cude khang chie'n Vd de
thflc thi nhflng van de dd, chit ddn ludn
dUdc nhd Trdn dgt len hdng ddu trong ca
ba cudc k h a n g chie'n Day la bflde danh
dau sfl dinh hinh hodn todn vi tU duy
qudn sii chien lUdc mang tinh he thdng,
chinh the c i a chien t r a n h n h a n dan bao
ve d i t nfldc trong khudn khd y thflc he
phong kien
Dae biet, sfl phat trien tfl duy quan sfl
dfldi thdi T r i n cdn dfldc bieu hien b sii
hinh thdnh, phdt trien chu trUdng tgm lui
qudn trUdc the giac mgnh de hao todn liic
lUdng, ki't hdp vdi ke thanh da vd chien
tranh du kich tieu hao sinh liic giac,
chuyen hod ddn so sdnh liic lUdng cd ldi
de tiin tdi tdng phdn cdng Trfldc mgt ddi
t h i rat manh la de qud'c Nguyen - Mdng
gdm nhflng ky binh dan day ehinh chie'n,
nha Tran khdng the i p dung chie'n Ifldc
"tien phat che nhan" theo kieu danh
trfldc sang dat dich nhfl nha Ly, cung
khdng the thflc hien phfldng cham bao ve
tfl xa b i n g mdt he thd'ng chie'n luy phdng
t h i nhfl phdng tuye'n sdng Ciu, ma budc
phai ed tinh toan chie'n Ifldc mdi dfla tren
sfl doi mdi tU duy quan sU Dd ehinh la cd
sd thflc t i i n hinh t h a n h nghe thugt chi
dgo rut lui chie'n lUdc hdo todn lUc lUdng,
xoay chuyen tinh the de phdn kich cua
quan dgi nhd Tran Sd di ed the coi day la mgt bflde p h a t trien m a n g tinh each mang trong tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam vi, vdi cac n h a nfldc phong kie'n dfldng thdi,
m a t kinh dd g i n nhfl ddng nghia vdi mat nfldc; song vdi ngfldi Viet, kinh dd tam mat vao tay giae nhflng cugc k h a n g chie'n mdi chl bat dau
C h i trfldng t a m r u t khdi kinh thanh
de bao toan lflc Ifldng g i n lien vdi c h i
trfldng ddnh du kich nho le rdng khdp
tieu hao sinh Iflc dich va dae biet, g i n vdi
ke t h a n h da - td chflc eho dan chung lam
"vUdn khdng nhd trdn^\ cung nhfl ke
sach tao mdt mat trgn lien thdng de ca
nfldc eung d a n h giae NhiJng dgi ky binh Mdng Co bach chie'n bach t h i n g khi sang de'n chien trfldng Dai Viet tuy chiem
t h a n h Thang Long khdng may khd khan, nhflng lap t i e rdi vao mgt cudc chien
t r a n h hoan toan khac la, lam vao tinh the danh chang dfldc danh, yen chang dfldc yen, mud'n cfldp hoc Ifldng an eung khdng
ed, nen m a u chdng md't h e t nhue khi va sflc Iflc Ke't cue t h a m bai de'n vdi chung
la ta't yeu
Tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam thdi ky khdi
nghia Lam Scfn chd'ng dch do hg cua nhd Minh cd hudc phdt trien nhay vgt, tnidc bet
the hien b nhflng gia tri van hoa quan sfl ed ban trong eac chu trUdng chie'n lUdc, nhfl
chien t r a n h chinh nghia, lay dan lam gdc, tfldng si ddng long, tdp trung Iflc Ifldng vdo dia ban ed't t i , each danh da dang
Vdi tu duy qudn sii tdng hdp, trgng
t a m la tu duy chien lUdc ve cugc khdng
chie'n todn ddn, todn dien vd trUcfng ky,
Bg ehi huy Lam Sdn ehu trfldng phat dgng va lanh dao toan the dan chung vung day lat nhao ach dd hd cua quan Minh, gianh lai dgc lap va e h i quyen eho dat nfldc De huy dgng sflc dan, nghia
Trang 5quan c h i trUdng ke't hdp chat che gifla
nhiem vu cflu nfldc vdi nhiem vu cflu dan;
lflc Ifldng khdi nghia dfldc xay dflng dfla
vao ddng dao cac t i n g ldp nhan dan, ddng
thdi chieu tap dan chung cflng ndi day
danh giac cflu nfldc Day chinh la sfl manh
nha c i a tU duy qudn sU ket hdp gida tiin
cong bdng lUc lUdng vu trang chu lUc vdi
not day cua nhdn ddn Trong dieu kien
cugc khdi nghia phdt trien tbanb cude
chien tranh giai phdng ed quy md todn
qud'c, sfl ket hdp c i a cac cudc ndi day c i a
dan chflng eac dia phfldng vdi ddn tien
cong c i a nghia qudn da dfldc phat trien
rgng khip va ngay cang trd thanh mdt
van de cd y nghia chien Ifldc trong phat
trien tfl duy quan sfl thdi ky nay
Dd cdn la tU duy qudn sU vi xdy dUng
can cii dia khdng chii'n, ddnh vdo ndi
hiem ye'u, chudn hi cho trdn quyet chii'n
chie'n lUdc Trong chuan hi phat dgng
khdi nghia, viec chgn vung rflng nfli phia
Tay Thanh Hoa tren thfldng lflu sdng
Chu, sdng Ma, ndi cd dia hinh hiem trd,
dia the hiem yeu, lai cd nhan Iflc, vat lflc
bo sung, cung cap eho nghia quan, lam
dia ban tac chie'n va cd ddng lflc Ifldng de
tie'n hdnh cugc chie'n tranh du kich lau
dai da the hien mdt tfl duy quan sfl s i n g
sudt Khi xay dflng lflc Ifldng chuan hi
khdi nghia, Bg chi huy Lam Sdn da sdm
tha'y dfldc t i m quan trgng c i a van de
cung cip Ifldng thflc cho nghia quan, nen
rat coi trgng ea hai mat td chflc ddi ngu
va cham lo rugng ddng Dae biet, Le Ldi
cho rang, can phai xay dflng mdt ddi
quan tren dfldi nhfl cha con mdt nhd va
trfldc het, phai la ddi quan nhan nghia
Nhd dd, tfl cho s i dung lflc Ifldng nhd
nhflng tinh nhue ludn sdu, ddnh manh
vao vung chie'm ddng c i a dich, nghia
quan da tie'n tdi s i dung ehu lflc danh
thang ra Ddng Quan, trien khai the tran
tie'n cdng vd vay ham tat ea eac thanh tri giae, rdi ehuyen len "vay thanh diet vien"
Dd cdn la tU duy qudn sU vi ki't hdp
ddu tranh vu trang vdi ngogi giao chii'n lUdc Vao giai doan gidnh t h i n g ldi quyet
dinh c i a cudc chien tranh chd'ng quan Minh, Bd chi huy Lam Sdn nhan t h i y
r i n g , mud'n danh t h i n g hoan toan quan
dich thi phai ke't hdp tii'n cdng trin nhiiu
mat trgn khdc nhau, nhU qudn sU, chinh tri, hinh van vd ddc biit Id ngogi giao Qudn trung tii minh tap la tac pham gdm
nhflng van kien quan trgng the bien boat ddng vfla phong phfl, vfla sang tao dd c i a nghia quan Lam Sdn Tren cd sd gidnh dfldc t h i n g ldi ve quan sfl, Bd ehi huy
nghia quan c b i trfldng ddm phdn de ket
thuc chii'n tranh, md ldi thodt cho dich
qua cic thfl du hang quan Minh do Nguyen Trai vie't va Hdi the Ddng Quan Hang loat bflc thfl ggi hang danh thep,
d i y sflc thuyet pbuc ed tac dung nhfl cudc chien dau c i a nghin van quan, huge dich phai md cac tbanb, l i n Ifldt ra hang Quan giac hung manh cudi cflng da bi tieu diet ca ve lflc Ifldng, tinh t h i n vd y chl, phai xin the rflt quan ve nUdc
Diem ndi bat c i a tfl duy qudn sfl thdi
Tdy Sdn la sfl chuyin hod tii tU duy chii'n lUdc vi dudng ldi khdi nghla vu trang cua ndng ddn chd'ng dp hdc din tU duy chien lUdc vi thiic hien chii'n tranh todn ddn gidi phdng chd'ng xdm lUdc trong khudn khd y thdc he phong kie'n Tfl khau hieu
d i u t r a n h ban d i u la "liy c i a cai bgn quan lai va nha giau phan phat cho dan ngheo", "tfldi mfla d i m khi ban, keo cung dan xa chdn l i m than", de'n cudi nam
1784, nghia quan Tay Sdn c b i trfldng ket
hdp ddnh cd thu trong ldn gidc ngodi
Dieu dd eho thay, phong trao Tay Sdn da bie't ke't hdp chat che gifla nhiem vu cflu nfldc vdi nhiem vu cflu dan, dung cam
Trang 6NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
d i n h giae ngoai xam Xiem, Thanh Bdi
vay, phong trao nay da ldi cud'n dfldc
ddng dao dan chung t h a m gia
Tu duy viphUdng thiic chi huy tdc chien
c i a quan Tay Sdn dfldc the hien dien hinh
trong cudc khang chie'n chd'ng quan Thanh
Ngay sau cudc rut lui chie'n Ifldc c i a lflc
Ifldng Tay Sdn dang t r a n gifl Thang Long
vd Bic Ha ve Tam Diep - Bien Sdn, tao
nen sfl chuyen boa the chie'n Ifldc theo
chieu hfldng dich tfl chd cd ldi sang bat ldi,
ta tfl chd bat Idi sang cd ldi, Bg chi huy
Tay Sdn d Phu Xuan da gap r u t tien quan
ra Bic Ha, md cude phan cdng chien Ifldc,
td chflc binh lflc thdnh nam dao quan thuy
bd de tieu diet quan Thanh
Tu duy ve nghe thugt tdc chie'n phat
trien manh me trong thdi ky ndy Cung
vdi viec chgn Thang Long, ndi tap trung
tuyet dai bg phan quan Thanh xam Ifldc,
lam muc tieu chu ye'u cua cudc phdn cdng
chie'n lUdc ra B i c Ha, nghia quan cung
chgn true dfldng thien ly phia Nam
Thang Long, ndi dich bd' tri he thd'ng
phdng t h i e h i ye'u trong the lam thdi
phdng ngfl, lam hUdng tii'n cdng chu yeu,
ddng thdi kheo ke't hdp cac hfldng khac
tad nen the' t r a n tdc chii'n khdi hiem hdc
va the danh manh liet ve cd chie'n lUdc vd
chie'n dich Nhd do, nghia quan Tay Sdn
chl vdi Iflc Ifldng mfldi may van ngfldi da
nhanh ehdng dai pha hai mfldi chin van
giac Thanh xam Ifldc cung hdng van quan
c i a Le Chieu Thd'ng
Sfl phdt trien tU duy vi nghe thugt
qudn sii cdn dfldc the hien trong nhieu
hnh vflc, nhfl nghe t h u a t xay dflng va
ddng vien lflc Ifldng vu trang tai chd,
nghe thuat s i dung tap trung lflc Ifldng
vad thdi diem quye't dinh, nghe t h u a t giai
quye't hai hoa gifla thdi, the' va lflc, nghe
• thuat tien cdng t h a n td'c, tao bao, quye't
t h i n g , nghe t h u a t k h a i t h i c diem yeu, sd
hd, e h i quan c i a dich Trong cugc khang chie'n chd'ng Xiem, sflc m a n h dd da
the hien d viec ap dung phfldng thflc tdc
chie'n van ddng tien cdng tieu diet thuy
binh vd bg binh dich
Tflu trung, nhflng n e t dae sac c i a tfl duy quan sfl Viet N a m thdi phong kien
ed the k h a i q u i t t h a n h n a m gia tri ed
b a n sau:
Mot Id, tu duy qudn sii Viet Nam thdi phong kie'n ludn gdn vdi viec thdu sudt tU tudng cdt ldi "dl ddn vi hdn" vd phdt huy tinh chdt chinh nghla, nhdn dgo, nhdn vdn cua chien tranh todn ddn Do ke xam
Ifldc ludn la nhiing dao quan Idn manh, nen ngfldi Viet ehi ed the dfla vao sflc
m a n h toan dan de d a n h giac Den cae ddi
Ly, Tran, Le, ngfldi Viet mdi xay dflng quan ddi ehuyen biet, song yeu to' todn dan d i n h giae v i n la trflc tiep, d ea ba
cap do: ddn nudi qudn, ddn ldm hgu
thudn cho qudn vd ddn triic tiep ldm qudn De dfla dfldc vao dan, cae trieu dai
phong kie'n tie'n bd coi trgng giao due va ddng vien dan chung h a n g hai chie'n dau Dae biet, tfl duy "di dan" da ed sfl gan ket
n h a t dinh vdi tfl duy "vi dan" va dfldc hien thflc hoa t h a n h mdt so' chinh sach kha n h a t quan, nhfl chu trfldng "khoan thfl sflc dan de lam ke sa"u r i ben gdc" cua
nha Tran; tfl tfldng "viec n h a n nghia ed't b
an dan" c i a nghia q u a n Lam Sdn; v.v
Gdn sU phdt trien tU duy qudn sU vdi nen tdng nhdn ddn vfla la kinh nghiem
ldn c i a cae trieu dai phong kie'n, vfla la bai hoc quy b a u eho thdi hien dai Thflc tien hai cugc k h a n g chien ehdng thflc dan, de qud'c c i a n h a n dan ta dfldi sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam eung eho thay, do dfla chdc vao dan va
p h i t huy tinh cha't chinh nghia, nhan
Trang 7dao, nhan van c i a chien t r a n h nhan dan
nen dan tdc ta da l i n Ifldt danh bai
nhflng ten thflc dan, de qud'c d i u sd Sfl
nghiep bao ve To qud'c Viet Nam xa hdi
chi nghia ngdy nay, du la chie'n tranh
chd'ng xam Ifldc edng nghe eao, vdn la
chien tranh nhan dan Tfl duy quan sfl
Viet Nam hien dai van phai la tfl duy dfla
vao dan, phdt huy cao do tinh chat chinh
nghia, nhan dao, nhan van c i a chien
tranh nhan dan
Hai Id, tu duy qudn sii Viet Nam thdi
phong kien ludn dgt lin hdng ddu vdn di
thudng xuyen cdnh gidc, ndm vdng tinh
hinh vd so sdnh liic lUdng, xdc dinh quyet
tdm chie'n lUdc dung ddn Vdi vi tri dia ly
cua nfldc ta nhfl "chiee chia khoa" md
xudng phfldng Nam, thi mdt kinh nghiem
de ddi da an sau vao tfl duy quan sfl c i a
ngfldi Viet Id khdng de hi bat ngd chie'n
Ifldc Ke thu thfldng manh, nhflng bao gid
cung cd diem yeu Tuy nhien, phat huy
cai manh c i a ta, khodt sau diem ye'u c i a
dich lai la v i n de thudc ban linh tfl duy
cua bg thd'ng soai vd cac danh tai quan
sfl Chang ban, trong chie'n tranh chd'ng
quan Minh xam Ifldc, l i e d i u tfl duy
quan sfl phu hdp la cd' gang bao toan va
phat trien lflc Ifldng, tie'n hanh chien
tranh du kich giai phdng tflng phan va
md rgng d i n can cfl dia; den khi ta phat
trien d i manh va the giae nung dan thi
m6i md rgng cudc chie'n t r a n h giai phdng
ra quy md ca nfldc
Mgt tfl duy quan sfl Idnh manh ludn
cho phep cac e h i the quan sfl tim ra
nhflng gdc canb kha bien de ddnh gia, so
sanh lflc Ifldng mdt each khdng cflng
nhac, tfl dd xac dinh quye't tam chie'n dau
diing din, khdng bac nhflde, nan ehi
nhflng eung khdng mao hiem, phieu lflu
Chinh vi vdy, viec dat Ien hang d i u van
de thfldng xuyen canb giac, n i m vflng tinh hinh va so sanh lflc Ifldng, xac dinh quye't tam chien Ifldc dflng d i n khdng chi
cd gia tri trong thdi phong kien, md cdn
cd nhflng kha nang phat trien mdi de phat trien thanh tfl duy quan sfl Viet Nam hien dai, dap flng td't yeu c i u c i a sii nghiep bao ve Td qud'c hien nay
Ba Id, tu duy vi nghe thugt qudn siC phdt trien mgnh me theo hUdng lien tuc tgo the, tranh thdi vd chuyen lUc, chu ddng tie'n cdng dich Trong lich s i dan tdc ta,
eac trieu dai phong kie'n dgc lap da van dung sang tao nhflng van de ve lien tuc tao the, tranh thdi va chuyen lUc, c h i ddng tie'n edng dich, de'n khi cd d i thdi ed, dieu kien thi ddc todn lflc giii phdng d i t
nfldc Chang ban, nhd Trdn nhd phdi bdp
uyen chuyen the' - thdi - lflc nen da cd giai toan dgc dio de khdc phuc sfl so sanh lflc Ifldng thua xa nhflng ddi ky binh Mdng Cd ndi tieng thien chie'n dfldng thdi, ldm cho dich tfl the' ap dao da hi sa vao the tran chie'n tranh toan dan rdng khdp c i a ta
V i n de lien tuc tao the', tranh thdi va chuyen boa lflc Ifldng, c h i ddng tien cdng dich cho de'n nay vdn la bai hgc sd'ng dgng
ve phat trien tfl duy quan sfl Trong t i e chien hien dai, mac dfl cac dieu kien tac chie'n da ed nhflng khac biet cdn ban, nhflng mdi quan he thdi - the - Iflc v i n ddi hdi cae e h i the quan sfl phai x i ly rat bien chflng va nhuan nhuyen Dieu dd ddi hdi hg phai cd mgt tfl duy quan sfl bet sflc nang ddng, nhay ben vdi cai thdi mdi, the mdi va lflc mdi, ddng thdi bie't ke thfla kinh nghiem truyen thd'ng de x i ly thdi -the - lflc a'y mdt each phu hdp vdi to chat
va dieu kien boat ddng c i a con ngUdi quan sfl Viet Nam
Bdn Id, tu duy vi cdch ddnh ludn thi hien tinh thdn khdng ngiing sdng tgo cua
Trang 8NGUYEN TRONG TUAN
ddn tdc ta, ke cd trong viec van dung cdch
ddnh truyin thd'ng Nghe t h u a t quan sfl
c i a dan tdc dfldc h u n dfle qua cac thdi dai
vd each thflc tac chie'n thfldng dfldc phat
trien, sang tao, phong phu, dae sac TrUdc
het, ta dung phfldng each phu hdp vdi
dieu kien eu the, eung nhfl van dung s i c
manh td'ng hdp budc dich phai danh theo
each danh c i a ta Thii hai, trfldc the' giae
manh, ta khdng y lai thdnh cao hao sau
de cd' gifl t r a n tuye'n, ma thien ve "rut the
nao, gianh lai ra sao" Thii ha, ldi dung
dia hinh, trien khai nhieu mui tien cdng
tfl nhieu hfldng, ke't hdp ndi cdng, ngoai
kich Thii tu, khi da d i tien de, ta md
tran quye't chie'n chie'n Ifldc vdi tinh than
quyet thang
Tfl duy quan sfl trong cac each danh da
dang ma dae sic a'y can dfldc van dung
sang tao trong huan luyen chie'n dau ddi
vdi cic lflc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan hien
nay Dae biet, trong dieu kien rat ed the
phai ddi d i u vdi cugc chie'n tranh cdng
nghe cao, chung ta c i n cd td chflc quan sfl
hien dai, cd vu khi vd trang hi quan sfl
hien dai, phfldng thflc tac chie'n mdi, each
danh mdi, nhflng ne'u nhfl khdng ke't ndi
dflge vdi cac each danh truyen thd'ng ndi
tren thi vdn khd cd the phat huy eao nhat
nhflng to' cha't c i a can bd, chien si, nhat la
tfl duy quan sfl thdng minh, sang tao vdi
nhflng net dae s i c de tao ra sfl k h i c biet
Nam Id, tU duy qudn sii gdn kit chat
che vdi tU duy chinh tri nhdm phdt huy
nhdn td chinh tri - tinh thdn de nhdn hdi
siic mgnh tdng hdp cua qudn vd ddn Cac
cugc chien t r a n h c i a ta deu la ehinh
nghia, vi sfl sd'ng cdn c i a nen ddc lap, sfl
trfldng tdn va ben vflng c i a d i t nfldc Tfl
rat sdm, dan ta da ed y thflc tfl dam
dfldng sfl nghiep gifl ldng, gifl nfldc, vi
quyen sd'ng c i a gid'ng ndi, c i a gia dinh va
ban than, nen tinh t h a n s i n sang hy sinh chie'n dau da t h a m sau vao mgi cdng ddng dan cfl tfl kinh ky de'n lang xa N h a n thflc dfldc gia tri dd, cac n h a lanh dao da bie't khai thac nd lam vu khi va sflc manh
danh t h i n g ke thu Ly ThUdng Kiet khi
tie'n sang dat Td'ng da eho p h a n phat
"Phat Td'ng Id bd' van" ndi rd mue dich chien dau, nen dfldc dan vung Hoa Nam
i n g hd; trfldc phdng tuye'n sdng Cau, dng
da bie't khdi ddng tinh t h a n quan si b i n g
bdi thd Thdn Trdn Qudc Tudn ludn quan
t a m giao due truyen thd'ng, cd vu tinh
t h a n quan va dan qua Hich tUdng si;
Nguyin Trdi e h i trfldng "mflu p h a t tam
edng", thao thfl du h a n g tfldng gi^c
Trong dai p h i quan Thanh, Nguyen Hue
coi trgng cd vii tinh t h i n yeu nfldc c i a quan va dan: "Danh cho s i tri Nam qud'c anh hung chi hflu ehu" Lieh s i eung eho thay, ne'u n h a lanh dao nao khdng phat
huy dfldc tU duy qudn sU - chinh tri ay thi
ludn tba't bai
Do cd tfl duy quan sfl n a n g ddng nen
ve ed ban, dan ta ludn t h a m dfldm tinh
t h a n thfldng vd, khi t h a i binh thi cham lo luyen binh, ren tfldng, khi ed chie'n tranh thi anh dung chie'n dd'u Cd the ndi, vdi ngfldi Viet, tfl duy q u a n sfl khdng mang y nghia t h u a n tuy, ma ludn g i n chat vdi viec t r a ldi cau hoi: d a n h vi ai, danh de lam gi, danh n h i m mue dieh gi Gia tri dae s i c nay c i n phai dfldc p h a t huy manh
me trong dieu kien hien nay, n h a t la ddi vdi sfl nghiep giao due qud'c phdng, lam eho y thflc bao ve To qud'c xa hdi e h i nghia t h a m sau vao mdi can bd, chien si quan ddi vd mdi ngfldi dan Dae bidt, trong xay dflng Iflc Ifldng vu trang, van
de xay dflng Iflc Ifldng vu t r a n g each mang vflng vang ve chinh tri phai ludn la van de then chd't G