dao ddc hpc vd my hpc qua quan niem cua Ly Cong Udn ve menh trdi vd long ddn, ve bdn pkdn va vai trd cua kinh dd - noi thang dia.. Vdi nhiing luan giai do, tdc gid da ldm rd tdm nhin chi
Trang 1• ' C B D d & L T D d t t D O "
TIT GOC N H I N TRIET HOC, D A O D l f c HOC VA M Y HOC
N G U Y E N V A N PHUC*'
Khang dinh "Chieu ddi dd' cua Ly Cong Udn la mot kiet tdc mang nhQng gid tri nhieu chieu, nhieu ldp co y nghia khong chi ddi vdi qud khd, md con dot vdi hdm nay vd mai sau, trong bdi viet nay, tdc gid da diia ra vd ludn gidi nhiing gid tri do tdphiiOng dien triet hoc dao ddc hpc vd my hpc qua quan niem cua Ly Cong Udn ve menh trdi vd long ddn, ve bdn pkdn va vai trd cua kinh dd - noi thang dia Vdi nhiing luan giai do, tdc gid da ldm rd tdm nhin chien liipc dam tinh triet hoc, diic dp nhdn di ldn lao, cam hdng va thi hieu thdm my manh me, tinh
te trong "Chieu ddi do" cua Ly Cdng Udn
hung sang tao van hoa dich thUc
luon la nhiing khoi da dien ma
n h i n nhan t i i phUdng dien, chieu
canh nao cung cd the t i m ra va k h a i
thac dUdc nhiing ldp nghia va gia t r i
cua chiing Chieu ddi do cua L y Cdng
Uan la mot sang tao, mot tac pham n h d
vay Da co nhieu cdng t r i n h nghien ciiu,
danh gia tac pham nay t i i cac phUdng
dien sii hoc, van hoc, chinh t r i hoc, van
hoa hoc, xa hoi hoc, dia ly hoc, NhUng,
dudng nhU cang nghien ciiu, cang khai
thac t h i Chieu ddi do cang anh len
nhiing gia t r i nhieu chieu, nhieu ldp cd y
nghia khong chi doi vdi qua khd, ma cdn
ddi vdi horn nay va mai sau Trong t i n h
than dd, bai viet nay mudn gdp phan t i m
hieu ldp nghia, y nghia va gia t r i ciia
kiet tac nay tii phudng dien triet hoc,
dqo diic hoc va my hoc
NhU chinh ten ciia nd, Chieu ddi do
cd noi dung la nhiing ly giai cua L y
Cdng U a n ve sU can thiet phai ddi do t i i Hoa L u ra D a i La de tao dieu kien cho sii phat t r i e n dat nUdc
Bang viec khao sat nhiing cuoc ddi
do trong lich sii T r u n g Hoa, L y Cdng Uan da chi ra cho moi ngUdi thay rang, nha ThUdng den Ban canh da ddi do nam lan, nha Chu den T h a n h vUdng da ddi do ba lan N h u vay, viec ddi do da cd tien le va la hien tUdng b i n h thUdng
K i n h do, nhU sii ly giai cua L y Cdng Uan, gan lien vdi sU h u n g vong cua mot trieu dai, mot dan toe, mot qud'c gia Mot trieu dai mud'n mUu toan nghiep ldn, mot qud'c gia mud'n cUdng t h i n h , ben viing, trUdng ton can phai cd mot
k i n h do d i i t u each la dau md'i giao thdng, t r u n g t a m chinh t r i , k i n h te, van hoa de khdng chi mUu toan nghiep ldn,
(*) Pho giao sit, tien si, Tracing phong Dao diic hoc
- My hoc, Vien Triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam
Trang 2NGUYEN V A N PHUC
dap d n g cac yeu cau hien tai, ma cdn
"tinh ke mudn ddi cho con chau m a i
sau"(l) V i vay, ddi do hay d i n h dd b
dau la mot viec he trong Chinh t i n h
chat he trong nay da l a m cho viec ddi
do, d i n h do lien quan va b i quy d i n h bdi
menh t r d i va ldng dan Theo nghia do,
nha ThUdng, nha Chu ddi dd la bdi
"tren k i n h menh trdi, dudi the theo ldng
dan", do hoan toan khdng phai la mot
viec l a m t u y tien, ngau hiing Ndi each
khac, viec ddi do va d i n h do b dau la do
nhiing yeu cau khach quan quy dinh
NhU chiing ta deu biet, cac k h a i
niem menh trdi va long ddn von la cac
k h a i niem ma Nho giao da dUdc sii
dung phd' bien trong hoc t h u a t va trong
quan l y xa h d i d T r u n g Hoa t i f cd dai
den bay gid N h i i n g k h a i niem nay dUdc
dan xuat t i i mot quan niem tdng the:
Trdi sinh r a con ngUdi va van vat, vua
la ngUdi l i n h menh trdi, noi theo t r d i
ma cai t r i dan chiing
Mac du ldn len trong sU giao due ciia
nha Phat, chiu nhieu anh hudng cua
Phat giao, nhUng vdi nhan quan t r i e t
hoc va chinh t r i sau sdc, L y Cdng U a n
van nhan r a Uu the ciia Nho giao trong
xay dung t r i e u dai va phat t r i e n dat
nUdc Bdi the, dng da van dung cac k h a i
niem menh t r d i va ldng dan l a m can cii
ly l u a n cho n h i i n g lap l u a n cua minh,
ddng thdi dem den cho chung nhiing noi
dung cu the, xac dinh M e n h trdi va
long dan la n h i i n g k h a i niem cd nhieu
siic t h a i y nghia; trong nhieu trUdng
hdp, chung dUdc l y giai mot each duy
tam, t h a n bi V d i trUdng hdp nay, theo chung tdi, L y Cdng U a n da t a n dung ldi the ciia cap k h a i niem da dUdc sd dung phd bien ciia tU duy t r i e t hoc chinh t r i dUdng t h d i n h a m khang d i n h yeu cau khach quan ciia viec ddi do, qua do gia tang t i n h thuyet phuc ve mat ly luan
cho Chieu ddi do
Trong quan niem Nho giao, menh trdi va ldng dan la thd'ng nha't; ldng dan
la bieu hien cua menh trdi NhUng lam sao cd the biet dUdc menh t r d i va ldng dan? Trong trUdng hdp nay, nang liic,
t a m n h i n chien lUdc cua cac bac de vUdng, n h i i n g ngUdi l i n h , k i n h menh
t r d i la cd y nghia quyet dinh tdi hau Ndi cu the hdn, viec nam bat menh trdi
va ldng dan the hien b chd: Nhan ra
han che cua k i n h dd cii ve mat v i t r i va
t a m vdc ma nd can phai cd, ddng thdi, thay dUdc Uu the ciia viing da't mdi, ndi
se d i n h do
Theo L y Cdng U a n , Hoa L u la vung da't tha'p, t r u n g , heo lanh, chat hep khdng dang l a m chd d i n h do ciia bac de vUdng, khdng dap i i n g dUdc yeu cau phat t r i e n dat nUdc trong dieu kien mdi N h a D i n h , nha Le khdng nhan ra dieu do, nghia la khdng biet dUdc y trdi, menh trdi, v i vay ma "Trieu dai khdng dUdc ben lau, van so ngan ngdi,
t r a m ho hao ton, mudn vat tieu dieu"
(1) NhQng doan trich Chieu ddi do dtfdc dan lai til: Ly Cong Uan Chieu doi do, trong "Lich sic tu tudng Viet Nam, Van tuyen, tap 1" Nxb
Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2002, tr.158-159
Trang 3Trong danh gia nay cd ham y rang,
nhung t a i d i khong chi nha Dinh, nha
Le ma ca t r a m ho phai ganh chiu
chinh la do khdng biet, khdng l i n h
menh trdi N h a D i n h , nha Le khdng
biet menh t r d i cdn bdi ho khdng thay
thanh D a i L a "d ndi t r u n g t a m cua t r d i
dat, dUdc cai the rong l u d n hd' chau, da
dung ngdi nam bac tay ddng, l a i tien
hddng n h i n sdng tUa n u i , dat rong ma
bang phang, cao ma thoang mat, dan
cU khdng k h d ve ngap l u t , mudn vat
rat phdn t h i n h Xem khap nUdc Viet,
ndi ay la ndi td't hdn ca, thUc la ndi hoi
t u cua bdn phUdng, ndi k i n h sU td't
nhat cua mudn ddi"
NhU vay, vdi L y Cdng Uan, menh
trdi va ldng dan khdng phai la n h i i n g gi
qua t r i i u tUdng, than bi, khdng the
nhan ra Menh t r d i va ldng dan gan lien
vdi quoic ke, dan sinh; chiing bieu hien
ra qua nhiing han che cua Hoa L u ,
nhiing tai di phai ganh chiu bdi nhiing
han che do; ddng thdi d n h i i n g Uu the
cua Dai La dd'i vdi viec dinh do va phat
trien da't nUdc Trong tUdng quan vdi
viec ddi do, d i n h do, menh t r d i chinh la
thien thdi, Uu the cua D a i L a la dia ldi,
long dan la nhan hoa N h a n thiic, nam
bat va hdp nha't dUdc ca thien thdi, dia
ldi, nhan hoa trong mot quyet sach, L y
Cdng U a n viia la nha tU tUdng cd t a m
n h i n triet hoc, viia la nha chinh t r i
sang sudt va quyet doan •
Trong nhiing lap luan va quyet dinh
ddi dd cung the hien t u tudng dao diic
va diic do cua L y Cdng Uan L y Cdng
U a n khdng n h i n nhan dao diic mdt each chung chung, t r i i u tUdng Quan niem dao diic cua L y Cdng U a n gan lien vdi diic do va hanh dong thiic te cua dng vdi
tU each v i vua sang sU nghiep Cd the ndi, tU tUdng dao diic bao t r u m va
xuyen sudt Chieu ddi do la t u tudng ve bdn phdn Theo L y Cdng Uan, bdn phan
cua con ngUdi b i quy d i n h bdi v i the xa hoi cua hp Bac de vUdng la ke thay trdi hanh dao, bdi the, bdn phan cua ho la tren k i n h menh trdi, dudi theo ldng dan
ma mUu toan nghiep ldn Trong dieu kien ma Hoa L u khdng cdn dap iing dUdc yeu cau phat t r i e n cua da't nUdc mia t h i bdn phan cua bac de vUdng la phai ddi do den ndi hoi t u quan yeu cua bdn phUdng, tao dieu kien cho sU phat
trien Vdi quan niem dd, trong Chieu ddi do, L y Cdng U a n da phe phan nha
Dinh, nha Le khdng chi ve mat nhan thdc, t a m n h i n , ma cdn t i i lap trUdng dao diic Theo dng, viec coi thUdng menh trdi, khdng theo da'u cu ThUdng, Chu cii ddng do m a i d Hoa L u khong chi khien cho cac t r i e u dai D i n h , Le van sd'
n g l n ngdi, ma cdn khien cho t r a m ho hao ton, mudn vat tieu dieu L y Cdng Uan to ra rat dau xdt trUdc t i n h canh
do Chinh sii thd'ng nha't giiia nhan thiic va t i n h cam, ldng thUdng dan da khien cho quyet d i n h ddi do khong chi
la sU t u a n t h u menh trdi, ldng dan, tiic nhiing yeu cau khach quan, ma con do chinh sii t h d i thuc t i i ndi tam, t i i menh lenh dao diic NhU vay, t i n h thuyet
phuc cua Chieu ddi do khdng chi cd can
Trang 4NGUYEN V A N PHUC
cii 6 ly le, chiing minh, nghia la d ly
t i n h ; nd cdn dUdc the hien bang t i n h
cam, cam xuc, bang ldng thUdng dan
cua L y Cdng U a n C h i n h v i the, k h i dap
lai nguyen vong ddi do cua L y Cdng
Uan, quan t h a n da cam kich va nhat t r i
t a u rang: "Be ha v i t h i e n ha ma lap ke
lau dai de t r e n cho cd nghiep to ldn,
dUdc t h i n h vUdng, dudi cho nhan dan
dUdc giau cua, nhieu ngUdi, viec ldi n h u
the, ai dam khdng theo"(2)
Tren b i n h dien dao diic, viec ddi do la
mot h a n h dong dao diic, hanh dong
dUdc thdi thiic bdi dong cd bao ham va
la sii thong nhat giiia n h a n thiic va t i n h
cam Dieu do ciing vdi toan bo sii
nghiep t r i v i day n h a n diic da khien cho
L y Cdng U a n t r d t h a n h mot t a m giidng
dao diic cd anh hUdng xuyen sudt t r i e u
dai nha L y Cac v i vua nha L y vdn ndi
tie'ng nhan t i l , thUdng dan ciing bdi ho
cd mot v i vua sang nghiep la mot t a m
gUdng ldn ve n h a n t i l , diic do
Ciing vdi n h i i n g tU tUdng ve triet
hoc, dao diic, Chieu doi do cung the
hien mot n h a n quan t h a m my ddc dao
Vdi L y Cdng Uan, k i n h dd cua mot qud'c
gia hung manh khdng chi la mot t r u n g
t a m chinh t r i , k i n h te, van hoa, ma cdn
la mot bieu trtfng quyen Itfc - thdm my
V i vay, vdi t h a m vong xay dung mot
qudc gia cUdng t h i n h , dng can mot ndi
thdng dia de d i n h do va xay diing k i n h
do Dieu do cho thay, L y Cdng U a n
nhan thiic va danh gia rat cao vai trd
cua cdi dep, ma trong trUdng hdp nay la
cai dep cua k i n h do ddi vdi sii phat
trien, sU tU cUdng dan tdc
NhU sU the hien trong Chieu ddi do,
ndi d i n h do va do do, k i n h do phai la sU ket hdp h a i hoa cua nhieu Uu the, nhieu
ve dep V d i mot nang lUc nhan thiic
t h a m my sac sao, mot t h i hieu t h a m my
t i n h te, L y Cdng U a n da n h a n thay sii hdi t u n h i i n g Uu the, n h i i n g ve dep nay
d t h a n h D a i La
Theo L y Cdng Uan, t h a n h D a i La cd
Uu the ve mat v i t r i , d vao "trung tam cua t r d i da't, diing ngdi nam bac tay ddng" Trong danh gia nay, khdng chi the hien yeu cau ve t h u a n ldi giao thdng phuc v u cho viec quan ly va phat
t r i e n da't nUdc; hon the, nd cdn cho thay
uy the va siic hap dan t h a m my ciia
t r i e u dai; bdi da la t r u n g t a m cua trdi da't t h i le dUdng nhien bdn phUdng deu phai va mong mud'n quy t u ve Uy the
va siic hap dan ciia D a i La va do do, ciia
t r i e u dai cdn gia tang hdn, bdi nd cd cai the ciia "rdng lUdn hd chau, lai tien hudng n h i n sdng tUa nui" Trong trUdng hdp nay, cai dep ciia the da't la cai dep dUdc n h i n n h a n theo quan diem phong thuy: The da't hdp phong t h u y la the da't dep; nd bieu t h i sU an toan, sU viing chai va sU trUdng ton
Khdng chi the, D a i L a cdn la ndi hoi
t u dUdc n h i i n g dieu kien dia ly, k h i hau, thd nhudng td'i Uu cho siic khoe, cuoc sd'ng con ngUdi va van vat Day la ndi "da't rong ma bang phang, cao ma thoang mat, dan cU khdng k h d v i ngap
(2) Ly Cong Uan Chieu doi do Sdd., tr.161
Trang 5hit, muon vat rat phon thinh" Gan yeu
cau h i n h song the n u i v6i yeu cau quoc
ke, dan sinh, L y Cdng U a n da the hien
t u tUdng ve moi lien he, t i n h quy dinh
cua cai nhan thdc, cai dao ddc vdi cai
tham my Trong moi lien he nay, cai
nhan thiic, cai dao diic t r d thanh n h i i n g
thanh td' va la cd sd cua cai dep, l a m cho
cai dep trd t h a n h cai dep mang t i n h t r i
tue va dao diic Md'i lien he va t i n h quy
dinh nay khdng chi the hien d chd, k i n h
do dep phai la ndi tao ra n h i i n g dieu
kien tdi Uu cho qud'c ke, dan sinh, cho
cuoc sd'ng ngUdi dan ndi k i n h dd, ma
con phai la ndi hdi t u cua bdn phUdng,
nghia la phai tao ra sU hai hoa khdng
chi cue bo, ma cdn la sU hai hoa tdng
the, hai hoa ldn t r e n pham v i ca nUdc
Hdn the, sii hai hoa nay khdng chi la
hai hoa tren b i n h dien ddng dai, ma con
la sU hai hoa tren b i n h dien lich dai
K i n h dd khdng chi la k i n h dd cua mot
thdi, ma cdn phai la ndi khdi ngudn va
tao ra nhiing dieu kien cho van nUdc
dai lau, phong tuc phdn t h i n h
Vdi Chieu ddi do, n h i i n g nang lUc
nhan thiic, dao diic, t h a m my ciia L y
Cdng Uan boc Id mot each nic rd: Tdm
nhin chien liiOc dam tinh triet hgc, diic
do nhdn di ldn lao, cam hitng vd thi
hieu thdm my manh me, tinh te Sii
thdng nha't ciia nhiing nang lUc nay da
dUa L y Cdng U a n den mot quyet d i n h
hdp ly ve mat nhan thiic, chinh dang ve
mat dao diic, hap dan ve mat tham my;
dd la quyet dinh ddi do, la quyet chon
dinh dd d ndi thdng dia - Dqi La lam
can cii cho sU nghiep xay dung va phat
t r i e n da't nUdc D a n h gia t h a n h t i i u nay, sii gia Ngd T h i Si ca ngdi: "Ly Thai
To len ngdi, chua vdi l a m viec khac, ma trUdc tien mUu t i n h viec d i n h do dat dinh, xet ve sii quyet doan sang sudt, mUu ke anh hung, thUc n h i i n g vua t a m thUdng khdng the theo k i p Cho nen truyen ngdi hdn hai t r a m nam, danh giac Td'ng, dep giac Chiem, nUdc manh, dan giau, cd the goi la ddi rat t h i n h t r i Cac vua ddi sau noi theo deu giii dUdc ngdi vua, chd'ng choi vdi T r u n g Qud'c
L y Thai To cd the ndi la mot bac vua biet mUu t i n h viec ldn da'y"(3)
Vdi n h i i n g noi dung tren, Chieu ddi
do khdng t i i gidi h a n d viec giai t h i c h
ly do ddi do t i i Hoa L u r a D a i La Viec ddi do gan l i e n vdi qud'c ke, dan sinh
Do vay, Chieu ddi do cdn la va thUc sU
la mot Tuyen ngdn, mot Chien liCOc xdy diing vd phdt trien ddt niidc hudng den muc t i e u : Ddn giau, niidc manh, phong tuc phdn thinh, bin lau
N h i i n g tU tudng t r i e t hoc c h i n h t r i ,
dao diic, t h a m my t r o n g Chieu ddi do
cho thay t a m n h i n chien hide, quyet
t a m chan h u n g dat nUdc cua L y Cdng
U a n V d i t i n h t h a n dd, L y Cdng U a n
va t r i e u dai do dng sang lap, n h u su* danh gia ciia T r a n Qud'c T u a n t h d i
T r a n , da thuc sii md nen cho da't nUdc;
md nen nghia la dat nen mong va md
r a mot t h d i dai mdi: Thdi dqi doc lap
vd tU ciidng ddn tqc • (3) Ly Cong Uan Chieu dai do Sdd., tr.161