miuL X>u£ut 1975 PGS, TS DOAN NGOC HAI* hoan toan mign Nam, thdng nhit Td qudc, dua ci nudc tign Ign CNXH la mdt trong nhtmg thang lgi vT dai ciia cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX du
Trang 1KY NIEM 35 N A M NGAY GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM
^ o / thanjg miuL (X>u£ut 1975
PGS, TS DOAN NGOC HAI*
hoan toan mign Nam, thdng nhit Td
qudc, dua ci nudc tign Ign CNXH la mdt
trong nhtmg thang lgi vT dai ciia cich mang
Viet Nam trong thg ky XX dudi sy lanh dao
eua Ding Cong sin Viet Nam Dd la thang lgi
eiia dudng ldi va phuang phip cich mang
dting din, sing tao ciia Ding, sy doin kgL cd
kgt dan tdc, anh diing hy sinh ciia ddng bio,
chign sT ei nude vi giiip dd qudc tg Dd li sy
van ddng ty nhign, hgp quy luat cua qui trinh
phit trign cich mang Viet Nam
Sau thang lgi eua eudc khang chign chdng
thye dan Phip xam luge (7-1954), mign Bac
hoan toin giii phdng, timg budc qui do di Ign
CNXH Theo Hiep dinh Gionevo, mign Nam
tam thdi do My vi ehinh quygn Sii Gdn kigm
soiL se tign hinh tdng tuygn eir thdng nhat dat
nude sau hai nam, nhung dg qudc My xam
luge da bign mign Nam thinh can cir quan sy,
thupc dia kigu mdi cua My, am muu chia cat
lau dii dat nude ta
Diy khdng phii li lan dau tign dat nude bi
chia cat, ma trudc dd, da timg cd nhtmg thdi
ky phii chia cit do tranh gianh quygn lyc giiia
Hpc vien Chinh tri, Bd Quoc phdng
eic tip doan phong kign myc nit trong nudc
vi cic thg lyc phong kign ngoai bang Sy chia cat dat nude do eic trigu dai phong kign Viet Nam gay ra keo dii hang thg ky, nhung giira cic mign khdng ed sy khie biet sau sac vg chinh tri, kinh te, van hoi, xa hdi Nam - Bac trigu, dang Trong hay dang Ngoii, dgu la chg
dp phong kign ehuygn che, dya trgn ngn ting
tu tudng, y thirc he Nho giio vdi ngn kinh tg ndng nghigp lac hau, ty eip ty tuc
21 nam (1954 - 1975) dit nudc bi chia cat, hai mign Nam - Bac ed sy ddi lap nhau vg chg
dp ehinh tri; kinh tg, van hoi, tu tudng ed sy bign ddng, khac biet, nhat li d cic vtmg dan
cu nam sau trong vtmg kigm soat ciia My va chinh quygn tay sai Tic nhin chinh gay ra sy chia cat dat nudc vi cd tinh tao dyng sy khic biet dd li dg qudc My vi eic thg lyc phan dpng tay sai ciia My d mien Nam Kg thii cd tinh chia eit lau dii dit nude ta, gay ngn nhigu noi khd nhye cho ddng bio hai mign Nam -Bac Nhung cai mi chimg khdng thg chia cat dugc dd li truyen thong ygu nude, doin kgt, Idng ty hao, ty tdn dan tdc, tinh than diu tranh bat khuit trudc ke thii, dugc bun diic Uong miy nghin nam lieh sir, tniyen lai cho thg he
Hd Chi Minh, trd thanh nigm tin sit di: Du
Trang 2KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG Ml^N NAM
song CO thi can, nui co thi mdn, nhung hai
mien Nam - Bac khdng thi ndo chia cdt dugc
Ngay trong thing 7-1954, tai Hgi nghi
Trung uong sau (khoi II), Ding ta vi Chii tich
Hd Chi Minh da khang dinh: Didu chinh khu
vyc la tam thdi, Trung - Nam - Bic dgu la bd
cdi CLia ta, nudc ta nhat dinh se thdng nhat,
ddng bao ea nudc nhat dinh dugc giii phdng
Day khdng chi la tinh cim thidng ligng ciia
Ding, ciia Bac Hd trudc ndi dau dat nudc bi
chia cat, ddng bao va chign sT d mign Nam
chua duge giii phdng, ma edn li tu tudng chi
dgo, quyit tdm chiin lutyc ciia Ddng ta vi
nhiem vu gidi phong miin Nam, thong nhdt
To quoc, dong thdi cdn ggi ma su tim kiim
con dudng, gidi phdp thich hgp di thuc hien
muc tieu chiin luge do Tdi Hdi nghi Trung
uong 15 (1959), Ding ta phae thio rd net hon
dudng Idi cich mang mign Nam: giai phdng
hoan toan mign Nam khdi ach thdng tri ciia de
qudc va phong kign, hoan thanh each mang
dan tdc dan chii nhan dan d mign Nam, thye
hien ddc lap dan tdc, ngudi ciy cd rudng, gdp
phan xay dyng mdt nudc Viet Nam boa binh,
thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu vi giiu manh
Trong eudc khang chign chdng My, eiiu
nudc, chiing ta phai chdng lai mdt kg thit
manh hon nhigu lan, nhat la ve kinh tg vi
quan sy Vdi cudng vpng thye thi chidn luge
toan cau phan cich mang, dg qudc My tien
hanh chign tranh xam luge nudc ta vira bang
thii doan chinh tri mi dan, vira bang thii doan
quan sy dam mau; tign hanh mdt cupc chign
tranh tdng lyc vg chinh tri, kinh tg, quan sy, tu
tudng va van hoa Dg dinh thing eudc chien
tranh xam luge dd, chting ta cting phai sir dung sire manh tdng hgp bao gdm cic ygu td chinh fri, quan sy, kinh tg, van hoi, stic manh dan tdc kdt hgp vdi sire manh thdi dai Chiing
ta biet giinh thang lgi timg budc cho dung; tir gianh thang lgi quygt dinh, danh cho My ciit, tign Ign gianh thang lgi hoan toan, dinh cho nguy nhao, giii phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat
Td qudc Tidn hanh chign tranh bang phuong phip cich mang bao lyc tdng hgp, sir diong hai lyc lupng, hai hmh thiic dau tranh (chinh tri vi quan sy); tign hanh khdi nghla timg phan d ndng thdn tidn Ign chign tranh cich mang; kgt hgp dau tranh chinh tri, diu tranh quan sy vdi dau tranh ngoai giao; kgt hgp khdi nghTa eiia quan chimg vdi chign tranh cich mang, ndi day va tign cdng, tidn cdng va ndi day; dinh dich trgn ba viing chign luge (rimg niii, ndng thdn, ddng bang vi thanh thi); danh djch bang ba mtii giip cdng (quan sy, chinh tri, binh van); ket hgp 3 thir quan (bd dpi chii lyc, bd dpi dia phuang va dan quan du kich); ket hgp danh Idn, dinh vira, dinh nhd; thye hien lam chu dg tigu diet dich, tigu diet djch dg lam ehu; nam vung phuong cham chign luge danh lau dai, ddng thdi bidt tao thdi CO va nam vtmg thdi eo md nhiing tran quygt chign chign luge lam thay ddi eye dien chign tranh, tign Ign tdng tien cdng vi ndi day dinh bai quan thii, gianh thang lgi hoin toan Trong ehi dao chign luge, vao thdi digm chin mudi nhat ciia tinh thg each mang, thdi
CO chign luge dg giai phdng mign Nam, thdng nhat Td qudc xuat hien ttr sau Hiep dinh Pari dugc ky kgt (27-1-1973) Dg qudc My chip
Trang 3KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM
nhan nit quan My va quan cac nudc ddng
minh ra khdi midn Nam Viet Nam; lye lupng
vti trang cich mang Viet Nam van d nguyen
tai mign Nam; hai ben d mign Nam se hiep
thuong giii quygt van dg ndi bd d midn Nam
Viet Nam Dae biet, thdi ea chign luge giii
phdng mign Nam da Id rd vio cudi nam 1974,
diu nam 1975, nhat li sau cie tran quydt
chign chign luge, giii phdng Tay Nguydn,
Hue, Di Nang Khdng bd Id thdi co, Ding kip
thdi didu chinh chign luge, ttr dy kign giii
phdng mien Nam trong 2 nam 1975 - 1976,
xudng cdn mdt nam, giii phdng midn Nam
trong nam 1975, rdi dgn giii phdng mign Nam
trudc miia mua nam 1975, cudi cting giii
phdng midn Nam trong thing 4-1975 Ding
quyet dinh ehuygn eudc tidn cdng chien luge
thanh eudc Tdng tidn cdng chidn luge Tu
tudng chidn luge: "Thin tdc, tio bao, bat ngd,
chac thang" gitr vai trd chit dao trong mpi
hanh ddng ciia quan vi dan ca nudc khi thdi
CO ddn Chign dich Hd Chi Minh toin thang,
giai phdng midn Nam, hoan thanh each mang
din tdc dan chu nhan din trong ei nudc
Nhtmg quygt dinh dd phan inh thii dp
quyet doin, mau le, mdt sy didu chinh chign
lupe linh boat, sing tao eua Ding khi tinh the
cich mang xuit hien Dd la ban ITnh, tri tue
ciia mpt Ding diy dan kinh nghiem trong
lanh dao, didu hinh chign tranh Vao thdi
digm lieh sir dd, ngu trii trir, do dy se bd Id
thdi CO
Trong chi dao thye tign, Ding tap trung tdi
da lyc lugng da dugc chuan hi trudc cua tit ei
cic quan binh ehiing, ci din tdc tham gia
chidn dich Hd Chi Minh, thye hien ket hpp tdng cdng kich vd quan sy vdi ndi day eiia quan chimg trdn toan mign Nam, gianh thing lgi hoan toan cupc khing chidn chdng My, ciai nudc vao ngay 30-4-1975
Chien thing 30-4-1975 li mdt thing lgi kep ciia cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX Chign thang dd da giai phdng hoin toin mign Nam, hoan thanh cich mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan trong ci nude Dd li thing lgi cua dudng ldi cich mang giuong cao ngpn ed ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi chii nghTa xa hdi; cua dudng ldi chidn tranh nhin dan, ciia nghe thuat quan sy eiia Ding ta, quan dpi ta duge chung diic sudt chidu dii lieh sir cich mang Viet Nam Chign thang do cting la thang lgi ciia sy nghigp thdng nhat dit nudc, dua ca nudc tidn Idn chii nghTa xa hdi
Chidn thang 30-4-1975, muc tigu ddc lip dan tdc da duge thye hien, nhung cupc dau tranh thang ngheo nin, lac hau dupe dat ra trye tidp khdng kem phan khd khan, gian khd Nhidu vin dg dat ra ddi hdi Ding phii giii quyet Cd thdng nhat dit nude ngay hay khdng? Thdng nhit bang con dudng nao? Thong nhat rdi dua dat nudc thoit khdi ngheo nin, lac hiu bang con dudng nao? Trudc nhung van de trpng dai ciia dit nude, eua dan tdc d vao thdi didm lieh sir nhu thd, ngu khdng quyet doin, mau le, sing tao, sdm dua ra dudng loi, phuong phap cich mang phit hgp se giy ra nhung hiu qui khdn ludng
Lap trudng thong nhit dat nudc ciia Ding
ta li thdng nhat trdn co sd dinh hudng phat
Trang 4KY NIEM 35 N A M N G A Y GlAl PHONG MI^N NAM
tridn chii nghTa xa hdi, thdng nhat khdng
nhiing vd mat lanh thd mi thdng nhat ve cac
ITnh vyc ehinh tri, kinh td, van hoa xa hgi ,
khdng thd chd den khi hai mign cd sy phit
trign tuong ddng vg mpi mat rdi mdi thdng
nhat vd mat nha nude
Thdng nhat dat nude la sy phit tridn tu
nhidn, hgp quy luat, hgp long dan ciia
ddng bio hai mien Nam Bac, bit ngudn ttr
lieh sir, truydn thdng doan kdt, ed ket dan
tdc da dugc ren luyen qua hing nghin nam
ljch sir, vugt qua nhieu budc thang tram dd
tdn tai va phit tridn ciia dan tgc ta Trong
thdi ky dat nudc tam thdi bi chia eat, van
li mdt Dang - Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam
lanh dao cich mang; mdt dan tdc, mdt
quan dpi cich mang tien hanh, tuy vd hinh
thtie ed sy khic nhau vd miu ed, tdn gpi
cic td chire chinh quydn, mat trin, hai
mien cho phii hgp vdi hoan canh lieh sir
Sau ngiy 30-4-1975, dat nudc thdng nhat,
nhan dan ci nudc budc vio thdi ky xay
dyng CNXH thi nhtrng sy khic nhau vd
ding vd bg ngoai ay khdng can thidt nira
Han ai hdt, nhan dan Viet Nam y thirc sau
sac rang, khdng cd con dudng nio khic la
con dudng ci nudc tien len ehu nghTa xa
hdi mdi tao ra nhtrng tidn dd can thiet cho
su tdn tai va phit trien, lam cho dat nudc
thoat khdi ngheo nin, lac hau Ding ta
khang dinh: thong nhdt cdng sam, dua cd
nuac di lin chu nghia xa hgi ngdy cdng
phdt huy nhanh chong sice mgnh todn dien
ciia ddt nudc vdo su nghiep xdy dung vd
bdo vi To quoc
Chit truang eiia Ding nhanh chdng thye hien thdng nhit nudc nha ngay sau ngay mign Nam hoin toan giii phdng da dugc nhin dan ca nudc ddng tinh ung hd Ding
da lanh dao thye hidn thdng nhat Td qudc mot cich sang tao, ddc dao, mot mau myc
ve sy hoi hgp, thdng nhat dan tgc
Trudc hgt la thye hien thdng nhat nudc nha vd mat nha nudc theo dung phip ly, dan chii li tdng tuydn cir tren toan lanh thd Viet Nam dg bau ra Qudc hgi chung ciia ei nudc, theo nguyen tac dan chu, phd thdng, binh ding, true tiep va bd phigu kin
Thye hien chii truong dd, ngay
25-4-1976, cir tri ci nude phan khdi di bd phieu bau Qudc hgi, dat ty le 98,7% (mign Bac 99,36%, mign Nam 98,39%); 492 dai higu
da dugc bau vao Qudc hgi, bao gdm du cic thanh phan cdng nhan, ndng dan, tri thtic, cie dan tpc, tdn giio, eic lye lugng vti trang, dai bidu cic tang ldp thanh nign, phu nii Qudc hdi chung eiia ci nudc la bieu thi y chi, hinh dgng eiia toin Ding, toin dan, toin quan quydt tam xay dimg mot nudc Viet Nam dpe lap, thdng nhat va XHCN; thuc hien trpn ven Di chiic thieng Hdng cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh: Td qudc ta nhat dinh se thdng nhat Ddng bao Nam Bic nhat dinh se sum hgp mdt nhi Tir ngay 24-6-1976 ddn ngiy 3-7-1976, Qudc hgi nude Viet Nam thdng nhat da hgp vi quydt dinh tdn nudc, qudc ky, qudc huy, qudc ca; thinh lap cic
eo quan lap phip, hinh phip va tu phip Qudc hdi da bau ddng chi Tdn Dire Thang lim Chit tjeh nudc, cac ddng ehi Nguyen
Trang 5KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY GlAl PHONG MI&N NAM
Luong Bang, Nguydn Hiru Thp lim Phd
Chii tich nude, ddng chi Trudng - Chinh
lam Chii tich Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi
va ddng chi Pham Van Ddng lam Thii tudng
Chinh phu nudc Cdng hoi xa hdi chu nghTa
Viet Nam
Td chire, nhin sy, phuong thire boat ddng
ciia Qudc hdi hoin toin phti hgp vdi thye
tidn dat nude, xu thg thdi dai, vdi nguyen
vpng ciia ddng bio, chidn sT ei nude Ddn
thing 6-1976, theo chu truong ciia Ding,
Mat trin Td qudc, cic td chire quin chiing
nhu Doin Thanh nidn, Hdi Phy nir, Cdng
doin, cting lan lugt hpp hdi nghi hgp nhat,
thdng nhat vd tgn gpi, cie td chirc, phuong
thirc boat ddng Ddn day da thdng nhat cic
CO quan lanh dao trong toan qudc, hoan
thanh xuat sac nhiem vy thdng nhat nude
nhi ve mat nha nude, md dudng cho thdi ky
phit trien ciia dan tgc ta trong nhtmg nam
tiep theo
Con dudng thye hien thdng nhit nudc
nha sau ngay midn Nam hoin toin giii
phdng bang phuang phap hoa binh, dd la tu
tudng nhat quan eua Ding ngay tir ngay dat
nude hi chia cit
Sy thdng nhat ay khdng cd sy gd ep, ip
dat, hay cd tinh sip nhap midn np vdi midn
kia nhu tuygn truygn cua mdt sd ngudi thidu
thien chi, phi hoai sy nghiep cich mang eiia
Ding va nhan dan Viet Nam Thang lgi dd
khang dinh bin ITnh chinh tri, tu duy ddc lap,
tu chii, sing tao eiia Ding, thd hien sire
manh, y chi dai doin kgt toin dan tdc Ddng
thdi thang lgi dd dat ndn mdng vimg chic
cho sy phit trign khdng ngimg cua each mang nudc ta
Cich mang Viet Nam trong 35 nam tir sau ngay giii phdng midn Nam, thong nhit dat nude, nhat li gin 25 nam ddi mdi toin dien dat nudc theo dinh hudng XHCN do Dang ta khdi xudng va lanh dao da giinh dugc nhigu thinh tyu to Idn,
cd y nghTa lieh sir Dd li nhiing minh ehirng cho sy diing dan, sing tao ctia Ding trong viee quygt djnh sdm thdng nhat nude nhi, dua ci nudc tien len CNXH ngay sau chidn thing 30-4-1975 Ngay nay, trong tinh hinh thg gidi dang xuat hien nhigu van de phirc tap vg tdn giio, dan tdc, sac tdc, chidn tranh dim miu da nd ra d nhidu nai, nhigu qudc gia, dan tdc bi chia re, ehiing ta eing nhin thire day dii y nghTa ly luin, thye tien, tam vde vT dai vd sy thinh cdng ciia Ding
ta trong lanh dao thye hien thdng nhat nude nha, dua ci nudc di len chii nghTa
xa hdi sau chidn thang 30-4-1975
Trong sy nghiep ddi mdi, diy manh cdng nghigp hoi, hien dai hoi dat nudc, tich eye ehii ddng hdi nhap qudc td, sy nghigp cich mang ciia nhan dan ta dang dirng trudc nhigu co hdi Idn, nhung van phii ddi mat vdi nhieu nguy co, thich thire Trong boi einh iy, ban luc nio hdt, chiing ta phii gitr virng ddc lap dan tdc, thdng nhit dit nude, thye hidn muc tidu dan giiu, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, dan ehii, van minh theo dinh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa