Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of herbal medicines: Thin-layer and high performance liquid chromatography of Chinese drugs is a reference work for the analysis/identification of herbal drugs since it gives the extraction conditions and the specific chromatographic procedures to be used. This volume 1 is divided into 2 parts, please refer to part 1!
Trang 4Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines
Thin-layer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Chinese Drugs
Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition
Vol 1
Trang 5Center of Pharma Research
Univ.-Prof Dr med Dieter Melchart
Compentence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy
Technical University Munich
Germany, Munich
Prof Pei-Gen Xiao
The Editorial Offi ce of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Beijing
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Beijing, China
Dipl.Kfm Anton Staudinger
Visiting Professor at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
Executive Council Member of WFCMS
TCM hospital Bad Kötzting, First German hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Hospital for Psychosomatically and Psychotherapeutically
General Manager Bad Kötzting, Germany
Printed with fi nancial support of TCM-Klinik Bad Kötzting, Germany
“Chinese Drug Monographs and Analysis” originally published by Verlag für Ganzheitliche Medizin, Dr Erich Wühr GmbH, © 2004
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally those of translation, reprinting, re-use of tions, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.
illustra-Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other phar- maceutical literature.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien
SpringerWienNewYork is part of Springer Science+Business Media
springer.at
Photocredits:
© Cover illustration and all fi gures with courtesy of the editors and authors
Coverdesign: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Typesetting: Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper
SPIN: 80025669
With 376 (partly coloured) fi gures
Library of Congress Control Number 2011926593
ISBN 978-3-7091-0762-1 SpringerWienNewYork
Trang 6On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the ¿ rst hospital of
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Germany, the editors are pleased to present a new analytical manual for the quality proof of Chinese herbal drugs that meets the high standards of the European Drug Regulatory Authority
The chromatographic TLC-, HPLC- and GC-¿ ngerprint analytical technique described in the monographs has never been used in any Pharmacopoeia, although it is the most comprehensive, non-sophisticated chromatographic method for a science-based identity and stability proof of Chinese Herbal Drugs and includes the detection of possible falsi¿ cations or adulterations This
¿ ngerprint analysis enables, for the ¿ rst time, the detection of the complex entities of all main low-molecular constituents of a plant drug with the advantage that the single constituents can be made visible in coloured TLC photographs and HPLC-peak pro¿ les Using online recordable UV-spectra with the Diode Array technique, it is also possible to gain information about the chemical structure of single constituents
Each new monograph also contains a description of the macroscopic descriptions, an updated list
of all the main bioactive constituents of a drug identi¿ ed to date, and the pharmacological and biological activities of the single herbal drugs and their therapeutic application A comprehensive reference list informs the reader about new analytical topics and trends
The eighty individual herbal drug monographs were ¿ rst published by Dr Wühr Publishers,Bad Kötzting and are now offered in an updated and corrected form in this new, two-volume manual published by Springer Publishing Company A third volume containing further 40 herbal drug monographs will be completed by the end of 2012
Scienti¿ c experts from theUniversities of Munich (Germany) and Graz (Austria), along with around 25 scienti¿ c co-workers and technicians, contributed to this comprehensive work All participants in the project are most grateful to the owner of the TCM-hospital Bad Kötzting who has supported the projectfrom its very beginning In the later phases of the project, wealso received ¿ nancial support from the AiF-program of the German Ministry of Economics in Berlin (Germany)
The editors: H Wagner, R Bauer, D Melchart, Xiao Pei-Gen, A Staudinger
April 2011
Trang 8Vol I: Monographs No 1 – 40
Vol II: Monographs No 41 – 80
Table of Contents Vol I
Contents alphabetically (lat names) xi
Contents alphabetically (chin names) xv
Acknowledgements xix
Introduction xxi
Practical work guidelines xxv
TCM-Analytical Monographs Vol I 1 Bupleuri, Radix 1
2 Frittilariae, Bulbus 13
3 Rehmanniae, Radix 23
4 Schisandrae, Fructus 37
5 Asari, Radix et Rhizoma 45
6 Houttuyniae cordatae, Herba 59
7 Pinelliae, Rhizoma 71
8 Astragali, Radix 83
9 Angelicae pubescentis, Radix 99
10 Atractylodis macrocephalae, Rhizoma 113
11 Belamcandae sinensis, Rhizoma 127
12 Lycopi lucidi, Herba 141
13 Notopterygii, Rhizoma seu Radix 151
14 Angelicae sinensis, Radix 161
15 Angelicae dahuricae, Radix 171
16 Ligustici chuanxiong, Radix 181
17 Zanthoxyli, Pericarpium 191
18 Magnoliae offi cinalis, Cortex 203
19 Drynariae, Rhizoma 211
20 Puerariae, Radix 221
21 Codonopsis pilosulae, Radix 233
22 Gardeniae, Fructus 245
23 Gastrodiae, Rhizoma 255
24 Ecliptae, Herba 263
25 Andrographis, Herba 273
26 Paeoniae albae/rubrae, Radix 281
Trang 927 Sophorae, Flos 291
28 Coptidis, Rhizoma 301
29 Stephaniae tetrandrae, Radix 311
30 Ziziphi spinosae, Semen 325
31 Amomi rotundus, Fructus 335
32 Uncariae cum Uncis, Ramulus 343
33 Clematidis, Radix 355
34 Sinomenii, Caulis 369
35 Forsythiae, Fructus 381
36 Evodiae, Fructus 391
37 Anemarrhenae, Rhizoma 403
38 Acanthopanacis senticosi, Radix 415
39 Scrophulariae, Radix 427
40 Polygoni multifl ori, Radix 439
Appendix: Basic Solvent Systems, reagents and columns for the TLC-, GC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint Analysis of main structure types of natural products 451
Index 457
Drug monograph, Marker compounds, Chemical classifi cation, Processing 461
Trang 10Vol I: Monographs No 1 – 40
Vol II: Monographs No 41 – 80
TCM-Analytical Monographs Vol II
41 Alismatis, Rhizoma 467
42 Carthami, Flos 475
43 Epimedii, Herba 485
44 Cnidii, Fructus 499
45 Lycii radicis, Cortex 509
46 Lycii, Fructus 521
47 Mori radicis, Cortex 535
48 Mori, Folium 549
49 Cimicifugae, Rhizoma 559
50 Phellodendri amurensis, Cortex Phellodendri chinensis, Cortex 573
51 Lonicerae, Flos Lonicerae japonicae, Flos Lonicerae japonicae, Caulis 587
52 Curcumae, Radix Curcumae longae, Rhizoma Curcumae, Rhizoma 601
53 Dioscoreae oppositae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae hypoglaucae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae nipponicae, Rhizoma Dioscoreae septemlobae, Rhizoma 615
54 Ganoderma 633
55 Citri reticulatea, Pericarpium Citri reticulatea viride, Pericarpium 647
56 Corydalis, Rhizoma 665
57 Dipsaci, Radix 677
58 Atractylodis lanceae, Radix 691
59 Leonuri, Herba 707
60 Magnoliae, Flos 719
61 Piperis longi, Fructus 729
62 Sophorae fl avescentis, Radix 743
63 Scutellariae, Radix 755
64 Chaenomelis, Fructus 767
65 Acori calami, Rhizoma Acori tatarinowii, Rhizoma 777
66 Isatidis, Radix 791
67 Tribuli, Fructus 805
Trang 1168 Ophiopogonis, Radix 819
69 Eucommiae, Cortex 831
70 Notoginseng, Radix et Rhizoma 843
71 Rhei, Radix et Rhizoma 857
72 Ginseng, Radix et Rhizoma Panacis Quinquefolii, Radix 875
73 Siegesbeckiae, Herba 893
74 Salviae miltiorrhizae, Radix et Rhizoma 903
75 Poria 923
76 Cassiae, Semen 935
77 Camelliae, Folium 951
78 Artemisiae Scopariae, Herba 967
79 Aconiti lateralis praeparata, Radix 977
Aconiti kusnezoffi i praeparata, Radix 80 Cinnamomi, Cortex 991
Appendix: Basic Solvent Systems, reagents and columns for the TLC-, GC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint Analysis of main structure types of natural products 1009
Index 1015
Drug monograph, Marker compounds, Chemical classifi cation, Processing 1019
Trang 20Ɣ The editors wish to express their deep gratitude to the TCM-Hospital Bad Kötzting
A Staudinger and the Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology (AiF) Berlin, Germany for ¿ nancial support as well as to CEO Biol Chem H Rausch, Phytochem Reference substances, Ichenhausen/Neu Ulm, Prof A Vollmar, LMU Munich, Department
of Pharmacy, and Prof F Bracher, LMU Munich for their cooperation in the development
of the Chinese Herbal Monographs We also thank Prof Dai Jingzhang TCM-Hospital Bad Kötzting/Beijing, University of Chinese Medicine and Dr C-H Hempen, Center of Chinese Medicine Munich for their valuable explanation of the standard therapy using Chinese drugs
Ɣ We are deeply indebted our many scienti¿ c coworkers and colleagues at the University
of Munich (Germany) and the University of Graz (Austria), as well as to the Technical Assistants of the Department of Pharmacy, Munich named following:
Department of Pharmacy Munich, Scienti¿ c Assistants: Bauer Michael, Fischer
Mathilde, Liu Yong, Michler Hans, Müller-Jakic Barbara, Nenninger Anneli, Nörr
Heidrun, Offermann Franziska, Plößl Florian, Pröbstle Andrea, Wild Bernice, Zschocke
Sibylle Technical Assistants: Bächer Silvia, Grieblinger Elisabeth, Koch Stefanie,
Marotel Dana, Mayr Christine
Pharmacognosy University Graz: Adams Michael, Lehmann Reg, Liu Jianghua,
Reininger Eveline, Resch Marion Sylvia, Schühly Wolfgang Martin, Schwarte Anne, Seibt Anette, Stöhr Jochen
Ɣ The editors gratefully acknowledge the excellent cooperation with the Springer Publ
Comp and Mrs Dr Claudia Panuschka and Mrs Angelika Heller in particular
Trang 22Facts and Perspectives on Chinese Herbal Drugs
When we began our work on the new analytical monographs 15 years ago, we faced the challenge of how the quality proof should be performed in order to meet both the requirements of a science-based authenticity proof of the Chinese drugs and the high standards of the European Drug Regulatory Authority Based on the experience we had gained from our fi rst TLC-fi ngerprinting of herbal drugs (Wagner and Bladt 2001), we decided to use the chromatographic TLC and HPLC fi ngerprint analytical technique This method enables the researcher, for the fi rst time, to detect the complex entities of all main low molecular constituents of a plant drug, with the advantage that the single constituents can be made visible in coloured TLC photographs and in a quantifi able HPLC-peak
profi ling At the same time, for safety reasons, these new techniques can be used to exclude possible falsifi cations and adulterations of herbal drugs These criteria and advantages have also persuaded the Chinese scientifi c experts who advocated this analytical method as the best, presently available, non-sophisticated and feasible method for quality proof of herbal drugs (Liang et al 2010) The fi ngerprint technology for identifi cation of herbal drugs
is also the favored method in the framework of the international ISO-Standardisation*
of the “Quality and Safety of TCM” If the barcode DNA-analysis of all frequently used Chinese drugs becomes available in the near future, we can supplement and correlate the chromatographic analyses with those of the DNA-fi ngerprint analyses and thereby optimize the quality proof of the drugs in general (Heubl 2010)
Ɣ Authenticity of TCM-drugs not defi nitely assessed
Many TCM herbal drugs are not yet produced under controlled cultivations, but originate from wild collections Even if the drugs are derived from cultivations, it must be taken into account that they can originate from quite varied climate zones and that they may
be harvested under altered conditions Therefore, in the past, the botanical authenticity and homogeneity within a defi ned plant species could not be guaranteed We have thus investigated as many herbal drug samples of one plant species as we were able to acquire from different districts and markets in China, along with reference drugs from German herbal drug fi rms (Wagner et al 2011)
Ɣ Uncertain botanical nomenclature
The non-uniform nomenclature for the same plant in various regions of China is
a signifi cant problem This uncertainty can cause impermissible substitutions or
falsifi cations, as occurred 15 years ago when the root of Stephania tetrandra (Hanfangji) was mistaken for the root of Aristolochia fangji (Guanfangji) and administered to women
*Resolution 18 of the 2nd plenary meeting of ISO/TC 249 held in The Haque, Netherlands on May 2-4th 2011 [Establishment of the working group “Quality and Safety of TCM products” under german convenorship] www.iso.org and www.din.de
Trang 23as tea medication that produced severe nephrotoxic side effects The Aristolochia herbal
drug contains the carcinogenic aristolochic acid After the detection of this falsifi cation, the drug was banned from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2002 Meanwhile, special
TLC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint methods were developed which allow the detection of even micrograms of these acids in an herbal drug or drug mixtures: see Radix Stephaniae
p 311 Mo No 29, Radix Clematidis p 355 Mo No 33 and Caulis Sinomenii p 369 Mo
No 34 A similar example is the Chinese tetraploid Acorus calamus/tatarinowii drug, Mo
No 65 p 777, which differs in its very high content of carcinogenic ß-asarone from the
diploid Acorus calamus drug known offi cially in most western countries.
Ɣ Great variability of plant species
A further diffi culty in the identifi cation of TCM-drugs is the fact that, in many Chinese monographs, more than 2 species or subspecies (sometimes up to 9 species) are listed and are often labelled as synonyms, subspecies or subvarieties For example in Fritillariae bulbus Mo No 2 p 13, nine species are listed, and the monographs for Epimedii herba-
Mo No 43 p 485, Dioscoreae rhizoma Mo No 53 p 615 and Uncariae ramulus c uncis Mo No 32 p 343 list fi ve species each without any evidence that the chemical composition of the various “species” are qualitatively and/or quantitatively equivalent and can be substituted for one another As a result of our fi ngerprinting investigations,
we could show that in many cases considerable differences were detectable between the single species and the main offi cial herbal drug Correspondingly it may be suggested that a great number of these “subspecies” do not possess pharmacological and therapeutic equivalence
Ɣ Conclusion: What have we learned from the authenticity proof of Chinese herbal drugs?
In addition to a continuation of further pharmacological and molecular-biological
investigations, we must immediately initiate comprehensive bar-code DNA-fi ngerprint analyses of the most frequently used offi cial Chinese plant drugs The fi rst priority should
be given to those Chinese plants within taxa that are frequently substituted or adulterated with other species and could be nearly indistinguishable morphologically or chemically (see herbal drugs of the Apiaceae familiy Mo No 9, 14, 15, 16, 44)
Ɣ Processing of TCM-drugs
Apart from the simple cutting and cleaning of the raw drugs, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia describes many other types of pre-treatment or processing unknown to western
Pharmacopoeias In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005 (People’s Republic of China,
English Edition Vol I Appendix II A – 24) the processing is to be defi ned “to fulfi l the requirements of drugs”, whatever that may mean for each single drug In one recent publication, the purpose of processing is explained as “to alter the appearance, the physical characteristics and chemical constituents of a herbal drug” (see Zhao Z et al 2010) In none of the monographs, however those crude drugs containing toxic constituents, the necessity of the various processing is rationalized and clearly substantiated According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, processing can be achieved primarily through the following methods: roasting and broiling, scalding, calcining, carbonizing, steaming, boiling,
stewing, processing with wine, vinegar, or salt water, and different kinds of stir baking Some chemicals or herbal drugs may also be used for the processing
In the Monograph No 79 p 977, we describe a TLC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint analysis of
two unprocessed (non-pretreated) and processed Aconitum spp., Aconitum carmichaeli
Trang 24and “Baifupian” instructions of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, with salted water and Radix Glycyrrhizae, black beans and water or after scalding by heating at high temperature with sand (clamshell or talc) The TLC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint analyses showed that in the processed roots, the alkaloids Aconitine and Mesaconitine were degraded to a great extent and detectable only in a very small amount as compared with the content of these alkaloids
in the raw unprocessed roots Another herbal drug which requires processing is Rhizoma Pinelliae (Mo No 7 p 71) which is not permitted to be prescribed in unprocessed form for oral therapy
Conclusion: Modern analytical techniques using the HPLC-quantitation should replace the classical methods of processing described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Recent publications demand a safe limit to be stipulated for the Aconitine content in processed
Aconitum drugs (Singhuber et al 2009).
Ɣ Endo (Phyto) Fungi in Chinese Herbs
During the development of the new monographs, we discovered a conspicuous occurrence
of very lipophilic acetylenic compounds of the Falcarin(di)ol type in the roots of three
Angelica spp (Mo No 9, 14 and 15 p 99, 161 and 171), in the root of Ligusticum
chuanxiong (Mo No 16 p 181) and in three Panax spp (Mo No 70, 72 p 843,
875) Initially, we considered them to be constituents biosynthesized from the plants Meanwhile, however, several publications appeared in which the original production of these compounds from endo(phyto)fungi in Chinese plants could be assessed (Strobel and Daisy 2003; Li et al 2007) The most famous example of the production of a long-
known terpene alkaloid by an endo(phyto) fungus is the Taxus brevifolia tree, the bark
of which contains the symbiotic living fungus Taxomyces andreanae This fungus is able to biosynthesize the same terpene alkaloid, paclitaxel, as the Taxus tree (Stierle et
al 1993) Which organism, the fungus or the plant, fi rst produced paclitaxel and was the gene supplier for the other organism is not known The acetylene compounds falcarinols possess antibiotic and antitumoral activity They are very lipophilic and can be easily detected because of their very characteristic UV-spectra Therefore they are of interest for the “identity proof” of a plant and it can also be suggested that they contribute to the pharmacological and therapeutic effect of some Chinese plants containing these
compounds It can be expected that in the future, additional metabolites produced by phytofungi will be detected There is no doubt that this surprising new knowledge will initiate a promising new area of research
References
Chinese Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, English Edition 2005 Vol I
Appendix II A – 24.
Heubl G (2010): New Aspects of DNA-based Authentication of Chinese Medicinal Plants by
Molecular Biological Techniques, Planta Med 76: 1963-1974.
Liang Y-Z, Xie P, Chan R (2010): Perspective of Chemical Fingerprinting of Chinese Herbs,
Planta Med 76: 1997-2003.
Li WC, Zhou J, Guo SY, Guo LD (2007): Endophytic fungi associated with lichens in
Baihua mountain of Beijing, China Fungal Divers 25: 95-106.
Trang 25Singhuber I, Zhu M, Painz S, Kopp B (2009): Aconitum in Traditional Chinese Medicine:
a valuable drug or an unpredictable risk? J Ethnopharmacol 126: 18-30.
Stierle A, Strobel G, Stierle D (1993): Taxol and taxane production by Taxomyces andreanae
an endophytic fungus of Pacifi c yew, Science 5105: 214-216.
Strobel G, Daisy B (2009): Bioprospecting for microbial Endophytes and their natural products, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 5: 535-544.
Wagner H, Bladt S (2001): Plant Drug Analysis 2nd ed Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
New York.
Wagner H, Bauer R, Melchart D, Pei-Gen X, Staudinger A (eds) (2011): Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines Thin-layer and High Performance Liquid
Chromatography of Chinese Drugs Vol I + II, Springer-Verlag, Vienna.
Zhao Z, Liang Z, Chan K, Lu G, Lee GLM, Chen H, Li L (2010): A Unique Issue in the Standardization of Chinese Materia Medica: Processing, Planta Med 76: 1975-1986.
Trang 26Source of the herbal drugs
As described above, the herbal drugs must originate from clearly identi¿ ed botanical species Additionally, it must be taken into consideration that differences in cultivations, climatic
conditions, time of harvest, drying and storing conditions can cause slight chromatographic deviations which cannot be avoided and are normal Therefore it is worthwhile to investigate as many herbal drug samples of one species as possible from different geographic and ecological areas
Extraction conditions
The chosen extraction procedures should be rapid, but ef¿ cient according to present scienti¿ c knowledge and should include of the total entity of the low molecular constituents of a herbal drug This can be achieved in most cases using alcohol (MeOH or EtOH) Additional ¿ ngerprints can be obtained by extraction using petroleum ether/hexane or chloroform (for lipophilic
compounds) or water/water-acetone mixtures (for tannins, high polymeric procyanidines, and amino acids) as solvents Polysaccharides and proteins can be characterized using their sugar- or amino acid-¿ ngerprints after enrichment and acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis
Chromatographic conditions
Plates/columns:
For the chromatography
plates, in some speci¿ c cases also aluminum oxide- or cellulose coated plates (Merck) are used HPTLC-plates are precoated with Silica Gel of an average particle size and a narrow size distribution of 5 m as opposed to TLC material of 15 m average particle size and a broader size distribution
• GC-analysis is shown e.g for Monograph No 65 Rhizoma Acori Apparatus: Varian
GC 3800, Varian Saturn 2200 (El/Cl, msn) ion trap-mass spectrometer, Autosampler: CTC CombiPal, Separation column: Varian VF-5ms with 10 m precolumn (deactivated methyl-polysiloxan), Carrier gas: Helium
Trang 27can be purchased from special ¿ rms In Germany the ¿ rm Phytolab in Vestenbergsgreuth
(www.phytolab.com) offers many reference compounds which are listed as “marker compounds”
in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia
Reproducibility of the ¿ ngerprint analysis
If the same technical conditions described are used, it can be expected that even with the use
of instruments from other ¿ rms, very similar TLC- and HPLC-¿ ngerprints can be obtained
If, however, for any reason, the grade of separation and/or the Rf- and Rt-values deviate from
those stipulated in the Monographs, the sequence and the overall TLC-zone- and HPLC-peak pro¿ les must still be in agreement with those documented in our Monographs
Photography
The TL-chromatograms were developed by a Canon PowerShot G2 digital camera in a CAMAG Reprostar 3 cabinet using WinCats software (www.camag.com)
Trang 29Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines
Thin-layer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Chinese Drugs
Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition
Vol 2
Trang 30© Cover illustration and all fi gures with courtesy of the editors and authors
Coverdesign: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
Typesetting: Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper
SPIN: 80025669
With 376 (partly coloured) fi gures
Library of Congress Control Number 2011926593
Univ.-Prof Dr med Dieter Melchart
Compentence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy
Technical University Munich
Germany, Munich
Prof Pei-Gen Xiao
The Editorial Offi ce of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Beijing
Institute of Medicinal Plant Development
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
Beijing, China
Dipl.Kfm Anton Staudinger
Visiting Professor at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
Executive Council Member of WFCMS
TCM hospital Bad Kötzting, First German hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Hospital for Psychosomatically and Psychotherapeutically
General Manager Bad Kötzting, Germany
Printed with fi nancial support of TCM-Klinik Bad Kötzting, Germany
“Chinese Drug Monographs and Analysis” originally published by Verlag für Ganzheitliche Medizin, Dr Erich Wühr GmbH, © 2004
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally those of translation, reprinting, re-use of tions, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.
illustra-Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other phar- maceutical literature.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien
SpringerWienNewYork is part of Springer Science+Business Media
springer.at
Trang 31Table of Contents Vol II
Vol I: Monographs No 1 – 40
Vol II: Monographs No 41 – 80
TCM-Analytical Monographs Vol II
50 Phellodendri amurensis, Cortex
Phellodendri chinensis, Cortex 573
51 Lonicerae, Flos
Lonicerae japonicae, Flos
Lonicerae japonicae, Caulis 587
Curcumae, Rhizoma 601
53 Dioscoreae oppositae, Rhizoma
Dioscoreae hypoglaucae, Rhizoma
Dioscoreae nipponicae, Rhizoma
Dioscoreae septemlobae, Rhizoma 615
54 Ganoderma 633
55 Citri reticulatea, Pericarpium
Citri reticulatea viride, Pericarpium 647
61 Piperis longi, Fructus 729
62 Sophorae fl avescentis, Radix 743
63 Scutellariae, Radix 755
64 Chaenomelis, Fructus 767
65 Acori calami, Rhizoma
Acori tatarinowii, Rhizoma 777
66 Isatidis, Radix 791
67 Tribuli, Fructus 805
Trang 3269 Eucommiae, Cortex 831
70 Notoginseng, Radix et Rhizoma 843
71 Rhei, Radix et Rhizoma 857
72 Ginseng, Radix et Rhizoma
Panacis Quinquefolii, Radix 875
78 Artemisiae Scopariae, Herba 967
79 Aconiti lateralis praeparata, Radix 977 Aconiti kusnezoffi i praeparata, Radix
80 Cinnamomi, Cortex 991
Appendix:
Basic Solvent Systems, reagents and columns for the TLC-, GC- and HPLC-fi ngerprint
Analysis of main structure types of natural products 1009Index 1015Drug monograph, Marker compounds, Chemical classifi cation, Processing 1019
Trang 33lat name chapter volume page
Trang 37chin name Chapter volume page
Trang 40Pharmacopoeias: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China
English Edition, 1992/2005(1)
Japanese Pharmacopoeia 1986 (Jap XI)
Of¿ cial drugs: In Chinese Pharmacopoeia: the roots of Bupleurum chinense DC (= B falcatum
auct Sin non L.) and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd (= B falcatum var
scorzonerifolium (Willd.) Ledeb.) - Apiaceae - The drugs differ both in their
morphology and in their origin Beichaihu (B chinense) originates from northern China (north of the Yellow River), while Nanchaihu (B
scorzonerifolium) is indigenous to the southern provinces(1) The Japanese
Pharmacopoeia requires Bupleurum falcatum L (= B scorzonerifolium Willd var stenophyllum Nakai) or varieties of this species(3, 4)
Adulterations: B longiradiatum Turcz (toxic!)(1), occasionally contaminations with roots of
Aconitum spec.(3)
Description of the drugs:(1)
B chinense: frequently branched roots, 6-15 cm long, 3-8 cm in diameter, exter nally
blackish-brown or light brown, texture hard and tenacious, not easy to break
B scorzonerifolium: relatively thin roots, non or slightly branched, externally reddish-brown or
black-brown, texture slightly soft
Pretreatment of the raw drug:
Stalk-remnants are removed, the drug is washed and moistened, cut into thick slices and dried (Chaihu) The sliced drug is then soaked in vine gar and dried under mild heat (Cuchaihu)
Medicinal use: Often in combination with other drugs as antihepatotoxic, antipyretic, analgesic,
sedative, and antidepressive agents, in cases of menstrual complaints, uterine and anal prolaps, sudden loss of hearing and malaria(1, 4, 5)
H Wagner et al (eds.), Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis of Herbal Medicines
© Springer-Verlag/Wien 2011