Qua tim hidu chiing tdi thay, nhung khd khan ma GV gap phai nhu: do chua nim vung ky nang xac dinh muc tieu day hpc nen khd xac dinh muc tieu thai dp trong day hpc; do ca sd vat chat kem
Trang 1TINH TICH CUC CUA GIANG VIEN
I TRONG VIEC CHUAN BI LEN LOP
Nguyin Thj Tinh
Trudng DHSP Hd Ngi
Qua nghien cim,cho thay: Da sd gilng vien (GV) dupe nghien cihi nhan thiic tuong ddi dly dii va diing din vd boat dpng su pham, cd thai dp gilng day chu yeu d miic tfch cue va rat tfch cue Vay, trong viee ehuln bi len ldp thi tinh tfch cue (TTC) cua GV nhu the nao?
1 Thuc trang tinh tich cue cua giang vien trong viec xac dinh va lua chpn muc tieu day hpc; npi dung day hpc; phuang phap day hpc; phuong tien day hoc va tai lieu tham khao
Bdng 1: Bdng sd'lieu tdng hgp mire do "chuan bi tru&c khi len l&p" eua GV
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Npi dung chuan bi
Muc tieu day hpc Npi dung day hpc Phuang phap day hpc Phuang tien day hpc Tai lieu tham khao
DTB
3,73 3,75 3,53 3,04 3,61
DLC 0,63 0,62 0,72 0,83 0,68
Chii thich: Tfnh diem phan loai theo 4 miic dp sau
Miic dp 1: Rat tich cue (Tfch cue d miic dp cao): 4 < DTB <5
Miic dp 2: Tich cue d miic dp trung binh: 3 < DTB < 4
Mire do 3: It tich cue: 2 < DTB < 3
Mire dp 4: Khong tich cue: 1 < DTB < 2
Vdi DTB cua cac npi dung chuan bi ddu d trong khoing nhd hon 4 va ldn ban 3 ehiing td: GV ehuln bi mue tieu day hpc, npi dung day hpc, phuong phap day hpc, phuang tien day hpc va tai lieu tham khIo trude khi len ldp chi dat d miic trung binh Trong dd phuang phap day hpc va phuong tien day hpc
Trang 2cd mire dp thap nhat Sd dT cd ket qua tren la do trong qua trinb chuan bi GV gap phai nhidu khd khan Qua tim hidu chiing tdi thay, nhung khd khan ma GV gap phai nhu: do chua nim vung ky nang xac dinh muc tieu day hpc nen khd xac dinh muc tieu thai dp trong day hpc; do ca sd vat chat kem, chua dap ling vdi yeu clu ddi mdi; do sd lupng SV cua mot ldp qua dong va do tfnh chat cua npi dung mdn hpc nen khd xac dinh he thdng phuang phap day hpc, phuang tien day hpc; hoac do khdi luang kien thiic qua ldn, thdi gian ban che, nhidu ndi dung da lac hau nen khd xac dinh npi dung day hpc
2 Tinh tich cue giang day cua giang vien the hien qua viec thiet ke bai giang (soan giao an)
2.1 Quan diem ciia gidng vienve viec soan gido dn tru&c khi len l&p Bdng 2: Cdc quan diem ve viec soan gido dn trU&c khi len l&p cua GV DH
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Cac quan diem
GA la yeu clu bit bupc vdi giao vien phd thong khi len ldp
Ddi vai GVDH co the co hoac- khong co GA khi len ldp
Thudng GV tre khi mdi vao nghd thi span GA rat cin than
con cac GV lau nam thi it*hoac khong cin thiet soan GA khi
len ldp
GV vira giang day, vira nghien ciiu, vira viet dd cuang bai
giang, giao t r i n h ^ SGK, cac tailieu TK nen khong cin
soan GA ma len ldp GD vin hieu qua
La GV trudc khi len ldp nhat thiet phli soan GA
GA hoan toan soan theo giao trinh
Soan GA theo giao trinh va co bd sung
Soan mpt lan rdi nam sau cii the gilng tiep
Soan mpt lan rdi tuy tirng ldp va gilng day phu hpp
Thudng xuyen ddi mdi GA cho phii hpp vdi thuc tidn
Tdng
TB 4,30 2,55 2,69
2,61
4,16 2,31 4,03 2,09 3,50 4,31
DLC" 0,71 0,93 0,94
0,93
0,90 0,73 0,57 0,62 0,88 0,67
Ke't qua tren cho thay: ' •
Ve vdn de cd cdn soan gido dn hay khdng tru&c khi len l&p: Hau bet cac
y kien ddu "ddng y" va "hoan toan ddng y" cho ring: "Giao an la yeu clu bit bupc vdi giao vien phd thdng khi len ldp" va "Giang vien trudc khi len ldp nhat thiet phli soan giao an" Didu dd cung ddng nghTa vdi viec cd rat nhidu y kien
"phin ddi" quan didm cho ring: "Ddi vdi GVDH cd the cd giao an hoac khdng
cd giao an khi len ldp" hay "GV vira giang day, vira nghien cim, vira viet dd cuang bai giang, giao trinh va sach giao khoa, cac tai lieu tham khao nen
Trang 3khdng can soan giao an ma len ldp gilng day vin hieu qua" Va ca quan didm
"Thudng GV tre khi mdi vao nghd thi soan giao an rat cin than, cdn cac GV
lau nam thi ft hoac khong cin thie't soan giao an khi len ldp" ciing vay Tuy
nhien, didu dd khong cd nghTa la khong cd ngudi ddng y vdi cac quan diem
nay Theo thdng ke cua chiing toi cho thay: VIn cdn cd khoing 20% y kien
"ddng y" va 18% y kie'ri "phan van" (d mpt sd quan didm con sd nay cao ban
mpt chiit) Ket qua nay ciing rat phu hop khi chiing toi phdng van SV va didu
tra tren SV cho thay: Cd tdi 34,8% y kien SV "khong ddng y va phan van" khi
dupe hdi "GV cua ban ludn cd giao an khi len ldp" Nhu vay, cd the thay mot
sd lupng khdng nhd SV xac nhan GV len ldp khdng cd giao an Trong thuc te,
cd nhidu GV len ldp khong cd giao an Didu nay cd the do cac GV rat "tham
slu" vao tai lieu giang day; tham chf nhidu GV khdng chi nghien ciiu ma cdn
viet giao trinh, dd cuong bai gilng nen vdi GV, giao an giang day da d trong
"dau", do vay khi len ldp khong cin cd giao an Cdn theo chiing toi dii GV cd
viet giao trinh hay khong thi GV vin cin phli cd giao an khi len ldp va dd la
nguyen tic Giao an la yeu clu bit bupc vdi bat eii giao vien d bae hpc nao
Han niia, khdng phli khi nao mpi thii "trong diu" ciing ddu thuc hien dupe, d6i
khi cQng quen, va tfnh I6glc, tinh he thdng cd thd bi vi pham
2.2 Thuc trgng viec soan gido dn cua gidng vien dai hoc
Qua cac sd Heu d blng 3 chiing ta thay: Vdi DTBC = 3,66 va DLC =
0,70 va DTB cua tat cl cac tieu chf cua viec soan giao an ddu dat d miic 3 <
DTB < 4, chiing td cac GV dupe nghien ciiu thuc hien viec soan giao an chu
ye'u d miic dp trung binh Ket qua cu thd nhu sau:
- Ve viec lua chgn mau (kieu) gido dn
Trong cae kidu giao an, GV chu yeu soan theo kieu thii 3: "Ket hop giao
an truyen thdng vdi mot sd phan mdm tin hpc nhu phan mdm trinh chieu
Powerpoint " va kidu giao an "truydn thdng" Cdn "giao an dien tir" ed miic
dp thap nha't Nhung khi xem xet miic dp thuc hien cae kidu giao an thi GV
"thuc hien tdt va rat tdt" kidu giao an truydn thdng cd miic dp cao hon so vdi
kieu ke't hop (74,2% so vdi 63%) va ngupc lai miic do thuc hien "tuang ddi tdt"
d kidu ke't hpp lai cao ban nhidu so vdi kidu giao an truydn thd'ng (34,1% so vdi
20,3%) Didu nay chiing td GV vin cd thdi quen soan theo mlu giao an truyen
thdng, cdn cac mlu giao an theo hudng "ddi mdi" cd thuc hien nhung mdi chi
la budc diu nen chi dat miic dp trung binh Sd dT cd ke't qui nay theo chiing t6i
mpt phan do cac kidu giao an mdi khd thuc hien ban va phai diu tu vd thdi gian
va cdng siic soan nhieu ban Mat khac, ban thin cac GV khdng phai ai ciing cd
thd sir dung thanh thao ve cdng nghe thdng tin va trong thuc te" thi khdng phai
bai nao hoac ndi dung nao cung cd the soan dupe theo hudng ddi mdi dd Vl
vly, tuy con sd "thuc hien tdt" viec soan giao an theo giao an dien tir va ket hop
trinh chie'u Powerpoin khong that cao nhung cUng la didu dang mirng, vi chiing
Trang 4td gilng vien duac nghien eiiu da cap nhat cai mdi va cd thd sin sang ddi mdi each soan giao an
Bdng 3: Thirc trgng viec soan gido dn cua GV DH
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Cac tieu chi
Soan theo mlu giao an truydn thdng
Soan theo mlu giao an dien tit
Ke't hpp giao an truyen thdng vdi mpt sd phin mdm tin hpc
nhu phan mem trinh chieu Powerpoint
Tham khao SGK, giao trinh va cac tii lieu tham khao
Hieu duac muc tieu mon hoc, bai hoc
Nim vimg, hieu sau noi dung mon hpc minh phu trach
Phan tfch ky luang dac diem ddi tupng va mdi quan he didn
ra tren ldp ciing nhu quan he thIy - tro
Du doan nhiing thuan Ipi va khd khan cua SV khi ITnh hpi
bai mdi
Du kie'n nhirng tinh hudng su pham co the nly sinh trong
qua trinh giang day
Xac dinh muc tieu bai hoc
Xac dinh chfnh xac khdi lupng kien thiic, ky nang, ky xao
ma SV phli thu nhan
Xac dinh thdi lupng cho tirng npi dung kien thiic thich hpp
Lira chpn hinh thiic td chirc len ldp
Du kien nhiing dang hanh dpng cin td chUc cho SV thuc
hien dd ITnh hoi bai mdi
Lira chpn he thdng phuang phip day hpc phu hop vdi npi
dung va mang tfnh tfch cue
Lira chpn he thdng phuang tien day hpc phii hcfp vdi npi
dung va phuang phap, cd uu tien sir dung cac phuang tien
day hpc hien dai
Sir dung tfch cue cac thao tac tu duy de nghien ciru cac tai
lieu, cap nhat thong tin, tim cai mdi dua vao npi dung giang
day
Hinh dung dupe tdc dp, tie'n trinh ciia bai giang va hieu qua
cua viec su dung phuang ^hap, phuang tien day hoc
Tu danh gia ve kha nang thuc thi giao an ciia minh
Tom tit giao an (hpc thuoc, thoat ly giao an)
Co didu kien co thd tap giang theo giao an da soan (giang
thir)
Soan day du theo qui trinh cac budc len ldp
TBC
Tdng
TB
3,75 3,23
3,82 3,88 3,94 3,99 3,50 3,46
3,45 3,88
3,79 3,69 3,64 3,65 3,77
3,66
3,57
3,61
3,58 3,64
3,38 3,68
3,66
DLC
0,80 0,98
0,84 0,54 0,54 0,54 0,63 0,62
0,65 0,56
0,62 0,63 0,59
1,66
0,54
0,63
0,62
0,59 0,59 0,72
0,87 0,66
0,70
Trang 5- Ve cdc tieu chi soan gido dn khdc
Viec soan giao an mudn hieu qui phai thuc hien tdt nhidu cae yeu clu
khac Tir viec hidu muc tieu bai hpc, m6n hpc, tham khao sach hudng din, lua
chpn hinh thiic, phuong phap td chiic, khi nang thuc thi giao an cua GV, du
doan thuan lai va khd khan cua SV qua ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay: Mire dp
thuc hien cac npi dung tren ciia GV cung chii yeu dat d mire "tuong ddi tdt"
(DTB cua cac yeu clu cdn lai cung chi nim trong khoang 3 < DTB < 4) Didu
dd the hien eac GVDH da cd TTC trong viee soan giao an song chi d miic trung
binh
Xem xet cu thd ban su phin phdi miie dp didm dat dupe ciing cho thay:
Trong toan mlu, chu yeu khach thd dat mire diem vira phli (trung binh) tir 3
de'n 4 (210 GV chiem 71,4%) Dly la nhiing GV thuc hien tuong ddi tdt viec
soan giao an Chi cd 71 GV, chiem 24,1% trong toan mlu cd 4 < DTB < 5 la
miic didm eao Dd la nhung GV thuc hien tdt va rat tdt viec soan giao an, va
cung the hien TTC d miic dp cao Sd cdn lai la cd miic didm thap Didu nay
cang khang dinh them nhan dinh: Da sd GV cd TTC d miic trung binh trong
viec soan giao an
Ngoai ra, TTC soan giao an cua GV cdn dupe thd hien d su diu tu vd
thdi gian va su nd luc khic phuc nhiing khd khan trong qua trinh soan giao an
Khi dupe hdi: "Di day mot tiet tren ldp thIy (c6) thudng mat bao nhieu thdi
gian dd soan bai ? Vi sao? Va "Trong qua trinh soan giao an thay e6 thudng
gap phai nhung khd khan nao? Khic phuc ra sao?" Cae GV eho ring: Di soan
mdt giao an day 1 tiet dam bio tuong ddi dly du cac yeu clu nhu treh thi trung
binh mlt khoing 3-6h; tuy nhien, cd thd vai ngay hoac kh6ng thd dinh trudc
thdi gian ma tuy ndi dung tiet giang VI mpi thii kh6ng phai cai gi ciing cd sin
Ngoai ra, neu soan theo giao an ddi mdi thi cd khi mat tdi hang tuan va phai
diu tu kh6ng chi thdi gian ma tham chf cl tidn bae nua Trong qua trinh soan
giao an, GV ciing gap phli kha nhidu khd khan nhu: Thieu tri thiic thuc tidn va
thong tin mdi cap nhat; thieu tai lieu tham khIo; khd gin ly luan vdi thuc tidn;
kie'n thiic nhidu nhung khd chit lpc (lira chpn); khd xac dinh mue tieu, du kie'n
tinh hudng su pham, dinh lupng va phan bd thdi gian hpp ly cho cac tiet hpe
Tuy nhien, cac thIy co ddu tu minh lien he, tim each khic phuc dd dam bio gid
day va nhiem vu cua minh nhu: Tfch cue tham gia cae khoa tap huan ve ddi
mdi ndi dung, phuang phap day hpc dai hpc; tham gia cac hpi thio, bao cao
chuyen dd; dpc va nghien ciiu cac ngudn tai lieu khac nhau; tham khIo y kien
cac chuyen gia va hpe hdi nhung ngudi di trudc Viec cd gIng khic phuc
nhiing khd khan trong qua trinh soan giao an ciia GV da noi len phin nao
TTCGD cua GV khi thuc hien cdng doan nay
Di khlng dinh them ket qui nghien ciiu, chiing tdi tim hidu y kien danh
gia cua SV vd viec soan giao an eiia GV
Trang 6Bdng 4: Ddnh gid ciia SV ve viec soan gido dn ciia GV
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Cac quan diem
Khi len ldp giang vien cua ban luon co giao an
Giang vien sir dung giao an truyen thdng
Giang vien sir dung giao an dien tir
Giang \'ien sir dung giao an truyen thdng ket hpp vdi phin
mem trinh chieu Powerpoint
Tdng
TB
3,74 3,13
3,35
3,69
DLC 1,00 1,02
1,02 1,04
Didu diu tien nhan thay qua blng sd lieu tren la DTB cua tat cl cac
menh di chi dat d miic trung binh (3 < DTB <4) Va ket qui nay cung rl't phii
hop vdi danh gia ciia GV khi trong cae kidu giao an dupe GV sir dung giang day, thi giao an truyen thdng ket hop vdi phin mdm trinh chie'u Powerpoint duoc GV sir dung nhidu ban cl mac dii mire dp chua that cao (68% y kien SV) Cung nhu chiing t6i da phan tfch d phin tren, khi tri ldi menh dd "Khi len ldp
GV eiia ban lu6n cd giao an" mac dii DTB trong blng tren la cao nhat (3,74) nhung cdn cd tdi 34,8% sd y kien khdng ddng y hoac cdn phan van vd didu nay Ket qua nay chiing td SV danh gia TTC soan giao an cua GV chua cao, chi
d miic tfch cue trung binh
Tdm lai: TTC cua GV trong viec ehuln bi len ldp chi dat d miic tfch cue
trung binh Didu nay cd Inh hudng nhat dinh de'n TTCGD tren ldp cua GV Vay thi;c trang TTCGD tren ldp ciia GV nhu the nao? Viec ehuln bi len ldp va viec giang day tren ldp cd mdi quan he ra sao? Dd la nhimg van dd cin tie'p tuc dupe nghien ciiu