Theo y kien cua Barbara Jelavich, mdt ehuyen gia ngudi My chuyen nghien cim ve lieh sir ban dao Bancang thi "do sic thieu vdng bdt cii mpt thda thuan ndo trudc chien tranh, cdu triic c
Trang 1LICH s a - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
NHU'NG NHflN TO TRC DONG D€N SU CRN THICP CUn MV VnO HV LHP
• • • •
TirSflUNnA/\1947
PGS.TS Dao Tuan Thanh
Ha Thj Hue
Khoa Lich sw - Bai hpc Sir pham Ha Npi
1 Dat van de
Trong sudt tien trinh lich sir ciia minh,
ban dao Bancang ludn chiu sir chi phdi va tac
ddng manh me eiia eae cudng qudc chau Au
Ngay khi Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai chua
ket thiic, mdt trat tu the gidi da dan hinh
thanh - Trat tu hai cue lanta (Yalta) Viec
tranh gianh va phan chia khu vuc anh hudng
sau ehien tranh giira cac cudng qudc ndng
edt ciia khdi Ddng minh chdng phat xit ciing
da dien ra (Lien Xd, Anh va My) Thuc trang
nay da tac ddng tdi ban dao Bancang Theo y
kien cua Barbara Jelavich, mdt ehuyen gia
ngudi My chuyen nghien cim ve lieh sir ban
dao Bancang thi "do sic thieu vdng bdt cii
mpt thda thuan ndo trudc chien tranh, cdu
triic chinh tri cita ede qudc gia Ddng Au vd
Trung Au se dugc quyet dinh bdi lice lugng
chiem ddng"\ Ngay tir thang 4 nam 1945,
ngudi dimg dau Lien Xd Stalin da khang
dinh vdi Tito - nha lanh dao Nam Tu sau nay
- rang: "Cude chien tranh ndy khac vdi cae
cude ehien tranh trudc day; bdt cic ai chiem
ddng mpt viing lanh thd se tie dp ddt dugc he thdng xd hpi cita minh Bdt eu ai cung cd the
dp dgt duge he thdng xd hpi ciia minh d nhieng nai md qudn dpi eiia minh thiet lap dugc quyen kiem sodt Khdng the khde nhu vgy" Trong sudt the ky XIX den tan nam
1947, anh hudng va sir chi phdi cua Anh ddi vdi ban dao Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap -mdt qudc gia nam phia nam ban dao Bancang - ndi rieng la rat Idn Ngay tir thang
12 nam 1944'', Chinh phii Anh da quyet dinh thuc thi nhieu bien phap nham tiep tuc duy tri anh hudng d Hy Lap, nhat la trong bdi canh Dang Cdng san d cac qudc gia lang gieng vdi Hy Lap d phia bac (Bungari, Anbani, Nam Tu) dang tang cudng anh hudng va kiem soat dugc chinh quyen De cd the tiep tuc duy tri uu the ndi trdi cua minh d Dia Trung Hai, Anh quyet tam bien Hy Lap trd thanh eir diem cd vai trd quan trpng hang dau Vi vay, Anh da theo ddi sat sao mpi dien bien tren chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap, trg giiip Hy Lap khdi phuc lai cac the ehe tai chinh, he thdng tu phap va chinh tri, eiing
' Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Baealnilor secolului al
XX-lea (Lieh sir Bancang thi ky XX), Vien Chau Au,
lasi, 2000, trang 273 (tieng Rumani)
2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 273
3 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277
Trang 2Qlltuntf nhdn t(% tde itfutg^ 43
nhu thuc hien mdt sd du an nhim khic phuc
hau qua chien tranh, han gan nen kinh te Dai
dien cho the luc ciia Anh chinh la tudng
Scobie va Dai sir R Leeper, hp la nhiing
ngudi ed anh hudng rat Idn "ho da dicgc hdi
y kien ve viee thdnh lap tdt ed 8 chinh phii
ndm quyen d Hy Lgp tie thdng 01 ndm 1945
den thdng 04 ndm 1946""^ Ndi ve sir can
thiep ciia Anh ddi vdi chinh trudng Hy Lap,
cd y kien eho rang "Cho den ndm 1947,
chinh phu Anh da etc, edch chiec Thit tiedng,
coi Hien phdp cht Id edi binh phong Cdc
chuyen gia Anh dua ra moi quyet dinh lien
quan den Chinh sdch kinh te, chinh sdch
phdng thit vd ddi ngogi, an ninh, tu phdp, vd
cd vdn de cua cdc cdng dodn, that nghiep"
van de dat ra la tai sao Anh lai khdng tiep
tuc thao tiing ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri cua
Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947, ma th"ay the cho
anh hudng eiia Anh lai la anh hudng cua
My?; Dau la nhirng ly do can ban/nhan td
chii yeu khien eho My, vdn chu y it den Hy
Lap quyet dinh can thiep manh me vao qude
gia Nam Au nay? -Sau Chien tranh the gidi
thii Hai (1939 - 1945), thai dp cua My da cd
su thay ddi, tir chd khdng tim thay Igi ich
eiia minh d khu vuc nay, den chd "coi Hy
Lgp la mpt qude gia cd tdm quan trong cd y
" Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277
5 C M Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece,
1941-1949, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, London, 1979, trang
149
* Ban dao Bancang noi chung va Hy Lap noi rieng,
cho dgn truoc khi Chign tranh thS gioi thu Hai kk
thiic chua thu hiit dugc su quan tam ciia IVIy My rk it
can thiep vao khu vuc nay, chu yeu la do chii nghTa
biet lap My va viec My danh su chii y nhieu hon din
khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong _
nghia sdng cdn ddi vdi nude My" Vay, dieu
gi da khiln My thay ddi thai dp ddi vdi Hy Lap tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai? Vi sao My lai quyet dinh can du ngay cang sau vao ndi tinh ciia Hy Lap? Phai chang su phan chia anh hudng giiia cac cudng qudc trong trat tu hai cue lanta va tham vpng ciia My va Lien Xd deu cd lien quan chat che ddi vdi nhirng sir kien xay ra d Hy Lap sau nam
1945 Trong khudn khd cua bai viet nay, chiing tdi mudn gdp phan lam sang td nhiing eau hdi tren
2 Nhii'ng nhan to tac dong den su can thiep eiia My vao Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947
Sau nam 1945, nhung bien ddi to Idn ciia tinh hinh the gidi da cd tac dpng khdng nhd tdi muc dp quan tam ciia My tdi Hy Lap
Trude tien, do ehinh la sic cdng (hdng, ddi ddu trong quan he giira Lien Xd vd
My Sau Chien tranh the gidi'thii Hai, My
vuon len trd thanh cudng qude hung manh nhat trong the gidi Tu ban chii nghTa, day manh viec hien thuc hda muu do ba chu the gidi eiia minh Tuy nhien, My cd mgt ddi trgng la Lien Xd Dudi anh hudng va vdi su trg giiip tich cue ciia Lien Xd, d Trung va Ddng Au, hang loat nha nudc dan chu nhan dan da duge thanh lap dudi su lanh dao eiia cac Dang Cdng san Ben canh dd, su suy yeu eiia ehinh phii tu san d cae nudc Tay Au va vai trd ciia nhirng ngudi Cdng san d Phap, Italia ciing thuc sir la mdt m.di lo ngai vdi
Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment — Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State
University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 63
Trang 344 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 n 2 5 ) 2 0 n
My Sau chiln tranh, Lien Xd mong mudn
tao ra mdt viing dem chien luge bao quanh
bien gidi eiia minh Nhirng nudc lang gieng
phia Bic ciia Hy Lap diu trd thanh ddng
minh ciia Lien Xd va Hy Lap la qude gia
Bancang duy nhit "khdng bi ddng hda trong
khdi Xd Viit thdi ki phdi thai"^ Ddi vdi cac
nudc phuong Tay, Hy Lap la mdt bd phan
cua vanh dai chiln luge, trong do bao gdm
ca Thd NhT Ky va Iran Khu vue nay khdng
ehi quan trpng vdi nhiing suy tinh chien
luge, ma cdn bdi vi nd la vimg dem bao ve
eae viing diu md d Trung Ddng Do cd vi tri
quan trpng nhu vay nen cac nude phuong
Tay tim mpi each dl kiem soat Hy Lap, Thd
NhT Ki va Iran^
Viec Anh va My tang cudng sir hien
dien ve quan su va can thiep vao ddi sdng
chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap ciing da gap phai
su phan ling cua Lien Xd Ngay 21/1/1946,
Andrej Vishinsky, dai dien ciia Lien Xd d
Lien Hgp Qudc da td cao su hien dien ciia
quan dpi nudc ngoai tren lanh thd Hy Lap
-mdt dat nudc khdng cd chien tranh - da tao
ra mdi de dpa cho hda binh ciia khu vuc
Mac dii Lien Xd khdng can thiep vao cdng
viec ndi bd ciia Hy Lap", nhung mdi de doa
^ Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
-Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 61
' Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
-Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62
'° Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62
' I Trong thap nien 40 cua thg ky XX, Nam Tu lai la
qu6c gia c6 anh huong va vai tro a Hy Lap Ion hon ca
Lien Xo Dg trg giiip cho Dang Cong san Hy Lap,
Nam Tu da cho phep nhung nguai Cong san Hy Lap
CO thg tu do qua lai duong bign gioi giu;a hai nuoc
Ben canh do Nam Tu con thanh lap nhigu trai huan
cdng sdn nhu quan niem eiia phuong Tay
-ed thi nhin thiy ro rang chinh tir nhiing phong trao each mang xa hdi dudi anh sang ciia chii nghTa Mae Dang Cdng san Hy Lap (KKE) ra ddi tir rit sdm, ngay tir nam 1918 Trong nhirng nam giira hai cude chien tranh thi gidi Dang Cdng san Hy Lap ludn tich cue nang cao vi the chinh tri ciia minh Tii' nam 1945, Dang Cdng san Hy Lap la chinh dang manh nhat d Hy Lap
Sir troi day ciia phong trao du kich do Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao da dugc diy nhanh hon sau chien tranh, va nd trd thanh mdi ban tam Idn cho chinh quyen tu san Hy Lap va cac ddng minh ciia nd d phuang Tay Vao thang 4/1946, lire lugng du kieh da cd khoang 950 ngudi, thang 5 la
1300 ngudi, thang 6 la 2700 ngudi Cho tdi thang 12/1946, eon sd da tang len 9.285 ngudi''' cae nhdm du kich, trong mdt sd trudng hgp hoat dpng mdt each dpc lap vdi nhiing chi thi ciia Dang Cdng san, thuc hien hang tram hoat dpng thanh edng chdng lai Chinh phii va lire lupng ban quan sir eanh hiiu''* Chinh thuc trang nay da khien cho phuong Tay ndi chung va My ndi rieng lo sg
luyen nSm bgn trong lanh tho ciia nuoc nay nham giiip da nhung du kich Hy Lap, tham tri ca huan luyen quan su cho ho Phai dgn thang 7 nam 1949, nha lanh dao Nam Tu Tito mai ra lenh dong cua bign gioi, cat dut duong tigp tg ciia luc luong du kich canh ta do Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao (Ngu6n: Barbara Jelavich,'^^^', trang 278, 284)
'2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 278
'3 Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62
''t Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopn-ent
— Greece during thp Cnld War '^M trano 67
Trang 4Qlkdnq, nhdn to^tde itettg 45
Hy Lap se khd diing viing trudc su lan tran
eiia chii nghTa cdng san
Thi} hai, dd Id su khiing hodng trdm
trong ve kinh te, chinh tri, xd hdi eiia Hy Lap
sau ehien tranh da day nudc nay roi vao tinh
trgng hdn logn Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai
cimg vdi su chiem ddng ciia quan dpi phat
xit va sir phong tda eua lire lugng ddng minh
da de lai nhirng hau qua nang ne eho nen
kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi Hy Lap Ve kinh te:
Viee Dire yeu eau Hy Lap phai tra nhirng chi
phi cho viec chiem ddng da dan den su sup
dd khdng the cim van ciia tien te va toan bd
nen kinh te'' Ca san lupng ndng nghiep va
cdng nghiep deu giam manh, co sd ha tang
eiia he thdng giao thdng (sd dau may va toa
xe lira, nhiing cay cau, ham dudng bd va
dudng sat, cac cang va kenh dao) bi tan pha
gan nhu toan bd'^ Sir chiem ddng eiia quan
dpi phat xit Diic va hau qua tir sir phong tda
ciia quan Ddng minh da tach Hy Lap khdi
nhiing thi trudng qudc te quan trpng, dan den
su mat mat ve doanh thu ciia ca xuat khau va
nhap khau Hon niia, phat xit Diie cdn budc
Hy Lap phai cung iing cho chiing luong thuc
va nhiing nhu yeu pham can thiet, dua den
tinh trang thieu luong thue va khan hiem
hang hda Ciing vdi nd la sir tham hut ngan
sach khdng the tranh khdi trong thdi chien,
day Hy Lap vao nhirng khd khan Idn ve tai
chinh Trong sudt nhiing nam chien tranh
'^ Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 67
'^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2002, trang 39
eae khoan tham hut ngan sach tang len miic khiing khiep: tir chi cd 4% trong nhung nam
1938 1939 len 7 1 % nhimg nam 1941
-1942, 82% nhung nam 1942 - 1943 va 94% nhung nam 1943 - 1944'^ Thii tudng Hy Lap Tsaldaris da canh bao vdi cac ddng minh phuang Tay cua Hy Lap trong mdt cude
phdng van tai Paris rang: " Trie khi ddng drachma Hy Lgp dugc hd trg bdi ngudn vien trg tie Anh, Phdp, My, neu khdng nd se sup
do vdi hdu qud la tinh trgng Igm phdt tai hgi" Trong nhung nam 1945 -1947, tuy
da cd su hd trg tir ben ngoai de giai quyet van de khiing hoang eiia nen kinh te Hy Lap nhung tinh hinh gan nhu khdng cd ehuyen bien gi theo hudng tich cue Den thang 12/1946, toan bd san lupng edng nghiep udc tinh van ehi dat mirc 67% mirc trudc chien tranh'^ Thu nhap qudc gia nam 1947 ehi dat 62,6% miic trudc chien tranh va thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi dat 52,8 ddla My/nam (1947), so vdi miie 90 ddla My nam 1938 (do theo gia tri nam 1938) Ddng drachma mat gia tir 600/bang Anh rdt xudng 20.000/bang Anh^° Gia ban le d Hy Lap dugc ghi nhan tang len 100% vao nam 1946
so vdi mire tang 30% trudc chiln tranh Cac chi sd gia sinh hoat tai Athens da tang tir
'^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 41
'8 Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55
" Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 190
20 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve, Background to contemporary Greece, The Merlin Press, London,
1990, trang 55
Trang 546 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011
19,0 nam 1945 len 145,2 vao nam 1946^'
Du trii vang ciia Ngan hang trung uong Hy
Lap ehi eon 4 trieu ddla My, du trir ddla ehi
dat 150.000 ddla My Mae dii Chinh phii
Anh da cho Hy Lap vay 2 trieu ddla vao
thang 4/1947, nhung nd ciing khdng du de
can bang han sir suy giam ve tai chinh eiia
qudc gia Bancang nay Su bat lire eiia cac
chinh phii Hy Lap trong viec giai quyet
nhiing ddi hdi cap thiet nhat cua nen kinh
te da tao them trd ngai cho sir phuc hdi
Khac vdi tinh trang ciia phan Idn cac qude
gia chau Au, tinh hinh kinh te eiia Hy Lap
khdng nhiing khdng dugc cai thien khi chien
tranh cham dirt, ma ngugc lai ngay lai mdt
tdi te hon Hau qua eua cude Chien tranh the
gidi thii Hai that nang ne Ben canh 500.000
ngudi tren tdng sd 7 trieu dan bi giet ,
nhiing ngudi sdng sdt ciing khdng cd mdt
cude sdng de chiu, ddi va ret day hp vao
bude dudng cimg Ve chinh tri, nhiing nam
cudi va sau Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai da
chimg kien hang loat bat dn Idn d Hy
Lap Trong nhirng nam Hy Lap bi chiem
ddng, cd hai chinh phii dugc hinh thanh, dd
la chinh phii luu vong va chinh phii bii nhin
trong nudc Chinh phii luu vong da khdng
kiem soat dugc tinh hinh chinh tri trong
nudc, nhieu lire lugng khang chien dugc
thanh lap vdi nhieu dudng hudng chinh tri
khac nhau, song Idn manh nhat la lire lugng
Cdng san Cude dau tranh giiia cac lire
lugng ehinh tri dan din su thay ddi lien tuc ciia chinh phii Kl tir khi kit thiie sir chiem ddng eua Due d Hy Lap thang 10 nam 1944 cho den nam 1946, ehinh phii da thay ddi 16 lan^'' Nhiing ehinh phii nay deu rat yeu kem,
cd mdt bd may "tham nhiing, khdng hieu qud, vd ngdy cdng mdt ldng ddn" ^ Su tranh
chap giiia canh ta va canh hiiu da dan den nhirng cude xung dot vii trang hon la hda giai, quyet liet nhat la cude Ndi chien vdng
ba, bat dau tir nam 1946 va keo dai cho den
nam 1949 N exd hpi: Cude khiing hoang ve
kinh te va chinh tri da keo theo nhirng bat dn
ve mat xa hdi Sir thieu thdn ve ngudn luong thuc, thuc pham da day ngudi dan Hy Lap vao tinh trang thieu ddi Ap lire ve ngudn cung cap thi trudng chg den da day gia ca vugt xa thu nhap ciia mdt cdng dan binh thudng Gia ca leo thang da dan tdi nhiing sue ep khdng the tranh khdi ve tien luong Ddi mat vdi nhiing siie ep dd, nhiing chinh phii bii nhin lien tiep da thue hien chinh sach cung cap viec lam va tien trg cap nhu mdt hinh thirc phuc Igi, khien cho bien che nha nudc tang len mdt each dang bao ddng Do dd, cho tdi thang 11/1944, sd lupng lao ddng nha nudc va ngudi dugc hudng trg cap da tang len con sd la 72.000
va 117.000 (con sd tuong ung cho nhiing nam 1938 - 1939 la 53.000 va 87.000) Chinh phii ciing nhan trach nhiem cho hang
2' Jon.V Kofas, Inten'ention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55
22 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), sdd, trang 55
23 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 7 9
2't Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of American 's first Cold War victory
Center for Naval analyses, 2003, trang 6
25 Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An examination of American's first Cold War victoiy,
sdd, trang 6
Trang 6QVtunfj, ithdn te tde itdtiq, 47
nghin ca nhan trong tinh trang bi pha san va
ca nhiing ngudi cd kha nang roi vao tinh
trang chet ddi, do dd bd sung them 80.000
lao ddng va 55.000 ngudi nhan trg cap vao
bien che nha nudc Tdng sd ca nhan true tiep
nhan hd trg ciia nha nudc nhu vay da tang tir
141.000 trude chiln tranh len 324.000^^
Trong tat ea nhirng ngudi ed tien luong,
cdng chirc la nhirng ngudi bi anh hudng Idn
nhat bdi lam phat Cude dau tranh de duy tri
mirc sdng tdi thieu dua den sir sao nhang
trach nhiem va sir tham nhiing thudng
xuyen Ket qua la, nha nudc dan sir Hy Lap
sau chien tranh d trong tinh trang tdi te hon
bat cir thdi gian nao trudc dd Vdi con sd
khdng Id trong bien che nha nudc, hau het
ngudi lao ddng khdng cd viee de lam va chi
nhan tien luong Ti le that nghiep da tang
11% trong khu vuc dd thi trong nhirng nam
1945 - 1947^^ Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi cd viec
gi dd de lam, hp thue hanh cdng viec it hang
hai hon Vao cudi thang 7/1947, thdi gian
lam viee trung binh mdt tuan la 25 tieng Do
dd, rat nhieu ngudi lao ddng da dimg tat ea
phuang tien de lam tang sd tien luong it di
eiia hp Tinh trang tham nliiing tran lan va
kieu kiem tien bang mpi each da gay sir bat
man Idn trong xa hdi Cude sdng eiia ngudi
dan sdng d ndng thdn va mien mii vdn da
khd khan lai cang them khdn cimg Su ddi
ngheo, mit ve sinh va gia tang sir bat binh
26 Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2 0 0 2 , trang 4 5
27 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), Background to
^Q,,(^,„^op/ii-v Crpprp sdd- trans 55 , ,,
trong cdng ddng cu dan ndng thdn, khien khu vuc nay trd thanh manh dat mau md eho cac cude ndi day
Thic ba, su riit lui ciia Anh da tgo ra khodng trdng quyen lice a Hy Lgp Tuy Anh
da can thiep vao cae van de ciia Hy Lap trong sudt hon 130 nam, song vao nam 1945, sir can du ciia Anh bi kim ham bdi nhieu vat can Idn, lam tieu tan mpi tham vpng va tinh toan ciia Anh Anh budc ra khdi cude chien tranh vdi su ngheo ddi va gan nhu pha san
De duy tri cude chien tranh, 36% vdn tu ban cua Anh d nudc ngoai da phai ban trong nhiing nam 1939 - 1945, va chi tieu 33% du trii vang Gia tri xuat khau da giam den 40% mirc trude chien tranh Mac dii cd chuang trinh vay mugn va cac thda thuan khac, song tdng can can thanh toan eiia Anh trong sudt thdi gian ehien tranh van tham hut tdi 10 ti bang Anh, dua tdi nhirng khoan ng qudc te tri gia hon 3,5 ti bang Anh vao eudi nam
1945 Day la mdt khoan ng Idn nhat trong lich sir, vugt xa bat cir nhiing gi phat sinh trong bat cii eugc chien nao khae ma Anh tham gia, va du trir vang va ddla chi cdn 600 trieu bang Chinh phu London bat dau dam phan vdi Washington cho mdt khoan vay vao thang 9/1945 va da dat duge mdt thda thuan vao cudi nam nay Khoan vay nay la 3,75 ti ddla, mien lai suat cho nam nam dau tien va lai hang nSm la 12% cho nam muoi nam tiep
28 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 7 9
29 Jon.V Kofas, sdd, trang 51
30 Athanasios Lykogiannis, sdd, trang 78
Trang 748 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011
theố Nhiing van de kinh te Idn trong nudc
va sir thay đi nhanh chdng trong đi
sdng chinh tri (sir that bai dang kinh ngae
ciia Dang Bao thii ciia Churchill), da lam
giam bdt sire manh kinh te va quan sir ciia
Anh d nudc ngoaị Anh khdng cdn dii kha
nang de giií vi the ciia mdt cudng qudc de
qudc va duy tri nhirng vi tri chien luge tren
toan the gidi cua minh, chdng lai nhiing
thach thirc ciia Lien Xd Dieu dang chii y la
trude khi Hpc thuyet Truman dugc cdng bd,
Anh da san sang chia se "ganh nang Hy Lap"
vdi Mỵ Thang 12/1944, Thii tudng Anh
Churchill da giri mdt thdng diep cho Tdng
thdng My Roosevelt thdng qua Dai
sii MaeVeagh: "Hay ndi vdi dng ta rdng dng
ta cd the giiip đ chiing tdi bdng mpt vdi
cdch ndo dọ Chimg tdi khdng mudn gl tie Hy
Lgp Chimg tdi den đy do Hiep udc vdi
ede nudc Ddng minh de đnh dudi qudn Diec
vd sau do thdy rdng ehiing tdi phdi đu tranh
de bdo ve ngudi đn Aten khdi su tdn sdt
Tdt cd dieu ehimg tdi mudn bdy gid Id bien
khdi nai chet tiet ndy" Cho tdi nam 1947,
ngudi Anh da vd cung that vpng vdi tinh
hinh ngay cang hdn loan ciia Hy Lap va lo
ngai rang mpi viec se trd nen tdi te hon neu
Anh tiep tuc cac chinh sach d đ Thang
2/1947, Anh giri cho My mdt tdi hau thu,
ngudi Anh se riit khdi Hy Lap vao cudi
3' Jon.V Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
-Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State
University Press, ỤS., 1989, trang 52
^" Paul T Calbos, Cold War conflict: American
inten'ention in Greece, Indiana University, 1993,
trang 65
thang 3 nlu My khdng chia se ganh nang vdi
h p " Trong nira diu nam 1947, ngudi Anh eat giam su hien dien quan sir eiia hp d Hy Lap tir 15.000 ngudi xudng cdn 5.000
ngudi Sye rut lui cita Anh tgo ra mpt khodng trdng quyen lice vd ciing lan a khu vice ndy, la ea hdi eho Lien Xd md rpng phgm vi dnh hudng cita minh, vd day thuc sic
la dieu khien My gia tdng sir lo nggị
Nhu vay, bdi canh lich sir trong va ngoai Hy Lap sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai da ed nhiing bien đi manh mẹ Mdt dat nude vdi sir yeu kem ve kinh te, bat dn ve ehinh tri, hdn loan ve xa hdi, lai nam d mgt
vi tri chien luge, rat de bi cdng san tan cdng
da de dga true tiep den Igi ich cua My va cac
nude đng minh Thue te đ bupc My phdi thay đi cdch nhin ve tdm quan trong eua Hy Lgp vd cd nhicng dieu chinh ve chinh sdch cua minh a khu vice ndỵ Cho tdi nhiing nam
trude khi Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai ket thiic My khdng thuc su quan tam tdi khu vuc Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap ndi rieng
My chi thuc hien mdt chinh sach can thiep han ehẹ Trong bdi canh Chinh phii tu san
Hy Lap phai đi phd vat va vdi phong trao
du kich dudi su lanh dao eiia nhiing ngudi Cdng san, ngay cang gap phai nhiing khd khan Idn trong cude ndi chien, tuy nim giu quyin lue, song hp lai khdng phai la lire lugng nim uu the, ma ngugc lai hg d thi hi
33 Martin Eve, Anti-communism and American intervention in Greece, trang 102
3t Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An examination of American's first Cold War victory^
Center for Naval aLiiúviSf; 2003, •,/;.,;aK 5,
Trang 8QfUuinf^ nhdn t/i^td^ ttmig, 49
ddng, phai phdng thu trudc cac cude tin
edng ciia lire lugng eanh ta, ddng thdi su bit
lire cua Chinh phii Anh va sir riit lui ciia Anh
khdi Hy Lap da budc Chinh phii Hy Lap phai
cau eim sir trg giup eiia My Sir can du ciia
My vao edng viec ndi bd cua Hy Lap leo
thang ciing vdi thdi gian Bude di dau tien la
su tang cudng giiip dd ve kinh te Chinh phii
My "bdt ddu cho rdng nhirng su kien dien ra
d Hy Lgp la mpt vi du cu the eho thdy su gdy
hdn vd xdm luge cita Lien Xd ddi vdi nhieng
qudc gia nhd be vd bdt dri'' Thang 2 nam
1947, Dai sii My tai Aten, Lincoln
MaeVeagh, da giri bao cao ve Bd Ngoai giao
My, trong dd da canh bao rang: "Neu Hy Lgp
rai vdo tay ciia Chii nghia Cpng sdn, todn bp
Can Ddng vd mpt phdn Bde Phi chdc ehan se
ndm dudi dnh hudng ciia Xd Viet"
Trong sudt nam 1945 va dau nam 1946,
bat chap ldi keu gpi khan cap ciia MaeVeagh
va sir thue giuc tir Anh de chia se "ganh nang
Hy Lap", chinh sach chinh thiic eua
Washington van " de trdnh khdng can
thiep vdo edng viee npi bp Bancang, vd
khong tham gia bdt ky hogt dpng qudn sie
ndo ed the, ngogi trir lien quan den cuu trg
vd tdi thiet" Tuy nhien, nhirng bien ddng
nhanh chdng ciia tinh hinh qudc te va khu
vuc da budc My thay ddi each nhin nhan ciia
minh Sir phat trien trong nhan thiic ve de
dpa eua ehii nghTa edng san ca trong va ngoai
Hy Lap da ehiing td tim quan trpng eiia viee
dinh hinh lai thai dp cua My Bd Ngoai giao
My da trich dan mdt danh sach dai nhirng hanh ddng chdng Hy Lap do Lien Xd va ddng minh thue hien de chirng minh rang Hy
Lap va Thd NhT Ki tao thanh "chuang nggi vgt duy nhdt cho su thdng tri eiia Lien Xd phia ddng Dia Trung Hdi" va khuyen nghi Washington nen san sang "dua ra cdc bien phdp thich hgp" de bao ve "todn ven lanh thd
vd chinh tri cua Hy Lgp, bao gdm su iing hp
ve ngogi giao vd tinh thdn, su hd trg thiet thiec trong cdc hinh thiec tin dung vd trang thiet bi qudn su" Den dau nam 1947, tinh
than ciia nhung edng van do nhung ngudi
My sdng d Aten giri ve da gieo' hoang mang thue su cho gidi chirc My MaeVeagh ehi ra rang sir ket hgp cua siie ep ben ngoai va tinh trang bat dn ben trong ed kha nang dan den cude each mang va "su kiem soat ciia Lien Xd"; trong khi Mark Ethridge, dai dien cua
My trong Uy ban Dieu tra Lien hgp qudc, so
sanh Hy Lap vdi mdt "qua man chin" cd kha nang rai vao tay Lien Xd chi trong vdng vai tuan^^ Nhiing tin hieu tran day sir hoang mang nay budc Washington tien gan hon tdi hanh ddng cu thi Ngay 21/2/1947, Thir trudng Bd Ngoai giao My, Dean Acheson,
da canh bao ve nhiing hau qua cua viec cho phep Hy Lap roi vao sir thdng tri ciia Lien
Xd ehi dan gian la do "thieu sir hd trg day dii" tir phia My va Anh Dean Acheson eho rang do Anh da khdng the cung cap trang thiet bi quan sir can thiet trong ke hoaeh, nen
My can md rdng hd trg cua minh trong ITnh vuc dd Tren het, dng ta keu ggi mdt du luat
35 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282
36 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 8 2
" Paul T Calbos, sdd, trang 9
38 Paul T Calbos, sdd, trang 4 3 39Athanasios Lykogiannis (2002), sdd, trang 212
Trang 950 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125).2011
dac biet can dugc nhanh chdng thdng qua d
Qudc hdi, cho phep cho mdt khoan vay true
tilp danh cho Hy Lap''" Vdi y thuc cap bach
da bao triim Washington, trong vdng vai
tuin, Hpc thuyet Truman dugc hoan chinh va
bien phap dde toan lue cho chinh sach ngan
chan chii nghTa cdng san, bao vay, cd lap ciia
Lien Xd da dugc thue thi Theo Tdng thdng
Truman "Neu chimg ta that bgi tren the gidi,
nhicng khu vice nhie Hy Lgp, bi suy yeu vd
phdn chia nhie Id mpt ket qua cua chien
tranh, se rai vdo quy dgo Lien Xd md khdng
can nhieu nd lice cita ngudi Nga Su thdnh
cdng cita Nga a nhicng khu vice dd vd su
thieu quan tdm da dtegc thica nhdn ciia
chimg ta se ddn den su phdt trien cua cdc
Ddng Cpng san ben trong cdc nudc chdu Au
nhic Phdp vd Y, nhieng nai dang bi de doa
nghiem trong"'^\ Dieu nay da eho thay sir
• kien quyet ciia chinh quyen Truman trong
viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan den Hy
Lap Ngay 12/3/1947, Tdng thdng Truman
giri den Qudc hdi mdt thdng diep ma sau dd
dugc biet den vdi ten gpi la Hpc thuyet
Truman Ong keu gpi 400 trieu ddla hd trg
kinh te va quan sir eho Hy Lap va Thd NhT
Ky, trong dd 300 trieu ddla dugc danh cho
Hy Lap'^' Tuy nhien, nhiem vii khd khan
ciia Truman va cac cd van ciia dng la phai
thuyet phiic dugc Qudc hdi Su phan ddi den
tir nhimg nha lanh dao My theo chii ngliTa
biet lap Dieu nay la hoan toan cd can cir, bdi
vi hp khdng nhin thay bat cir trien vpng gi
cho sir phuc hdi kinh tl d Hy Lap Trong hai nam dau sau chiln tranh, da ed rat nhieu nd luc cim trg nudc ngoai ddi vdi Hy Lap nhung tinh hinh ngay cang them tram trpng, nhu A W Sheppard da khang dinh trong nghien eim ciia dng ve Hy Lap Trong sudt thang 3 va thang 4, ke hoaeh trg giiip eiia Chinh phii My danh cho Hy Lap va Thd NhT
Ky gay ra nhieu sir tranh cai trong chinh gidi
My, bi nhirng ngudi chdng ddi chi trich
manh me Tham chi hp eon cho rang:"Chii nghia cpng sdn nhic mpt con ngcia pp, nhicng chiing ta dang dtegc yeu cdu gid lien cua ehiing ta den mpt Id hdng - Hy Lgp"
Tuy nhien, vdi viec vien dan rang an ninh ciia My phu thupc vao viec tang cudng cho Hy Lap, Thd NhT Ky va My can gin giir dde lap dan tdc ciia cac nudc nay, Tdng thdng Truman da thanh cdng trong viec thuyet phuc cac nha lanh dao Qudc hdi My
Dd thue sir la mdt budc ngoat trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia My Thugng nghi sT Arthur Vandenberg, Chii tich IJy ban Ddi ngoai Thugng vien va la ngudi theo chu nghTa biet lap trudc day, da trd thanh mdt ngudi iing hd vd dieu kien cho chinh sach mdi va da giup gay anh hudng den hanh ddng ciia Qude hdi Trong mdt la thu eho mdt ddng nghiep tai thdi diem dd, dng ta da
vilt " vdn de cita Hy Lgp khdng the bi cd lap Ngugc Igi, nd ed le Id bieu tugng cita xung dpt y thiec he cpng sdn tren loan the gidi giica chit nghia cpng sdn phia Ddng vd
40 Paul T Calbos, sdd trang 6 8
"1 D i n theo, Paul T Calbos, sdd, trang 6 8
42 Paul Olkhovsky (2003), sdd, trang 5
43 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve , sdd, trang 56
44 Paul T Calbos, sdd, trang 70
Trang 10QfUtu-iifj^ nhau tfitde itanei 51
nen ddn chit phia Tdy md yeu cdu chimg ta
thue hien mpt sd quyit dinh mang tinh dinh
menh vd vuan xc/""*^ Cudi ciing, dudi su
cheo lai ciia Vandenberg, Qude hdi My da
img hd ke hoaeh ciia Tdng thdng Truman
Ngay 22/5/1947, Thugng vien My da thdng
qua de nghi vien trg cho Hy Lap ciia Tdng
thdng Truman My da bat dau chuyen tir mdt
chinh sach can thiep han che va mang tinh hd
trp la chii yeu, sang ehinh sach can thiep mdt
each manh me, toan dien va cd chii dich vao
Hy Lap Chinh phii My da thay dan vai trd
ciia Chinh phii Anh d Hy Lap vdi tu each la
the lire nudc ngoai ed anh hudng chii yeu d
Aten cac phai doan quan sir va chuyen gia
eua My da dam nhiem nhii'ng sir menh va
trpng trach d Hy Lap ma trudc day ngudi
Anh da lam So vdi ngudi Anh, each lam
ciia ngudi My cd nhieu diem khac, "khdn
kheo han, hieu qud han, linh hogt han,
khdng de chdp nhgn ngogi le, ludn dp ddt
cdch ldm ciia ngudi My, khdng quan tdm den
cdc dgc trung ddn tpe"'^^ Nam 1948 la mdt
nam quan trpng ddi vdi cac phe phai trong
cude ndi chien d Hy Lap, mdi ben deu chuan
bi tung ra nhii'ng ddn danh quyet dinh trong
cac cude dimg dp sap dien ra Vdi su trg giiip
tich cue ciia My, quan dpi chinh phii Hy Lap
da duge tang cudng khdng chi ve sd lupng
ma ea kha nang tac ehien va trang bi vii khi
(sd quan tang tir 132.000 len 232.500; ben
canh quan dpi Hy Lap cd su hien dien ciia
nhieu cd vin quan su My; tinh din thang 9
nam 1948, My da cung cap cho quan dpi Hy Lap 140 may bay, 3.890 khau phao cac loai, 97.000 khau sung trudng va 10.000 xe dtd cac loai"*^) Dieu dang ndi la, mac dii Lien Xd phan ddi manh me su trg giiip tren ciia My danh cho Hy Lap, song Lien hgp qudc lai iing hd hanh ddng eiia My
Sir trg giup kinh te, quan su cua My danh cho Chinh phii Hy Lap da ed vai trd quan trpng trong viec quyet dinh sir thanh bai ciia cude ndi chien d Hy Lap Dang Cdng san Hy Lap (KKE) da khdng the ddi mat vdi thach thirc den tir phia My va quan dpi ehinh phii Tuy lire lugng du kieh do Dang Cdng san lanh dao cd nhan dugc su trg giiip ciia Nam Tu va Bungari, song nd khdng dang ke Trong khi dd, chinh phii Lien Xd da khdng danh cho Dang Cdng san Hy Lap bat ky sir trg giiip nao, cdn ban than nha lanh dao Lien
Xd, Stalin, lai mudn cham diit cac cude ndi day do nhii'ng ngudi Cdng san Hy Lap lanh dao vi lo sg sir tac ddng tieu cue ciia nd den ehinh sach ciia Lien Xd d cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi Stalin da td rd thai dp phan ddi ciia minh trong cude gap mat vdi cac nha lanh dao Nam Tu va Bungari nhan dip hp vieng tham Matxcava khi khang dinh ring:
"Nhieng ngudi ndi day khdng ed bdi cic ca hpi thdnh cdng ndo Cdc anh lieu cd tin rdng Anh vd My - nhicng cudng qudc mgnh nhdt the gidi Igi cho phep viec cat did mdt cdc con dudng huyet mgch a Dia Trung Lldi? Dd
la sie ngd ngdn Vd chiing la khdng cd hgm
45 Paul T Calbos, sdd, trang 69
46 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 8 2
47 C M W o o d h o u s e sdd, pp 2 3 5
48 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282 - 2 8 3
49 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 283