Household Oriented Approach For The Optimization Of Resources Management At The Floating Village In Tonle Sap Lake Region, Cambodia.pdf

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN EAM SAM UN HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA[.]

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN

EAM SAM UN

HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION

OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE

IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA

MASTER THESIS

Hanoi - 2011

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN

EAM SAM UN

HOUSEHOLD ORIENTED APPROACH FOR THE OPTIMIZATION

OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AT THE FLOATING VILLAGE

IN TONLE SAP LAKE REGION, CAMBODIA

Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code:

MASTER THESIS

SUPERVISOR: DR ING CATALIN STEFAN

RESP PROFFESOR: PROF DR RER NAT DR H PETER WERNER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My highly appreciation wishes to acknowledge to Dr Ing Catalin Stefan, Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment at the TU Dresden, provided me a great support for making this paper possible and I also contribute of my thanks to alls as following in the accomplishment of this paper existing;

• To Prof Dr –Ing Habil Dr h c Bilitewski and Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Diem Trang, who established the cooperation Master program on “Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment”

• To DAAD Hanoi provided me full support for both living allowance and tuition fee for duration 2 years of study

• To Prof Dr Le Thanh Son, Vice Dean at the Faculty of Chemistry, at the Hanoi University of Science always provided me a support

• To all professors, lecturers, and colleagues at the Hanoi University of Science and the Institute for Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment, at the TU Dresden for all the important assistances

• To Dr Carly Starr who kindly revised this paper with grammar and structures

• To very supportive lovely parents, brothers, and sister, for encouragement and inspiration

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……… i

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… ii

ABBREVIATIONS……….v

LIST OF FIGURES………ix

LIST OF TABLES ………xi

LIST OF ANNEXES……….xii

ABSTRACT……… xiii

Chapter I INTRODUCTION ……… 1

I.1 Tonle Sap Lake Region………1

I.2 Poverty in Tonle Sap Lake Region……… 2

I.3 Objectives of Study ……….4

Chapter II ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONEMNAT RELAVANT FACTORS ……… 5

II.1 Data Mining and Collections……… 5

II.2 Socio-Economic Factors……….….5

II.2.1 Occupation and Income……….… 5

II.2.2 Education……….7

II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption………7

II.2.4 Human Health ……….9

II.2.5 Environmental Pollution………10

II.2.6 Land Use Classification……….10

II.3 Drinking Water Supply and Quality……… 12

II.3.1 Sources of Drinking Water Supply………12

II.3.2 Water Quality in the Tonle Sap Lake ……… 13

II.4 Household Water Treatment Systems (HWTS), Effectiveness and Cost Analysis……… 15

II.4.1 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)……… 16

II.4.2 Boiling Water………17

II.4.3 Flocculation………18

II.4.4 Simple Sand Filter (SSF)……… 19

II.4.5 Chlorination……… 20

II.4.6 Sedimentation………21

II.4.7 Ceramic Filter ……… 21

II.4.8 Bio-sand Filter ……… 23

II.4.9 Effectiveness of HWTS……….26

II.4.10 Cost Analysis of HWTS………28

II.5 Domestic Waste Generation ……….29

II.6 Sanitation Facilities……… 33

Chapter III DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPT FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ……….35

III.1 Optimization of Resources Management……… 35

III.2 Development of a Technical Concept for Safe Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation for Household-scale……… 35

III.2.1 Simple Sand Filter (SSF) and Solar Disinfection (SODIS)…… 35

III.2.2 Sanitation ……… 38

III.3 Development of Waste Management Concepts and Resource Recovery……… 40

III.3.1 3Rs Approach for Organic Waste Management and Agriculture Waste……… 40

III.3.2 Composting………41

III.3.3 Biogas Production……….42

III.3.4 Char Briquette Production……….43

III.4 Development of Socio-Economic……… 46

III.5 Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Technical and Socio-Economic Developments……… 50

III.5.1 Composting……… … 50

III.5.2 Biogas Production……… 53

III.5.3 Char Briquette……….56

Chapter IV CONCLUSIONS……… 58

IV.1 Socio-Economic Development……… 58

IV.1.1 Household’s Income……… 58

IV.1.2 Household Cost Expenditure……….59

IV.1.3 Household’s Time Expending……… 60

IV.2 Household’s GHG Emission ……….…61

REFERENCES ……….62

ANNEXES……….65

ABBREVIATIONS

Acronyms

3Rs : Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce

AUNP : Asian EU-University Network Program

AWWA : American Water Works Association

CWP : Ceramic Water Purifier

DDT : Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

EAWAG : Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science

EJF : Environmental Justice Foundation

HWTS : Household Water Treatment System

IDE : International Development Enterprise

IGES : Institute for Global Environmental Strategies IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NaOCl : Sodium hypochlorite

NBP : National Biogas Program

NIS : National Institute for Statistic

POPs : Persistent Organic Pollutants

RACHA : Reproductive and Child Health Allience

SANDEC : Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries

SODIS : Solar Disinfection

TCPMe : Tri 4-chlorophenyl methane

UNDP : United Nations Development Program

UNEP : United Nations Environment Protection

UNICEF : United Nations for Children’s Fund

USAID : United States Agency for International Development

WaterSHED : Water Sanitation Health Environment Development

Dimensions

µg/L : Microgram per litter

g/m3 : Gram per cubic meter

gCH4/kg waste : Gram methane per kilogram waste

Kg/hh/yr : Kilogram per household per year Kg/p/d : Kilogram per capital per day

L/hh/d : Litter per household per day L/min : Litter per minute

mg/L : Milligram per litter

t TN/yr : Ton Total Nitrogen per year

t TP/yr : Ton total phosphorous per year

TCO2E : Ton carbon dioxide equivalent US$/ha : US Dollar per hectare

US$/hh/yr : US Dollar per household per year

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Tonle Sap Lake Region with five zones classification……… …2

Figure 2: Scheme of cycle of poverty and sanitation………3

Figure 3: Occupation among population in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage……… 6

Figure 4: Income from sectors in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage……… 6

Figure 5: Education Level in the Tonle Sap Lake Region……… 7

Figure 6: Sources of energy for cooking……… …8

Figure 7: Sources of energy for lightening……… ………9

Figure 8: Sources of drinking water……… ………12

Figure 9: Solar Disinfection ……… ……… 16

Figure 10: Simple Sand Filter.……… ……… 19

Figure 11: Ceramic Water Purifier (CWP) ……… ……… 22

Figure 12: Bio-sand filter design components……… 24

Figure 13: Comparative cost production of HWTS per household per year ……… 29

Figure 14: Characterization of domestic waste in Siem Reap Province………30

Figure 15: Toilet Facility in Tonle Sap LakeRegion……… … ……34

Figure 16: Comparison of time spending between baseline–boiling water and optimized-SODIS/SSF……… ……… …36

Figure17: Comparison of cost production between baseline-boiling water and optimized-SSF/SODIS……… ……… ………37

Figure 18: GHG Emission from baseline-boiling water and optimized-SODIS/SSF …… ……37

Figure19: Complete single pit……… ……….39

Figure 20: Nutrient recovery from human waste……… ………39

Figure 21: Schematic of composting equation……… ……….…….41

Figure 22: Conversion of organic material without oxygen……… … 42

Figure 23: Influence factors on biogas and methane yield……….… …43

Figure 24: Kiln for powder making with burning process……….… …44

Figure25: Powder compressor for briquette making……… … ……44

Figure 26: Paper brick maker from paper waste ……… ………44

Figure 27: Material balance of mushroom growthsectors……… … …47

Figure 28: Comparison of income between baseline- farming, baseline-fishing, baseline-service, baseline-trade and optimized-mushroom……… ……… ……49

Figure 29: Comparison of mass reduction within baseline- before and optimized-after mushroom Growth……… ……… ……50

Figure 30: Cost benefit of compost per ton……… ………51

Figure 31: Default value of GHG emission from composting gCH4/kg waste ………51

Figure 32:Comparison of rice yield between baseline scenario and optimized scenario ………53

Figure 33: Capital cost of biogas systems in Cambodia ……… ……54

Figure 34: Comparison cost analysis between firewood and biogas……….…54

Figure 35: Comparison time spending for cooking and firewood consumption baseline scenario and optimized scenario of biogas system……… ……… 55

Figure 36: GHG Emission from baseline-firewood and optimized biogas for cooking…………56

Figure 37: Comparison of expense for baseline-firewood and optimized-char briquette…….…57

Figure 38: Comparison of GHG emission between baseline-firewood and optimized- char briquette……… ……… ….…57

Figure 39: Income generation between baseline and optimized scenario……… 58

Figure 40: Cost expenditure from household indicators………59

Figure 41: Household’s time spending for fuel cooking and water supply between baseline and optimized scenario……… …60

Figure 42: GHG emission from each household……….61

LIST OF TABLES Table1: Land use classification ……… ……… 11 Table 1: Water quality parameters in the Tonle Sap Lake……… …….14 Table 3: Summary of potential effective by HWTS……… ……… 28 Table 4: The volume and nutrient loading of water consumption in household (g/m3) ……… 31

Table 5: Human waste flow……… ………32

Table 6: Agricultural waste generation from Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, and Zone 4 ………….…33 Table 7: Characteristics of biogas composition……… ……… 42Table 8: Fuel Characteristics……… ……… 45Table 9: Economic characteristic of mushroom production during 6 moths……… … 48

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex1-Socio-economic indicators……… 65

Annex1-1 Components of Service Occupation in the region………65

Annex 1.2 Income from fishing……….65

Annex 1.3 Income from farming………65

Annex1.4: Income from trade………66

Annex15: Income from services………66

Annex 1.6: Income generation from total zones………67

Annex 1.7: Income generation from total zones by percentages……… 67

Annex2: Sources of energy consumption……… 68

Annex2.1: Energy for cooking……… 69

Annex2.2: Energy for lightening……… 69

Annex3: Drinking Water Supply –cost estimation ……… 70

Annex4: Fuel consumption and emission factors by household (Calculation by Shipbuilding GHG Emission Inventory Tool)………70

Annex5: Agricultural and household waste materials ……… 71

Annex6: Drinking Water Quality Index ……… 73

Annex 7: Household water treatment system (HWTS) for drinking water……… 74

Annex 8: Sanitation facility……… 74

ABSTRACT Tonle Sap Lake is known as a rich in natural resources where it engages the high population contribution throughout the floodplain up to 1.2 million and approximately 4.2 million in total of the region, and makes up the distribution density in average 58 persons per square kilometer Due to the high proportion of population depend on existing resources; fishing and farming are majority of region up to 70%, and has resulted 42.8% living in the poverty in the area A large number of floating villages in floodplain live in low income generation from farming and fishing; likewise, inadequate to access safe water supply, lack sanitation system, and poor understanding of environmental impacts, the Tonle Sap Lake basin is alarming to call for the sustainable management in terms of human health, socio-economic, and environmental issues Thus, the purpose of this paper is analysis of human and environmental relevant factors includes socio-economic, drinking water, sanitation system, and domestic waste Based on this relevant factor analysis, the key tasks are to develop a concept for optimization of household oriented resources and compile the oriented guideline for local community use As a result, it is indicated that mushroom is feasible option for socio-economic development up to 10,210 US$/hh/yr compare to baseline scenario comprised only 2,732.75US$/hh/yr or 5 times increasing The optimization scenario for the drinking water supply is SODIS and SSF, sanitation is dry toilet with single pit or bucket, and waste management is compost, biogas, and char briquette Those methods are recommended to use in the basin due to their not only low cost production, but also flexible, less time spending, and environmental- friendly In average of cost expenditure from each household is estimated that 107.5US$/hh/yr and it is reduced to 71.96US$/hh/yr respectively Time spending is also significantly reduced regarding to the optimization scenario

up to 935.5hrs/hh/yr if compare to the baseline scenario 1498.5hrs/hh/yr GHG emission from household oriented are 6.42TCO2E/yr, whilst, the application of the optimized scenario is reduced to 0.59 TCO2E/hh/yr

Chapter I INTRODUCTION

Tonle Sap Lake is known as a largest lake in Southeast Asia It lies on the central plain ofCambodia where it covers 85 620km2 of land (Figure 1) The lake connects to the Mekong River

by the Tonle Sap River which is 120km long (Sokhem, P., & Sunada, K., 2006) As a complexity

of flowing and inter-linkage, the lake changes in size and volume depending on the season.During the wet season, the depth of the lake can rise from 1m up to 10 m Meanwhile, thesurface area enlarges from 2500km2 up to 15 000km2, extending the lake over the floodplainconsisting of flooded forests, shrubs, and rice field (Keskinen, M, 2006) The variation of watervolume in the lake is influenced by the increasing water level from the Mekong River where itcauses reversed flow of the Tonle Sap River during the wet season During the dry season, theTonle Sap Lake is reversed again and starts to empty into Mekong River

The extraordinary water regime of the Tonle Sap Lake and Tonle Sap River has providedoccasionally to biodiversity and highly productive aquatic food chain The migration of variousfish species and aquatic animals between the Tonle Sap Lake and the Mekong River is highlyremarkable due to the suitable conditions for feeding food, breeding and nursing in the floodedforest or shrubs The adult fish or aquatic animals might be moved to the Mekong River orhabitant in the lake throughout the year (Lamberts, 2006) More than 1.2 million people live inthe floodplain by deeply depending on the fishery and other existed resources Furthermore, it isestimated that an approximately half of total country’s population is direct or indirectlybeneficially from the lake’s resources Though, the rich of fisheries, forestry and water sourcesthat encourages the high opportunity for floating rice, seasonal rice cultivation and aquaculture, alarge number of population still live in a poverty

I.2 Poverty in the Tonle Sap Lake Region

Despite of the abundant natural resources, livelihoods in the Tonle Sap Lake region is known asthe poorest part of the country due to the strong dependences on the existing resources in thearea, and more than 70% of labor force employs in agriculture Rich in resources, it is engagedhigher proportion of population in floodplain more than 1.2 million and more than 4.2 million inthe Tonle Sap Lake region However, the high dependence on natural resources for dailylivelihoods has resulted in 42.8% of the population live in poverty in the basin (Malin M, 2009).The high poverty rate in this area is partially from unequal access to natural resources,insufficient rights for land usage, and less opportunity to increase productivity (Keskinen, M,2006) Living with a low income generation, the population lack food security and clean water;however, it is high aspect of poor awareness to pollute water and surrounding environment fromthe population The most significantly, in the floating community in the floodplain of Tonle SapLake region is appeared strongly closed to water resources for domestic consumption anddumping site for their household waste including excreta The high pollution is alarming, withFigure 1: Tonle Sap Lake Region with five zones classification ( Joha, S and J Koponen, 2003)

increased incidents of diarrhea, up to 22.4% in Tonle Sap Lake region (NIS, 2004), 54.1% inchildren under 5 years old in case study among 123 samples in the Chong Khnea District, SiemReap Province (USAID and RACHA, 2009), and is the known as cause death of children under 5

in 7% of cases (WHO, 2011) 81% of households in the floating villages in the Tonle Sap basincurrently have no sanitation system (NIS, 1998), and there is a low awareness of hygiene in thisarea The high incident of diarrhea among these populations requires both water and sanitationintervention to reduce human health risks that endangers the lives of adults and children As

shown in Figure 2 there is a strong link between poverty and poor sanitation The improved

sanitation may help to break the cycle by stopping human excreta entering the environment in away that influences human health Overcrowded, bad drainage, polluted water, unreliable andinsufficient water supplies and poor sanitation all contribute to poor health (Rebecca S, 2003)

Figure 2: Scheme of cycle of poverty and sanitation (Rebecca S., 2003)

increased incidents of diarrhea, up to 22.4% in Tonle Sap Lake region (NIS, 2004), 54.1% inchildren under 5 years old in case study among 123 samples in the Chong Khnea District, SiemReap Province (USAID and RACHA, 2009), and is the known as cause death of children under 5

in 7% of cases (WHO, 2011) 81% of households in the floating villages in the Tonle Sap basincurrently have no sanitation system (NIS, 1998), and there is a low awareness of hygiene in thisarea The high incident of diarrhea among these populations requires both water and sanitationintervention to reduce human health risks that endangers the lives of adults and children As

shown in Figure 2 there is a strong link between poverty and poor sanitation The improved

sanitation may help to break the cycle by stopping human excreta entering the environment in away that influences human health Overcrowded, bad drainage, polluted water, unreliable andinsufficient water supplies and poor sanitation all contribute to poor health (Rebecca S, 2003)

Figure 2: Scheme of cycle of poverty and sanitation (Rebecca S., 2003)

increased incidents of diarrhea, up to 22.4% in Tonle Sap Lake region (NIS, 2004), 54.1% inchildren under 5 years old in case study among 123 samples in the Chong Khnea District, SiemReap Province (USAID and RACHA, 2009), and is the known as cause death of children under 5

in 7% of cases (WHO, 2011) 81% of households in the floating villages in the Tonle Sap basincurrently have no sanitation system (NIS, 1998), and there is a low awareness of hygiene in thisarea The high incident of diarrhea among these populations requires both water and sanitationintervention to reduce human health risks that endangers the lives of adults and children As

shown in Figure 2 there is a strong link between poverty and poor sanitation The improved

sanitation may help to break the cycle by stopping human excreta entering the environment in away that influences human health Overcrowded, bad drainage, polluted water, unreliable andinsufficient water supplies and poor sanitation all contribute to poor health (Rebecca S, 2003)

Figure 2: Scheme of cycle of poverty and sanitation (Rebecca S., 2003)

Given characterization of Tonle Sap Lake region, livelihoods is significantly dependent onfisheries, forestry, water sources and rice cultivation; however, it is still high proportion living inpoverty that encourages the high rate of human health risks Likewise, it is partially from lack ofcleaned water supply, low sanitation and hygienic promotion program, and lack domestic wastemanagement from household Thus, it is an essential for this master thesis aims to address thelocal resources management in terms of human health, environmental impact, and socio-economic welfare for floating villages in Tonle Sap Lake region by analyzing of human andenvironmental relevant factors including socio-economic, water supply, sanitation, and domesticwaste management Based on these factors, it is essential to develop a concept for theoptimization of resources management The compilation of household oriented guidelines is alsoimplanted for local community practices.

The terms of human health, environmental impact and socio-economic aspects, this mainlystudy’s purposes are concluded into three tasks;

Task I: Analyze of human and environmental relevant sectors by focusing on socio-economic,water supply, sanitation, and domestic waste management for household level

Task II: The study is to develop the concepts for optimization of resources management in region

by focusing on four main indicators description in Task I and;

Task III: Compiled the oriented guidelines for best practices in local community at the Tonle SapLake region

Chapter II ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL

RELEVENT SECTORS

II.1 Data Collection

The methods of study are assessments of both human and environmental databases, focusing onrelevant factors included socio-economic, water supply, sanitation, and waste management in theregion Database analysis based on the reports from local organizations, government, andinternational organizations will be assessed Each sector is defined by the baseline scenarios andoptimized scenarios based on indicators In particular, time, cost, green house gas emission,nutrient recovery, and water quality are determined for the optimization of resources

II.2.1 Occupation and Income

According to NIS (1998), employment in the Tonle Sap Lake Region is classified intoagriculture, small trade, fishing and services Agriculture is related to rice farming, floating rice,dry and wet rice farming and crops in which it plays the major roles in the total region (63.4%).The trade makes up 12%, fishing 5.7% and service 5.9% (Figure 3) Small trade is the activities

of small businesses in the region and includes shops, selling fish, and other trade Serviceoccupation is mentioned on the providing service sectors such as; motor taxi, boat service,restaurants, guest house, battery charging shop, rice milling sectors, workers and other service.The occupation varied from zone 1 to zone 5 In the zone 1, fishing activities raise up to 55%which is higher than other zones For zone 2, zone3, and zone 4 has found that agriculture issignificant jobs in these zones (average 80%) However, in zone 5 is the urban area, amongpopulation preferred the provided service (30%) and trade (30%)

Figure 3: Occupation among population in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998)

Depending on the NIS (1998) and ADB survey (2008), it is important to estimate the incomefrom each activity in the region The farming activities can result in income less than otheractivities (832 US $/hh/yr) This result is defined by total cost of rice yields minus total cost ofproduction On the other hand, the income from fishing, service and trade are ranged from 1596

US $/hh/yr, 4,093.21 US $/hh/yr and 4,409.81US$/hh/yr The total income for the region isshown in (Figure 4) All zones, trade and farming is ranging in highest percentage (38%), 17%for service, 7% for fishing The income from zone 1, fishing (47%) is potential function in totalregion if compare to other sectors, however, for zone 2, zone 3, and zone 4, agriculture are moresignificant(average 59.66%)

Figure 4: Income from sectors in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998, ADB 2008)

Figure 3: Occupation among population in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998)

Depending on the NIS (1998) and ADB survey (2008), it is important to estimate the incomefrom each activity in the region The farming activities can result in income less than otheractivities (832 US $/hh/yr) This result is defined by total cost of rice yields minus total cost ofproduction On the other hand, the income from fishing, service and trade are ranged from 1596

US $/hh/yr, 4,093.21 US $/hh/yr and 4,409.81US$/hh/yr The total income for the region isshown in (Figure 4) All zones, trade and farming is ranging in highest percentage (38%), 17%for service, 7% for fishing The income from zone 1, fishing (47%) is potential function in totalregion if compare to other sectors, however, for zone 2, zone 3, and zone 4, agriculture are moresignificant(average 59.66%)

Figure 4: Income from sectors in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998, ADB 2008)

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 26.1

21.5 55.2

706347

33167

249192647

38

1618141143

17

Figure 3: Occupation among population in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998)

Depending on the NIS (1998) and ADB survey (2008), it is important to estimate the incomefrom each activity in the region The farming activities can result in income less than otheractivities (832 US $/hh/yr) This result is defined by total cost of rice yields minus total cost ofproduction On the other hand, the income from fishing, service and trade are ranged from 1596

US $/hh/yr, 4,093.21 US $/hh/yr and 4,409.81US$/hh/yr The total income for the region isshown in (Figure 4) All zones, trade and farming is ranging in highest percentage (38%), 17%for service, 7% for fishing The income from zone 1, fishing (47%) is potential function in totalregion if compare to other sectors, however, for zone 2, zone 3, and zone 4, agriculture are moresignificant(average 59.66%)

Figure 4: Income from sectors in the Tonle Sap Lake Region by percentage (NIS 1998, ADB 2008)

Services Trade Fishing Agriculture

FarmingFishingTradeService

II.2.2 Education

There is low literature rate in the region Due to poverty, only 11.7% of girls attend school infrom grade 6- 12 across all zones For boys, the opportunity to attend school is significantlyhigher than girls with 40% attending from grade 6-12 The distinct relationship between literacy

in males and females is gender issue Females are required to spend more time assisting in home,

whilst males are considered more responsible for generation income Figure 5 shows more detail

literacy from zone 1 to zone 5 The relationship between poverty and literacy is declined Zone 1

to zone 4 is lower income (mostly farming and fishing) community which has lower education.However, Zone 5 has a higher and easier access to school, and the rate is significantly higher

Figure 5: Education Level in the Tonle Sap Lake Region (NIS 1998)

II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption

Sources of Energy for Cooking

In Cambodia, 83% of the population use firewood for cooking, 9% use charcoal, and 9% rely onLPG (NIS 2008) Cooking with an old custom stove, firewood is a major source for burning ineach household across the country Figure 6 shows that, about 90% from Zone 1 to zone 4commonly use firewood; this is because in rural areas it is most accessible sources Only 80% in

Never

6-12

>12 Never

6-12

>12

37.5 40 5.4 47.2 11.7 1.9

17.5 1.2

1

0.4 7.3

in males and females is gender issue Females are required to spend more time assisting in home,

whilst males are considered more responsible for generation income Figure 5 shows more detail

literacy from zone 1 to zone 5 The relationship between poverty and literacy is declined Zone 1

to zone 4 is lower income (mostly farming and fishing) community which has lower education.However, Zone 5 has a higher and easier access to school, and the rate is significantly higher

Figure 5: Education Level in the Tonle Sap Lake Region (NIS 1998)

II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption

Sources of Energy for Cooking

In Cambodia, 83% of the population use firewood for cooking, 9% use charcoal, and 9% rely onLPG (NIS 2008) Cooking with an old custom stove, firewood is a major source for burning ineach household across the country Figure 6 shows that, about 90% from Zone 1 to zone 4commonly use firewood; this is because in rural areas it is most accessible sources Only 80% in

57.1 17.5 1.2 66.3 0.4

44.5 20

0.8

54.4 0.3

41.1 31.1

2

51.2 15.2

0.7

38.7 36.5

3.6

48.8 19.6

1.2

25 63.3 13.2

34 41

in males and females is gender issue Females are required to spend more time assisting in home,

whilst males are considered more responsible for generation income Figure 5 shows more detail

literacy from zone 1 to zone 5 The relationship between poverty and literacy is declined Zone 1

to zone 4 is lower income (mostly farming and fishing) community which has lower education.However, Zone 5 has a higher and easier access to school, and the rate is significantly higher

Figure 5: Education Level in the Tonle Sap Lake Region (NIS 1998)

II.2.3 Sources of Energy for Consumption

Sources of Energy for Cooking

In Cambodia, 83% of the population use firewood for cooking, 9% use charcoal, and 9% rely onLPG (NIS 2008) Cooking with an old custom stove, firewood is a major source for burning ineach household across the country Figure 6 shows that, about 90% from Zone 1 to zone 4commonly use firewood; this is because in rural areas it is most accessible sources Only 80% in

100%

All zones Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone4 Zone 5 Male

Female

Zone 5, firewood is used, however, about 15% in this zone is replaced by charcoal LPG andCharcoal are considered popular energy sources for cooking across the zones in the region.

Figure 6: Sources of energy for cooking (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

Sources of Energy for Lightening

NIS (1998) reported that popular sources of energy for lightening in Cambodian concluded leadacid batteries (38%), kerosene lamps (36%) and public-provided electricity power (23%).However, public-provided electricity power can only provide 15.5% of the population across thezones, and especially in zone 5 (42.8%, urban area) of the Tonle Sap Lake Region.Approximately 77% of household use kerosene lamps in all zones; zone 1 65.5%, Zone 2 97%,zone 3 92.3%, and zone 4 85.4%, (Figure7)

Figure 6: Sources of energy for cooking (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

Sources of Energy for Lightening

NIS (1998) reported that popular sources of energy for lightening in Cambodian concluded leadacid batteries (38%), kerosene lamps (36%) and public-provided electricity power (23%).However, public-provided electricity power can only provide 15.5% of the population across thezones, and especially in zone 5 (42.8%, urban area) of the Tonle Sap Lake Region.Approximately 77% of household use kerosene lamps in all zones; zone 1 65.5%, Zone 2 97%,zone 3 92.3%, and zone 4 85.4%, (Figure7)

83 92.7 95.5 96.2 97.4 95.5 81.8

9 4.6 3.1 0.1 0.4 1.8 14.9

9 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sources of Energy for Cooking

Zone 5, firewood is used, however, about 15% in this zone is replaced by charcoal LPG andCharcoal are considered popular energy sources for cooking across the zones in the region

Figure 6: Sources of energy for cooking (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

Sources of Energy for Lightening

NIS (1998) reported that popular sources of energy for lightening in Cambodian concluded leadacid batteries (38%), kerosene lamps (36%) and public-provided electricity power (23%).However, public-provided electricity power can only provide 15.5% of the population across thezones, and especially in zone 5 (42.8%, urban area) of the Tonle Sap Lake Region.Approximately 77% of household use kerosene lamps in all zones; zone 1 65.5%, Zone 2 97%,zone 3 92.3%, and zone 4 85.4%, (Figure7)

4.6 3.1 0.1 0.4 1.8

9 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 7: Sources of energy for lightening (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

II.2.4 Human Health

Surveys in Chong Khneas District, Siem Reap Province in Cambodia, by USAID and RACHA,(2009) reported that amongst 123 children, 54.1% were infected by diarrheal disease 60% ofchildren become sick from drinking the lake water, 50% who drink house hold filtered water,44.4% for children who drink boiling water, and 38% for children who drink purified water Inthis resident area, the majority of households have no toilet 88.8% and their faecal wastes aredisposed directly into river or lake

Likewise, NIS, (2001) reported that the Tonle Sap Lake Area is covered by large surface water

disease occurred across the population 4, 109, 137 Similarity, Tep Chhakda et al., (2006) hasindicated the information in the same region, approximately 44.5% of 1,584 samples has infected

by diarrhea The risk factors caused of persons who directly contact with the contaminated waterand eliminate pathogens into water; 68.1% no latrines at home, 35.4% recreational swimming,8% fishing, 32.6% wearing shoes, and 65.2% wearing shoes during defecation

Cambodia

All zones

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

23 15.5 5 1.2 3.8 9.5

1 2.3 2.5

Sources of Energy for Lightening

Publicly-Provided Electricity PowerBatteries

Figure 7: Sources of energy for lightening (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

II.2.4 Human Health

Surveys in Chong Khneas District, Siem Reap Province in Cambodia, by USAID and RACHA,(2009) reported that amongst 123 children, 54.1% were infected by diarrheal disease 60% ofchildren become sick from drinking the lake water, 50% who drink house hold filtered water,44.4% for children who drink boiling water, and 38% for children who drink purified water Inthis resident area, the majority of households have no toilet 88.8% and their faecal wastes aredisposed directly into river or lake

Likewise, NIS, (2001) reported that the Tonle Sap Lake Area is covered by large surface water

disease occurred across the population 4, 109, 137 Similarity, Tep Chhakda et al., (2006) hasindicated the information in the same region, approximately 44.5% of 1,584 samples has infected

by diarrhea The risk factors caused of persons who directly contact with the contaminated waterand eliminate pathogens into water; 68.1% no latrines at home, 35.4% recreational swimming,8% fishing, 32.6% wearing shoes, and 65.2% wearing shoes during defecation

23

42.8

38 3.8

22.8

2.5

3.7

36 76.9

65.5 97

92.3 85.4

45.3

Sources of Energy for Lightening

Kerosene lamp

Figure 7: Sources of energy for lightening (NIS, 1998 and NIS, 2008)

II.2.4 Human Health

Surveys in Chong Khneas District, Siem Reap Province in Cambodia, by USAID and RACHA,(2009) reported that amongst 123 children, 54.1% were infected by diarrheal disease 60% ofchildren become sick from drinking the lake water, 50% who drink house hold filtered water,44.4% for children who drink boiling water, and 38% for children who drink purified water Inthis resident area, the majority of households have no toilet 88.8% and their faecal wastes aredisposed directly into river or lake

Likewise, NIS, (2001) reported that the Tonle Sap Lake Area is covered by large surface water

disease occurred across the population 4, 109, 137 Similarity, Tep Chhakda et al., (2006) hasindicated the information in the same region, approximately 44.5% of 1,584 samples has infected

by diarrhea The risk factors caused of persons who directly contact with the contaminated waterand eliminate pathogens into water; 68.1% no latrines at home, 35.4% recreational swimming,8% fishing, 32.6% wearing shoes, and 65.2% wearing shoes during defecation

100%

Privately generated electricity