Exercise 2 Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences 1 Due to the low rate of new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around A build B building C to build D builds.
Trang 1Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
1 Due to the low rate of new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around
A build B building C to build D builds
2 Tenants should be given the to buy their houses if they like
A time B occasion C condition D opportunity
3 Council housing controversial political issues
A have risen B have aroused C has aroused D has risen
4 The rise in the price of housing has made extremely difficult for young
married couples
A house-buying C houses-buying B buying-house D buying-houses
5 A set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants
A complication B complicated C complicate D complicating
6 Some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this from the building society
A are borrowing B borrows C is borrowed D are borrowed
7 In the London area the of houses doubled in about two years
8 People who already own houses have not been too affected
9 Many people live in council flats or houses, these are by the local council and rented out
10 prices have levelled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels
1 If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them the final design
2 During the building period, the client pays the from the contractor
3 The architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that the materials specified in the contract
A being used B be used C are being used D is being used
4 The contractor must correct any defects appear in the fabric of the building
5 After visiting the site, the architect gives a estimate of the cost to the client for his approval
6 When the contractor completes the building, the client will it
7 The architect helps the client to a contract between the client and the contractor
8 When all the defects have been corrected, the client full possession of the building
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Trang 29 The shows the exact dimension of every part of the building.
A contract B final design C preliminary plan D A&B
10 The entrance which is on the south side leads into a hall
1 The air temperature is never
A excessive B excessively C excess D exceed
2 Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain benefit from the prevailing wind
3 Consequently, houses to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other
4 Walls should be very thick and made of heat materials
5 In this climate the rooms of houses must have shade and ventilation
6 However, at night the clear skies permit a amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space
A considering B considerable C consider D considered
7 They are used primarily for screening insects and for their wind penetration qualities
8 There is very little seasonal variation the year
9 Two marked seasons a hot and a slightly cooler period
10 The tropical regions of the earth can into three major climatic zones
1 Building components are made building materials
2 We can see how this works by three different types of construction
A considering B consider C considerable D considerate
3 In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete are put together solidwalls
4 Sheet materials are used to form walls, act as both space dividers and structural support
5 In the first way they are used to the loads on a building
6 Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed
A structural B structure C structuring D structures
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Trang 3
t.io/-hanhtu#nga:-7 The buildings made of sheet materials are and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks
8 Block and materials can be used for building components which have the function osupporting structures and dividing spaces
9 Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way which it is used
10 In the second way they are used as in a building
A space-dividers B dividing-space C space-dividing D divider-spaces
Exercise 3: Fill in the gap with the correct form of the given word to complete the
sentences.
1 People who already own houses have not been too Badly affected (BAD)
2 The money for houses is borrowed from the building society and is Paid back over
twenty or thirty years
(PAY)
3 Some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or
Unfurnished
(FURNISH)
4 Though the government and charities have been trying hard to Remedy this situation,
there are still immense problems
(REMEDIAL)
5 Many people have been living in Overcrowded buildings of a low standard (OVERCROWD)
6 There are three basic forms of Accommodation
7 Due to the Expending population, there have not been enough houses to go around (EXPAND)
8 Council housing has aroused controversial Political issues (POLITICS)
9 There are still immense housing problems, Particularly around the centers of the
large cities
1 Several building Contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the
building
(CONTRACT)
2 Finally when all the defects have been corrected, the client takes full possession of the
building
(FINAL)
3 The architect makes Periodic inspections to make sure that the building
is being constructed according to his plans
(PERIOD)
4 When an architect receives a commission for a building, he meet the client and
discusses his Requirements
(REQUIRE)
5 The architect assists his client in Selecting the best contractor (SELECTION)
6 For six months after Completion there is a period known as the "defect liability
period"
(COMPLETE)
7 The architect submits preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost to the client
for his Approval
(APPROVE)
8 The contractor is Responsible for correcting any faults in the "defect liability period".(RESPONSIBILITY)
Trang 49 A terrace is Situated outside the living room (SITUATE)
2 Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between Approximately
15° and 30° north and south of the equator
(APPROXIMATE
4 Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as
5 Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the Tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn
(TROPICAL)
6 During the day there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high Intensity of direct
solar radiation
(INTENSIVE)
7 At night the clear skies permit a Considerable amount of heat to be reradiated
to outer space
(CONSIDER)
9 Approximately 2-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm- Humid (HUMIDITY)
2 These materials are heavy, however, they can support the structural loads because they
have the property of high
Compressive Strength
(STRONG)
4 We can see how this works by considering Different types of construction. (DIFFER)
5 Sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space Dividers and
structural support
(DIVIDE)
6 These buildings are lighter and faster to Constructor CONSTRUCTION)
7 Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and Fixed
together to form a building
(FIX)
8 Rod materials with high tensile and Compressive strength (COMPRESS)
9 Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is
Related to the way in which it is used.
(RELATION)
10 Sand is also used as a part of the concrete Mixture (MIX)
1 Distribution pipes which are Buried in the streets take the water to the houses,
factories, and offices
(BURY)
2 The storage reservoir by its Existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less
expensive
(EXIST)
3 The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the Estimated population (ESTIMATE)
4 A water supply for a town usually includes a Storage reservoir at the source of the
supply
(STORE)
5 The distribution reservoir Similarly allows the pipeline and pumps to be smaller and
cheaper
(SIMILAR)
6 Water engineers must study the water Consumption per person in their own country (CONSUME)
Trang 57 The Chosen water use per head must be multiplied by the estimated population (CHOOSE)
8 Raw water is water that requires Treatment before it can be used for drinking (TREAT)
9 Service pipe is a pipe Connecting a building to a water main (CONNECT)
10 Water tower is a tower into which water is pumped to a sufficient Height (HIGH)
11 One modern method of disposing of trash and domestic wastes is Recycling (RECYCLE)
12 Some kinds of trash can be collected Separately such as: glass, newspapers, and
aluminum cans
(SEPARATE)
Exercise 4: Use the following sets of words and phrases below to write complete sentences.
1 Due / age / many / existing house/, there / be / not / enough houses / go around / two years
Due to the age of many existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around for 2y
2 Some people / own / house / or / flat/, often / money / this / be / borrow / building society
some people own their own houses or flats, often the money for this is borrowed from the building society
3 past few years/ housing / Britain / be / problem / many aspect
In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects
4 Other people / rent accommodation / private landlord/, either furnished / unfurnished
other people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished.
5 Although / prices / level off/ several years/, they / unlikely / return / earlier levels
Although prices have levelled off for several years, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels
6 Many people / live / council flat/ or / house/, these / owned / by / local council
many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council
7 further problem / since / about 1970 / be / tremendous rise / the / price / housing
A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing
8 People / have / live / overcrowded building / low standard / 10 / year / ago
people have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard
9 There / many / form / accommodation / Britain / nowadays
there are many forms of accommodation in britain nowadays
10 The university / serve / place / for / educate / 800 / studentj / a year
the university serves places for educating 800 students per year
1 tropical / region/ earth/ can/ divide/ three/major / climatic zone
The tropical regions of the earth can be divided three major climate zone
2 House /designed/ be suitable/ one season/ may/ unsuitable/the other
House designed to be suitable for one season maybe unsuitable for the other
3 Usually house/ have / open layout /so/ they /can /gain /maximum benefit/ prevailing wind
Usually house have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind
4 Walls / here / used /primarily /screening /insects /and / wind penetration qualities
Walls here are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities
5 hot-dry climates/ houses /must /give/ adequate protection /excessive heat /sun
In hot-dry climate must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun
6 Relative humidity /should /not exceed 70% / human comfort
Relative humidity should not exceed 70% for human comfort
7 night /clear skies /permit / considerable amount/ heat / be reradiated /outer space
At the night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space
Trang 68 Wall/ have /less importance /here than/ other climates
Walls have less importance here than in other climates
9 this climate/wall/ should /very thick/ and/ make / heat storing materials
In this climate wall should be very thick and made of heat storing materials
10 external wall/ act/ as/ thermal insulator The external wall act as thermal insulator
1 Building material / used/ two basic /way Building material are used in 2 basic ways
2 Building component/ make/ from /building material
Building components are made from building materials
3 first way /building material/ used / support / load/ building
In the first way building materials are used to support the loads on a building
4 second way /building material/ used / divide/space / building
In the second ways building materials are used to divide the space in a building
5 External wall/act/as/ thermal insulator
External wall acts as a thermal insulator
6 one kind /construction,/ blocks / material/put/ together /form /solid /wall
In one kind of construction, blocks of materials such as brick, stone or concrete are put together
to form solid walls
7 sheet materials /used / form /wall/ act / space divider/ structural support
Sheet materials are used to form walls, which acts as both space dividers and structural support
8 Rod material/can /use/ structural support /not /divide/ space
Rod materials can be used for structural support but not for dividing space
9 These materials/ have / property / high compressive strength
These materials have the property of high compressive strength
10 Imperious material/ be able/ keep out/ water Imperious materials are able to keep out of water
1 distribution reservoir / have / same / function / keep / enough water / day / week
The distribution reservoir has the same function to keep enough water for the day or the week.
2 function / storage reservoir / be / keep / enough water / several / year
The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water for several vears.
3 distribution system / can / extended / as / need / arise / as / houses / be built
The distribution system can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built.
4 United States, / some / whose / cities / have / largest / water use / world / per person
In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person.
5 supply / storage equipment / must / designed / be / large enough / this period
The supply and the storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period.
6 Much/ highest / US demand / come / water /spend / summer /air conditioning equipment
Much of the highest US demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning equipment
7 water engineers / spend / two / months / design / distribution system / this residential area / last year
Water engineers spent two months designing the distribution system for this residential area last year.
8 report / shortage / water / some residential areas / have / be / submit / the director / water engineer
The report on the shortage of water in some residential areas has to be submitted to the director
by the water engineer.
9 After water engineer / study / water use / person, he / have / multiply / it / estimated population
After the water engineer studies the water use per person, he has to multiply it by the estimated population.
Trang 710 It / important / save / water resource / natural mineral.
It is important to save the water resources and natural minerals.
11 Water engineers / have / study / water use / person / year / before / plan / water supply / residential area
Water engineers have to study the water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a residential area.
Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
1 The local council should subsidize tenants to buy houses
2 Young married couples find it difficult to buy houses because of the rise in the price of housing
3 The prices of houses have levelled off, but they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels
4 People will pay back the money for houses over years
5 There are three basic forms of accommodation in Britain
6 A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants
7 Due to the low rate of building new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around
1 The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones
2 In warm- humid climates, walls are not as important as ones in hot-dry climates
3 Two seasons occur normally in monsoon climates
4 The functions of the lowest floor include providing surfaces for activities and modifying the passage of heat
designed to provide surfaces for activities and modify the passage of heat
5 The roof and external walls are designed to resist loads
1 Building materials are used in two basic ways
2 They frequently use light materials for making roofs
3 These materials can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength
4 The ceramic tiles on the floor cannot be scratched easily by people walking on them
5 Rod materials can be used for supporting structural load but not for dividing spaces
6 Workers can’t lift the stone block because it is heavy
7 Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime to make plaster
Trang 8Plaster is made from sand with cement, and sometimes with lime.
8 They have spent 2 months manufacturing and transporting building materials
It has taken them 2 months to manufacture and transport building materials.
9 They discussed the effect of material choice Then they evaluated the process of construction in the meeting
in the meeting.
10 The design, construction deficiencies resulted in the degradation of building materials
The building materials degraded as a result of the design, construstion, deficiencies
1 A construction site is an area The building is built in this area
2 The water engineer handed in his record His record was about the water consumption in ten years
3 Water engineers have to study water use per person per year They base on this water use per person to make plan of water supply
supply
4 A storage reservoir is a very large tank or an artificial place This storage reservoir stores water for future use
5 It's necessary to save water resources and natural minerals
6 Water engineers have to study water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a
residential area
for a residential area
7 The water engineer has just handed his report on the shortage of water in some residential areas to the director
the water engineer
8 The supply pipe to that 8-story building was repaired for 5 days
It took 5 days to repair the supply pipe to that 8-story building
9 "Have you checked the drain in the kitchen yet?" The foreman plumber asked his man
10 Waste water can be treated for watering trees
We can treat waste water for watering trees
11 "How many ways of purifying water are there?" He asked the water engineer
Unit 1 : HOUSING IN BRITAIN
In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects Trong vài năm gần đây, vấn đề nhà ở tại Anh đã trở thành một vấn đề với nhiều khía cạnh One is the supply of the houses một trong số đó là nhu cầu về nhà ở Due to expanding population do sự gia tăng dân số, to the low rate building new houses and to the age of many existing houses dẫn đến tỷ lệ xây nhà mới thấp và tuổi thọ của những căn nhà cũ giảm there have not been enough houses to go around điều đó đã dẫn đến việc không thể đáp ứng đủ nhà ở Not only have many people been homeless không chỉ có nhiều người phải trở thành vô gia cư but also many others have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard mà còn có rất nhiều người phải sống trong những căn nhà chật hẹp với chất lượng thấp Though the government and charities
Trang 9such as Shelter have been trying hard to remedy this situation mặc dù chính phủ và các tổ chức từ thiện như quỹ Shelter cũng đang cố gắng khắc phục tình trạng này, there are still immense problems, particularly around the centers of large cities nhưng vẫn tồn tại rất nhiều vấn đề to lớn, đặc biệt là ở các trung tâm thành phố lớn
There are three basic forms of accommodation có 3 loại nhà ở cơ bản In the first place, some own their own houses or flats often the money for this is borrowed from the building society on a “mortgage” Đầu tiên là những người sở hữu căn nhà hoặc căn hộ riêng, thường thì tiền được vay từ hiệp hội nhà ở theo dạng thế chấp and is paid back over twenty or thirty years và sẽ được trả góp trong vòng 20 hoặc 30 năm Secondly, many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council and rented out loại thứ 2, có nhiều người sống trong những ngôi nhà, căn hộ do hội đồng thành phố quản lý và cho thuê Council housing has aroused controversial political issues nhà do hội đồng thành phố quản lý làm nảy sinh nhiều vấn đề chính trị gây tranh cãi about whether council tenants should pay full rent or should be subsidized về việc liệu người thuê có phải trả toàn bộ tiền thuê hay là sẽ được trợ cấp and whether they should have the opportunity to buy their houses if they like và liệu họ có thể mua lại căn nhà đó nếu như họ muốn không? Thirdly, some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished thứ 3, một vài người thuê nhà từ các chủ nhà tư nhân A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the rights of landlords and tenants, một bộ luật và các quy tắc phức tạp xác định quyền của chủ nhà và người thuê nhà goverming, for instance, when landlords can force tenants to leave and how much rent they can charge ví dụ quy định khi nào chủ nhà có thể buộc người thuê nhà chuyển đi và họ có quyền định giá nhà cho thuê
A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing Một vấn đề nữa vào khoảng những năm 1970 khi mà giá nhà đất tăng một cách chóng mặt In the London area the value of houses doubled in about two years Ở khu vực London giá nhà thậm chí còn tăng gấp đôi trong vòng 2 năm, although prices have levelled off mặc dù giá cả đã chững lại , they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels nhưng chúng không thể trở lại mức ban đầu People who already own houses have not been too badly affected những người đã sở hữu nhà của riêng không phải chịu nhiều ảnh hưởng quá nhiều,
since the rise in the value of the house they are selling to some extent cancels out the rise in the price of a house
they wish to move to vì việc tăng giá trị của ngôi nhà họ bán bằng với việc tăng giá của ngôi nhà mà họ muốn chuyển tới However, its has made house-buying extremely difficult for those who are buying a house for the first time such as young married couples tuy nhiên đó sẽ là một khó khăn cực lớn với những người mua nhà lần đầu như là các cặp đôi mới cưới.
Unit 2 : THE PROCEDURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
When an architect receives a commission for a building khi khi kiến trúc sư nhận nhiệm vụ thiết kế một công trình, he meets the client and discusses his requirements anh ấy sẽ gặp chủ đầu tư và thảo luận về những yêu cầu của chủ đầu tư After visiting the site sau khi thăm mặt bằng, the architect draws up preliminary plans and, together with a rough estimate of the cost sau khi khảo sát mặt bằng, kiến trúc sư sẽphác thảo bản vẽ và bản dự toán sơ bộ, submits them (preliminary plans and a rough estimate of the cost)
to the client for his approval rồi nộp chúng cho chủ đầu tư để phê duyệt
If the client suggests changes, the architect incorporates them into the final design which shows the
exact dimension of every part of the building nếu chủ đầu tư đề nghị thay đổi, kiến trúc sư sẽ kết hợp những thay đổi đó vào trong bản thiết kế cuối cùng trong đó chỉ rõ kích thước chính xác từng phần của công trình At this stage ở giai đoạn này, several building contractors are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building nhiều nhà thầu xây dựng được mời đến để đấu thầu công việc xây dựng công trình.
When they submit their tenders or prices nộp hồ sơ và giá thầu, the architect assists his client in selecting the best one kiến trúc sư tư vấn cho chủ đầu tư trong việc lựa chọn nhà thầu tốt nhất and helps him (client) to draw up a contract between the client and the contractor giúp chủ đầu tư phác thảo ra bản hợp
Trang 10đồng giữa chủ đầu tư và nhà thầu.
Work now starts on the building bây giờ là giai đoạn bắt đầu thi công công việc trên công trường.
As construction proceeds trong quá trình xây dựng, the architect makes periodic inspections to make sure that kiến trúc sẽ tiến hành kiểm tra định kỳ đảm bảo rằng 1 the building is being constructed according to his plans 1 công trình đang được xây dựng theo đúng thiết kế and that 2 the materials specified in the contract are being used và 2 nguyên vật liệu đang được sử dụng theo đúng chỉ định trong hợp đồng.
Unit 3 : DESIGN OF HOUSES FOR TROPICAL CLIMATES
The tropical regions of the earth can be divided into three major climatic zones:
1 Warm-humid climates are found in a belt near the Equator extending to about 15° north and south Vùng khí hậu nóng ẩm được xác định nằm ở vành đai gần đường xích đạo trải rộng khoảng 15 độ bắc nam There is very little seasonal variation throughout the year Ở nơi đây có rất ít sự biến đổi theo mùa trong năm The air temperature is never excessive nhiệt độ không khí không bao giờ quá cao, but there is considerable rainfall during most of the year tuy nhiên lượng mưa trong năm cao đáng kể Relative humidity (RH) is excessively high - at about 75% for most of the time độ ẩm tương đối rất cao- ở khoảng 75% ở mọi khoảng thời gian trong năm, but it may vary from 55% to almost 100% (RH should not exceed 70% for human comfort) tuy nhiên thường dao động ở khoảng 55 cho tới 100% (độ ẩm tương đối thích hợp với con người không nên vượt quá 70%) In this climate the rooms of houses must have adequate shade and ventilation ở vùng khí hậu này, mọi căn phòng trong nhà phải có đủ bóng mát và thông gió Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain maximum benefit from the prevailing wind thông thường, các căn nhà sẽ có bố cục mở để có thể tận dụng tối đa lợi ích từ gió Walls have less importance here than in other climates những bức tường ở đây ít quan trọng hơn ở những vùng khí hậu khác They are used primarily for screening from insects and for their wind penetration qualities Chúng thường được sử dụng chủ yếu để ngăn chặn côn trùng mà vẫn để gió xuyên qua
2 Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between approximately 15° and 30° north and
south of the equator vùng khí hậu nóng khô nằm trong hai vành đai vĩ độ giữa khoảng 15 và 30 độ bắc nam cận xích đạo Two marked seasons occur: a hot and a slightly cooler period ở đây có 2 mùa rõ rệt: một mùa nóng và mùa mát hơn Day-time air temperatures are excessively hot (normally higher than the 31°C to 34°C skin temperature) nhiệt độ ban ngày cực kỳ nóng (thường trên 31 đến 34 độ C), but at night it may fall
as much as 25°C tuy nhiên về đêm có thể hạ xuống còn 25 độ During the day, there is too little cloud cover
to reduce the high intensity of direct solar radiation vào ban ngày, có rất ít mây che phủ để giảm cường độ của bức xạ trực tiếp từ mặt trời However, at night the clear skies permit a considerable amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space tuy nhiên, vào ban đêm, bầu trời quang đãng cho phép lượng lớn nhiệt phát xạ trở lại vào không gian bên ngoài In this climate houses must give adequate protection against the excessive heat of the sun ở vùng khí hậu này, những ngôi nhà phải được cung cấp đủ sự bảo vệ trước nhiệt độ cực cao của mặt trời Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much
as possible thông thường, chúng phải có bố cục nhỏ gọn để giảm thiểu phần bề mặt lộ ra với mặt trời nhiều nhất có thể Walls should be very thick and made of heat storing materials so they hold the heat of the day and give it back to the interior of the house at night những bức tường phải dày và được tạo thành từ vật liệu có thể giữ nhiệt để chúng có thể giữ nhiệt độ vào ban ngày và truyền cho nội thất của ngôi nhà vào ban đêm
3 Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn vùng khí hậu hỗn hợp hoặc gió mùa nằm ở các vùng đất rộng lớn gần bắc chí tuyến và nam chí tuyến Two seasons occur normally ở đây thường có 2 mùa Approximately two-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm-humid xấp xỉ 2/3 thời gian của năm là nóng khô và 1/3 thời gian còn lại còn lại
là nóng ẩm Consequently, houses designed to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other do
đó, những ngôi nhà được thiết kế để phù hợp với mùa này có thể không phù hợp với mùa kia
Unit 4 : BUILDING MATERIAL